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Weidenbacher PAB, Sanyal M, Friedland N, Tang S, Arunachalam PS, Hu M, Kumru OS, Morris MK, Fontenot J, Shirreff L, Do J, Cheng YC, Vasudevan G, Feinberg MB, Villinger FJ, Hanson C, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Pulendran B, Kim PS. Author Correction: A ferritin-based COVID-19 nanoparticle vaccine that elicits robust, durable, broad-spectrum neutralizing antisera in non-human primates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6211. [PMID: 37798288 PMCID: PMC10556009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Payton A-B Weidenbacher
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Friedland
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shaogeng Tang
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Prabhu S Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mengyun Hu
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ozan S Kumru
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Jane Fontenot
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Lisa Shirreff
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Jonathan Do
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Chen Cheng
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Francois J Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Carl Hanson
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Weidenbacher PAB, Sanyal M, Friedland N, Tang S, Arunachalam PS, Hu M, Kumru OS, Morris MK, Fontenot J, Shirreff L, Do J, Cheng YC, Vasudevan G, Feinberg MB, Villinger FJ, Hanson C, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Pulendran B, Kim PS. A ferritin-based COVID-19 nanoparticle vaccine that elicits robust, durable, broad-spectrum neutralizing antisera in non-human primates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2149. [PMID: 37069151 PMCID: PMC10110616 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines has been a scientific triumph, the need remains for a globally available vaccine that provides longer-lasting immunity against present and future SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Here, we describe DCFHP, a ferritin-based, protein-nanoparticle vaccine candidate that, when formulated with aluminum hydroxide as the sole adjuvant (DCFHP-alum), elicits potent and durable neutralizing antisera in non-human primates against known VOCs, including Omicron BQ.1, as well as against SARS-CoV-1. Following a booster ~one year after the initial immunization, DCFHP-alum elicits a robust anamnestic response. To enable global accessibility, we generated a cell line that can enable production of thousands of vaccine doses per liter of cell culture and show that DCFHP-alum maintains potency for at least 14 days at temperatures exceeding standard room temperature. DCFHP-alum has potential as a once-yearly (or less frequent) booster vaccine, and as a primary vaccine for pediatric use including in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton A-B Weidenbacher
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Friedland
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shaogeng Tang
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Prabhu S Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mengyun Hu
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ozan S Kumru
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Jane Fontenot
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Lisa Shirreff
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Jonathan Do
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Chen Cheng
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Francois J Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Carl Hanson
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Weidenbacher PAB, Sanyal M, Friedland N, Tang S, Arunachalam PS, Hu M, Kumru OS, Morris MK, Fontenot J, Shirreff L, Do J, Cheng YC, Vasudevan G, Feinberg MB, Villinger FJ, Hanson C, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Pulendran B, Kim PS. A ferritin-based COVID-19 nanoparticle vaccine that elicits robust, durable, broad-spectrum neutralizing antisera in non-human primates. bioRxiv 2022:2022.12.25.521784. [PMID: 36597527 PMCID: PMC9810210 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.25.521784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
While the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines has been a scientific triumph, the need remains for a globally available vaccine that provides longer-lasting immunity against present and future SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Here, we describe DCFHP, a ferritin-based, protein-nanoparticle vaccine candidate that, when formulated with aluminum hydroxide as the sole adjuvant (DCFHP-alum), elicits potent and durable neutralizing antisera in non-human primates against known VOCs, including Omicron BQ.1, as well as against SARS-CoV-1. Following a booster ∼one year after the initial immunization, DCFHP-alum elicits a robust anamnestic response. To enable global accessibility, we generated a cell line that can enable production of thousands of vaccine doses per liter of cell culture and show that DCFHP-alum maintains potency for at least 14 days at temperatures exceeding standard room temperature. DCFHP-alum has potential as a once-yearly booster vaccine, and as a primary vaccine for pediatric use including in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton A.-B. Weidenbacher
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Friedland
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shaogeng Tang
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Prabhu S. Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mengyun Hu
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ozan S. Kumru
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Jane Fontenot
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Lisa Shirreff
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Jonathan Do
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Chen Cheng
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Francois J. Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Carl Hanson
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Sangeeta B. Joshi
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David B. Volkin
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Burton DR, Feinberg MB. Introductory article for Immunological Reviews, Vol 310. Immunol Rev 2022; 310:4-5. [PMID: 36083570 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Steering Committee, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Espeseth AS, Yuan M, Citron M, Reiserova L, Morrow G, Wilson A, Horton M, Rukhman M, Kinek K, Hou F, Li SL, Li F, Choi Y, Heidecker G, Luo B, Wu G, Zhang L, Strable E, DeStefano J, Secore S, Mukhopadhyay TK, Richardson DD, Sayeed E, Welch LS, Bett AJ, Feinberg MB, Gupta SB, Cooper CL, Parks CL. Preclinical immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate COVID-19 vaccine based on a vesicular stomatitis virus-SARS-CoV-2 chimera. EBioMedicine 2022; 82:104203. [PMID: 35915046 PMCID: PMC9338221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate a vaccine technology with potential to protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and reduce transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with a single vaccine dose, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine using the live vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) chimeric virus approach previously used to develop a licensed Ebola virus vaccine. Methods We generated a replication-competent chimeric VSV-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate by replacing the VSV glycoprotein (G) gene with coding sequence for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S). Immunogenicity of the lead vaccine candidate (VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2) was evaluated in cotton rats and golden Syrian hamsters, and protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection also was assessed in hamsters. Findings VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 delivered with a single intramuscular (IM) injection was immunogenic in cotton rats and hamsters and protected hamsters from weight loss following SARS-CoV-2 challenge. When mucosal vaccination was evaluated, cotton rats did not respond to the vaccine, whereas mucosal administration of VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 was found to be more immunogenic than IM injection in hamsters and induced immunity that significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 challenge virus loads in both lung and nasal tissues. Interpretation VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 delivered by IM injection or mucosal administration was immunogenic in golden Syrian hamsters, and both vaccination methods effectively protected the lung from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hamsters vaccinated by mucosal application of VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 also developed immunity that controlled SARS-CoV-2 replication in nasal tissue. Funding The study was funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme, Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA. Parts of this research was supported by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) of the US Department of Defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maoli Yuan
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Lucia Reiserova
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Gavin Morrow
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Aaron Wilson
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Mark Rukhman
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Fuxiang Hou
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Shui L Li
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Yesle Choi
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Bin Luo
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lan Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Joanne DeStefano
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eddy Sayeed
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA
| | - Lisa S Welch
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA; Currently at Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Mark B Feinberg
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA
| | - Swati B Gupta
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA
| | - Christopher L Cooper
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Christopher L Parks
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA.
