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Lack of interference with immunogenicity of a chimeric alphavirus replicon particle-based influenza vaccine by preexisting antivector immunity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:991-8. [PMID: 22623651 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00031-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antivector immunity has been recognized as a potential caveat of using virus-based vaccines. In the present study, an alphavirus-based replicon particle vaccine platform, which has demonstrated robust immunogenicity in animal models, was tested for effects of antivector immunity on immunogenicity against hemagglutinin of influenza virus as a target antigen and efficacy for protection against lethal challenge with the virus. Chimeric alphavirus-based replicon particles, comprising Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus nonstructural and Sindbis virus structural components, induced efficient protective antibody responses, which were not adversely influenced after multiple immunizations with the same vector expressing various antigens.
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52
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Wu Y, Wu S, Hou L, Wei W, Zhou M, Su Z, Wu J, Chen W, Ma G. Novel thermal-sensitive hydrogel enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by intranasal vaccine delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:486-97. [PMID: 22507968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel thermal sensitive hydrogel was formulated with N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium) propyl] chitosan chloride (HTCC) and α, β-glycerophosphate (α, β-GP). A serial of hydrogels containing different amount of GP and HTCC with diverse quarternize degree (QD, 41%, 59%, 79.5%, and 99%) were prepared and characterized by rheological method. The hydrogel was subsequently evaluated for intranasal vaccine delivery with adenovirus based Zaire Ebola virus glycoprotein antigen (Ad-GPZ). Results showed that moderate quarternized HTCC (60% and 79.5%) hydrogel/antigen formulations induced highest IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibody titers in serum, as well as mucosal IgA responses in lung wash, which may attributed to the prolonged antigen residence time due to the thermal-sensitivity of this hydrogel. Furthermore, CD8(+) splenocytes for IFN-γ positive cell assay and the release profile of Th1/Th2 type cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-4) showed that hydrogel/Ad-GPZ generated an overwhelmingly enhanced Th1 biased cellular immune response. In addition, this hydrogel displayed low toxicity to nasal tissue and epithelial cells even by frequently intranasal dosing of hydrogel. All these results strongly supported this hydrogel as a safe and effective delivery system for nasal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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53
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Zhu Y, Cherukuri NC, Jackel JN, Wu Z, Crary M, Buckley KJ, Bisaro DM, Parris DS. Characterization of the RNA silencing suppression activity of the Ebola virus VP35 protein in plants and mammalian cells. J Virol 2012; 86:3038-49. [PMID: 22238300 PMCID: PMC3302343 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05741-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a lethal hemorrhagic fever for which there is no approved effective treatment or prevention strategy. EBOV VP35 is a virulence factor that blocks innate antiviral host responses, including the induction of and response to alpha/beta interferon. VP35 is also an RNA silencing suppressor (RSS). By inhibiting microRNA-directed silencing, mammalian virus RSSs have the capacity to alter the cellular environment to benefit replication. A reporter gene containing specific microRNA target sequences was used to demonstrate that prior expression of wild-type VP35 was able to block establishment of microRNA silencing in mammalian cells. In addition, wild-type VP35 C-terminal domain (CTD) protein fusions were shown to bind small interfering RNA (siRNA). Analysis of mutant proteins demonstrated that reporter activity in RSS assays did not correlate with their ability to antagonize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase R (PKR) or bind siRNA. The results suggest that enhanced reporter activity in the presence of VP35 is a composite of nonspecific translational enhancement and silencing suppression. Moreover, most of the specific RSS activity in mammalian cells is RNA binding independent, consistent with VP35's proposed role in sequestering one or more silencing complex proteins. To examine RSS activity in a system without interferon, VP35 was tested in well-characterized plant silencing suppression assays. VP35 was shown to possess potent plant RSS activity, and the activities of mutant proteins correlated strongly, but not exclusively, with RNA binding ability. The results suggest the importance of VP35-protein interactions in blocking silencing in a system (mammalian) that cannot amplify dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhu
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics
| | | | - Jamie N. Jackel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Plant Biotechnology Center
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Zetang Wu
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology
| | - Monica Crary
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Plant Biotechnology Center
| | | | - David M. Bisaro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Plant Biotechnology Center
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Deborah S. Parris
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Plant Biotechnology Center
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology
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54
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Richardson JS, Abou MC, Tran KN, Kumar A, Sahai BM, Kobinger GP. Impact of systemic or mucosal immunity to adenovirus on Ad-based Ebola virus vaccine efficacy in guinea pigs. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 3:S1032-42. [PMID: 21987739 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 35% of the North American population and an estimated 90% of the sub-Saharan African population have antibodies against adenovirus serotype 5 (AdHu5) that are capable of neutralizing AdHu5-based vaccines. In mice, intranasal delivery of AdHu5 expressing the Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad) containing the genes for the Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein (ZGP) under the expressional control of a cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (CMV)) can bypass systemic preexisting immunity, resulting in protection against mouse-adapted Zaire ebolavirus (Mayinga 1976). METHODS Guinea pigs administered an adenovirus-based Ebola virus vaccine either intramuscularly or intranasally in the presence of systemically or mucosally induced adenovirus immunity were challenged with a lethal dose of guinea pig-adapted Zaire ebolavirus (Mayinga 1976) (GA-ZEBOV). The humoral immune response was assayed to determine the effect of vaccine delivery route and preexisting immunity. RESULTS Intramuscular or intranasal vaccination fully protected guinea pigs against a lethal GA-ZEBOV challenge. However, intramuscular vaccination in animals with systemically induced preexisting immunity resulted in low survival following challenge. Interestingly, intranasal vaccination protected guinea pigs with systemic preexisting immunity to AdHu5. Mucosal adenoviral immunity induced by intranasal administration of AdHu5 decreased protection following intranasal vaccination with the first-generation but not with the second-generation vaccine. CONCLUSIONS Intranasal vaccination is an effective vaccine delivery route in the presence of systemic and, to a lower extent, mucosal preexisting immunity to the vaccine vector in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Richardson
- Special Pathogens Department, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
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55
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Grant-Klein RJ, Altamura LA, Schmaljohn CS. Progress in recombinant DNA-derived vaccines for Lassa virus and filoviruses. Virus Res 2011; 162:148-61. [PMID: 21925552 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing vaccines for highly pathogenic viruses such as those causing Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers is a daunting task due to both scientific and logistical constraints. Scientific hurdles to overcome include poorly defined relationships between pathogenicity and protective immune responses, genetic diversity of viruses, and safety in a target population that includes a large number of individuals with compromised immune systems. Logistical obstacles include the requirement for biosafety level-4 containment to study the authentic viruses, the poor public health infrastructure of the endemic disease areas, and the cost of developing these vaccines for use in non-lucrative markets. Recombinant DNA-based vaccine approaches offer promise of overcoming some of these issues. In this review, we consider the status of various recombinant DNA candidate vaccines against Lassa virus and filoviruses which have been tested in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Grant-Klein
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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56
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Bradfute SB, Dye JM, Bavari S. Filovirus vaccines. HUMAN VACCINES 2011; 7:701-11. [PMID: 21519188 PMCID: PMC3219077 DOI: 10.4161/hv.7.6.15398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses can cause severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates (NHPs). Although there are currently no clinically proven treatments for filovirus disease, much progress has been made in recent years in the discovery of therapeutics and vaccines against these viruses. A variety of vaccine platforms have been shown to be effective against filovirus infection. This review summarizes the literature in this field, focusing on vaccines that have been shown to protect NHPs from infection. Furthermore, the uses of rodent models in vaccine development, as well as correlates of immunity, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Bradfute
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Interagency Biodefense Campus; Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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57
