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Xu W, Wu H, Shang L. Gene expression in rat placenta after exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:504-514. [PMID: 32909833 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120954259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The organic compound di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer in many products. Exposure to DEHP has been reported to lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes by suppressing placenta growth and development. The aim of this study was to determine the gene expression profiles of rat placenta exposed to (DEHP) and identify genes crucial for the DEHP response. Three groups of Wistar rats were administered an intragastric dose of 1,000 mg/kg DEHP, 500 mg/kg DEHP, or corn oil, RNA was isolated from placenta tissue, and hybridization was performed. Gene expression profiles were analyzed by identifying functional enrichment, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and modules, and transcription factor (TF)-miRNA-target regulatory networks. We obtained 2,032 DEGs, including cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily R, polypeptide 1 (CYP2R1), sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2), and 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) from the steroid biosynthesis pathway and somatostatin receptor 4 (SSTR4) and somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) in the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway. The PPI network included 476 nodes, 2,682 interaction pairs, and three sub-network modules. Moreover, eight miRNAs, three TFs, and 176 regulatory pairs were obtained from the TF-miRNA-target regulatory network. CYP2R1, SOAT2, DHCR24, SSTR4, and SSTR2 may affect DEHP influence on rat placenta development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese 92291PLA General Hospital, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese 92291PLA General Hospital, China
| | - Lixin Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese 92291PLA General Hospital, China
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Li M, Yang T, Gao L, Xu H. An inadvertent issue of human retina exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals: A safety assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128484. [PMID: 33022499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a group of chemical compounds that present a considerable public health problem due to their pervasiveness and associations with chronic diseases. EDCs can interrupt the endocrine system and interfere with hormone homeostasis, leading to abnormalities in human physiology. Much attention has been focused on the adverse effects EDCs have on the reproductive system, neurogenesis, neuroendocrine system, and thyroid dysfunction. The eye is usually directly exposed to the surrounding environment; however, the influences of EDCs on the eye have received comparatively little attention. Ocular diseases, such as ocular surface diseases and retinal diseases, have been implicated in hormone deficiency or excess. Epidemiologic studies have shown that EDC exposure not only causes ocular surface disorders, such as dry eye, but also associates with visual deficits and retinopathy. EDCs can pass through the human blood-retinal barrier and enter the neural retina, and can then accumulate in the retina. The retina is an embryologic extension of the central nervous system, and is extremely sensitive and vulnerable to EDCs that could be passed across the placenta during critical periods of retinal development. Subtle alterations in the retinal development process usually result in profound immediate, long-term, and delayed effects late in life. This review, based on extensive literature survey, briefly summarizes the current knowledge about the impact of representative manufactured EDCs on retinal toxicity, including retinal structure alterations and dysfunction. We also highlight the potential mechanism of action of EDCs on the retina, and the predictive retinal models of EDC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Cold Environmental Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China.
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Vrachnis N, Loukas N, Vrachnis D, Antonakopoulos N, Christodoulaki C, Tsonis O, George M, Iliodromiti Z. Phthalates and fetal growth velocity: tracking down the suspected links. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:4985-4993. [PMID: 33467971 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1873943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fetuses that have not achieved their full growth potential are associated with adverse perinatal and long-term outcomes; thus, it is essential to identify environmental factors that can potentially impair normal intrauterine development. Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), substances capable of altering the homeostasis of the endocrine system, are thought to play a role in restriction of growth velocity, with phthalates being among the most common EDCs to which pregnant women are exposed. Such exposure can potentially lead to changes to the epigenome, placental structure, and hormone function and trigger oxidative stress. Given that these pathways have been linked to fetal growth restriction, we reviewed the literature on the relationship between phthalates and fetal growth. The majority of the studies, which used birth weight as an indicator of intrauterine development, showed contradictory results, the main reason being the EDCs' rapid metabolism. However, we can draw more consistent conclusions when phthalates are quantified at more than one time point during pregnancy. In this narrative review, we present current data indicating the role of phthalates, and especially di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), in abnormal fetal growth velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Vrachnis
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Vascular Biology, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos Loukas
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysios Vrachnis
- Endocrinology Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Antonakopoulos
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Chryssi Christodoulaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chania General Hospital "St. George", Crete, Greece
| | - Orestis Tsonis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Mastorakos George
- Endocrinology Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Iliodromiti