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Feinberg MB, Russell ND, Shattock RJ, Youngdahl KB. The importance of partnerships in accelerating HIV vaccine research and development. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24 Suppl 7:e25824. [PMID: 34806306 PMCID: PMC8606865 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina D Russell
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Cox KS, Wang IM, Nefedov A, Zhang XD, Dubey S, Bett A, Casimiro D, Mandl J, Feinberg MB. Comparison of the TLR7 and TLR9 innate immune signaling pathways in african green monkeys and rhesus macaques. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.203.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Innate immunity is an evolutionary mechanism which is involved in the initial detection of pathogens and stimulates the first line of host defense. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family has been the most extensively studied innate immune pathway and it has been shown that TLRs can be activated in response to virtually any microbe which invades the host. These innate immune responses play a critical role in the development of pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses and disease pathology and are targeted by the use of adjuvants in modern vaccines. Importantly, divergent TLR7 and TLR9 signaling pathways between rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys have been shown to distinguish between pathogenic and nonpathogenic AIDS virus infections in those species. Therefore, it is important to understand the TLR signaling pathways of non-human primate (NHP) species that are currently used for infectious disease and vaccine research. In the present study, we administered defined TLR7 and TLR9 agonists to two distinct NHP species, african green monkeys and rhesus macaques. We evaluated B cell, T cell, NK cell, monocyte, plasmacytoid dendritic cell and myeloid dendritic cell activation at 0, 24, 72 and 168 hours after dosing. Gene expression profiling and full pathway analysis was also evaluated to illuminate fundamental aspects of innate immune responses that underlie the mechanism of action of TLR-agonist adjuvants in these two NHP species.
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Mandl JN, Ahmed R, Barreiro LB, Daszak P, Epstein JH, Virgin HW, Feinberg MB. Reservoir host immune responses to emerging zoonotic viruses. Cell 2014; 160:20-35. [PMID: 25533784 PMCID: PMC4390999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic viruses, such as HIV, Ebola virus, coronaviruses, influenza A viruses, hantaviruses, or henipaviruses, can result in profound pathology in humans. In contrast, populations of the reservoir hosts of zoonotic pathogens often appear to tolerate these infections with little evidence of disease. Why are viruses more dangerous in one species than another? Immunological studies investigating quantitative and qualitative differences in the host-virus equilibrium in animal reservoirs will be key to answering this question, informing new approaches for treating and preventing zoonotic diseases. Integrating an understanding of host immune responses with epidemiological, ecological, and evolutionary insights into viral emergence will shed light on mechanisms that minimize fitness costs associated with viral infection, facilitate transmission to other hosts, and underlie the association of specific reservoir hosts with multiple emerging viruses. Reservoir host studies provide a rich opportunity for elucidating fundamental immunological processes and their underlying genetic basis, in the context of distinct physiological and metabolic constraints that contribute to host resistance and disease tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Mandl
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | | | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Koff WC, Russell ND, Walport M, Feinberg MB, Shiver JW, Karim SA, Walker BD, McGlynn MG, Nweneka CV, Nabel GJ. Accelerating the development of a safe and effective HIV vaccine: HIV vaccine case study for the Decade of Vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 31 Suppl 2:B204-8. [PMID: 23598483 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiologic agent that causes AIDS, is the fourth largest killer in the world today. Despite the remarkable achievements in development of anti-retroviral therapies against HIV, and the recent advances in new prevention technologies, the rate of new HIV infections continue to outpace efforts on HIV prevention and control. Thus, the development of a safe and effective vaccine for prevention and control of AIDS remains a global public health priority and the greatest opportunity to eventually end the AIDS pandemic. Currently, there is a renaissance in HIV vaccine development, due in large part to the first demonstration of vaccine induced protection, albeit modest, in human efficacy trials, a generation of improved vaccine candidates advancing in the clinical pipeline, and newly defined targets on HIV for broadly neutralizing antibodies. The main barriers to HIV vaccine development include the global variability of HIV, lack of a validated animal model, lack of correlates of protective immunity, lack of natural protective immune responses against HIV, and the reservoir of infected cells conferred by integration of HIV's genome into the host. Some of these barriers are not unique to HIV, but generic to other variable viral pathogens such as hepatitis C and pandemic influenza. Recommendations to overcome these barriers are presented in this document, including but not limited to expansion of efforts to design immunogens capable of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV, expansion of clinical research capabilities to assess multiple immunogens concurrently with comprehensive immune monitoring, increased support for translational vaccine research, and engaging industry as full partners in vaccine discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne C Koff
- Research & Development, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 125 Broad Street, New York, NY 10004, USA.