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Yermolina MV, Wang J, Caffrey M, Rong LL, Wardrop DJ. Discovery, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel group of selective inhibitors of filoviral entry. J Med Chem 2011; 54:765-81. [PMID: 21204524 PMCID: PMC3081529 DOI: 10.1021/jm1008715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of an antifiloviral screening system, based on a pseudotyping strategy, and its application in the discovery of a novel group of small molecules that selectively inhibit the Ebola and Marburg glycoprotein (GP)-mediated infection of human cells. Using Ebola Zaire GP-pseudotyped HIV particles bearing a luciferase reporter gene and 293T cells, a library of 237 small molecules was screened for inhibition of GP-mediated viral entry. From this assay, lead compound 8a was identified as a selective inhibitor of filoviral entry with an IC(50) of 30 μM. To analyze functional group requirements for efficacy, a structure-activity relationship analysis of this 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole was then conducted with 56 isoxazole and triazole derivatives prepared using "click" chemistry. This study revealed that while the isoxazole ring can be replaced by a triazole system, the 5-(diethylamino)acetamido substituent found in 8a is required for inhibition of viral-cell entry. Variation of the 3-aryl substituent provided a number of more potent antiviral agents with IC(50) values ranging to 2.5 μM. Lead compound 8a and three of its derivatives were also found to block the Marburg glycoprotein (GP)-mediated infection of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Yermolina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Jizhen Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Michael Caffrey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Lijun L. Rong
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Duncan J. Wardrop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607
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58
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Richardson JS, Wong G, Pillet S, Schindle S, Ennis J, Turner J, Strong JE, Kobinger GP. Evaluation of Different Strategies for Post-Exposure Treatment of Ebola Virus Infection in Rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [PMID: 23205319 DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.s1-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) is a pathogen that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. There are currently no licensed vaccines or approved treatments available against ZEBOV infections. The goal of this work was to evaluate different treatment strategies in conjunction with a replication deficient, recombinant human adenovirus serotype 5-based vaccine expressing the Zaire Ebola virus glycoprotein (Ad-CAGoptZGP) in Ebola infected mice and guinea pigs.Guinea pigs were treated with Ad-CAGoptZGP in combination with different treatment strategies after challenge with guinea pig adapted-ZEBOV (GA-ZEBOV). B10.BR mice were used to further characterize efficacy and immune responses following co-administration of Ad-CAGoptZGP with the most effective treatment: AdHu5 expressing recombinant IFN-α (hereafter termed DEF201) after challenge with a lethal dose of mouse adapted-ZEBOV (MA-ZEBOV).In mice, DEF201 treatment was able to elicit full protection against a lethal dose of MA-ZEBOV when administered 30 minutes after infection. In guinea pigs the Ad-CAGoptZGP and DEF201 combination therapy elicited full protection when treated 30 minutes post-exposure and were a superior treatment to Ad-CAGoptZGP supplemented with recombinant IFN-α protein. Further analysis of the immune response revealed that addition of DEF201 to Ad-CAGoptZGP enhances the resulting adaptive immune response against ZGP. The results highlight the importance of the innate immune response in the prevention of ZEBOV pathogenesis and support further development of the Ad-CAGoptZGP with DEF201 treatment combination for post-exposure therapy against ZEBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Richardson
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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59
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Falzarano D, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H. Progress in filovirus vaccine development: evaluating the potential for clinical use. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:63-77. [PMID: 21162622 PMCID: PMC3398800 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Marburg and Ebola viruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Currently, there are no effective treatments and no licensed vaccines; although a number of vaccine platforms have proven successful in animal models. The ideal filovirus vaccine candidate should be able to provide rapid protection following a single immunization, have the potential to work postexposure and be cross-reactive or multivalent against all Marburg virus strains and all relevant Ebola virus species and strains. Currently, there are multiple platforms that have provided prophylactic protection in nonhuman primates, including DNA, recombinant adenovirus serotype 5, recombinant human parainfluenza virus 3 and virus-like particles. In addition, a single platform, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus, has demonstrated both prophylactic and postexposure protection in nonhuman primates. These results demonstrate that achieving a vaccine that is protective against filoviruses is possible; the challenge now is to prove its safety and efficacy in order to obtain a vaccine that is ready for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Falzarano
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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60
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Gamble LJ, Matthews QL. Current progress in the development of a prophylactic vaccine for HIV-1. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2010; 5:9-26. [PMID: 21267356 PMCID: PMC3023272 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s6959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery and characterization in the early 1980s as a virus that attacks the immune system, there has been some success for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. However, due to the overwhelming public health impact of this virus, a vaccine is needed urgently. Despite the tireless efforts of scientist and clinicians, there is still no safe and effective vaccine that provides sterilizing immunity. A vaccine that provides sterilizing immunity against HIV infection remains elusive in part due to the following reasons: 1) degree of diversity of the virus, 2) ability of the virus to evade the hosts' immunity, and 3) lack of appropriate animal models in which to test vaccine candidates. There have been several attempts to stimulate the immune system to provide protection against HIV-infection. Here, we will discuss attempts that have been made to induce sterilizing immunity, including traditional vaccination attempts, induction of broadly neutralizing antibody production, DNA vaccines, and use of viral vectors. Some of these attempts show promise pending continued research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena J Gamble
- Department of Medicine, The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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61
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Patel A, Tikoo S, Kobinger G. A porcine adenovirus with low human seroprevalence is a promising alternative vaccine vector to human adenovirus 5 in an H5N1 virus disease model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15301. [PMID: 21179494 PMCID: PMC3002947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus 5 (AdHu5) vectors are robust vaccine platforms however the presence of naturally-acquired neutralizing antibodies may reduce vector efficacy and potential for re-administration. This study evaluates immune responses and protection following vaccination with a replication-incompetent porcine adenovirus 3 (PAV3) vector as an alternative vaccine to AdHu5 using an avian influenza H5N1 disease model. Vaccine efficacy was evaluated in BALB/c mice following vaccination with different doses of the PAV3 vector expressing an optimized A/Hanoi/30408/2005 H5N1 hemagglutinin antigen (PAV3-HA) and compared with an AdHu5-HA control. PAV3-HA rapidly generated antibody responses, with significant neutralizing antibody titers on day 21, and stronger cellular immune responses detected on day 8, compared to AdHu5-HA. The PAV3-HA vaccine, administered 8 days before challenge, demonstrated improved survival and lower virus load. Evaluation of long-term vaccine efficacy at 12 months post-vaccination showed better protection with the PAV3-HA than with the AdHu5-HA vaccine. Importantly, as opposed to AdHu5, PAV3 vector was not significantly neutralized by human antibodies pooled from over 10,000 individuals. Overall, PAV3-based vector is capable of mediating swift, strong immune responses and offer a promising alternative to AdHu5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Suresh Tikoo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Gary Kobinger
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail:
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62
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Baize S. Towards broad protection against Ebolaviruses. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1469-73. [PMID: 21073307 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola and Marburg viruses (from the filovirus family) induce deadly hemorrhagic fevers for which there is currently no licensed vaccine or treatment. Frequent outbreaks have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, in humans and nonhuman primates over the last 15 years or so and constitute a major public health problem. Of particular concern, a new species of Ebolavirus recently emerged in Uganda, highlighting the high potential of these viruses to evolve and the need to develop 'broad-spectrum' vaccines against filoviruses. Hensley et al. used their well studied vaccine platform based on DNA vectors and recombinant, replication-defective, adenoviruses producing Ebolavirus glycoproteins to protect cynomolgus monkeys against a heterologous challenge with the new species. Further developments are required before this experimental approach could be adapted for field use in humans, but this study nevertheless constitutes a proof-of-concept for broad protection against Ebolaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, IFR128 Biosciences Gerland, Lyon Sud, 21 av. Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon cedex 7, France.
