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Flora SJS, Dwivedi N, Deb U, Kushwaha P, Lomash V. Effects of co-exposure to arsenic and dichlorvos on glutathione metabolism, neurological, hepatic variables and tissue histopathology in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Kaler S, Dhar P, Bhattacharya A, Mehra RD. Preliminary morphological and immunohistochemical changes in rat hippocampus following postnatal exposure to sodium arsenite. Toxicol Int 2013; 20:160-9. [PMID: 24082510 PMCID: PMC3783683 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.117259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of arsenic exposure during rapid brain growth period (RBGP) (postnatal period 4-11) on pyramidal neurons of cornu ammonis (specifically CA1 and CA3 regions) and granule cells of dentate gyrus (DG) of rat hippocampus were studied. Wistar rat pups, subdivided into the control (group I) and the experimental groups (group II, III, and IV), received distilled water and sodium arsenite (aqueous solution of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/kg body weight, respectively) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. On postnatal day (PND) 12, the animals were sacrificed and brain tissue obtained. Paraffin sections (8 μm thick) stained with Cresyl Violet (CV) were observed for morphological and morphometric parameters. Arsenic induced programmed cell death (apoptosis) was studied using Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP biotin Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) technique on the paraffin sections. Microscopy revealed decreased number and isolation of pyramidal neurons in superficial layers, misalignments of pyramidal cells in stratum pyramidale (SP) of CA1 and CA3 in experimental group III and IV, and presence of polymorphic cells in subgranular zone of ectal limb of dentate gyrus (suggestive of arsenic induced proliferation and migration of granule cells in the dentate gyrus). Morphometric assessments quantified and confirmed the microscopic findings. The mean nuclear area of pyramidal cells was increased and cell density was decreased in the CA1, CA3, and DG of experimental groups in comparison to the control group. Increase in the TUNEL positive cells in DG was observed in the experimental group IV, suggestive of increased apoptosis. These observations confirm vulnerability of pyramidal (CA1, CA3) and granule cells (DG) of hippocampus during RBGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kaler
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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53
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Curcumin attenuates arsenic-induced hepatic injuries and oxidative stress in experimental mice through activation of Nrf2 pathway, promotion of arsenic methylation and urinary excretion. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:739-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bulmuş FG, Gürsu MF, Muz MH, Yaman I, Bulmuş O, Sakin F. Protective effects of alpha-lipoic Acid on oleic Acid-induced acute lung injury in rats. Balkan Med J 2013; 30:309-14. [PMID: 25207126 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is believed to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) on oleic acid (OA)-induced ALI in rats. STUDY DESIGN Animal experiment. METHODS A total of thirty-five rats were divided into five groups in the study. Group 1 served as a control group. Rats in Group 2 (α-LA) were administered α-LA intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (BW). Rats in Group 3 (OA) were administered OA intravenously at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. In Group 4 (pre-OA-α-LA), α-LA was given 15 minutes prior to OA infusion, and in Group 5 (post-OA-α-LA), α-LA was given two hours after OA infusion. Four hours after the OA infusion, rats were decapitated. Blood samples were collected to measure serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), and the levels of activity for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Lung tissue samples were taken for histopathological examination. RESULTS Exposure to OA resulted in increases in serum MDA levels (p<0.001), as well as histopathological lesions in lung tissue, and decreases in CAT (p<0.05), GSH-Px (p<0.05) activities and GSH (p<0.05) levels. On the other hand, MDA levels were decreased significantly (p<0.001), while CAT (p<0.05), GSH-Px (p<0.01) activities and GSH (p<0.05) levels were increased significantly in the pre-OA-α-LA group compared with the OA group. CONCLUSION α-LA was found to lessen oxidative stress and to have positive effects on antioxidants in cases of OA-induced ALI. In conclusion, α-LA appears to have protective effects against ALI and potential for the prevention of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet Ferit Gürsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hamdi Muz
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Yaman
- Sivrice Vocational School, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Ozgür Bulmuş
- Veterinary Control Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sakin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay, Turkey
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Herrera A, Pineda J, Antonio MT. Toxic effects of perinatal arsenic exposure on the brain of developing rats and the beneficial role of natural antioxidants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:73-79. [PMID: 23619517 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine what changes in biochemical parameters and in the antioxidant capacity occur in the brain of arsenic-exposed rats (50mg As/L in drinking water) and investigate the protective effect of antioxidants as Zn, vitamin C and vitamin E during pregnancy and lactation. After arsenic-exposure, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was enhanced in arsenic group, returning to normal levels in the arsenic+antioxidants one. A significant increase of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was noted in both arsenic groups. Metalloide exposure caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS), whereas antioxidant administration reversed it. Catalase (CAT) activity in arsenic groups was increased, but no changes were found in the other groups. No significant effect of arsenic in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and reduced glutathione concentration (GSH) was noted. This study provides evidence of the deleterious effect of arsenic exposure during gestation and lactation and the beneficial role of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Herrera
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
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56
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Astiz M, de Alaniz MJ, Marra CA. The oxidative damage and inflammation caused by pesticides are reverted by lipoic acid in rat brain. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jain A, Flora GJS, Bhargava R, Flora SJS. Influence of age on arsenic-induced oxidative stress in rat. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 149:382-90. [PMID: 22614922 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Influence of age on arsenic-induced (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 lethal dose to 50 % population (LD(50)) given intraperitoneally) oxidative stress was investigated in young, adult, and old rats at days 7 and 14 post-exposure. A significant dose-dependent effect of arsenic on biochemical variables suggestive of oxidative stress was noted at day 7 following exposure in old rats. The parameters which were significantly altered include an increased reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), catalase activity accompanied by a decreased glutathione level. At day 14 following arsenic exposure (0.05 and 0.1 LD(50) dose), we observed a significant oxidative injury as evident from significant depletion of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in blood and tissues in addition to more pronounced accumulation of arsenic in blood and tissues. Interestingly, the toxicity was pronounced in young and old rats compared with adult rats. Accumulation of arsenic found to be more prominent in old rats compared with young and adult, which might be due to impaired metabolism with ageing. We conclude that young and old animals are more vulnerable to the arsenic-induced oxidative injury which is comparable with arsenic accumulation in blood and tissues and duration of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Jain
- Division of Regulatory Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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58
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Silibinin ameliorates arsenic induced nephrotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:11201-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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59