- Department of Neonatology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Intrauterine growth restriction: Clinical consequences on health and disease at adulthood. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 99:168-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dagher JB, Hahn-Townsend CK, Kaimal A, Mansi MA, Henriquez JE, Tran DG, Laurent CR, Bacak CJ, Buechter HE, Cambric C, Spivey J, Chuang YJ, Campbell EJ, Mandal A, Mohankumar PS, MohanKumar SMJ. Independent and combined effects of Bisphenol A and Diethylhexyl Phthalate on gestational outcomes and offspring development in Sprague-Dawley rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128307. [PMID: 33297244 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and Diethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) are well-studied endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), however, the effects of mixtures of these EDCs are not. To assess the consequences of prenatal exposure to a mixture of these EDCs, dams were orally administered either saline (control), BPA (5 μg/kg BW/day), high dose DEHP (HD-D; 7.5 mg/kg BW/day), or a combination of BPA with HD-D in experiment 1; saline, BPA (5 μg/kg BW/day), low-dose DEHP (LD-D; 5 μg/kg BW/day) or a combination of BPA with LD-D in experiment 2. Gestational weights, number of abortions, litter size and weights, number of live births and stillbirths were recorded. Morphometric measures were obtained at birth and body weight, food and water intake were monitored weekly from postnatal weeks 3-12. Offspring were sacrificed at 16-24 weeks of age and organ weights were measured. The abortion rate of dams exposed to HD-D and the mixtures, BPA + LD-D and BPA + HD-D were higher at 9, 14 and 27% respectively. Prenatal exposure to BPA or HD-D significantly decreased relative thymus weights in male but not female offspring. Apoptotic cells were detected in thymus sections of both male and female offspring prenatally exposed to DEHP. Relative heart weights increased in BPA + HD-D exposed male offspring compared to the other groups. The results indicate that a mixture of BPA and DEHP, produced a pronounced effect on pregnancy outcomes. Male offspring appear to be more susceptible to the programming effects of these EDCs or their mixture suggesting a need to reconsider the possible additive, antagonistic or synergistic effects of EDC mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Bou Dagher
- Biomedical Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Coral K Hahn-Townsend
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amrita Kaimal
- Biomedical Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maryam Al Mansi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Joseph E Henriquez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Diane G Tran
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Christian R Laurent
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Caleb J Bacak
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hannah E Buechter
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Celexis Cambric
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jared Spivey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yen-Jun Chuang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Elyssa J Campbell
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Abhyuday Mandal
- Department of Statistics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Puliyur S Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sheba M J MohanKumar
- Biomedical Health Sciences Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Neuroscience Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Martínez-Razo LD, Martínez-Ibarra A, Vázquez-Martínez ER, Cerbón M. The impact of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate and Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in placental development, function, and pathophysiology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106228. [PMID: 33157377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a chemical widely distributed in the environment as is extensively used in the plastic industry. DEHP is considered an endocrine disruptor chemical (EDC) and humans are inevitably and unintentionally exposed to this EDC through several sources including food, beverages, cosmetics, medical devices, among others. DEHP exposure has been associated and may be involved in the development of various pathologies; importantly, pregnant women are a particular risk group considering that endocrine alterations during gestation may impact fetal programming leading to the development of several chronic diseases in adulthood. Recent studies have indicated that exposure to DEHP and its metabolite Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) may impair placental development and function, which in turn would have a negative impact on fetal growth. Studies performed in several trophoblastic and placental models have shown the negative impact of DEHP and MEHP in key processes related to placental development such as implantation, differentiation, invasion and angiogenesis. In addition, many alterations in placental functions like hormone signaling, metabolism, transfer of nutrients, immunomodulation and oxidative stress response have been reported. Moreover, clinical-epidemiological evidence supports the association between DEHP exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes and pathologies. In this review, we aim to summarize for the first time current knowledge about the impact of DEHP and MEHP exposure on placental development and pathophysiology, as well as the mechanisms involved. We also remark the importance of exploring DEHP and MEHP effects in different trophoblast cell populations and discuss new perspectives regarding this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Martínez-Razo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Martínez-Ibarra
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico.
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Zhang H, Gao F, Ben Y, Su Y. Association between phthalate exposure and risk of spontaneous pregnancy loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115446. [PMID: 32866875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies suggested that phthalates might be associated with increased risk of spontaneous pregnancy loss. However, these results were conflicting and inconclusive. Thus we performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the relationship between phthalate exposure and risk of pregnancy loss. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and major Chinese literature databases for studies investigating phthalates and spontaneous pregnancy loss. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confident interval (CI) were calculated for risk estimate. A total of 8 studies involving 4713 participants (including 651 cases and 4062 controls) were enrolled in the present meta-analysis. Our pooled results showed that spontaneous pregnancy loss was associated with higher urinary levels of monobutyl phthalate (MBP) (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.04-1.72), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.29-1.90), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.23-2.07) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.15-1.89). Indirect estimate of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) levels, which were pooled from molar sum of urinary DEHP metabolites and hair DEHP, were also correlated with elevated risk of spontaneous pregnancy loss (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.27-2.53). No significant association was found regarding urinary concentrations of monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) or mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP). Our findings indicate that phthalate exposure might be a risk factor for spontaneous pregnancy loss. Given indirect estimate of phthalate exposure by evaluating its metabolite levels, our results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Fumei Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yujie Ben