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63
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Dreier B, Mikheeva G, Belousova N, Parizek P, Boczek E, Jelesarov I, Forrer P, Plückthun A, Krasnykh V. Her2-specific multivalent adapters confer designed tropism to adenovirus for gene targeting. J Mol Biol 2010; 405:410-26. [PMID: 21056576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) hold great promise as gene vectors for diagnostic or therapeutic applications. The native tropism of Ads must be modified to achieve disease site-specific gene delivery by Ad vectors and this should be done in a programmable way and with technology that can realistically be scaled up. To this end, we applied the technologies of designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) and ribosome display to develop a DARPin that binds the knob domain of the Ad fiber protein with low nanomolar affinity (K(D) 1.35 nM) and fused this protein with a DARPin specific for Her2, an established cell-surface biomarker of human cancers. The stability of the complex formed by this bispecific targeting adapter and the Ad virion resulted in insufficient gene transfer and was subsequently improved by increasing the valency of adapter-virus binding. In particular, we designed adapters that chelated the knob in a bivalent or trivalent fashion and showed that the efficacy of gene transfer by the adapter-Ad complex increased with the functional affinity of these molecules. This enabled efficient transduction at low stoichiometric adapter-to-fiber ratios. We confirmed the Her2 specificity of this transduction and its dependence on the Her2-binding DARPin component of the adapters. Even the adapter molecules with four fused DARPins could be produced and purified from Escherichia coli at very high levels. In principle, DARPins can be generated against any target and this adapter approach provides a versatile strategy for developing a broad range of disease-specific gene vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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64
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Capone S, Reyes-Sandoval A, Naddeo M, Siani L, Ammendola V, Rollier CS, Nicosia A, Colloca S, Cortese R, Folgori A, Hill AVS. Immune responses against a liver-stage malaria antigen induced by simian adenoviral vector AdCh63 and MVA prime-boost immunisation in non-human primates. Vaccine 2010; 29:256-65. [PMID: 21029806 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a major health problem as nearly half of the human population is exposed to this parasite causing around 600 million clinical cases annually. Prime-boost regimes using simian adenoviral vectors and MVA expressing the clinically relevant Plasmodium falciparum ME.TRAP antigen have shown outstanding protective efficacy in mouse models. We now extend those observations to macaque monkeys. Immunisation with AdCh63 elicited a median response of 869 IFN-γ SFC/million PBMCs to ME.TRAP and responses were boosted by MVA to reach 5256 SFC/million PBMCs, increasing at the same time the breadth of the T cell responses to cover the complete ME.TRAP antigen. Intramuscular vaccination was more immunogenic than the intradermal route, and MVA could be used repeatedly for up to 3 times to boost adenovirus-primed responses. An interval of 16 weeks between repeated MVA injections was optimal to enhance cytokine production by T cells and improve the CD8 multifunctional responses. Antibodies to TRAP were exceptionally high and maintained for a long period of time after the prime-boost regime. These results in non-human primates highlight the potential of this vaccination regime and encourage its future use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Capone
- Okairos, Via dei Castelli Romani 22, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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65
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Lanza SR, Menin A, Ertl HCJ, Báfica A, Pinto AR. Simian recombinant adenovirus delivered by the mucosal route modulates gammadelta T cells from murine genital tract. Vaccine 2010; 28:4600-8. [PMID: 20460181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been demonstrated that mucosal immunization using vectors such as simian adenovirus (AdC) stimulates robust adaptive immune responses, there remains a paucity of information on the modulation of innate immune responses by such vectors. Using an established murine model of intravaginal immunization (Ivag), we have investigated whether mucosal gammadelta T cells participate in immune responses induced by AdC vectors. gammadelta T cell numbers were found to be increased in the vaginal tract. Moreover, gammadelta T cells isolated from the genital tract showed an activated phenotype and enhanced expression of cytokine gene. Altogether, our results demonstrate that AdC modulates gammadelta T cell responses and suggest that this cell population may influence immune responses following vaginal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia R Lanza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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66
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Pratt WD, Wang D, Nichols DK, Luo M, Woraratanadharm J, Dye JM, Holman DH, Dong JY. Protection of nonhuman primates against two species of Ebola virus infection with a single complex adenovirus vector. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:572-81. [PMID: 20181765 PMCID: PMC2849326 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00467-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ebola viruses are highly pathogenic viruses that cause outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates. To meet the need for a vaccine against the several types of Ebola viruses that cause human diseases, we developed a multivalent vaccine candidate (EBO7) that expresses the glycoproteins of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV) in a single complex adenovirus-based vector (CAdVax). We evaluated our vaccine in nonhuman primates against the parenteral and aerosol routes of lethal challenge. EBO7 vaccine provided protection against both Ebola viruses by either route of infection. Significantly, protection against SEBOV given as an aerosol challenge, which has not previously been shown, could be achieved with a boosting vaccination. These results demonstrate the feasibility of creating a robust, multivalent Ebola virus vaccine that would be effective in the event of a natural virus outbreak or biological threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Pratt
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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67
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Wonganan P, Croyle MA. PEGylated Adenoviruses: From Mice to Monkeys. Viruses 2010; 2:468-502. [PMID: 21994645 PMCID: PMC3185605 DOI: 10.3390/v2020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG), a non-toxic polymer used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations for over 60 years, can profoundly influence the pharmacokinetic, pharmacologic and toxciologic profile of protein and peptide-based therapeutics. This review summarizes the history of PEGylation and PEG chemistry and highlights the value of this technology in the context of the design and development of recombinant viruses for gene transfer, vaccination and diagnostic purposes. Specific emphasis is placed on the application of this technology to the adenovirus, the most potent viral vector with the most highly characterized toxicity profile to date, in several animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanuch Wonganan
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Maria A. Croyle
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; E-Mail:
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-512-471-1972; Fax: +1-512-471-7474
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68
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A complex adenovirus-vectored vaccine against Rift Valley fever virus protects mice against lethal infection in the presence of preexisting vector immunity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1624-32. [PMID: 19776190 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00182-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) has been cited as a potential biological-weapon threat due to the serious and fatal disease it causes in humans and animals and the fact that this mosquito-borne virus can be lethal in an aerosolized form. Current human and veterinary vaccines against RVFV, however, are outdated, inefficient, and unsafe. We have incorporated the RVFV glycoprotein genes into a nonreplicating complex adenovirus (CAdVax) vector platform to develop a novel RVFV vaccine. Mice vaccinated with the CAdVax-based vaccine produced potent humoral immune responses and were protected against lethal RVFV infection. Additionally, protection was elicited in mice despite preexisting immunity to the adenovirus vector.