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Ince S, Kucukkurt I, Turkmen R, Demirel HH, Sever E. Dietary Yucca schidigera supplementation reduces arsenic-induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:904-14. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712446730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of dietary supplementation with Yucca schidigera (Ys) on lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant activity, some biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in arsenic-exposed mice. Forty Swiss albino male mice were divided into five equal groups. Group I (control group) was given normal diet and tap water for 28 days. Group II (arsenic group) was given normal diet and 100 mg/L arsenic along with drinking water for 28 days. Groups III–V were given three different doses of Ys (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) in supplemented diet and arsenic (100 mg/L) along with drinking water throughout the entire period of 28 days. The arsenic significantly increased serum biochemical parameters and malondialdehyde levels in blood and tissue. However, arsenic significantly decreased tissue glutathione concentration, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. In contrast, dietary supplementation of Ys, in a dose-dependent manner, resulted in reversal of arsenic-induced oxidative stress, LPO and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, Ys also exhibited protective action against the arsenic-induced focal gliosis and hyperemi in brain, necrosis and degeneration in liver, degeneration and dilatation in Bowman’s capsule of kidney and hyaline degeneration in heart tissue of mice. Consequently, our results demonstrate that Ys especially high-dose supplementation in diet decreases arsenic-induced oxidative stress and enhances the antioxidant defence mechanism and regenerate of tissues in Swiss albino mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Ince
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Afyon Kocatepe, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ismail Kucukkurt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Afyon Kocatepe, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ruhi Turkmen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Afyon Kocatepe, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | | | - Emine Sever
- Department of Animal Health, Food, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Provincial Directorate, Sivas, Turkey
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Muthumani M, Prabu SM. Silibinin potentially protects arsenic-induced oxidative hepatic dysfunction in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:277-88. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.647113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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61
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Flora SJS, Mittal M, Pachauri V, Dwivedi N. A possible mechanism for combined arsenic and fluoride induced cellular and DNA damage in mice. Metallomics 2012; 4:78-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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62
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Chatterjee A, Chatterji U. All-trans retinoic acid protects against arsenic-induced uterine toxicity in female Sprague–Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:250-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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63
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Amado LL, Garcia ML, Pereira TCB, Yunes JS, Bogo MR, Monserrat JM. Chemoprotection of lipoic acid against microcystin-induced toxicosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:146-53. [PMID: 21586338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper evaluated the chemoprotective effect of lipoic acid (LA) against microcystin (MC) toxicity in carp Cyprinus carpio. To determine the LA dose and the time necessary for the induction of three different classes (alpha, mu and pi) of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene transcription, carp were i.p. injected with 40mg/kg lipoic acid solution. A group was killed 24h after the first i.p. injection (condition 1); another group received two i.p. injections with a 24h of interval between each one and was killed 48h after the first injection (condition 2) and a third group received one i.p. injection and was killed 48h latter (condition 3). Results showed that LA was effective in promoting an increase in GSTs gene transcription in liver only in the condition 2. A second experiment was done, where carp pre-treated with LA (condition 2) were gavaged twice with a 24h interval with 50μg MC/kg. Ninety-six hours after experiment beginning, carp were killed, and organs were dissected. Results of GST activity in liver and brain suggest that LA can be a useful chemoprotection agent against MC induced toxicity, stimulating detoxification through the increment of GST activity (brain) or through reversion of GST inhibition (liver).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian L Amado
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, FURG, Cx. P. 474, CEP 96.201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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64
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Hasan S, Bilal N, Naqvi S, Ashraf GM, Suhail N, Sharma S, Banu N. Multivitamin-mineral and vitamins (E + C) supplementation modulate chronic unpredictable stress-induced oxidative damage in brain and heart of mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 142:589-97. [PMID: 20635159 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain is a target of stress along with the immune, metabolic, and cardiovascular systems of the body. In the present work, the preventive roles of a multivitamin-mineral supplement and vitamins (E + C) in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced oxidative damage were studied in the brain and heart of Swiss albino mice. Thirty-two mice were randomized to one of the following groups: control + vehicle, CUS + vehicle, CUS + multivitamin-mineral, and CUS + vitamins (E + C). CUS was applied for 4 weeks, and multivitamin-mineral and vitamins (E + C) were administered orally for the same period. CUS led to a negative impact on all the biochemical parameters analyzed. Elevation in malondialdehyde and reduction in glutathione levels were found. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase were decreased. Treatment with multivitamin-mineral and vitamins (E + C) brought these parameters to near normal levels. Multivitamin-mineral was found more restitutive than combined vitamins (E + C) doses. The present study hypothesizes that supplementation with a multivitamin-mineral may prove more effective than vitamin treatment alone in the alleviation of oxidative damage in brain and heart during periods of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, A. M. University, Aligarh, 202002 Uttar Pradesh, India
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65
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Pari L, Mohamed Jalaludeen A. Protective role of sinapic acid against arsenic: induced toxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 194:40-7. [PMID: 21864513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic compounds are classified as toxicants and human carcinogens. Environmental exposure to arsenic imposes a big health issue worldwide. Sinapic acid is a phenylpropanoid compound and is found in various herbal materials and high-bran cereals. It has been reported that sinapic acid has antioxidant efficacy as metal chelators due to the orientation of functional groups. However, it has not yet been examined in experimental animals. In light of this fact, the purpose of this study was to characterize the protective role of sinapic acid against arsenic induced toxicity in rats. Rats were orally treated with arsenic alone (5mg/kg body weight (bw)/day) plus sinapic acid at different doses (10, 20 and 40mg/kg bw/day) for 30days. Hepatotoxicity was measured by the increased activities of serum hepatospecific enzymes namely aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase and total bilirubin along with increased elevation of lipid peroxidative markers, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyl content and conjugated dienes. The toxic effect of arsenic was also indicated by significantly decreased activities of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase along with non-enzymatic antioxidant like reduced glutathione. Administration of sinapic acid exhibited significant reversal of arsenic induced toxicity in hepatic tissue. The effect at a dose of 40mg/kgbw/day was more pronounced than the other two doses (10 and 20mg/kgbw/day). All these changes were supported by reduction of arsenic concentration and histopathological observations of the liver. These results suggest that sinapic acid has a protective effect over arsenic induced toxicity in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India.