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Abraham RS, Albanesi C, Alevizos I, Anguita J, Anstead GM, Aranow C, Austin HA, Babu S, Ballow MC, Balow JE, Barnidge DR, Belmont JW, Belz GT, Ben-Yehuda D, Berek C, Beukelman T, Bieber T, Bijlsma JW, Bleesing JJ, Blutt SE, Bohle B, Borzova E, Boyaka PN, Knut B, Bustamante J, Buttgereit F, Byrne M, Calder VL, Carneiro-Sampaio M, Carotta S, Casanova JL, Cavacini LA, Chan ES, Chinen J, Chitnis T, Cho M, Christopher-Stine L, Cope AP, Corry DB, Cottrell T, Coutinho A, Craveiro M, Cron RQ, Cuellar-Rodriguez J, Dalakas MC, de Barros SC, Devlin BH, Diamond B, Dispenzieri A, Du Clos TW, Dupuis-Boisson S, Eagar TN, Edhegard KD, Eisenbarth GS, Elmets CA, Erkan D, Feinberg MB, Fikrig E, Fleisher TA, Fontenot AP, Franco LM, Freeman AF, Frew AJ, Friedman T, Fujihashi K, Gadina M, Galli SJ, Gaspar HB, Gatt ME, Gershwin ME, Ghoreschi K, Gillespie SL, Goronzy JJ, Grattan CE, Greenspan NS, Grunebaum E, Haeberli G, Hall RP, Hamilton RG, Harriman GR, Hasni SA, Helbling A, Hingorani M, Holland SM, Hruz PL, Illei G, Imboden JB, Izraeli S, Jaffe ES, Jagobi C, Jalkanen S, Jetanalin P, Jouanguy E, June CH, Kallies A, Kaufmann SH, Kavanaugh A, Khan S, Kheradmand F, Khoury SJ, Koretzky GA, Korngold R, Kovalszki A, Kuhns DB, Kyle RA, Lanza IR, Laurence A, Lee SJ, Lenardo MJ, Levinson AI, Levy O, Lewis DB, Lewis DE, Lightman SL, Lockshin MD, Lotze MT, Luong A, Mackay M, Malo JL, Maltzman JS, Mannon PJ, Manns MP, Markert ML, McCarthy EA, McDonald DR, McGhee JR, Melby PC, Metcalfe DD, Metz M, Miller SD, Mitchell AL, Mittal S, Miyara M, Mold C, Moller DR, Mueller SN, Müller UR, Murphy PM, Noel P, Notarangelo L, Nutman TB, Nutt SL, Oliveira JB, Olson CM, O'Shea JJ, Pai SY, Pandit L, Paul ME, Pearce SH, Peterson EJ, Picard C, Pichler WJ, Pittaluga S, Puel A, Radbruch A, Reece ST, Reveille JD, Rich RR, Rivat C, Robinson BW, Rodgers JR, Roifman CM, Rosen A, Rosenbaum JT, Rouse BT, Rowley SD, Sakaguchi S, Salmi M, Schroeder HW, Seibel MJ, Selmi C, Shafer WM, Shah PK, Shankar S, Shaw AR, Shearer WT, Sheikh J, Siegel R, Simon A, Simonian PL, Smith GP, Smith JR, Snow AL, Stephens DS, Stone JH, Straumann A, Su HC, Swainson L, Szymanska-Mroczek E, Taylor N, Thrasher AJ, Timares L, Torres RM, Uzel G, van der Meer JW, van der Hilst JC, Varga J, Waldman M, Weiser P, Weller PF, Weyand CM, Whiteside TL, Wigley FM, Winchester RJ, Wing K, Wood K, Xu H, Zhang SY, Zimmermann VS. List of contributors. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.09995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Khawaja S, Cardellino A, Klotz D, Kuter BJ, Feinberg MB, Colatrella BD, Mast TC. Evaluating the health impact of a public-private partnership: to reduce rotavirus disease in Nicaragua. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:777-82. [PMID: 22495114 DOI: 10.4161/hv.19757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to describe the RotaTeq(®) Nicaragua Partnership and the evaluation of the public health impact of the vaccine conducted by the partners, including the creation of a rotavirus surveillance program and a vaccine effectiveness assessment. The three main objectives of the partnership were to demonstrate that a new rotavirus vaccine could (1) be introduced rapidly in a developing country, (2) be successfully integrated into the existing vaccine delivery infrastructure, and (3) have a significant and measurable public health impact at the end of the 3-y program. The vaccine impact assessment required collaboration among partners with different areas of expertise, including the Nicaraguan Ministry of Health, Merck, local hospitals, government health clinics, laboratories, and a Technical Advisory Group. Through the partnership, RotaTeq(®) became available in a GAVI-eligible developing country, Nicaragua, in the same year it was approved in the United States. Vaccine coverage rapidly reached over > 90% of eligible Nicaraguan children. The impact assessment evaluated over 10,000 subjects and leveraged and enhanced the existing diarrheal surveillance infrastructure, ultimately providing the scientific community with some of the first real-world rotavirus vaccine effectiveness data from a developing country. The successful public-private partnership (PPP) was internationally recognized as a model for the rapid adoption of a new vaccine in a developing world setting. The model could be adapted to benefit other PPPs interested in demonstrating the impact of their own programs.