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69
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Thacker EE, Timares L, Matthews QL. Strategies to overcome host immunity to adenovirus vectors in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:761-77. [PMID: 19485756 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first clinical evaluations of adenovirus (Ad)-based vectors for gene therapy were initiated in the mid-1990s and led to great anticipation for future utility. However, excitement surrounding gene therapy, particularly Ad-based therapy, was diminished upon the death of Jesse Gelsinger, and recent discouraging results from the HIV vaccine STEP trial have brought efficacy and safety issues to the forefront again. Even so, Ad vectors are still considered among the safest and most effective vaccine vectors. Innate and pre-existing immunity to Ad mediate much of the acute toxicities and reduced therapeutic efficacies observed following vaccination with this vector. Thus, innovative strategies must continue to be developed to reduce Ad-specific antigenicity and immune recognition. This review provides an overview and critique of the most promising strategies, including results from preclinical trials in mice and nonhuman primates, which aim to revive the future of Ad-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Thacker
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BMR2 470, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-32172, USA.
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70
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Delivery of human immunodeficiency virus vaccine vectors to the intestine induces enhanced mucosal cellular immunity. J Virol 2009; 83:7166-75. [PMID: 19420074 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00374-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) will likely need to stimulate protective immunity in the intestinal mucosa, where HIV-1 infection causes severe CD4(+) T-cell depletion. While replication-competent recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors can stimulate adenovirus-specific mucosal immunity after replication, oral delivery of replication-defective rAd vectors encoding specific immunogens has proven challenging. In this study, we have systematically identified barriers to effective gut delivery of rAd vectors and identified sites and strategies to induce potent cellular and humoral immunity. Vector-mediated gene transfer by rAd5 was susceptible to low-pH buffer, gastric and pancreatic proteases, and extracellular mucins. Using ex vivo organ explants, we found that transduction with rAd5 was highest in the ileum and colon among all intestinal segments. Transgene expression was 100-fold higher after direct surgical introduction into the ileum than after oral gavage, with rAd5 showing greater potency than the rAd35 or the rAd41 vector. A single immunization of rAd5 encoding HIV-1 gp140B to the ileum stimulated potent CD8(+) T-cell responses in the intestinal and systemic compartments, and these responses were further enhanced by intramuscular rAd5 boosting. These studies suggest that induction of primary immune responses by rAd5 gut immunization and subsequent systemic boosting elicits potent antigen-specific gut mucosal responses.
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71
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Adenovirus vectors expressing hantavirus proteins protect hamsters against lethal challenge with andes virus. J Virol 2009; 83:7285-95. [PMID: 19403663 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00373-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses infect humans following aerosolization from rodent feces and urine, producing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Due to the high rates of mortality and lack of therapies, vaccines are urgently needed. Nonreplicating adenovirus (Ad) vectors that express Andes hantavirus (ANDV) nucleocapsid protein (AdN) or glycoproteins (AdG(N) and AdG(C)) were constructed. Ad vectors were tested for their ability to protect Syrian hamsters from a lethal ANDV infection that mimics the pulmonary disease seen in humans. When administered once, all three Ad vectors, individually or in combination, elicited a robust immune response that protected hamsters. No vaccinated animal died, and there were no obvious clinical signs of disease. Further, hantavirus RNA was not detected by sensitive reverse transcription-PCR in tissues and blood of hamsters immunized with both AdG(N) and AdG(C). Cellular immunity appeared to be important for protection because the AdN vector completely protected animals. All three Ad vectors produced strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses directed to hantavirus proteins in mice. Moreover, hamsters vaccinated with AdN, AdG(N), or AdG(C) produced no detectable neutralizing antibodies yet were protected. These Ad vectors represent the first vaccines that prevent lethal hantavirus disease and, in some instances (AdG(N) and AdG(C)), provide sterile immunity. These observations set the stage for a more detailed characterization of the types of immunity required to protect humans from hantavirus infections.
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72
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Richardson JS, Yao MK, Tran KN, Croyle MA, Strong JE, Feldmann H, Kobinger GP. Enhanced protection against Ebola virus mediated by an improved adenovirus-based vaccine. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5308. [PMID: 19390586 PMCID: PMC2669164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ebola virus is transmitted by direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals, eliciting death rates as high as 90% among infected humans. Currently, replication defective adenovirus-based Ebola vaccine is being studied in a phase I clinical trial. Another Ebola vaccine, based on an attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus has shown efficacy in post-exposure treatment of nonhuman primates to Ebola infection. In this report, we modified the common recombinant adenovirus serotype 5-based Ebola vaccine expressing the wild-type ZEBOV glycoprotein sequence from a CMV promoter (Ad-CMVZGP). The immune response elicited by this improved expression cassette vector (Ad-CAGoptZGP) and its ability to afford protection against lethal ZEBOV challenge in mice was compared to the standard Ad-CMVZGP vector. Methodology/Principal Findings Ad-CMVZGP was previously shown to protect mice, guinea pigs and nonhuman primates from an otherwise lethal challenge of Zaire ebolavirus. The antigenic expression cassette of this vector was improved through codon optimization, inclusion of a consensus Kozak sequence and reconfiguration of a CAG promoter (Ad-CAGoptZGP). Expression of GP from Ad-CAGoptZGP was substantially higher than from Ad-CMVZGP. Ad-CAGoptZGP significantly improved T and B cell responses at doses 10 to 100-fold lower than that needed with Ad-CMVZGP. Additionally, Ad-CAGoptZGP afforded full protections in mice against lethal challenge at a dose 100 times lower than the dose required for Ad-CMVZGP. Finally, Ad-CAGoptZGP induced full protection to mice when given 30 minutes post-challenge. Conclusions/Significance We describe an improved adenovirus-based Ebola vaccine capable of affording post-exposure protection against lethal challenge in mice. The molecular modifications of the new improved vaccine also translated in the induction of significantly enhanced immune responses and complete protection at a dose 100 times lower than with the previous generation adenovirus-based Ebola vaccine. Understanding and improving the molecular components of adenovirus-based vaccines can produce potent, optimized product, useful for vaccination and post-exposure therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Richardson
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michel K. Yao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kaylie N. Tran
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maria A. Croyle
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - James E. Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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73
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Dudareva M, Andrews L, Gilbert SC, Bejon P, Marsh K, Mwacharo J, Kai O, Nicosia A, Hill AVS. Prevalence of serum neutralizing antibodies against chimpanzee adenovirus 63 and human adenovirus 5 in Kenyan children, in the context of vaccine vector efficacy. Vaccine 2009; 27:3501-4. [PMID: 19464527 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against Plasmodium falciparum malaria could reduce the worldwide burden of this disease, and decrease its high mortality in children. Replication-defective recombinant adenovirus vectors carrying P. falciparum epitopes may be useful as part of a vaccine that raises cellular immunity to the pre-erythrocytic stage of malaria infection. However, existing immunity to the adenovirus vector results in antibody-mediated neutralization of the vaccine vector, and reduced vaccine immunogenicity. Our aim was to examine a population of children who are at risk from P. falciparum malaria for neutralizing immunity to replication-deficient recombinant chimpanzee adenovirus 63 vector (AdC63), compared to human adenovirus 5 vector (AdHu5). We measured 50% and 90% vector neutralization titers in 200 individual sera, taken from a cohort of children from Kenya, using a secreted alkaline phosphatase neutralization assay. We found that 23% of the children (aged 1-6 years) had high-titer neutralizing antibodies to AdHu5, and 4% had high-titer neutralizing antibodies to AdC63. Immunity to both vectors was age-dependent. Low-level neutralization of AdC63 was significantly less frequent than AdHu5 neutralization at the 90% neutralization level. We conclude that AdC63 may be a useful vector as part of a prime-boost malaria vaccine in children.