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66
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Yadav RS, Chandravanshi LP, Shukla RK, Sankhwar ML, Ansari RW, Shukla PK, Pant AB, Khanna VK. Neuroprotective efficacy of curcumin in arsenic induced cholinergic dysfunctions in rats. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:760-8. [PMID: 21839772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Our recent studies have shown that curcumin protects arsenic induced neurotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, neurotransmitter levels and dopaminergic system in rats. As chronic exposure to arsenic has been associated with cognitive deficits in humans, the present study has been carried out to implore the neuroprotective potential of curcumin in arsenic induced cholinergic dysfunctions in rats. Rats treated with arsenic (sodium arsenite, 20mg/kg body weight, p.o., 28 days) exhibited a significant decrease in the learning activity, assessed by passive avoidance response associated with decreased binding of (3)H-QNB, known to label muscarinic-cholinergic receptors in hippocampus (54%) and frontal cortex (27%) as compared to controls. Decrease in the activity of acetylcholinesterase in hippocampus (46%) and frontal cortex (33%), staining of Nissl body, immunoreactivity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and expression of ChAT protein in hippocampal region was also observed in arsenic treated rats as compared to controls. Simultaneous treatment with arsenic and curcumin (100mg/kg body weight, p.o., 28 days) increased learning and memory performance associated with increased binding of (3)H-QNB in hippocampus (54%), frontal cortex (25%) and activity of acetylcholinesterase in hippocampus (41%) and frontal cortex (29%) as compared to arsenic treated rats. Increase in the expression of ChAT protein, immunoreactivity of ChAT and staining of Nissl body in hippocampal region was also observed in rats simultaneously treated with arsenic and curcumin as compared to those treated with arsenic alone. The results of the present study suggest that curcumin significantly modulates arsenic induced cholinergic dysfunctions in brain and also exhibits neuroprotective efficacy of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh S Yadav
- CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box 80, MG Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India
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Flora SJS. Arsenic-induced oxidative stress and its reversibility. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:257-81. [PMID: 21554949 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the literature describing the molecular mechanisms of arsenic-induced oxidative stress, its relevant biomarkers, and its relation to various diseases, including preventive and therapeutic strategies. Arsenic alters multiple cellular pathways including expression of growth factors, suppression of cell cycle checkpoint proteins, promotion of and resistance to apoptosis, inhibition of DNA repair, alterations in DNA methylation, decreased immunosurveillance, and increased oxidative stress, by disturbing the pro/antioxidant balance. These alterations play prominent roles in disease manifestation, such as carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, diabetes, cardiovascular and nervous systems disorders. The exact molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in arsenic toxicity are rather unrevealed. Arsenic alters cellular glutathione levels either by utilizing this electron donor for the conversion of pentavalent to trivalent arsenicals or directly binding with it or by oxidizing glutathione via arsenic-induced free radical generation. Arsenic forms oxygen-based radicals (OH(•), O(2)(•-)) under physiological conditions by directly binding with critical thiols. As a carcinogen, it acts through epigenetic mechanisms rather than as a classical mutagen. The carcinogenic potential of arsenic may be attributed to activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and other signaling pathways involving nuclear factor κB, activator protein-1, and p53. Modulation of cellular thiols for protection against reactive oxygen species has been used as a therapeutic strategy against arsenic. N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, vitamin E, quercetin, and a few herbal extracts show prophylactic activity against the majority of arsenic-mediated injuries in both in vitro and in vivo models. This review also updates the reader on recent advances in chelation therapy and newer therapeutic strategies suggested to treat arsenic-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaran J S Flora
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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68
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Wang L, Weng CY, Wang YJ, Wu MJ. Lipoic acid ameliorates arsenic trioxide-induced HO-1 expression and oxidative stress in THP-1 monocytes and macrophages. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 190:129-38. [PMID: 21315065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a common environmental contaminant; chronic exposure to arsenic can alter the physiology of various key immune cells, particularly macrophages. The aim of this research is to elucidate the key parameters associated with arsenic-induced toxicity and investigate the potential and mechanism of α-lipoic acid (LA), a potent thioreducant, for reducing the toxicity in human promonocytic THP-1 cells. We found that a non-lethal concentration of arsenic trioxide (1 μM) significantly induced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a response biomarker to arsenic, without stimulating measurable superoxide production. Co-treatment of cells with the HO-1 competitive inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin (Znpp) potentiated arsenic-induced cytotoxicity, indicating that HO-1 confers a cytoprotective effect against arsenic toxicity. In addition, low concentrations of arsenic trioxide (1 and 2.5 μM) markedly inhibited monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and expression of macrophage markers. Treatment of cells with LA attenuated arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity and HO-1 over-expression and restored the redox state. In addition, LA neutralized arsenic trioxide-inhibition of monocyte maturation into macrophages and reversed the expression and activity of scavenger receptors. In conclusion, the cytotoxicity of arsenic trioxide is associated with an imbalance of the cellular redox state, and LA can protect cells from arsenic-induced malfunctions either through its reducing activity, direct interacting with arsenic or stimulating other unidentified signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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69
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Zhu W, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Effects of fluoride on synaptic membrane fluidity and PSD-95 expression level in rat hippocampus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 139:197-203. [PMID: 20217272 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the neurotoxicity of drinking water fluorosis on rat hippocampus. Just weaning male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups and given 15, 30, and 60 mg/L NaF solution and distilled water, respectively, for 9 months. The fluidity of brain synaptic membrane and expression level of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) were tested. Results showed that the fluidity of brain synaptic membrane decreased gradually with increasing of fluoride concentration, and it was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in moderate-fluoride group compared with control group, and expression level of PSD-95 was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in moderate-fluoride group when compared with that of control group. These results indicate that decrease of synaptic membrane fluidity and PSD-95 expression level may be the molecular basis of central nervous system damage caused by fluoride intoxication; PSD-95 in CA3 region of hippocampus is probably a target molecule for fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhu
- Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People's Republic of China
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71