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Vanderford TH, Bleckwehl C, Engram JC, Dunham RM, Klatt NR, Feinberg MB, Garber DA, Betts MR, Silvestri G. Viral CTL escape mutants are generated in lymph nodes and subsequently become fixed in plasma and rectal mucosa during acute SIV infection of macaques. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002048. [PMID: 21625590 PMCID: PMC3098234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SIVmac239 infection of rhesus macaques (RMs) results in AIDS despite the generation of a strong antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, possibly due to the emergence of viral escape mutants that prevent recognition of infected cells by CTLs. To determine the anatomic origin of these SIV mutants, we longitudinally assessed the presence of CTL escape variants in two MamuA*01-restricted immunodominant epitopes (Tat-SL8 and Gag-CM9) in the plasma, PBMCs, lymph nodes (LN), and rectal biopsies (RB) of fifteen SIVmac239-infected RMs. As expected, Gag-CM9 did not exhibit signs of escape before day 84 post infection. In contrast, Tat-SL8 escape mutants were apparent in all tissues by day 14 post infection. Interestingly LNs and plasma exhibited the highest level of escape at day 14 and day 28 post infection, respectively, with the rate of escape in the RB remaining lower throughout the acute infection. The possibility that CTL escape occurs in LNs before RBs is confirmed by the observation that the specific mutants found at high frequency in LNs at day 14 post infection became dominant at day 28 post infection in plasma, PBMC, and RB. Finally, the frequency of escape mutants in plasma at day 28 post infection correlated strongly with the level Tat-SL8-specific CD8 T cells in the LN and PBMC at day 14 post infection. These results indicate that LNs represent the primary source of CTL escape mutants during the acute phase of SIVmac239 infection, suggesting that LNs are the main anatomic sites of virus replication and/or the tissues in which CTL pressure is most effective in selecting SIV escape variants. Strong antiviral CD8+ T lymphocytes limit SIV replication by recognizing short pathogen-derived peptide epitopes. The cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses specific for this highly mutable virus can select for viruses bearing mutations that prevent CD8+ T cell recognition of cells infected with these escape mutants. To determine the anatomic origin of these escape mutants, we tracked a particular escape mutant in multiple tissues (plasma virus, lymph nodes, rectal mucosa, and peripheral blood immune cells) during the early, acute phase of SIVmac239 infection of rhesus macaques. We found that escape mutants first reach high frequency in lymph nodes 2 weeks after infection, and the particular mutants generated in lymph nodes disseminate to other tissues by week 4. Furthermore, we found that epitope-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses in the lymph nodes and peripheral blood, but not the gut mucosa, are significantly correlated with the frequency of escape mutants in the plasma virus at week 4. This suggests that lymph nodes, and not the gut, are the primary site of anti-SIV CD8+ T cell responses and/or SIV replication during the acute phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Vanderford
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Bleckwehl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica C. Engram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Dunham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark B. Feinberg
- Merck Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David A. Garber
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mandl JN, Akondy R, Lawson B, Kozyr N, Staprans SI, Ahmed R, Feinberg MB. Distinctive TLR7 signaling, type I IFN production, and attenuated innate and adaptive immune responses to yellow fever virus in a primate reservoir host. J Immunol 2011; 186:6406-16. [PMID: 21515797 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Why cross-species transmissions of zoonotic viral infections to humans are frequently associated with severe disease when viruses responsible for many zoonotic diseases appear to cause only benign infections in their reservoir hosts is unclear. Sooty mangabeys (SMs), a reservoir host for SIV, do not develop disease following SIV infection, unlike nonnatural HIV-infected human or SIV-infected rhesus macaque (RM) hosts. SIV infections of SMs are characterized by an absence of chronic immune activation, in association with significantly reduced IFN-α production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) following exposure to SIV or other defined TLR7 or TLR9 ligands. In this study, we demonstrate that SM pDCs produce significantly less IFN-α following ex vivo exposure to the live attenuated yellow fever virus 17D strain vaccine, a virus that we show is also recognized by TLR7, than do RM or human pDCs. Furthermore, in contrast to RMs, SMs mount limited activation of innate immune responses and adaptive T cell proliferative responses, along with only transient antiviral Ab responses, following infection with yellow fever vaccine 17D strain. However, SMs do raise significant and durable cellular and humoral immune responses comparable to those seen in RMs when infected with modified vaccinia Ankara, a virus whose immunogenicity does not require TLR7/9 recognition. Hence, differences in the pattern of TLR7 signaling and type I IFN production by pDCs between primate species play an important role in determining their ability to mount and maintain innate and adaptive immune responses to specific viruses, and they may also contribute to determining whether disease follows infection.