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74
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Patel A, Tran K, Gray M, Li Y, Ao Z, Yao X, Kobasa D, Kobinger GP. Evaluation of conserved and variable influenza antigens for immunization against different isolates of H5N1 viruses. Vaccine 2009; 27:3083-9. [PMID: 19428922 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The combination of rapid evolution and high mortality in human cases of infections has raised concerns that the H5N1 avian influenza virus may become a new, possibly severe, pandemic virus. Vaccination is likely to be the most efficient strategy to mitigate the impact of the next influenza pandemic. The present study evaluates B and T cell immune responses generated by the H5N1 viral antigens, hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), nucleoprotein (NP), or the M2 ion channel in parallel, expressed from a DNA vaccine vehicle. Protection studies of immunized mice challenged with 100 LD50 of homologous or heterologous H5N1 viruses indicate that HA afforded better protection than the NA, NP or M2 DNA vaccines. The antibody response was also higher in HA-vaccinated mice as determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibodies (NAB) assays. Interestingly, the T cell response was higher against HA than against NA, NP or M2 and was detectable at low doses of the DNA-HA vaccine capable of inducing complete protection, despite the absence of a detectable B cell response. This study emphasizes the need to evaluate the relationship between both arms of the adaptive immune responses in regards to protective efficacy against influenza virus.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Conserved Sequence/immunology
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Macaca fascicularis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neuraminidase/chemistry
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Nucleoproteins/chemistry
- Nucleoproteins/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Viral Matrix Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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75
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Gao G, Wang Q, Dai Z, Calcedo R, Sun X, Li G, Wilson JM. Adenovirus-based vaccines generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes to epitopes of NS1 from dengue virus that are present in all major serotypes. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:927-36. [PMID: 18788905 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is an expanding global threat to public health. Effective vaccine and treatment approaches remain elusive. B cell-directed vaccines may be complicated by an antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) phenomenon based on cross-serotype, nonneutralizing antibodies. We hypothesized that a CD8(+) T cell-directed genetic vaccine that targets a DENV nonstructural protein, NS1, could be a potential strategy to overcome the ADE barrier and accomplish cross-serotype protection. We selected an adenovirus-based vector as the dengue vaccine carrier. To bypass preexisting immunity to human adenoviruses and to improve vaccine efficacy, we created vaccine vectors, based on simian adenoviruses SAdV22 and SAdV25 as well as human adenovirus serotype 5, expressing the NS1 antigen of the Hainan strain, DENV serotype 2. An NS1 peptide library was screened to identify the immunodominant and functional epitope within the NS1 protein for H-2(d)-restricted CD8(+) T cells in BALB/c mice, using interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot and intracellular cytokine-staining assays. Our study identified the 9-mer AGPWHLGKL (NS1(265273)) as the H-2(d)-restricted T cell epitope whose sequence is highly conserved among 26 strains of DENV serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4, suggesting potential cross-serotype protection of NS1-directed genetic vaccines in the BALB/c model of DENV infection. Importantly, we characterized the cytokine profile of CD8(+) NS1-specific T cells in BALB/c mice vaccinated with HAdV-5-NS1, SAdV-22-NS1, and SAdV-25 NS1 and demonstrated the effective in vivo cytolytic killing capacity of CD8(+) T cells from SAdV-25-NS1-vaccinated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Gao
- Vaccine Research Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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76
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Croyle MA, Patel A, Tran KN, Gray M, Zhang Y, Strong JE, Feldmann H, Kobinger GP. Nasal delivery of an adenovirus-based vaccine bypasses pre-existing immunity to the vaccine carrier and improves the immune response in mice. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3548. [PMID: 18958172 PMCID: PMC2569416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing immunity to human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is common in the general population. Bypassing pre-existing immunity could maximize Ad5 vaccine efficacy. Vaccination by the intramuscular (I.M.), nasal (I.N.) or oral (P.O.) route with Ad5 expressing Ebola Zaire glycoprotein (Ad5-ZGP) fully protected naïve mice against lethal challenge with Ebola. In the presence of pre-existing immunity, only mice vaccinated I.N. survived. The frequency of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells was reduced by 80% and by 15% in animals vaccinated by the I.M. and P.O. routes respectively. Neutralizing antibodies could not be detected in serum from either treatment group. Pre-existing immunity did not compromise the frequency of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells (3.9±1% naïve vs. 3.6±1% pre-existing immunity, PEI) nor anti-Ebola neutralizing antibody (NAB, 40±10 reciprocal dilution, both groups). The number of INF-γ+ CD8+ cells detected in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) after I.N. immunization was not compromised by pre-existing immunity to Ad5 (146±14, naïve vs. 120±16 SFC/million MNCs, PEI). However, pre-existing immunity reduced NAB levels in BAL by ∼25% in this group. To improve the immune response after oral vaccination, the Ad5-based vaccine was PEGylated. Mice given the modified vaccine did not survive challenge and had reduced levels of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells 10 days after administration (0.3±0.3% PEG vs. 1.7±0.5% unmodified). PEGylation did increase NAB levels 2-fold. These results provide some insight about the degree of T and B cell mediated immunity necessary for protection against Ebola virus and suggest that modification of the virus capsid can influence the type of immune response elicited by an Ad5-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Croyle
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ami Patel
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kaylie N. Tran
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Gray
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James E. Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail:
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77
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Lee JE, Fusco ML, Hessell AJ, Oswald WB, Burton DR, Saphire EO. Structure of the Ebola virus glycoprotein bound to an antibody from a human survivor. Nature 2008; 454:177-82. [PMID: 18615077 DOI: 10.1038/nature07082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) entry requires the surface glycoprotein (GP) to initiate attachment and fusion of viral and host membranes. Here we report the crystal structure of EBOV GP in its trimeric, pre-fusion conformation (GP1+GP2) bound to a neutralizing antibody, KZ52, derived from a human survivor of the 1995 Kikwit outbreak. Three GP1 viral attachment subunits assemble to form a chalice, cradled by the GP2 fusion subunits, while a novel glycan cap and projected mucin-like domain restrict access to the conserved receptor-binding site sequestered in the chalice bowl. The glycocalyx surrounding GP is likely central to immune evasion and may explain why survivors have insignificant neutralizing antibody titres. KZ52 recognizes a protein epitope at the chalice base where it clamps several regions of the pre-fusion GP2 to the amino terminus of GP1. This structure provides a template for unravelling the mechanism of EBOV GP-mediated fusion and for future immunotherapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, Mail Drop IMM-2, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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78
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Gao G, Wang Q, Dai Z, Calcedo R, Sun X, Li G, Wilson JM. ADENOVIRUS BASED VACCINES GENERATE CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES TO EPITOPES OF NS1 FROM DENGUE VIRUS THAT ARE PRESENT IN ALL MAJOR SEROTYPES. Hum Gene Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/hgt.2008.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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79
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80
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Holman DH, Wang D, Raja NU, Luo M, Moore KM, Woraratanadharm J, Mytle N, Dong JY. Multi-antigen vaccines based on complex adenovirus vectors induce protective immune responses against H5N1 avian influenza viruses. Vaccine 2008; 26:2627-39. [PMID: 18395306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are legitimate concerns that the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus could adapt for human-to-human transmission and cause a pandemic similar to the 1918 "Spanish flu" that killed 50 million people worldwide. We have developed pandemic influenza vaccines by incorporating multiple antigens from both avian and Spanish influenza viruses into complex recombinant adenovirus vectors. In vaccinated mice, these vaccines induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses against pandemic influenza virus antigens, and protected vaccinated mice against lethal H5N1 virus challenge. These results indicate that this multi-antigen, broadly protective vaccine may serve as a safer and more effective approach than traditional methods for development of a pandemic influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Holman
- Division of Biodefense Vaccines, GenPhar Inc., 600 Seacoast Parkway, Mount Pleasant, SC 29464, USA
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81