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Dixit S, Dhar P, Mehra RD. Protective role of exogenous α-lipoic acid (ALA) on hippocampal antioxidant status and memory function in rat pups exposed to sodium arsenite during the early post-natal period. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 21:216-24. [PMID: 21158692 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.538751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present work focussed on the effect of exogenous α-lipoic acid (ALA) administration on retention memory and oxidative stress markers in the hippocampus subsequent to early post-natal exposure of rat pups to sodium arsenite (NaAsO(2)). Wistar rat pups were divided into the control groups receiving either no treatment (Ia) or distilled water by intraperitoneal route (i.p.) (Ib) and the experimental groups receiving either NaAsO(2) alone (1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg body wt.) (IIa, IIb) or NaAsO(2) (1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg body wt.) followed by ALA (70 mg/kg body wt.) (IIIa, IIIb) (i.p.) from post-natal day (PND) 4-15. The initial and retention transfer latency (ITL and RTL) was determined on PND 14 and 15 using elevated plus maze. The animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation (PND 16) and the brains were obtained. The dissected out hippocampus was processed for estimation of oxidative stress markers, glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). NaAsO(2) exposure resulted in longer RTL in animal groups IIa and IIb, thereby suggestive of arsenic-induced impairment in retention memory. RTL was significantly shorter in animal groups (IIIa, IIIb) receiving ALA following NaAsO(2), thereby suggestive of improvement in retention memory. GSH and SOD levels were significantly decreased in animals receiving NaAsO(2) alone as against group Ib and administration of ALA following NaAsO(2) increased the levels of hippocampal GSH and SOD. These observations are suggestive of the role of exogenous ALA in ameliorating the adverse effects induced by NaAsO(2) exposure of rat pups on retention memory and oxidative stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Dixit
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
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72
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Augustyniak A, Skrzydlewska E. The influence of L-carnitine suplementation on the antioxidative abilities of serum and the central nervous system of ethanol-induced rats. Metab Brain Dis 2010; 25:381-9. [PMID: 21069444 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-010-9217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The brain is exceptionally susceptible to oxidative stress that may be caused by xenobiotics such as ethanol. Alcohol metabolism is accompanied by enhanced free radical formation and a decrease in antioxidant abilities. However, L-carnitine appears to have antioxidant properties and the ability to regulate ethanol metabolism. The present study was designed to estimate the effect of L-carnitine on the antioxidant capacity of the rat brain and blood serum. For 5 weeks during the study, L-carnitine was given to rats in the amount of 1.5 g/1 l of drinking water, and from the second week the rats were intragastrically treated with ethanol. A significant decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (Cu,Zn-SOD, GSH-Px, GSSG-R and CAT) and in the level of non-enzymatic antioxidants (vitamin C, E, A, GSH and GSH-t) as well as a significant increase in the level of GSSG in the brain and blood serum of ethanol intoxicated rats have been demonstrated. It has also been shown that alcohol caused a significant increase in the level of lipid peroxidation products-lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal-and an increase in dityrosine, as well as a decrease in tryptophan-markers of protein oxidative modifications. The administration of L-carnitine to ethanol intoxicated rats partially normalized the activity of the examined enzymes and the level of the above non-enzymatic antioxidants. Moreover, L-carnitine significantly protects lipids and proteins against oxidative modifications. In conclusion, it has been proved that L-carnitine protects rat brain and blood serum against oxidative stress formation and it is possible that this small molecular amine has a similar beneficial effect on the human CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Augustyniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230, Białystok 8, P. O. Box 14, Poland
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73
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Lee MR, Yun BS, Park SY, Ly SY, Kim SN, Han BH, Sung CK. Anti-amnesic effect of Chong-Myung-Tang on scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 132:70-74. [PMID: 20673844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Chong-Myung-Tang (CMT) consisted of Acorus gramineus Soland, Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow, and Poria cocos Wolf is one of the traditional Korean herbal medicines used for the therapy of learning and memory improvement. The present study was investigated the effect of CMT on learning and memory functions in SCOP-induced memory deficits mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cognitive-enhancing effect of CMT on amnesic mice induced by SCOP was investigated by assessing the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test. In order to confirm the underlying mechanisms of memory enhancing effects of CMT, activities of AChE, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and antioxidant enzymes were measured. RESULTS Administration of CMT significantly restored memory impairments induced by SCOP in the passive avoidance test and also reduced escape latency during trial sessions in the Morris water maze test. The increased AChE activity produced by SCOP was significantly inhibited by CMT. CMT significantly enhanced ChAT activity. Moreover, treatment with CMT to the amnesic mice induced by SCOP considerably decreased malondialdehyde levels and restored activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase to the control values. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CMT may be useful for the cognitive improvement via regulation of cholinergic marker enzyme activities and the antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ra Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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74
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Messarah M, Klibet F, Boumendjel A, Abdennour C, Bouzerna N, Boulakoud MS, El Feki A. Hepatoprotective role and antioxidant capacity of selenium on arsenic-induced liver injury in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 64:167-74. [PMID: 20851583 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of selenium against arsenic-induced oxidative damage in experimental rats. Males were randomly divided into four groups where the first was served as a control, whereas the remaining groups were respectively treated with sodium selenite (3 mg/kg b.w.), sodium arsenite (5.55 mg/kg b.w.) and a combination of sodium arsenite and sodium selenite. Changes in liver enzyme activities, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, antioxidants and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were determined after 3 weeks experimental period. Exposure of rats to As caused a significant increase in liver TBARS compared to control, but the co-administration of Se was effective in reducing its level. The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) of As-treated group were found lower compared to the control and the Se-treated group. The co-administration of Se had an additive protective effect on liver enzyme activities compared to As-treated animals. On the other hand, a significant increase in plasmatic activities of AST, ALT and ALP was observed in As-treated group. The latter was also exhibited a decrease in body weight and an increase in liver weight compared to the control. The co-administration of Se has decreased the activities of AST, AST and ALP and improved the antioxidant status as well. Liver histological studies have confirmed the changes observed in biochemical parameters and proved the beneficial role of Se. To conclude, results suggest that As exposure enhanced an oxidative stress by disturbing the tissue antioxidant defense system, but the Se co-administration protected liver tissues against As intoxication probably owing to its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfoud Messarah
- Animal Ecophysiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria.