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuping Su
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
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Küblbeck J, Niskanen J, Honkakoski P. Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor CAR. Cells 2020; 9:E2306. [PMID: 33076503 PMCID: PMC7602645 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3) has emerged as a master activator of drug- and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and transporters that govern the clearance of both exogenous and endogenous small molecules. Recent studies indicate that CAR participates, together with other nuclear receptors (NRs) and transcription factors, in regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatocyte communication, proliferation and toxicity, and liver tumor development in rodents. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) constitute a wide range of persistent organic compounds that have been associated with aberrations of hormone-dependent physiological processes. Their adverse health effects include metabolic alterations such as diabetes, obesity, and fatty liver disease in animal models and humans exposed to EDCs. As numerous xenobiotics can activate CAR, its role in EDC-elicited adverse metabolic effects has gained much interest. Here, we review the key features and mechanisms of CAR as a xenobiotic-sensing receptor, species differences and selectivity of CAR ligands, contribution of CAR to regulation hepatic metabolism, and evidence for CAR-dependent EDC action therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Küblbeck
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Jonna Niskanen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA
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Hlisníková H, Petrovičová I, Kolena B, Šidlovská M, Sirotkin A. Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates' Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6811. [PMID: 32961939 PMCID: PMC7559247 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The production of plastic products, which requires phthalate plasticizers, has resulted in the problems for human health, especially that of reproductive health. Phthalate exposure can induce reproductive disorders at various regulatory levels. The aim of this review was to compile the evidence concerning the association between phthalates and reproductive diseases, phthalates-induced reproductive disorders, and their possible endocrine and intracellular mechanisms. Phthalates may induce alterations in puberty, the development of testicular dysgenesis syndrome, cancer, and fertility disorders in both males and females. At the hormonal level, phthalates can modify the release of hypothalamic, pituitary, and peripheral hormones. At the intracellular level, phthalates can interfere with nuclear receptors, membrane receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and modulate gene expression associated with reproduction. To understand and to treat the adverse effects of phthalates on human health, it is essential to expand the current knowledge concerning their mechanism of action in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrieta Hlisníková
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia; (I.P.); (B.K.); (M.Š.); (A.S.)
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Zhu YD, Wu XY, Yan SQ, Huang K, Tong J, Gao H, Xie Y, Tao SM, Ding P, Zhu P, Tao FB. Domain- and trimester-specific effect of prenatal phthalate exposure on preschooler cognitive development in the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort (MABC) study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105882. [PMID: 32593839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are a group of heavily produced endocrine disruptors that are widely used in personal care products, food packaging, building materials, and medical device. Few epidemiological studies have examined the effect of repeated prenatal exposure to multiple phthalates on preschooler cognitive development. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the association between prenatal phthalate exposure measured at multiple time points and the intelligent quotient (IQ) scores of preschoolers, and to further identify the critical windows and specific intelligence domains in which phthalate exposure would affect preschooler cognitive development. METHODS The current study was based on the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort (MABC) study. Seven phthalate metabolites were measured in 2128 maternal urine samples collected during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. The IQ score of preschool-aged children were assessed with the Chinese version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth edition (WPPSI-Ⅳ CN). Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to assess the longitudinal effects of repeated prenatal phthalate exposure on children's IQ score. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to determine whether critical window phthalate exposure would affect cognitive development of children. RESULTS Overall, the repeated measures analysis indicated that the verbal comprehension index (VCI), visual space index (VSI) and full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) decreased by 0.30 (95% CI: -0.60, 0; p = 0.05), 0.32 (95% CI: -0.62, -0.01; p = 0.04), and 0.31 (95% CI:-0.57, -0.04; p = 0.02) points, respectively, with each ln-transformed increase in the metabolite concentration of MBP. The fluid reasoning index (FRI) and processing speed index (PSI) increased by 0.30 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.54; p = 0.01) and 0.28 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.51; p = 0.01) points, respectively, with each ln-concentration increase in MEP. Trimester-specific regression models stratified by the sample collection time during pregnancy generated consistent results. In the first trimester, each ln-transformed MBP increase was associated with reductions in VCI, VSI and FSIQ of 0.56 (95% CI:-1.09, -0.02; p = 0.04), 0.60 (95% CI:-1.15, -0.05; p = 0.03) and 0.49 (95% CI:-0.97, -0.01; p = 0.04) points, respectively. In the third trimester, we observed that only MBzP exposure was associated with an increase in VCI (β: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.92; p = 0.04). The gender-stratified analyses revealed that boys drove these associations. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that prenatal phthalate exposure impairs the cognitive development of preschoolers. The first trimester of pregnancy might be the most vulnerable period in terms of neurotoxicitydue to phthalate exposure. These findings warrant further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Duo Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shuang-Qin Yan
- Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Healthcare (MCH) Center, Ma'anshan 243011, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Tong