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Grabenstein JD, Straus WL, Feinberg MB. Vaccines and vaccination. Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Alangaden GJ, Aldape MJ, Allardet-Servent J, Allen UD, Ammerlaan HS, Angelakis E, Artenstein A, Asboe D, Asiedu KB, Atherton JC, Aw TC, Baid-Agrawal S, Bailey R, Bandel C, Barie PS, Barillo DJ, Bart PA, Bayston R, Beard CB, Beeching NJ, Bégué RE, Benhamou Y, Benson CA, Berbari EF, Berendt AR, Bhatta MP, Bille J, Bitnun A, Black FT, Blair I, Blanche S, Bleck TP, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Bleijenberg G, Bloch KC, Bonten MJ, Boucher CA, Bourayou R, Bouza ES, Bowie WR, Brause BD, Brisse S, Britton W, Brook I, Brown DW, Brun-Buisson C, Brust JC, Bryant AE, Bryskier A, Buller RML, Bush K, Calandra T, Cameron DW, Caraël M, Carr MJ, Casas I, Chambers ST, Chiller KG, Chiller TM, Chiodini PL, Chopra I, Chu AC, Chung KK, Clark BM, Clumeck N, Cockerell CJ, Cohen J, Collinge J, Conlon CP, Corey GR, Cross A, Cross JH, Currier J, Curtis CM, Dallabetta G, Davidson RN, Davies J, Day J, Day NP, De Gascun CF, de Wit S, Delmont J, Dennis DT, Diemert DJ, Doganay M, Doherty T, Dolecek C, Donati SY, Dondorp AM, Doudier B, Drancourt M, Drekonja DM, Drew RH, Duker JS, Dummer JS, Edwards CN, Ekkelenkamp MB, Enright MC, Epstein PR, Erard V, Eziefula AC, Feinberg MB, Fenollar F, Fenwick A, Fernandez L, Fierer J, Finch RG, Flexner CW, Fluit AC, Ford-Jones EL, Fournier PE, Fraser V, French MA, Friedland JS, Fritz JM, Furuya EY, Gage KL, Garcia LS, Gastañaduy AS, Ghanem KG, Giannella M, Glaser CA, Glesby MJ, Glover S, Glupczynski Y, Gnann JW, Goddard AF, Goldstein EJ, González IJ, Gorbach SL, Gottstein B, Gowda R, Grabenstein JD, Grange JM, Green MD, Green ST, Greenblatt DT, Greenwood B, Gregson AL, Groll AH, Gupta AK, Gwee KA, Hall W, Hammer SM, Handa S, Hanfelt-Goade D, Harari A, Harris M, Hartman BJ, Hay RJ, Henderson DK, Hensley LE, Herbert L, Hill DR, Hills TJ, Hinze JD, Hirsch HH, Hirschel B, Hoepelman AI, Holland SM, Horgan MM, Howe R, Hughes JM, Hull MW, Inderlied CB, Ison MG, Jenks PJ, Johnson JR, Jones T, Kanno M, Kauffman C, Kelly P, Kendler JS, Keynan Y, Khan AS, Kho GT, Kinghorn GR, Klapper PE, Kluytmans JAJW, Kok M, Koné-Paut I, Krieger JN, Kroes AC, Kroon FP, Kubin CJ, La Rosa AM, Lalani T, Lalloo DG, Lambert H, Landraud L, Lawn SD, Pharm PL, Leone M, Levi I, Levitt AM, Lindquist HDA, Lloyd G, Looney DJ, Lowy FD, Luft BJ, Lynn WA, Macielag MJ, Mackowiak PA, MacPherson PA, Maghraoui-Slim V, Main J, Mallet V, Mangino JE, Manuel O, Marchetti O, Marks K, Marr KA, Martin C, Martín-Rabadán P, Martinez AJ, Mascini EM, Mayer KH, McCormick JB, McGready R, McKendrick MW, Mead S, Mégraud F, Meheus AZ, Meintjes G, Michaels MG, Miles M, Miller A, Mimiaga MJ, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Mitchell TG, Moise PA, Montaner J, Moore CB, Moreillon P, Morgan-Capner P, Montessori V, Moss P, Muñoz P, Naber KG, Nakhla S, Narain JP, Nathwani D, Newton P, Nguyen C, Nicolle LE, Niederman MS, Noel GJ, Norrby SR, Nosten F, Notarangelo LD, Nyirjesy P, O'Connell PR, Odorico JS, Ong EL, Opal SM, Ormerod LP, Osmon DR, Ottesen EA, Palacios G, Pantaleo G, Papazian L, Parola P, Pascual MA, Patrozou E, Paya C, Peacock SJ, Pechère JC, Perkins MD, Peters B, Pfyffer GE, Pham PA, Piot P, Placko-Parola G, Pol S, Posfay-Barbe KM, Powderly WG, Pozniak A, Prod'hom G, Quinn TC, Rahn DW, Rana AI, Raoult D, Raz R, Razonable R, Read RC, Reynolds SJ, Richardson MD, Robinson CC, Rooijakkers SH, Rosenbluth D, Rosenzweig SD, Rovery C, Rubin RH, Rubinovitch B, Rubins KH, Rubinstein E, Ryan G, Ryder S, Safren S, Sahasrabuddhe VV, Saikku PA, Sakoulas G, Salazar JC, Salvaggio MR, Schaffer K, Schmitz FJ, Schooley RT, Schumacher RF, Scrimgeour EM, Seddon J, Seifert H, Serjeant GR, Sha BE, Shah KV, Shapiro DS, Sheehan G, Shoham S, Simmons CP, Simonsen KA, Singh N, Slack MP, Sobel JD, Sopirala MM, Spacek LA, Sriskandan S, Stanley SL, Steckelberg JM, Stephenson I, Stevens DL, Straus WL, Sturm W, Summerbell RC, Susa JS, Tabrizi SJ, Tack MA, Taplitz R, Tebas P, Temmerman M, Thijsen SF, Thomas LD, Thomson G, Thwaites GE, Tirelli U, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Tønjum T, Torriani FJ, Townsend GC, Masó GT, Tulkens PM, Tunkel AR, Vaccher E, Vallet-Pichard A, Van Bambeke F, van de Beek D, van der Meer JW, van Loon AM, van Putten J, Vaudaux BP, Vermund SH, Verstraelen H, Verweij P, Viscidi RP, Visvanathan K, Visvesvara GS, von Seidlein L, Wagenlehner FM, Wahl-Jensen V, Walsh TJ, Warhurst DC, Warnock DW, Warrell DA, Warrell MJ, Warris A, Weber R, Weidner W, Weston VC, Whimbey E, Whitby M, White PJ, Whitty CJ, Willems RJ, Williams E, Wilson C, Wilson ME, Winn RE, Winthrop KL, Wiselka MJ, Wisplinghoff H, Wolfe CR, Wood R, Wright N, Yankaskas JR, Zaidi NA, Zenilman JM, Zhang Y, Zuckerman AJ, Zuckerman JN, Zumla A. Contributors. Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Feinberg MB, Gordon L. Industry perspectives: ensuring vaccination of children and adolescents without financial barriers. Pediatrics 2009; 124 Suppl 5:S563-4. [PMID: 19948589 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-1542q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Feinberg
- Merck Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Merck, Medical Affairs and Policy, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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20