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75
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Li Z, Piao F, Liu S, Wang Y, Qu S. Subchronic exposure to arsenic trioxide-induced oxidative DNA damage in kidney tissue of mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:543-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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76
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Liao VHC, Liu JT, Li WH, Yu CW, Hsieh YC. Caenorhabditis elegans bicarbonate transporter ABTS-1 is involved in arsenite toxicity and cholinergic signaling. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:926-32. [PMID: 20423156 DOI: 10.1021/tx100016e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic poisoning affects millions of people worldwide. Although there is accumulating evidence to suggest that the nervous system is a target of arsenic, relatively little information is known regarding its effects on the nervous system. The effects of arsenite on the nervous system in Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated in the present study. We found that abts-1, which encodes a Na(+)-dependent Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) transporter, is required to protect C. elegans from arsenite toxicity. The abts-1::GFP transgene is primarily expressed in neurons and the hypodermis, but stronger expression was also observed in the pharynx and body wall muscle cells after exposure to arsenite. The steady-state level of ABTS-1 mRNA increased in response to arsenite exposure. We showed that worms lacking abts-1 are hypersensitive to the paralytic effects of the cholinesterase inhibitor, aldicarb, and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, levamisole. We also showed that arsenite enhanced sensitivity to aldicarb and levamisole in abts-1 mutant worms. Our results indicate neuronal effects of arsenite and the ABTS-1 bicarbonate transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hsiu-Chuan Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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77
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Rodríguez VM, Limón-Pacheco JH, Carrizales L, Mendoza-Trejo MS, Giordano M. Chronic exposure to low levels of inorganic arsenic causes alterations in locomotor activity and in the expression of dopaminergic and antioxidant systems in the albino rat. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32:640-7. [PMID: 20699118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have associated chronic arsenicism with decreases in IQ and sensory and motor alterations in humans. Likewise, studies of rodents exposed to inorganic arsenic ((i)As) have found changes in locomotor activity, brain neurochemistry, behavioral tasks, oxidative stress, and in sensory and motor nerves. In the current study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to environmentally relevant doses of (i)As (0.05, 0.5 mg (i)As/L) and to a high dose (50 mg (i)As/L) in drinking water for one year. Hypoactivity and increases in the striatal dopamine content were found in the group treated with 50 mg (i)As/L. Exposure to 0.5 and 50 mg (i)As/L increased the total brain content of As. Furthermore, (i)As exposure produced a dose-dependent up-regulation of mRNA for Mn-SOD and Trx-1 and a down-regulation of DAR-D₂ mRNA levels in the nucleus accumbens. DAR-D₁ and Nrf2 mRNA expression were down-regulated in nucleus accumbens in the group exposed to 50 mg (i)As/L. Trx-1 mRNA levels were up-regulated in the cortex in an (i)As dose-dependent manner, while DAR-D₁ mRNA expression was increased in striatum in the 0.5 mg (i)As/L group. These results show that chronic exposure to low levels of arsenic causes subtle but region-specific changes in the nervous system, especially in antioxidant systems and dopaminergic elements. These changes became behaviorally evident only in the group exposed to 50 mg (i)As/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Mireya Rodríguez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, México.
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78
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Sánchez-Peña LC, Petrosyan P, Morales M, González NB, Gutiérrez-Ospina G, Del Razo LM, Gonsebatt ME. Arsenic species, AS3MT amount, and AS3MT gene expression in different brain regions of mouse exposed to arsenite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:428-434. [PMID: 20138265 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) has been associated with cancer and serious injury to various internal organs, as well as peripheral neuropathy, endocrine disruption and diverse effects in the central nervous system (CNS). Using rodent models, it is possible to demonstrate As accumulation in the brain that leads to defects in operant learning, behavioral changes, and affect pituitary gonadotrophins. iAs biomethylation in the CNS is a significant process, yielding products that are more reactive and toxic than the parent compound. Mice received 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day sodium arsenite orally for 9 days. We investigated the distribution of iAs and its metabolites as well as the mRNA and protein expression of arsenic (III) methyltransferase (AS3MT), which encodes the key enzyme in iAs metabolism, in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, mesencephalon, thalamus, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pons, medulla oblongata, and pituitary of mouse brain. Our findings show that methylated As metabolites are present in all brain regions studied suggesting that AS3MT is ubiquitously expressed in the brain and it is not inducible by dose of arsenite. There is also a dose-related accumulation of As species in all brain regions, with the highest accumulation observed in the pituitary. The higher distribution of arsenicals in pituitary can help to explain the neuroendocrine effects associated with iAs exposure.
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79
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Amado LL, Monserrat JM. Oxidative stress generation by microcystins in aquatic animals: why and how. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:226-235. [PMID: 19962762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MICs) are potent toxins produced worldwide by cyanobacteria during bloom events. Phosphatases inhibition is a well recognized effect of this kind of toxins as well as oxidative stress. However, it is not fully understood why and how MICs exposure can lead to an excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that culminate in oxidative damage. Some evidences suggest a close connection between cellular hyperphosphorylation state and oxidative stress generation induced by MICs exposure. It is shown, based on literature data, that MICs incorporation per se can be the first event that triggers glutathione depletion and the consequent increase in ROS concentration. Also, literature data suggest that hyperphosphorylated cellular environment induced by MICs exposure can modulate antioxidant enzymes, contributing to the generation of oxidative damage. This review summarizes information on MICs toxicity in aquatic animals, focusing on mechanistic aspects, and rise questions that in our opinion needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Amado
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Cx. P. 474, CEP 96.201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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80
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Das AK, Dewanjee S, Sahu R, Dua TK, Gangopadhyay M, Sinha MK. Protective effect of Corchorus olitorius leaves against arsenic-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 29:64-69. [PMID: 21787584 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of an aqueous extract of Corchorus olitorius leaves (AECO) against NaAsO(2) induced brain toxicity in experimental rats. The animals exposed to NaAsO(2) (10mg/kg, p.o.) for 10 days exhibited a significant inhibition (p<0.01) of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and reduced glutathione levels in rat brain. In addition, the toxin increased (p<0.01) the levels of oxidized glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the brain tissue of experimental rats. Treatment with AECO (50 and 100mg/kg, p.o.) for 15 days prior to arsenic intoxication significantly improved antioxidant markers in a dose dependant manner. Histological studies on the ultrastructural changes of brain tissue supported the protective activity of the AECO. The results suggest that treatment with AECO prior to arsenic intoxication has a significant role in protecting animals from arsenic-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Assam, India
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81