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Single-dose protection against Plasmodium berghei by a simian adenovirus vector using a human cytomegalovirus promoter containing intron A. J Virol 2008; 82:3822-33. [PMID: 18256155 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02568-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus serotype 5 (AdH5) vector vaccines elicit strong immune responses to the encoded antigen and have been used in various disease models. We designed AdH5 vectors expressing antigen under the control of a human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate-early promoter containing its intron A sequence. The transcriptional levels of antigen and immune responses to antigen for vectors with the HCMV promoter with the intron A sequence (LP) were greater than those for AdH5 vectors using the HCMV promoter sequence without intron A (SP). We compared an E1E3-deleted AdH5 adenoviral vector, which affords more space for insertion of foreign sequences, and showed it to be as immunogenic as an E1-deleted AdH5 vector. Neutralizing antibodies to AdH5 limit the efficacy of vaccines based on the AdH5 serotype, and simian adenoviral vectors offer an attractive option to overcome this problem. We constructed E1E3-deleted human and simian adenoviral vectors encoding the pre-erythrocytic-stage malarial antigen Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein. We compared the immunogenicity and efficacy of AdC6, a recombinant simian adenovirus serotype 6 vector, in a murine malaria model to those of AdH5 and the poxviral vectors MVA and FP9. AdC6 induced sterile protection from a single dose in 90% of mice, in contrast to AdH5 (25%) and poxviral vectors MVA and FP9 (0%). Adenoviral vectors maintained potent CD8(+) T-cell responses for a longer period after immunization than did poxviral vectors and mainly induced an effector memory phenotype of cells. Significantly, AdC6 was able to maintain protection in the presence of preexisting immunity to AdH5.
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82
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Vaccine to confer to nonhuman primates complete protection against multistrain Ebola and Marburg virus infections. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:460-7. [PMID: 18216185 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00431-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses) are among the deadliest viruses known to mankind, with mortality rates nearing 90%. These pathogens are highly infectious through contact with infected body fluids and can be easily aerosolized. Additionally, there are currently no licensed vaccines available to prevent filovirus outbreaks. Their high mortality rates and infectious capabilities when aerosolized and the lack of licensed vaccines available to prevent such infectious make Ebola and Marburg viruses serious bioterrorism threats, placing them both on the category A list of bioterrorism agents. Here we describe a panfilovirus vaccine based on a complex adenovirus (CAdVax) technology that expresses multiple antigens from five different filoviruses de novo. Vaccination of nonhuman primates demonstrated 100% protection against infection by two species of Ebola virus and three Marburg virus subtypes, each administered at 1,000 times the lethal dose. This study indicates the feasibility of vaccination against all current filovirus threats in the event of natural hemorrhagic fever outbreak or biological attack.
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83
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Patel A, Zhang Y, Croyle M, Tran K, Gray M, Strong J, Feldmann H, Wilson J, Kobinger G. Mucosal Delivery of Adenovirus‐Based Vaccine Protects against Ebola Virus Infection in Mice. J Infect Dis 2007; 196 Suppl 2:S413-20. [DOI: 10.1086/520603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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84
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Modification of adenovirus capsid with a designed protein ligand yields a gene vector targeted to a major molecular marker of cancer. J Virol 2007; 82:630-7. [PMID: 17989185 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01896-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The future of genetic interventions in humans critically depends on the selectivity and efficiency of gene transfer to target tissues. The viral gene vectors explored to date cannot selectively transduce the desired targets. While substantial progress has been made in developing targeting strategies for adenovirus (Ad) vectors, future advances in this direction are severely limited by the shortage of naturally existing molecules available for use as targeting ligands. This shortage is due to fundamental and irresolvable differences at the level of both posttranslational modifications and intracellular trafficking between the Ad structural proteins and those natural proteins that are involved in interactions with the cell surface and could otherwise be considered as potential targeting ligands. We hypothesized that this problem could be resolved by altering the natural tropism of Ad vector through incorporation into its capsid of a rationally designed protein ligand, an affibody, whose structural, functional, and biosynthetic properties make it compatible with the Ad assembly process. We tested this hypothesis by redesigning the receptor-binding Ad protein, the fiber, using affibodies specific for human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (Her2), a major molecular marker of human tumors. The biosynthesis and folding of these fiber chimeras were fully compatible with Ad virion formation, and the resultant viral vectors were capable of selective delivery of a dual-function transgene to Her2-expressing cancer cells. By establishing the feasibility of this affibody-based approach to Ad vector targeting, the present study lays the foundation for further development of Ad vector technology toward its clinical use.
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85
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Collins PL, Bukreyev A. Advances in the development of vaccines against Marburg and Ebola viruses. Future Virol 2007; 2:537-541. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.6.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6505, Bethesda, MA 20892-8007, USA
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86
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Greer CE, Zhou F, Goodsell A, Legg HS, Tang Z, zur Megede J, Uematsu Y, Polo JM, Vajdy M. Long-term protection in hamsters against human parainfluenza virus type 3 following mucosal or combinations of mucosal and systemic immunizations with chimeric alphavirus-based replicon particles. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:645-53. [PMID: 17944814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
No licensed vaccines are available to protect against parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), a significant health risk for infants. In search of a safe vaccine, we used an alphavirus-based chimeric vector, consisting of Sindbis virus (SIN) structural proteins and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) replicon RNA, expressing the PIV3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein (VEE/SIN-HN). We compared different routes of intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.), or combined i.n. and i.m. immunizations with VEE/SIN-HN in hamsters. Six months after the final immunization, all hamsters were protected against live PIV3 i.n. challenge in nasal turbinates and lungs. This protection appeared to correlate with antibodies in serum, nasal turbinates and lungs. This is the first report demonstrating mucosal protection against PIV3 for an extended time following immunizations with an RNA replicon delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Greer
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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87
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Douglas JT. Adenoviral vectors for gene therapy. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 36:71-80. [PMID: 17827541 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-007-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vectors based on human adenovirus serotypes 2 (Ad2) and 5 (Ad5) of species C possess a number of features that have favored their widespread employment for gene delivery both in vitro and in vivo. However, the use of recombinant Ad2- and Ad5-based vectors for gene therapy also suffers from a number of disadvantages. These vectors possess the tropism of the parental viruses, which infect all cells that possess the appropriate surface receptors, precluding the targeting of specific cell types. Conversely, some cell types that represent important targets for gene transfer express only low levels of the cellular receptors, which lead to inefficient infection. Another major disadvantage of Ad2- and Ad5-based vectors in vivo is the elicitation of both an innate and an acquired immune response. Considerable attention has therefore been focused on strategies to overcome these limitations, thereby permitting the full potential of adenoviral vectors to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne T Douglas
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, BMR2 412, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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88
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Wu JQH, Barabé ND, Huang YM, Rayner GA, Christopher ME, Schmaltz FL. Pre- and post-exposure protection against Western equine encephalitis virus after single inoculation with adenovirus vector expressing interferon alpha. Virology 2007; 369:206-13. [PMID: 17761207 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which is transmitted to equines and humans through mosquito bites. WEEV infects the central nervous system with severe complications and even death. There are no human vaccine and antiviral drugs. We investigated whether adenovirus-mediated expression of interferon alpha could be used for pre- and post-exposure protection against a lethal WEEV challenge in mice. A human adenoviral vector (Ad5-mIFNalpha) expressing mouse interferon alpha was constructed. We found that Ad5-mIFNalpha provided 100% protection against various WEEV strains in mice after a single intramuscular inoculation at 24 h, 48 h or 1 week before the challenge. When given as a single inoculation at 6 h after the challenge, Ad5-mIFNalpha delayed the progress of WEEV infection and provided about 60% protection. Our findings suggest that adenovirus-mediated expression of interferon alpha can be an alternative approach for the prevention and treatment of WEEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Q H Wu
- Chemical and Biological Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield, Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6.