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shu-Man Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Qian Y, Shao H, Ying X, Huang W, Hua Y. The Endocrine Disruption of Prenatal Phthalate Exposure in Mother and Offspring. Front Public Health 2020; 8:366. [PMID: 32984231 PMCID: PMC7483495 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of ubiquitous synthetic endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Fetal and neonatal periods are particularly susceptible to endocrine disorders, which prenatal exposure to phthalates causes. There is increasing evidence concerning the potential endocrine disrupting for phthalate exposure during pregnancy. This article aims to review the endocrine impairment and potential outcomes of prenatal phthalate exposure. Prenatal exposure phthalates would disrupt the levels of thyroid, sex hormone, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in pregnant women or offspring, which results in preterm birth, preeclampsia, maternal glucose disorders, infant cryptorchidism, infant hypospadias, and shorter anogenital distance in newborns, as well as growth restriction not only in infants but also in early adolescence and childhood. The relationship of prenatal phthalate exposure with maternal and neonatal outcomes in human beings was often sex-specific associations. Because of the potentially harmful influence of prenatal phthalate exposure, steps should be taken to prevent or reduce phthalate exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Qian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hailing Shao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenle Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ying Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Zhao LL, Shen R, Sun CC, Zhang SY, Wang B, Sun MF, Xu DX. Prenatal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate maternal exposure impairs the spatial memory of adult mouse offspring in a phase- and gender-dependent manner. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:28267-28275. [PMID: 32415442 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
DEHP is a wildly used plasticizer. Maternal DEHP exposure induced fetal growth restriction (FGR) and behavioral abnormalities in adolescence and adulthood mouse. The effect of low birth weight induced by DEHP on behaviors after growing up is not certain. In this study, the ICR pregnant mice were exposed to 200 mg/kg DEHP during gestation 6-12 days or 13-17 days, which can create FGR model. The F1 offspring were performed three ethological experiments at puberty (6 weeks postpartum) and adult period (8 weeks postpartum). The open field test was performed to detect the locomotor activity and anxiety, the elevated plus maze to test anxiety-like behavior, and the Morris water maze assay to measure the spatial learning and memory capability of male and female offspring. The results showed that spatial memory ability was dramatically impaired for male rather than female offspring in gestation 13-17 days' group. Other behaviors had no statistically different between groups. These findings suggest that prenatal DEHP exposure disturbed mouse offspring spatial memory ability in a phase- and gender-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ru Shen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Cong-Cong Sun
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shan-Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Mei-Fang Sun
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Gingrich J, Ticiani E, Veiga-Lopez A. Placenta Disrupted: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Pregnancy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:508-524. [PMID: 32249015 PMCID: PMC7395962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that can interfere with normal endocrine signals. Human exposure to EDCs is particularly concerning during vulnerable periods of life, such as pregnancy. However, often overlooked is the effect that EDCs may pose to the placenta. The abundance of hormone receptors makes the placenta highly sensitive to EDCs. We have reviewed the most recent advances in our understanding of EDC exposures on the development and function of the placenta such as steroidogenesis, spiral artery remodeling, drug-transporter expression, implantation and cellular invasion, fusion, and proliferation. EDCs reviewed include those ubiquitous in the environment with available human biomonitoring data. This review also identifies critical gaps in knowledge to drive future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Gingrich
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Elvis Ticiani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Almudena Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Rolfo A, Nuzzo AM, De Amicis R, Moretti L, Bertoli S, Leone A. Fetal-Maternal Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors: Correlation with Diet Intake and Pregnancy Outcomes. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1744. [PMID: 32545151 PMCID: PMC7353272 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances able to mimic or to interfere with the endocrine system, thus altering key biological processes such as organ development, reproduction, immunity, metabolism and behavior. High concentrations of EDCs are found in several everyday products including plastic bottles and food containers and they could be easily absorbed by dietary intake. In recent years, considerable interest has been raised regarding the biological effects of EDCs, particularly Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, on human pregnancy and fetal development. Several evidence obtained on in vitro and animal models as well as by epidemiologic and population studies strongly indicated that endocrine disruptors could negatively impact fetal and placental health by interfering with the embryonic developing epigenome, thus establishing disease paths into adulthood. Moreover, EDCs could cause and/or contribute to the onset of severe gestational conditions as Preeclampsia (PE), Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) and gestational diabetes in pregnancy, as well as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular complications in reproductive age. Therefore, despite contrasting data being present in the literature, endocrine disruptors must be considered as a therapeutic target. Future actions aimed at reducing or eliminating EDC exposure during the perinatal period are mandatory to guarantee pregnancy success and preserve fetal and adult health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rolfo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.M.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Anna Maria Nuzzo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.M.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.D.A.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Laura Moretti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.M.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.D.A.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Lab of Nutrition and Obesity Research, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.D.A.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