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Grundmann O, Lv Y, Kelber O, Butterweck V. Mechanism of St. John's wort extract (STW3-VI) during chronic restraint stress is mediated by the interrelationship of the immune, oxidative defense, and neuroendocrine system. Neuropharmacology 2009; 58:767-73. [PMID: 20036263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a contributing risk factor for the development of psychiatric illnesses such as anxiety and depression disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mechanisms of action of the standardized St. John's wort extract (STW3-VI; SJW) in a chronic restraint stress model. Markers of antioxidant capacity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, and plasma levels of ACTH and corticosterone as well as the inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-alpha were determined in rats exposed to chronic restraint stress for 21 consecutive days. In addition, total body and relative organ weights as well as behavioral changes in the open field test were evaluated on the last day. The results show that stressed animals decreased in open field activity compared to unstressed animals, which could be reversed by fluoxetine (10mg/kg, p.o.) and SJW (125-750mg/kg, p.o.) treatment. In addition, chronic restraint stress significantly decreased thymus and spleen indices in the stressed control group. However, treating stressed rats with fluoxetine or STW3-VI produced a significant and dose dependent increase in both thymus and spleen indices compared to stressed controls. Additionally, SJW and fluoxetine significantly reduced stress-induced increases in plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels. Furthermore, the administration of SJW significantly reduced the stress-induced increase in TNF-alpha levels. Our data provide new evidence for the hypothesis that the mechanism of action of STW3-VI is mediated by the interrelationship between the immune, oxidative defense and neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Grundmann
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100494, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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82
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Yadav RS, Sankhwar ML, Shukla RK, Chandra R, Pant AB, Islam F, Khanna VK. Attenuation of arsenic neurotoxicity by curcumin in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 240:367-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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83
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Flora S, Mittal M, Mishra D. Co-exposure to arsenic and fluoride on oxidative stress, glutathione linked enzymes, biogenic amines and DNA damage in mouse brain. J Neurol Sci 2009; 285:198-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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84
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Decreased nitric oxide markers and morphological changes in the brain of arsenic-exposed rats. Toxicology 2009; 261:68-75. [PMID: 19409443 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate an association between chronic consumption of arsenic contaminated water and cognitive deficits, especially when the exposure takes place during childhood. This study documents structural changes and nitrergic deficits in the striatum of adult female Wistar rats exposed to arsenic in drinking water (3 ppm, approximately 0.4 mg/kg per day) from gestation, throughout lactation and development until the age of 4 months. Kainic acid injected animals (10mg/kg, i.p.) were also analyzed as positive controls of neural cell damage. Morphological characteristics of cells, fiber tracts and axons were analyzed by means of light microscopy as well as immunoreactivity to neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). As nitrergic markers, nitrite/nitrate concentrations, nNOS levels and expression of nNOS-mRNA were quantified in striatal tissue. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPx) were determined as oxidative stress markers. Arsenic exposure resulted in moderate to severe alterations of thickness, organization, surrounding space and shape of fiber tracts and axons, while cell bodies remained healthy. These anomalies were not accompanied by ROS and/or LPx increases. By contrast, except the expression of nNOS-mRNA, all nitrergic markers including striatal nNOS immunoreactivity presented a significant decrease. These results indicate that arsenic targets the central nitrergic system and disturbs brain structural organization at low exposure levels.
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85
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Ventura-Lima J, de Castro MR, Acosta D, Fattorini D, Regoli F, de Carvalho LM, Bohrer D, Geracitano LA, Barros DM, Marins LFF, da Silva RS, Bonan CD, Bogo MR, Monserrat JM. Effects of arsenic (As) exposure on the antioxidant status of gills of the zebrafish Danio rerio (Cyprinidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:538-43. [PMID: 19138757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In fishes, arsenic (As) is absorbed via the gills and is capable of causing disturbance to the antioxidant system. The objective of present study was to evaluate antioxidant responses after As exposure in gills of zebrafish (Danio rerio, Cyprinidae). Fish were exposed for 48 h to three concentration of As, including the highest As concentration allowed by current Brazilian legislation (10 microg As/L). A control group was exposed to tap water (pH 8.0; 26 degrees C; 7.20 mg O(2)/L). As exposure resulted in (1) an increase (p<0.05) of glutathione (GSH) levels after exposure to 10 and 100 microg As/L, (2) an increase of the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) activity in the same concentrations (p<0.05), (3) no significant differences in terms of glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and catalase activities; (4) a significantly lower (p<0.05) oxygen consumption after exposure to 100 microg As/L; (4) no differences in terms of oxygen reactive species generation and lipid peroxidation content (p>0,05). In the gills, only inorganic As was detected. Overall, it can be concluded that As affected the antioxidant responses increasing GCL activity and GSH levels, even at concentration considered safe by Brazilian legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Ventura-Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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86
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Raihan SZ, Chowdhury AKA, Rabbani GH, Marni F, Ali MS, Nahar L, Sarker SD. Effect of aqueous extracts of black and green teas in arsenic-induced toxicity in rabbits. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1603-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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87
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Chng H, New L, Neo A, Goh C, Browne E, Chan E. Distribution study of orally administered lipoic acid in rat brain tissues. Brain Res 2009; 1251:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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88
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Bardullas U, Limón-Pacheco JH, Giordano M, Carrizales L, Mendoza-Trejo MS, Rodríguez VM. Chronic low-level arsenic exposure causes gender-specific alterations in locomotor activity, dopaminergic systems, and thioredoxin expression in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 239:169-77. [PMID: 19121333 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid widely present in the environment. Human exposure to As has been associated with the development of skin and internal organ cancers and cardiovascular disorders, among other diseases. A few studies report decreases in intelligence quotient (IQ), and sensory and motor alterations after chronic As exposure in humans. On the other hand, studies of rodents exposed to high doses of As have found alterations in locomotor activity, brain neurochemistry, behavioral tasks, and oxidative stress. In the present study both male and female C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to environmentally relevant doses of As such as 0.05, 0.5, 5.0, or 50 mg As/L of drinking water for 4 months, and locomotor activity was assessed every month. Male mice presented hyperactivity in the group exposed to 0.5 mg As/L and hypoactivity in the group exposed to 50 mg As/L after 4 months of As exposure, whereas female mice exposed to 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 mg As/L exhibited hyperactivity in every monthly test during As exposure. Furthermore, striatal and hypothalamic dopamine content was decreased only in female mice. Also decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and cytosolic thioredoxin (Trx-1) mRNA expression in striatum and nucleus accumbens were observed in male and female mice, respectively. These results indicate that chronic As exposure leads to gender-dependent alterations in dopaminergic markers and spontaneous locomotor activity, and down-regulation of the antioxidant capacity of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bardullas
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, México
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89
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Exposure to diphenyl ditelluride, via maternal milk, causes oxidative stress in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of young rats. Arch Toxicol 2008; 83:485-91. [PMID: 19050851 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of diphenyl ditelluride [(PhTe)(2)] exposure to mothers on the cerebral oxidative status of their offspring. The dams received (PhTe)(2) or canola oil via subcutaneous injection once daily during the first 14 days of lactational period. At post natal day 28, biochemical parameters of oxidative stress were evaluated in cerebral structures-cortex, hippocampus and striatum-of young rats. Exposure to (PhTe)(2) increased lipid peroxidation levels and inhibited delta-ALA-D, catalase and SOD activities in hippocampus and striatum of young rats. (PhTe)(2) induced changes in the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in cortex and striatum of young rats. The exposure to (PhTe)(2), via maternal milk, caused oxidative stress in cerebral structures of young rats. Thus, the possible role of disrupted prooxidant/antioxidant balance in (PhTe)(2) toxicity was demonstrated. These results highlighted a possible molecular mechanism involved in toxicity caused by (PhTe)(2).