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89
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Mohamadzadeh M, Chen L, Schmaljohn AL. How Ebola and Marburg viruses battle the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:556-67. [PMID: 17589545 DOI: 10.1038/nri2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The filoviruses Ebola and Marburg have emerged in the past decade from relative obscurity to serve now as archetypes for some of the more intriguing and daunting challenges posed by such agents. Public imagination is captured by deadly outbreaks of these viruses and reinforced by the specter of bioterrorism. As research on these agents has accelerated, it has been found increasingly that filoviruses use a combination of familiar and apparently new ways to baffle and battle the immune system. Filoviruses have provided thereby a new lens through which to examine the immune system itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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90
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Roy S, Kobinger GP, Lin J, Figueredo J, Calcedo R, Kobasa D, Wilson JM. Partial protection against H5N1 influenza in mice with a single dose of a chimpanzee adenovirus vector expressing nucleoprotein. Vaccine 2007; 25:6845-51. [PMID: 17728024 PMCID: PMC2748222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of adenoviral vectors based on non-human serotypes such as the chimpanzee adenovirus simian adenovirus 24 (AdC7) may allow for their utilization in populations harboring neutralizing antibodies to common human serotypes. Because adenoviral vectors can be used to generate potent T cell responses, they may be useful as vaccines against pandemic influenza such as may be caused by the H5N1 strains that are currently endemic in avian populations. The influenza nucleoprotein (NP) is known to provide MHC Class I restricted epitopes that are effective in evoking a cytolytic response. Because there is only low sequence variation in NP sequences between different influenza strains, a T cell vaccine may provide heterosubtypic protection against a spectrum of influenza A strains. An AdC7 vector expressing the influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 NP was tested for its efficacy in protecting BALB/c mice against two H5N1 strains and compared to a conventional human adenovirus serotype 5 vaccine. The AdC7 NP vaccine elicited a strong anti-NP T cell response. When tested in a mouse challenge model, there was improved survival following challenge with two strains of H5N1 that have caused human outbreaks, Vietnam/1203/04 and Hong Kong/483/97, although the improved survival reached statistical significance only with the strain from Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Roy
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Transfusion Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4268, USA
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91
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Barabé ND, Rayner GA, Christopher ME, Nagata LP, Wu JQH. Single-dose, fast-acting vaccine candidate against western equine encephalitis virus completely protects mice from intranasal challenge with different strains of the virus. Vaccine 2007; 25:6271-6. [PMID: 17630056 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) causes a fatal infection of the central nervous system in humans and horses. However, neither human vaccine nor antiviral drug is available. We found previously that immunization of mice with two doses of an adenovirus-vectored WEEV vaccine, Ad5-WEEV, confers complete protection against homologous WEEV challenge. In this paper, we report that a single-dose injection of Ad5-WEEV completely protected mice against both homologous and heterologous strains of WEEV at 1 week after immunization. In addition, mice immunized with Ad5-WEEV were protected when challenged at 13 weeks after a single-dose immunization. Therefore, the protection conferred by Ad5-WEEV is rapid, cross-protective, and long-lasting. These results warrant further development of Ad5-WEEV into an emergency vaccine that can be used during a natural outbreak or a bioterrorism attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Barabé
- Chemical and Biological Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada-Suffield, Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
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92
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Tatsis N, Lin SW, Harris-McCoy K, Garber DA, Feinberg MB, Ertl HCJ. Multiple immunizations with adenovirus and MVA vectors improve CD8+ T cell functionality and mucosal homing. Virology 2007; 367:156-67. [PMID: 17590405 PMCID: PMC2043483 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus vectors and MVA vectors were used in prime boost vaccine regimens to address the impact of repeated immunizations on transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cell frequencies, phenotypes, function, and localization. We show that a regimen with three immunizations incorporating MVA, human adenovirus serotype 5 and chimpanzee-derived adenoviruses serotype 68 or 7 yields high transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cell frequencies in spleen, blood, lymph nodes, and peritoneal lavage. Furthermore, upon triple immunization increased frequencies of transgene-specific T cells were measured at mucosal sites such as mesenteric lymph nodes, intestinal epithelium, and Peyer's patches. Multiple dose vaccine regimens that markedly increase functionally active transgene-specific T cells and target them to the appropriate ports of entry may be important in protection against pathogens such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Tatsis
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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93
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Hensley SE, Cun AS, Giles-Davis W, Li Y, Xiang Z, Lasaro MO, Williams BRG, Silverman RH, Ertl HCJ. Type I interferon inhibits antibody responses induced by a chimpanzee adenovirus vector. Mol Ther 2007; 15:393-403. [PMID: 17235319 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that type I interferon (IFN) enhances antibody responses and promotes isotype switching. In this study, we analyzed the role of type I IFN signaling during the generation of transgene product-specific antibody responses elicited by recombinant adenovirus (Ad) vectors. A vector derived from a human Ad serotype (AdHu5) induced low levels of type I IFN following infection of dendritic cells (DCs) and stimulated normal transgene product-specific antibody responses in mice that have a defective type I IFN receptor (IFNAR(-/-)). A vector derived from a chimpanzee Ad serotype (AdC68) induced very high levels of type I IFN following infection of DCs, and surprisingly, primed stronger transgene product-specific antibody responses in IFNAR(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice. The increased antibody response in IFNAR(-/-) mice vaccinated with the AdC68 vector was mainly due to the generation of IgG1 antibodies that were not elicited in wild-type mice. The induction of IgG1 antibodies correlated with an increase in transgene product expression in IFNAR(-/-) mice and was not associated with an increase in T helper 2 responses. We conclude that type I IFN, when induced at high levels, can downregulate transgene product expression of Ad vectors and inhibit the formation of optimal antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Hensley
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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94
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Anderson RJ, Schneider J. Plasmid DNA and viral vector-based vaccines for the treatment of cancer. Vaccine 2007; 25 Suppl 2:B24-34. [PMID: 17698262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA and viral vector-based cancer vaccines have many inherent features that make them promising cancer vaccine candidates. This review focuses on the use of plasmid DNA and viral vector vaccines to deliver tumour-specific antigens to induce a tumour-specific immune response. Examples of different antigen delivery systems that have been tested in recent clinical trials are summarised and advantages and disadvantages of a number of delivery systems and approaches are discussed. Finally, an outlook on how plasmid DNA and viral vectors might be developed further as cancer vaccines is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Anderson
- Oxxon Therapeutics Ltd., 2nd Floor Florey House, 3 Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GP, UK
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95
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Kobinger GP, Figueredo JM, Rowe T, Zhi Y, Gao G, Sanmiguel JC, Bell P, Wivel NA, Zitzow LA, Flieder DB, Hogan RJ, Wilson JM. Adenovirus-based vaccine prevents pneumonia in ferrets challenged with the SARS coronavirus and stimulates robust immune responses in macaques. Vaccine 2007; 25:5220-31. [PMID: 17559989 PMCID: PMC7115643 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A ferret model of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV infection was used to evaluate the efficacy of an adenovirus vaccine. Animals were subjected to heterologous prime-boost using vectors from human serotype 5 and chimpanzee derived adenoviruses (human AdHu5 and chimpanzee AdC7) expressing spike protein followed by intranasal challenge with SARS-CoV. Vaccination led to a substantial reduction in viral load and prevented the severe pneumonia seen in unvaccinated animals. The same prime-boost strategy was effective in rhesus macaques in eliciting SARS-CoV specific immune responses. These data indicate that a heterologous adenovirus-based prime-boost vaccine strategy could safely stimulate strong immunity that may be needed for complete protection against SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Joanita M. Figueredo
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yan Zhi
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julio C. Sanmiguel
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nelson A. Wivel
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lois A. Zitzow
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Douglas B. Flieder
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James M. Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corresponding author at: 125 South 31st Street, TRL, Suite 2000, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA. Tel.: +1 215 898 0226; fax: +1 215 898 6588.