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Basak S, Das MK, Duttaroy AK. Plastics derived endocrine-disrupting compounds and their effects on early development. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1308-1325. [PMID: 32476245 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the estrogenic effects of bisphenols were first described 80 years ago, recent data about its potential negative impact on birth outcome parameters raises a strong rationale to investigate further. The adverse health effects of plastics recommend to measure the impacts of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as bisphenols (BPA, BPS, BPF), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in human health. Exposure to these compounds in utero may program the diseases of the testis, prostate, kidney and abnormalities in the immune system, and cause tumors, uterine hemorrhage during pregnancy and polycystic ovary. These compounds also control the processes of epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adult-onset diseases by modulating DNA methylation and epimutations in reproductive cells. The early developmental stage is the most susceptible window for developmental and genomic programming. The critical stages of the events for a normal human birth lie between the many transitions occurring between spermatogenesis, egg fertilization and the fully formed fetus. As the cells begin to grow and differentiate, there are critical balances of hormones, and protein synthesis. Data are emerging on how these plastic-derived compounds affect embryogenesis, placentation and feto-placental development since pregnant women and unborn fetuses are often exposed to these factors during preconception and throughout gestation. Impaired early development that ultimately influences fetal outcomes is at the center of many developmental disorders and contributes an independent risk factor for adult chronic diseases. This review will summarize the current status on the impact of exposure to plastic derived EDCs on the growth, gene expression, epigenetic and angiogenic activities of the early fetal development process and their possible effects on birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mrinal K Das
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Du ZP, Feng S, Li YL, Li R, Lv J, Ren WQ, Feng QW, Liu P, Wang QN. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate inhibits expression and internalization of transthyretin in human placental trophoblastic cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 394:114960. [PMID: 32201330 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, fetal thyroid hormones (THs) are dependent on maternal placental transport and their physiological level is crucial for normal fetal neurodevelopment. Earlier research has shown that Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) disrupts thyroid function and THs homeostasis in pregnant women and fetuses, and affects placental THs transport. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study, therefore, aimed to systematically investigate the potential mechanisms of DEHP-induced disruption in the placental THs transport using two human placental trophoblastic cells, HTR-8/SVneo cells and JEG-3 cells. While the exposure of DEHP at the doses of 0-400 μM for 24 h did not affect cell viability, we found reduced consumption of T3 and T4 in the culture medium of HTR-8/Svneo cells treated with DEHP at 400 μM. DEHP treatment did not affect T3 uptake and the expression of monocarboxylate transporters 8 (MCT8) and organic anion transporters 1C1 (OATP1C1). However, DEHP significantly inhibited transthyretin (TTR) internalization, down-regulated TTR, deiodinase 2 (DIO2), and thyroid hormone receptors mRNA expression and protein levels, and up-regulated deiodinase 3 (DIO3) protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that DEHP acts on placental trophoblast cells, inhibits its TTR internalization, down-regulates TTR expression and affects the expression of DIO2, DIO3, and thyroid hormone receptor. These may be the mechanisms by which PAEs affects THs transport through placental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Du
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shun Feng
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yan-Ling Li
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Ren
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qiang-Wei Feng
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Qu-Nan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China.
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Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Human Fetal Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041430. [PMID: 32093249 PMCID: PMC7073082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth is regulated by a complex interaction of maternal, placental, and fetal factors. The effects and outcomes that chemicals, widely distributed in the environment, may have on the health status of both the mother and the fetus are not yet well defined. Mainly mixtures of chemical substances are found in the mothers and placenta. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can be associated with fetal growth retardation, thyroid dysfunction, and neurological disorders. EDCs mostly interfere with insulin, glucocorticoid, estrogenic, and thyroid pathways, with subsequent effects on normal endocrine and metabolic functions, which cause changes in the epigenome and state of inflammation with life-long effects and consequences. International scientific societies recommend the implementation of research and of all possible preventive measures. This review briefly summarizes all these aspects.
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Filardi T, Panimolle F, Lenzi A, Morano S. Bisphenol A and Phthalates in Diet: An Emerging Link with Pregnancy Complications. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020525. [PMID: 32092855 PMCID: PMC7071371 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances that are able to interfere with hormone action, likely contributing to the development of several endocrine and metabolic diseases. Among them, Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates contaminate food and water and have been largely studied as obesogenic agents. They might contribute to weight gain, insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in pregnancy, potentially playing a role in the development of pregnancy complications, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and adverse outcomes. Pregnancy and childhood are sensitive windows of susceptibility, and, although with not univocal results, preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that exposure to BPA and phthalates at these stages of life might have an impact on the development of metabolic diseases even many years later. The molecular mechanisms underlying this association are largely unknown, but adipocyte and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction are suspected to be involved. Remarkably, transgenerational damage has been observed, which might be explained by epigenetic changes. Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps and to provide preventive measure to limit health risks connected with exposure to EDCs.