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90
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Spearmint induced hypothalamic oxidative stress and testicular anti-androgenicity in male rats – altered levels of gene expression, enzymes and hormones. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3563-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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91
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Monserrat JM, Lima JV, Ferreira JLR, Acosta D, Garcia ML, Ramos PB, Moraes TB, Dos Santos LC, Amado LL. Modulation of antioxidant and detoxification responses mediated by lipoic acid in the fish Corydoras paleatus (Callychthyidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 148:287-92. [PMID: 18644467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) has been reported as a potential therapeutic agent due its antioxidants proprieties. It was considered its effect in different organs (gills, brain, muscle and liver) of the fish Corydoras paleatus (Callychthyidae). LA (70 mg/kg of body mass) was added to a commercial fish diet, organisms being fed daily (1% body weight). Sixty animals (mean mass: 2.37+/-0.09 g) were placed randomly in aquariums and received (+LA) or not (-LA) lipoic acid enriched diet during four weeks. After, fish were killed and the brain, muscle, gills and liver were dissected. LA treatment reduced significantly (p<0.05) reactive oxygen species concentration in brain and increased (p<0.05) glutamate-cysteine ligase activity in brain and liver of the same experimental group. LA fed organisms showed higher (p<0.05) brain glutathione-S-transferase activity, indicating that LA improves the detoxification and antioxidant capacity face components that waste glutathione in phase II reactions. A conspicuous reduction of protein oxidation was observed in muscle and liver of +LA organisms, indicating that the treatment was also effective in reducing oxidative stress parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Maria Monserrat
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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92
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Cruz A, Túnez I, Martínez R, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Ramírez LM, Recio M, Ochoa L, Arjona A, Montilla P, Muntané J, Padillo FJ. Melatonin prevents brain oxidative stress induced by obstructive jaundice in rats. J Neurosci Res 2008; 85:3652-6. [PMID: 17671989 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of melatonin on brain oxidative stress in experimental biliary obstruction. Cholestasis was done by a double ligature and section of the extrahepatic biliary duct. Melatonin was injected intraperitoneally (500 microg/kg/day). Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) contents were determined in the brain tissue. Biliary obstruction raised MDA and reduced GSH contents in the cortex, cerebellum, and hypothalamus areas. Moreover, the scavenger enzyme activity significantly dropped in all areas of the brain. Melatonin drastically reduced MDA concentration and enhanced GSH concentration, as well as all antioxidant enzyme activity in all brain areas obtained from the bile duct-ligated animals. In conclusion, the treatment with melatonin decreased lipid peroxidation and recovered the antioxidant status in the brain from cholestatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Cruz
- Department of General Surgery, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n, Córdoba, Spain
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93
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Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC. Protective effect of arjunolic acid against arsenic-induced oxidative stress in mouse brain. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2008; 22:15-26. [PMID: 18273903 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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94
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CHAO P, FAN S, CHOU Y, LIN ANYAM. N-Acetylcysteine Attenuates Arsenite-Induced Oxidative Injury in Dorsal Root Ganglion Explants. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1122:276-88. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1403.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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95
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Yang HT, Chou HJ, Han BC, Huang SY. Lifelong inorganic arsenic compounds consumption affected blood pressure in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2479-87. [PMID: 17688991 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic exposure is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has a strong correlation with hypertension. Oxidative stress may be one of the major contributors to arsenic-induced hypertension. To investigate the antioxidative and CYP systems through which inorganic arsenic compounds may contribute to blood pressure elevation in rats, we administered 50ppm arsenic (as arsenite and arsenate) in drinking water to Wistar rats for 200 successive days. Systolic blood pressure was determined every 20 days, and blood samples and tissues were collected at each time point for biological analysis. Compared to the control group, weight gain in the arsenic-exposed animals was slightly but significantly lower, whereas the relative weights of the various tissues was higher. Blood pressure was elevated until day 80 in both arsenic groups followed by a time-dependent change in the antioxidative enzyme system. The hypertensive effect remained until day 200 for arsenite when the change by arsenate was minimized. Patterns of antioxidative enzyme change differed between arsenite and arsenate. However, the most common marker of hypertension, the angiotensin-converting enzyme, showed no significant change in either arsenic group. CYP4A was highly expressed in both arsenic groups, particularly in the arsenite group. These results indicate that low but chronic arsenic exposure might cause elevated blood pressure and antioxidative interference. Furthermore, CYP4A might be more important than ACE in contributing to arsenic-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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96
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Falluel-Morel A, Sokolowski K, Sisti HM, Zhou X, Shors TJ, DiCicco-Bloom E. Developmental mercury exposure elicits acute hippocampal cell death, reductions in neurogenesis, and severe learning deficits during puberty. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1968-81. [PMID: 17760861 PMCID: PMC3363963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Normal brain development requires coordinated regulation of several processes including proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Multiple factors from endogenous and exogenous sources interact to elicit positive as well as negative regulation of these processes. In particular, the perinatal rat brain is highly vulnerable to specific developmental insults that produce later cognitive abnormalities. We used this model to examine the developmental effects of an exogenous factor of great concern, methylmercury (MeHg). Seven-day-old rats received a single injection of MeHg (5 microg/gbw). MeHg inhibited DNA synthesis by 44% and reduced levels of cyclins D1, D3, and E at 24 h in the hippocampus, but not the cerebellum. Toxicity was associated acutely with caspase-dependent programmed cell death. MeHg exposure led to reductions in hippocampal size (21%) and cell numbers 2 weeks later, especially in the granule cell layer (16%) and hilus (50%) of the dentate gyrus defined stereologically, suggesting that neurons might be particularly vulnerable. Consistent with this, perinatal exposure led to profound deficits in juvenile hippocampal-dependent learning during training on a spatial navigation task. In aggregate, these studies indicate that exposure to one dose of MeHg during the perinatal period acutely induces apoptotic cell death, which results in later deficits in hippocampal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Falluel-Morel
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katie Sokolowski
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Helene M. Sisti