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96
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Abstract
Marburg (MARV) and Ebola viruses (EBOV) emerged from the rainforests of Central Africa more than 30 years ago causing outbreaks of severe and, usually, fatal hemorrhagic fever. EBOV has garnered the lion's share of the attention, fueled by the higher frequency of EBOV outbreaks, high mortality rates and importation into the USA, documented in such popular works as the best-selling novel 'The Hot Zone'. However, recent large outbreaks of hundreds of cases of MARV infection in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola with case fatalities approaching 90% dramatically highlight its lethal potential. Although no vaccines or antiviral drugs for MARV are currently available, remarkable progress has been made over the last few years in developing potential countermeasures against MARV in nonhuman primate models. In particular, a vaccine based on attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus was recently shown to have both preventive and postexposure efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Bausch
- Department of Tropical Medicine, SL-17, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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97
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Reed DS, Mohamadzadeh M. Status and challenges of filovirus vaccines. Vaccine 2006; 25:1923-34. [PMID: 17241710 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines that could protect humans against the highly lethal Marburg and Ebola viruses have eluded scientists for decades. Classical approaches have been generally unsuccessful for Marburg and Ebola viruses and pose enormous safety concerns as well. Modern approaches, in particular those using vector-based approaches have met with success in nonhuman primate models although success against Ebola has been more difficult to achieve than Marburg. Despite these successes, more work remains to be done. For the vector-based vaccines, safety in humans and potency in the face of pre-existing anti-vector immunity may be critical thresholds for licensure. The immunological mechanism(s) by which these vaccines protect has not yet been convincingly determined. Licensure of these vaccines for natural outbreaks may be possible through clinical trials although this will be very difficult; licensure may also be possible by pivotal efficacy studies in animal models with an appropriate challenge. Nevertheless, nonhuman primate studies have shown that protection against Marburg and Ebola is possible and there is hope that one day a vaccine will be licensed for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Reed
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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98
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Greer CE, Zhou F, Legg HS, Tang Z, Perri S, Sloan BA, Megede JZ, Uematsu Y, Vajdy M, Polo JM. A chimeric alphavirus RNA replicon gene-based vaccine for human parainfluenza virus type 3 induces protective immunity against intranasal virus challenge. Vaccine 2006; 25:481-9. [PMID: 17052811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) infections continue to be a significant health risk for infants, young children, and immunocompromised adults. We describe a gene-based vaccine strategy against PIV3 using replication-defective alphavirus vectors. These RNA replicon vectors, delivered as virus-like particles and expressing the PIV3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein, were shown to be highly immunogenic in mice and hamsters, inducing PIV3-specific neutralizing antibody responses. Importantly, the replicon particle-based vaccine administered intramuscularly or intranasally protected against mucosal PIV3 challenge in hamsters, preventing virus replication in both nasal turbinates and lungs. These data suggest that the alphavirus replicon platform can be useful for a PIV3 vaccine and possibly other respiratory viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Alphavirus/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Mesocricetus
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/growth & development
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology
- Paramyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Paramyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Replicon/genetics
- Replicon/immunology
- Sindbis Virus/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Greer
- Vaccines Research, Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street, MS 4.3, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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99
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Alazard-Dany N, Ottmann Terrangle M, Volchkov V. [Ebola and Marburg viruses: the humans strike back]. Med Sci (Paris) 2006; 22:405-10. [PMID: 16597410 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2006224405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola and Marburg viruses are the causative agents of rapidly progressive hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality rates. Pre- or post-exposure treatments against the diseases are currently not available for human use. In the field, establishment of strict quarantine measures preventing further virus transmission are still the only way to fight the infections. However, our knowledge of Ebola and Marburg viruses has markedly increased as a result of two recent discoveries discussed in this review. Chandran et al. have elucidated the mechanism by which Ebola GP is converted to a fusion-active form. Infectivity of Ebola virus was shown to be dependent on the cleavage of GP by cellular endosomal proteases, cathepsin B and L, thus opening new therapeutic approaches options. As for Jones SM et al., they have successfully vaccinated monkeys with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing Ebola or Marburg virus surface glycoprotein GP, a promising vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Alazard-Dany
- Laboratoire des Filovirus, Inserm U758, ENS Lyon, IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
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100
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Zhi Y, Figueredo J, Kobinger GP, Hagan H, Calcedo R, Miller JR, Gao G, Wilson JM. Efficacy of severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine based on a nonhuman primate adenovirus in the presence of immunity against human adenovirus. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:500-6. [PMID: 16716107 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 (AdH5) vectors can induce strong transgene product-specific cellular and humoral responses. However, many adult humans have neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against AdH5 as a result of natural infection with this virus. Therefore, a chimpanzee adenovirus C7 (AdC7) vector was developed to circumvent interference by preexisting immunity to AdH5. This study evaluated the impact of preexisting immunity to human adenovirus on the efficacy of adenovirus-based vaccines against the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). Efficacy was assessed after intramuscular injection of the vector into mice and was measured as the frequency of SARS-CoV-specific T cells and NAbs against SARS-CoV. Immunogenicity of the AdH5-based vaccine was significantly attenuated or completely abolished when the preexisting anti-AdH5 NAb titer was higher than 40. Because 27% of human serum samples from the United States tested so far have an anti-AdH5 NAb titer higher than 40, our results suggested that a significant percentage of humans with preexisting anti-AdH5 immunity would not be candidates for vaccination with an AdH5-based genetic vaccine. In contrast, preexisting anti-AdH5 NAbs have a minimal effect on the potency of the AdC7-based genetic vaccine. Taken together, our studies warrant the further development of AdC7 as a vaccine carrier for human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhi
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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