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Zhang S, Sun C, Zhao S, Wang B, Wang H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Cheng H, Zhu L, Shen R, Sun M, Xu T, Zhao L. Exposure to DEHP or its metabolite MEHP promotes progesterone secretion and inhibits proliferation in mouse placenta or JEG-3 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113593. [PMID: 31771930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is an environmental endocrine disruptor and commonly used as plasticizer. Maternal DEHP exposure during pregnancy reduces placental size and destroys placental structure. However, the underlying mechanisms were unclear. In this study, we supposed that DEHP disturbs endocrine function of placenta to inhibit the proliferation of placental cell. Using radioimmunoassay and ELISA, we found that DEHP and its active metabolite mono (2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (MEHP) promoted progesterone secretion in pregnant mouse and in JEG-3 cells, respectively. Therefore, placental endocrine function was altered by DEHP. The mRNA and protein level of progesterone synthetase 3β-HSD1 was elevated by DEHP, which is conducive to the synthesis of progesterone. The level of progesterone receptor was down-regulated by DEHP and MEHP in mouse placenta and in JEG-3 cells, respectively. PR deficiency further promoted the level of 3β-HSD1, which leads to a higher progesterone level. In turn, higher concentration of progesterone further inhibited the expression of PGR (PR gene). Therefore, higher progesterone down-regulated the level of its receptor PR. Meanwhile, decreased PR induced more progesterone secretion. There is a feedback loop between progesterone and PR. PR deficiency down-regulated the protein level of Cyclin D1 which plays an important role in cell proliferation. Accordingly, DEHP and its active metabolite MEHP can restrain proliferation of placental cell and disturb the progesterone secretion via decreasing the level of PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Congcong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Hanchao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ru Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Meifang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Lingli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Li L, Li M, Pang Y, Wang J, Wan Y, Zhu C, Yin Z. Abnormal thyroid hormone receptor signaling in osteoarthritic osteoblasts regulates microangiogenesis in subchondral bone. Life Sci 2019; 239:116975. [PMID: 31654748 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Previous study indicated that the increase of local bio-availability of 3'3'5-triiodothyronine (T3) influenced osteoarthritis (OA) initiation. We aimed to investigate the role of thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) signaling in OA osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS THRs expression in OA was detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR and western blotting. These effects on the expression of angiogenesis-related factors were examined after THRα or THRβ knockdown in OA osteoblasts. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to confirm the leading receptor for regulating angiogenesis-related factors. Co-culture model was utilized to observe the MMPs expression in chondrocytes after THRα knockdown in osteoblasts. The in vivo effects were also studied after intra-articular injection with THRα siRNA in OA model mice. Micro-CT and immunohistochemistry were employed to evaluate the changes of subchondral bone. KEY FINDINGS THRs expression and nuclear translocation were upregulated in human OA osteoblasts. Immunohistochemistry showed that angiogenic activities were increased in OA subchondral bone of human and mice. VEGF, HIF-1α and IGF-1, these THR downstream genes were downregulated after THRα knockdown in OA osteoblasts. Fluorescence in situ hybridization further indicated that THRα signaling mainly regulated VEGF expression. Intra-articular injection with THRα siRNA reduced angiogenic activities in OA model mice subchondral bone and ameliorated cartilage degradation. Micro-CT analysis displayed that the aberrant subchondral bone formation in OA was promoted. SIGNIFICANCE The microangiogenesis in subchondral bone may be partly attributed to abnormal THRα signaling in osteoblasts, and local inhibition of the THRα could be a potential target to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the first affiliated hospital of Anhui Medical Universtiy, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the first affiliated hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, #17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yiqun Pang
- Department of radiology, the first affiliated hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, #17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the first affiliated hospital of Anhui Medical Universtiy, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunpeng Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics, the first affiliated hospital of Anhui Medical Universtiy, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the first affiliated hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, #17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, the first affiliated hospital of Anhui Medical Universtiy, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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71
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Yang C, Song G, Lim W. A mechanism for the effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals on placentation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:326-336. [PMID: 31132539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Numerous recent studies have shown that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the body of pregnant women can pass through the placenta and be exposed to the fetus, leading to fetal development and cognitive impairment. Placentation through invasion of trophoblast cells and vascular remodeling is essential to maintaining maternal and fetal health throughout the pregnancy. Abnormal placentation can lead to pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). However, many studies have not been conducted on whether EDCs can inhibit the development and function of the placenta. Isolating placental tissues to analyze the effect of EDCs on placentation has several limitations. In this review, we discussed the types of EDCs that can pass through the placental barrier and accumulate in the placenta with relative outcome. EDCs can be released from a variety of products including plasticizers, pesticides, and retardant. We also discussed the development and dysfunction of the placenta when EDCs were treated on trophoblast cells or pregnant rodent models. The effects of EDCs on the placenta of livestock are also discussed, together with the molecular mechanism of EDCs acting in trophoblast cells. We describe how EDCs cross the membrane of trophoblasts to regulate signaling pathways, causing genetic and epigenetic changes that lead to changes in cell viability and invasiveness. Further studies on the effects of EDCs on placenta may draw attention to the correct use of products containing EDCs during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Yang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
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72