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tracey J. Shors
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Emanuel DiCicco-Bloom
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Pediatrics; Member of the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA
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97
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García-Medina NE, Jiménez-Capdeville ME, Ciucci M, Martínez LM, Delgado JM, Horn CC. Conditioned flavor aversion and brain Fos expression following exposure to arsenic. Toxicology 2007; 235:73-82. [PMID: 17420081 PMCID: PMC1924883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the knowledge of the cellular effects of arsenic have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of arsenic-associated carcinogenesis, immunotoxicity and cardiovascular disease. In the present experiments we tested the hypothesis that the arrival of arsenic to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is detected by the gut-brain axis, which includes hindbrain and forebrain nuclei activated by GI stimulation. As a marker of neuronal activation we measured Fos expression using immunohistochemistry. Because Fos expression in these nuclei is closely linked to the development of conditioned flavor aversion (CFA) we also tested the effect of arsenic on CFA. Our experiments indicate that arsenic ingestion is readily detected by the brain, as shown by increased Fos expression after oral administration of arsenic. Furthermore, the vagus nerve, which supplies information from the GI tract to the brain, is not involved in this response because a complete subdiaphragmatic vagotomy did not reduce the effect of arsenic on brain Fos expression, but enhanced this response. In parallel, arsenic ingestion is associated with a robust, dose-dependent CFA, which started at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg body weight. In summary, these data indicate that arsenic given by oral administration is detected by the brain in low concentrations, and activates specific nuclei, which might trigger behavioral responses, such as CFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia E García-Medina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. V. Carranza 2405, San Luis Potosí 78210, SLP, Mexico
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98
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Sharma A, Sharma MK, Kumar M. Protective Effect of Mentha piperita against Arsenic-Induced Toxicity in Liver of Swiss Albino Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 100:249-57. [PMID: 17371529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protective role of leaves of Mentha piperita Linn (Mint) was studied in adult Swiss albino mice against arsenic-induced hepatopathy. The animals were divided into four groups. Group I: only vehicle (0.9% NaCl) was administered. Group II: the animals received Mentha leaf extract (1 g/kg body weight per day) orally for 30 days. Group III: animals were treated with sodium arsenite (4 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally in 0.9% NaCl. Group IV: animals were given Mentha extract for 10 consecutive days prior to sodium arsenite treatment and continuously for 30 days after sodium arsenite treatment. The animals from the above groups were killed at various time-points, and body weight and liver weight were measured. The biochemical estimation of lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in liver and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) in serum were done. In the arsenic-treated group there was a significant increase in ACP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT and LPO content, whereas a significant decrease was recorded in body weight, liver weight, GSH and LDH activity in liver. Pre- and post-treatment of Mentha with arsenic significantly alters the biochemical parameters in liver. A significant decline in ACP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT and LPO content was observed. However, a significant increase in body weight, liver weight, GSH content and LDH activity in liver was estimated. The results indicate that the Mentha extract may be useful in reducing the side effects of arsenic-induced hepatopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Sharma
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
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99
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Barros DM, Galhardi FG, Ribas Ferreira JL, Guterres LB, Dickel O, Geracitano LA, Izquierdo I, Monserrat JM. The benefits and drawbacks of nicotine exposure in the cortex and hippocampus of old rats. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28:562-8. [PMID: 17350101 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is the main alkaloid of tobacco and possesses well-established stimulant effects. Previous reports show that nicotine at low doses improves memory functions, while high doses impair memory. This study aims to analyze the effects of nicotine (NIC) on inhibitory avoidance task and on DNA damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, total antioxidant capacity, and lipid peroxidation in cortex and hippocampus of old rats. Male Wistar rats of 24-26 months old (620-700g) were exposed i.p. to two doses (0.3 and 1mg/kg) of NIC daily during 9 days. The treatment NIC 0.3 enhanced long-term memory (p<0.05), whereas NIC 1 improved both short and long-term memories (p<0.05). DNA damage was observed only in hippocampus (p<0.05) after NIC 1 exposure. A similar result was obtained for ROS: higher levels were detected at NIC 1 treatment in hippocampus (p<0.05). No alterations in the total antioxidant capacity were verified after NIC exposure (0.3 and 1mg/kg) in both tissues (p>0.05). Finally, evidence of oxidative damage was observed in terms of lipid peroxides levels, being higher at NIC 1 in hippocampus (p<0.05). Overall the results indicate that deleterious effects paralleled the improved short and long-term memories at the highest NIC dose, since augmented DNA damage, ROS concentration and lipid peroxides levels were registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Barros
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) (96201-900), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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100
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Manda K, Ueno M, Moritake T, Anzai K. Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction and cerebellar oxidative stress in mice: Protective effect of α-lipoic acid. Behav Brain Res 2007; 177:7-14. [PMID: 17145083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are implicated in neurodegeneration and cognitive disorders due to higher vulnerability of neuronal tissues. The cerebellum is recently reported to be involved in cognitive function. Therefore, present study aimed at investigating the role alpha-lipoic acid against radiation-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant status in cerebellum and its correlation with cognitive dysfunction. We observed spontaneous motor activities and spatial memory task of mice using pyroelectric infrared sensor and programmed video tracking system, respectively. Whole body X-irradiation (6 Gy) of mice substantially impaired the reference memory and motor activities of mice. However, acute intraperitoneal treatment of mice with alpha-lipoic acid prior to irradiation significantly attenuated such cognitive dysfunction. Alpha-lipoic acid pretreatment exerted a very high magnitude of protection against radiation-induced augmentation of protein carbonyls and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in mice cerebellum. Further, radiation-induced deficit of total, nonprotein and protein-bound sulfhydryl (T-SH, NP-SH, PB-SH) contents of cerebellum and plasma ferric reducing power (FRAP) was also inhibited by alpha-lipoic acid pre-treatment. Moreover, alpha-lipoic acid treated mice showed an intact cytoarchitecture of cerebellum, higher counts of intact Purkinje cells and granular cells in comparison to untreated irradiated mice. Results clearly indicate that alpha-lipoic acid is potent neuroprotective antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Manda
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba-shi-263-8555, Japan.
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