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Engram JC, Dunham RM, Makedonas G, Vanderford TH, Sumpter B, Klatt NR, Ratcliffe SJ, Garg S, Paiardini M, McQuoid M, Altman JD, Staprans SI, Betts MR, Garber DA, Feinberg MB, Silvestri G. Vaccine-induced, simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ T cells reduce virus replication but do not protect from simian immunodeficiency virus disease progression. J Immunol 2009; 183:706-17. [PMID: 19542473 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our limited understanding of the interaction between primate lentiviruses and the host immune system complicates the design of an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine. To identify immunological correlates of protection from SIV disease progression, we immunized two groups of five rhesus macaques (RMs) with either modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) or MVADeltaudg vectors that expressed SIVmac239 Gag and Tat. Both vectors raised a SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell response, with a magnitude that was greater in mucosal tissues than in peripheral blood. After challenge with SIVmac239, all vaccinated RMs showed mucosal and systemic CD8(+) T cell recall responses that appeared faster and were of greater magnitude than those in five unvaccinated control animals. All vaccinated RMs showed a approximately 1-log lower peak and early set-point SIV viral load than the unvaccinated animals, and then, by 8 wk postchallenge, exhibited levels of viremia similar to the controls. We observed a significant direct correlation between the magnitude of postchallenge SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses and SIV viral load. However, vaccinated RMs showed no protection from either systemic or mucosal CD4(+) T cell depletion and no improved survival. The observation that vaccine-induced, SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells that partially control SIVmac239 virus replication fail to protect from immunological or clinical progression of SIV infection underscores both the complexity of AIDS pathogenesis and the challenges of properly assessing the efficacy of candidate AIDS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Engram
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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Gill HS, Andrews SN, Sakthivel SK, Fedanov A, Williams IR, Garber DA, Priddy FH, Yellin S, Feinberg MB, Staprans SI, Prausnitz MR. Selective removal of stratum corneum by microdermabrasion to increase skin permeability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:95-103. [PMID: 19559791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to determine if microdermabrasion can selectively remove stratum corneum to increase skin permeability. Although, microdermabrasion has been used for cosmetic treatment of skin for decades, no study has assessed the detailed effects of microdermabrasion conditions on the degree of skin tissue removal. Therefore, we histologically characterized the skin of rhesus macaques and human volunteers after microdermabrasion at different conditions. Using mobile tip microdermabrasion, an increase in the number of treatment passes led to greater tissue removal ranging from minimal effects to extensive damage to deeper layers of the skin. Of note, these data showed for the first time that at moderate microdermabrasion conditions selective yet full-thickness removal of stratum corneum could be achieved with little damage to deeper skin tissues. In the stationary mode of microdermabrasion, selective stratum corneum removal was not observed, but micro-blisters could be seen. Similar tissue removal trends were observed in human volunteers. As proof of concept for drug delivery applications, a model fluorescent drug (fluorescein) was delivered through microdermabraded skin and antibodies were generated against vaccinia virus after its topical application in monkeys. In conclusion, microdermabrasion can selectively remove full-thickness stratum corneum with little damage to deeper tissues and thereby increase skin permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder S Gill
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA
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22
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Miller JD, van der Most RG, Akondy RS, Glidewell JT, Albott S, Masopust D, Murali-Krishna K, Mahar PL, Edupuganti S, Lalor S, Germon S, Del Rio C, Mulligan MJ, Staprans SI, Altman JD, Feinberg MB, Ahmed R. Human effector and memory CD8+ T cell responses to smallpox and yellow fever vaccines. Immunity 2008; 28:710-22. [PMID: 18468462 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To explore the human T cell response to acute viral infection, we performed a longitudinal analysis of CD8(+) T cells responding to the live yellow fever virus and smallpox vaccines--two highly successful human vaccines. Our results show that both vaccines generated a brisk primary effector CD8(+) T cell response of substantial magnitude that could be readily quantitated with a simple set of four phenotypic markers. Secondly, the vaccine-induced T cell response was highly specific with minimal bystander effects. Thirdly, virus-specific CD8(+) T cells passed through an obligate effector phase, contracted more than 90% and gradually differentiated into long-lived memory cells. Finally, these memory cells were highly functional and underwent a memory differentiation program distinct from that described for human CD8(+) T cells specific for persistent viruses. These results provide a benchmark for CD8(+) T cell responses induced by two of the most effective vaccines ever developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Miller
- Emory Vaccine Center and the Hope Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Mandl JN, Regoes RR, Garber DA, Feinberg MB. Estimating the effectiveness of simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ T cells from the dynamics of viral immune escape. J Virol 2007; 81:11982-91. [PMID: 17699572 PMCID: PMC2168796 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00946-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral CD8(+) T cells are thought to play a significant role in limiting the viremia of human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV, respectively) infections. However, it has not been possible to measure the in vivo effectiveness of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), and hence their contribution to the death rate of CD4(+) T cells is unknown. Here, we estimated the ability of a prototypic antigen-specific CTL response against a well-characterized epitope to recognize and kill infected target cells by monitoring the immunodominant Mamu-A*01-restricted Tat SL8 epitope for escape from Tat-specific CTLs in SIVmac239-infected macaques. Fitting a mathematical model that incorporates the temporal kinetics of specific CTLs to the frequency of Tat SL8 escape mutants during acute SIV infection allowed us to estimate the in vivo killing rate constant per Tat SL8-specific CTL. Using this unique data set, we show that at least during acute SIV infection, certain antiviral CD8(+) T cells can have a significant impact on shortening the longevity of infected CD4(+) T cells and hence on suppressing virus replication. Unfortunately, due to viral escape from immune pressure and a dependency of the effectiveness of antiviral CD8(+) T-cell responses on the availability of sufficient CD4(+) T cells, the impressive early potency of the CTL response may wane in the transition to the chronic stage of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Mandl