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Azevedo R, Oliveira N, Maia C, Verde I. Effects of di(2-etilhexil) phthalate on human umbilical artery. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:278-286. [PMID: 31035166 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-etilhexil) phthalate (DEHP) is a compound used in plastic materials, which has endocrine disrupting properties. The human DEHP exposure depend on the use of plastics in toys, medical devices and food and beverage containers. The DEHP effects were studied in some physiological systems; nevertheless, the actions in human arteries were never described. We analysed the DEHP effect on endothelium denuded human umbilical artery (HUA), an important artery to ensure gases and nutrients exchange with fetus. We assessed DEHP short-term effects on contractility, occurring few minutes after DEHP is in contact with HUA in the organ bath receptacles. The long-term effects on HUA, observed after 24 h in presence of DEHP, were assessed in the organ bath system, and also through the analysis of receptors expression (5-HT2A and H1) and of cellular viability, by using HUA smooth muscle cells. DEHP (1 nM-100 μM) induced a short-term relaxing effect on HUA contracted by 5-HT, histamine or KCl. DEHP long-term exposure of arteries (1 nM, 10 μM and 100 μM) reduced its own relaxant effect on HUA contracted by 5-HT and histamine and, precisely, 24 h exposure to DEHP 1 nM reverted the relaxant effect on 5-HT contractility. Long-term exposure at more than 10 nM of DEHP decreased 5HT2A receptors expression. In conclusion, DEHP short-term exposition elicit vasodilation of HUA contracted by different agents. DEHP long-term exposition reduced the expression of 5HT2A receptors. The DEHP long-term exposition decrease the short-term relaxant effect and, at low concentrations can increase the contractile effect of 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Azevedo
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - N Oliveira
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C Maia
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - I Verde
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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73
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Bloom MS, Wenzel AG, Brock JW, Kucklick JR, Wineland RJ, Cruze L, Unal ER, Yucel RM, Jiyessova A, Newman RB. Racial disparity in maternal phthalates exposure; Association with racial disparity in fetal growth and birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:473-486. [PMID: 30981018 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and observational data implicate phthalates as developmental toxicants. However, few data are available to assess the maternal risks of gestational exposure by race and infant sex. To begin to address this data gap, we characterized associations between maternal urinary phthalate metabolites and birth outcomes among African American and white mothers from a southeastern U.S. population. We enrolled pregnant African American (n = 152) and white (n = 158) women with singleton live births between 18 and 22 weeks gestation. We measured phthalate metabolites (mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monomethyl phthalate (MMP), and the sums of DEHP (ΣDEHP) and DBP (ΣDBP) metabolites) in up to two gestational urine specimens from mothers, and evaluated confounder-adjusted associations per natural log unit greater concentration with birth weight for gestational age z-score, small for gestational age (SGA; <10th %tile), preterm birth (PTB; <37 weeks gestation), and low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g). We also tested for interactions by maternal race and infant sex. We found that lower z-scores were associated with greater MiBP (β = -0.28; 95% CI: -0.54, -0.02) and MMP (β = -0.30; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.09) concentrations, while MEP interacted with race (p = 0.04), indicating an association among whites (β = -0.14; 95% CI: -0.28, 0.001) but not among African Americans (β = 0.05; 95% CI = -0.09, 0.19). Greater MiBP (OR = 2.82; 95% CI: 1.21, 6.56) and MEOHP (OR = 2.80; 95% CI: 1.05, 7.42) were associated with an overall higher SGA risk, greater MEHP was associated with higher SGA risk (p = 0.10) in whites (OR = 3.26 95% CI: 0.64, 16.56) but not in African Americans (OR = 0.71 95% CI: 0.07, 7.17), and the associations for MiBP (p = 0.02) and ΣDBP (p = 0.02) varied by infant sex. We detected interactions for PTB in which African Americans were at higher risk than whites for greater MiBP (p = 0.08) and MEP (p = 0.02) although lower risk for greater MEHP (p = 0.09). Greater MEP was associated with an overall higher LBW risk (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.86), and males were at higher risk than females with greater MBP (p = 0.002), MiBP (p = 0.02), MBzP (p = 0.01), MEP (p = 0.002), MMP (p = 0.09), and ΣDBP (p = 0.01) concentrations. Overall, our results suggest that gestational phthalate exposure is associated with adverse maternal birth outcomes, and that the effects vary by maternal race and infant sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bloom
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA.
| | - Abby G Wenzel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - John W Brock
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - John R Kucklick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rebecca J Wineland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lori Cruze
- Department of Biology, Wofford College, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Unal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Recai M Yucel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Assem Jiyessova
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Roger B Newman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Zhao ZB, Ji K, Shen XY, Zhang WW, Wang R, Xu WP, Wei W. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate promotes hepatic fibrosis by regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation responses in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 68:109-119. [PMID: 30884453 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an environmental pollutant that is widely used in medical and consumer products. An epidemiological study has suggested that a large daily intake of DEHP from phthalate-contaminated food may be a risk factor for liver dysfunction. Long-term exposure to DEHP is associated with liver disease and exacerbates the progression of chronic liver injury. However, the effect of DEHP on hepatic fibrosis is rarely studied. In the present study, we sought to determine the effect of DEHP on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis, and to further examine the molecular mechanisms. We found that DEHP exposure remarkably promoted liver inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis, and increased expression of the protein associated with liver inflammation and fibrogenesis, including α-SMA, COL-Ⅰ, COL-Ⅲ, TGF-β1, P-Smad2, P-Smad3, P-p38 and P-p65. The similar trend was observed in the LX-2 cells. Furthermore, DEHP exposure induced oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production. Taken together, DEHP might play a fibrotic role in hepatic fibrosis rats and TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 cells in vitro which was related to TGF-β1/Smad and p38MAPK/NF-κB signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Biao Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ke Ji
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xin-Yue Shen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Ping Xu
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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75
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Bu Z, Mmereki D, Wang J, Dong C. Exposure to commonly-used phthalates and the associated health risks in indoor environment of urban China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:843-853. [PMID: 30583180 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and modernization have increased exposures to phthalates from synthetic materials used indoors in China. However, exposure to phthalates from indoor environment and the associated health risks to the urban population have not been adequately characterized and documented. In this study, we summarized the recent measurements of five commonly-used phthalates in indoor environment in urban China and documented their distributions. Based on the activity patterns and exposure factors of Chinese population, Monte-Carlo simulation was used to derive their exposures. On average, the daily intake of all the targeted phthalates was 3.6 μg/kg/day for adults; and for children it ranged from 4.4 μg/kg/day to 8.1 μg/kg/day. For children, the total risk from exposures inside residences and offices was 32%-90% and 4%-19%, respectively. From commuting environments and other indoor environments, it was 5%-31%, and 3%-26%, respectively. For adults, the total risk from residences and offices was 26%-78% and 9%-35%. Additionally, from commuting environments and other indoor environments, it was 8%-35% and 5%-11%, respectively. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment was based on a cumulative Tolerable Daily Intake (TDIcum), with means ranging from 0.18 to 0.41, which was mainly as a result of exposure to DiBP and DnBP. The means for lifetime cancer risk resulting from DEHP exposure ranged from 0.4 × 10-6 to 2.0 × 10-6 for urban population groups. For 80% of working adults and 40%-75%% of children, their cancer risks exceeded the EPA's benchmark (1.0 × 10-6). The present study could provide important information for decision makers to reduce indoor phthalate exposures as well as the associated health risks for larger population groups in Chinese cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Daniel Mmereki
- National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Institute of Urban Construction, Hangzhou Polytechnic, Hangzhou 311402, China
| | - Cong Dong
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
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Mustieles V, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Christou G, Ford JB, Dimitriadis I, Hauser R, Souter I, Messerlian C. Placental weight in relation to maternal and paternal preconception and prenatal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among subfertile couples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:272-279. [PMID: 30497002 PMCID: PMC6347561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phthalates are known reproductive toxicants that reduce placental and fetal weight in experimental animal studies. Although phthalate exposure has been associated with reduced birth weight in humans, there is limited epidemiologic evidence on whether the placenta is also affected. OBJECTIVE To assess whether maternal and paternal preconception and prenatal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations are associated with placental weight, and the birth weight: placental weight (BW:PW) ratio among singletons conceived by subfertile couples. METHODS The present analysis included 132 mothers and 68 fathers, and their corresponding 132 singletons recruited in an academic hospital fertility center in Boston, Massachusetts. Urinary concentrations of eleven phthalate metabolites were measured and averaged in multiple paternal (n = 196) and maternal (n = 596) preconception, and maternal prenatal (n = 328) samples. Placental weight and birth weight (grams) were abstracted from delivery records, and the BW:PW was calculated. We estimated the association of natural log-phthalate metabolite concentrations across windows of exposure with placental weight and the BW:PW ratio using multivariable linear regression models, adjusting for a priori covariates. RESULTS In adjusted models, each log-unit increase in paternal urinary concentrations of the sum of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ΣDEHP) metabolites was associated with a 24 g (95% CI: -48, -1) decrease in placental weight. We also observed a significant negative association between maternal preconception monoethyl phthalate (MEP) metabolite concentrations and the BW:PW ratio (β = -0.26; 95%CI: -0.49, -0.04). Additionally, each log-unit increase in prenatal MEP metabolite concentrations was associated with a 24 g (95% CI: -41, -7) decrease in placental weight. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that certain paternal and maternal urinary phthalate metabolites may affect placental weight and the BW:PW ratio. However, given the small sample size within a subfertile cohort and the novelty of these findings, more studies are needed to confirm the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Mustieles
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), 18100, Spain
| | - Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Christou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer B Ford
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Irene Dimitriadis
- Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Irene Souter
- Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Cai YJ, Wang F, Chen ZX, Li L, Fan H, Wu ZB, Ge JF, Hu W, Wang QN, Zhu DF. Hashimoto's thyroiditis induces neuroinflammation and emotional alterations in euthyroid mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:299. [PMID: 30373627 PMCID: PMC6206655 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although studies have reported an increased risk for mood disorders in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) patients even in the euthyroid state, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Neuroinflammation may play a key role in the etiology of mood disorders in humans and behavioral disturbances in rodents. Therefore, this study established a euthyroid HT model in mice and investigated whether HT itself was capable of triggering neuroinflammation accompanied by emotional alterations. Methods Experimental HT was induced by immunizing NOD mice with thyroglobulin and adjuvant twice. Four weeks after the last challenge, mice were tested for anxiety-like behavior in the open field and elevated plus maze tests and depression-like behavior in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Then, animals were sacrificed for thyroid-related parameter measure as well as detection of cellular and molecular events associated with neuroinflammation. The changes in components of central serotonin signaling were also investigated. Results HT mice showed intrathyroidal monocyte infiltration and rising serum thyroid autoantibody levels accompanied by normal thyroid function, which defines euthyroid HT in humans. These mice displayed more anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors than controls. HT mice further showed microglia and astrocyte activation in the frontal cortex detected by immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These observations were also accompanied by enhanced gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the frontal cortex. Despite this inflammatory response, no signs of neuronal apoptosis were visible by the TUNEL staining and TEM in the frontal cortex of HT mice. Additionally, IDO1 and SERT, key serotonin-system-related genes activated by proinflammatory cytokines, were upregulated in HT mice, accompanied by reduced frontal cortex serotonin levels. Conclusions Our results are the first to suggest that HT induces neuroinflammation and alters related serotonin signaling in the euthyroid state, which may underlie the deleterious effects of HT itself on emotional function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhang-Xiang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hua Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhang-Bi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jin-Fang Ge
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qu-Nan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - De-Fa Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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