- Graduate Program in population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Barry AP, Silvestri G, Safrit JT, Sumpter B, Kozyr N, McClure HM, Staprans SI, Feinberg MB. Depletion of CD8+ cells in sooty mangabey monkeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus reveals limited role for immune control of virus replication in a natural host species. J Immunol 2007; 178:8002-12. [PMID: 17548637 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SIV infection of sooty mangabeys (SMs), a natural host species, does not cause AIDS despite high-level virus replication. In contrast, SIV infection of nonnatural hosts such as rhesus macaques (RMs) induces an AIDS-like disease. The depletion of CD8+ T cells during SIV infection of RMs results in marked increases in plasma viremia, suggesting a key role for CD8+ T cells in controlling levels of SIV replication. To assess the role that CD8+ T cells play in determining the virologic and immunologic features of nonpathogenic SIV infection in SMs, we transiently depleted CD8+ T cells in SIV-infected and uninfected SMs using a CD8alpha-specific Ab (OKT8F) previously used in studies of SIV-infected RMs. Treatment of SMs with the OKT8F Ab resulted in the prompt and profound depletion of CD8+ T cells. However, in contrast to CD8+ cell depleted, SIV-infected RMs, only minor changes in the levels of plasma viremia were observed in most SIV-infected SMs during the period of CD8+ cell deficiency. Those SMs demonstrating greater increases in SIV replication following CD8+ cell depletion also displayed higher levels of CD4+ T cell activation and/or evidence of CMV reactivation, suggesting that an expanded target cell pool rather than the absence of CD8+ T cell control may have been primarily responsible for transient increases in viremia. These data indicate that CD8+ T cells exert a limited influence in determining the levels of SIV replication in SMs and provide additional evidence demonstrating that the absence of AIDS in SIV-infected SMs is not due to the effective control of viral replication by cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Barry
- Department of Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Tatsis N, Lin SW, Harris-McCoy K, Garber DA, Feinberg MB, Ertl HCJ. Multiple immunizations with adenovirus and MVA vectors improve CD8+ T cell functionality and mucosal homing. Virology 2007; 367:156-67. [PMID: 17590405 PMCID: PMC2043483 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus vectors and MVA vectors were used in prime boost vaccine regimens to address the impact of repeated immunizations on transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cell frequencies, phenotypes, function, and localization. We show that a regimen with three immunizations incorporating MVA, human adenovirus serotype 5 and chimpanzee-derived adenoviruses serotype 68 or 7 yields high transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cell frequencies in spleen, blood, lymph nodes, and peritoneal lavage. Furthermore, upon triple immunization increased frequencies of transgene-specific T cells were measured at mucosal sites such as mesenteric lymph nodes, intestinal epithelium, and Peyer's patches. Multiple dose vaccine regimens that markedly increase functionally active transgene-specific T cells and target them to the appropriate ports of entry may be important in protection against pathogens such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Tatsis
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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Priddy FH, Pilcher CD, Moore RH, Tambe P, Park MN, Fiscus SA, Feinberg MB, del Rio C. Detection of acute HIV infections in an urban HIV counseling and testing population in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 44:196-202. [PMID: 17312561 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000254323.86897.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The southeastern United States has an increasing burden of HIV, particularly among blacks, women, and men who have sex with men. To evaluate HIV nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) and antibody-based algorithms in determination of HIV incidence, detection of acute HIV infections, and surveillance of drug-resistant virus transmission in the urban southeastern United States, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of prospectively collected data from 2202 adults receiving HIV testing and counseling at 3 sites in Atlanta, GA from October 2002 through January 2004. After standard testing with an HIV enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot confirmation, HIV-positive specimens were tested with 2 standardized assays to detect recent infection. HIV antibody-negative specimens were pooled and screened for HIV using NAAT. Seventy (3.2%) of 2202 subjects were HIV infected. Only 66 were positive on the standard HIV antibody test; 4 were antibody-negative but acutely HIV infected. The overall annual HIV incidence was 1.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4 to 1.8) based on the Vironostika-LS assay and 1.3% (95% CI: 0.6 to 2.1) based on the BED Incidence Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). The prevalence of acute HIV infection was 1.8 per 1000 persons (95% CI: 0.7 to 4.6). The sensitivity of the current testing algorithm using an EIA and Western blot test for detectable infections was only 94.3% (95% CI: 86.2 to 97.8). All 3 of the acutely infected subjects genotyped had drug resistance mutations, and 1 had multiclass resistance. Adding NAAT-based screening to standard HIV antibody testing increased case identification by 6% and uncovered the first evidence of multidrug-resistant HIV transmission in Atlanta. Antibody tests alone are insufficient for public health practice in high-risk urban HIV testing settings.
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Vanderford TH, Demma LJ, Feinberg MB, Staprans SI, Logsdon JM. Adaptation of a diverse simian immunodeficiency virus population to a new host is revealed through a systematic approach to identify amino acid sites under selection. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 24:660-9. [PMID: 17159231 PMCID: PMC7107550 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msl194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) have had considerable success at crossing species barriers; both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2 have been transmitted on multiple occasions from SIV-infected natural host species. However, the precise evolutionary and ecological mechanisms characterizing a successful cross-species transmission event remain to be elucidated. Here, in addition to expanding and clarifying our previous description of the adaptation of a diverse, naturally occurring SIVsm inoculum to a new rhesus macaque host, we present an analytical framework for understanding the selective forces driving viral adaptation to a new host. A preliminary analysis of large-scale changes in virus population structure revealed that viruses replicating in the macaques were subject to increasing levels of selection through day 70 postinfection (p.i.), whereas contemporaneous viruses in the mangabeys remained similar to the source inoculum. Three different site-by-site methods were employed to identify the amino acid sites responsible for this macaque-specific selection. Of 124 amino acid sites analyzed, 3 codons in V2, a 2-amino acid shift in an N-linked glycosylation site, and variation at 2 sites in the highly charged region were consistently evolving under either directional or diversifying selection at days 40 and 70 p.i. This strong macaque-specific selection on the V2 loop underscores the importance of this region in the adaptation of SIVsm to rhesus macaques. Due to the extreme viral diversity already extant in the naturally occurring viral inoculum, we employed a broad range of phylogenetic and numerical tools in order to distinguish the signatures of past episodes of selection in viral sequences from more recent selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Vanderford
- Program in Population Biology, Evolution, and Ecology, Emory University, USA
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Chahroudi A, Garber DA, Reeves P, Liu L, Kalman D, Feinberg MB. Differences and similarities in viral life cycle progression and host cell physiology after infection of human dendritic cells with modified vaccinia virus Ankara and vaccinia virus. J Virol 2006; 80:8469-81. [PMID: 16912297 PMCID: PMC1563888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02749-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated strain of vaccinia virus (VV) that has attracted significant attention as a candidate viral vector vaccine for immunization against infectious diseases and treatment of malignancies. Although MVA is unable to replicate in most nonavian cells, vaccination with MVA elicits immune responses that approximate those seen after the administration of replication-competent strains of VV. However, the mechanisms by which these viruses elicit immune responses and the determinants of their relative immunogenicity are incompletely understood. Studying the interactions of VV and MVA with cells of the human immune system may elucidate these mechanisms, as well as provide a rational basis for the further enhancement of the immunogenicity of recombinant MVA vectors. Toward this end, we investigated the consequences of MVA or VV infection of human dendritic cells (DCs), key professional antigen-presenting cells essential for the generation of immune responses. We determined that a block to the formation of intracellular viral replication centers results in abortive infection of DCs with both VV and MVA. MVA inhibited cellular protein synthesis more rapidly than VV and displayed a distinct pattern of viral protein expression in infected DCs. MVA also induced apoptosis in DCs more rapidly than VV, and DC apoptosis after MVA infection was associated with an accelerated decline in the levels of intracellular Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). These findings suggest that antigen presentation pathways may contribute differentially to the immunogenicity of VV and MVA and that targeted modifications of virus-induced DC apoptosis may further increase the immunogenicity of MVA-vectored vaccines.
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Chavan R, Marfatia KA, An IC, Garber DA, Feinberg MB. Expression of CCL20 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not Flt3-L, from modified vaccinia virus ankara enhances antiviral cellular and humoral immune responses. J Virol 2006; 80:7676-87. [PMID: 16840346 PMCID: PMC1563727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02748-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is currently in clinical development as a safe vaccine against smallpox and heterologous infectious diseases, its immunogenicity is likely limited due to the inability of the virus to replicate productively in mammalian hosts. In light of recent data demonstrating that vaccinia viruses, including MVA, preferentially infect antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play crucial roles in generating antiviral immunity, we hypothesized that expression of specific cytokines and chemokines that mediate APC recruitment and activation from recombinant MVA (rMVA) vectors would enhance the immunogenicity of these vectors. To test this hypothesis, we generated rMVAs that express murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGM-CSF), human CCL20/human macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (hCCL20/hMIP-3alpha), or human fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (hFlt3-L), factors predicted to increase levels of dendritic cells (DCs), to recruit DCs to sites of immunization, or to promote maturation of DCs in vivo, respectively. These rMVAs also coexpress the well-characterized, immunodominant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein (NP) antigen that enabled sensitive and quantitative assessment of antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses following immunization of BALB/c mice. Our results demonstrate that immunization of mice with rMVAs expressing mGM-CSF or hCCL20, but not hFlt3-L, results in two- to fourfold increases of cellular immune responses directed against vector-encoded antigens and 6- to 17-fold enhancements of MVA-specific antibody titers, compared to those responses elicited by nonadjuvanted rMVA. Of note, cytokine augmentation of cellular immune responses occurs when rMVAs are given as primary immunizations but not when they are used as booster immunizations, suggesting that these APC-modulating proteins, when used as poxvirus-encoded adjuvants, are more effective at stimulating naïve T-cell responses than in promoting recall of preexisting memory T-cell responses. Our results demonstrate that a strategy to express specific genetic adjuvants from rMVA vectors can be successfully applied to enhance the immunogenicity of MVA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chavan
- Emory University Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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30
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Demma LJ, Vanderford TH, Logsdon JM, Feinberg MB, Staprans SI. Evolution of the uniquely adaptable lentiviral envelope in a natural reservoir host. Retrovirology 2006; 3:19. [PMID: 16549011 PMCID: PMC1431560 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of emerging pathogens to infect new species is likely related to the diversity of pathogen variants present in existing reservoirs and their degree of genomic plasticity, which determines their ability to adapt to new environments. Certain simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz, SIVsm) have demonstrated tremendous success in infecting new species, including humans, resulting in the HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics. Although SIV diversification has been studied on a population level, the essential substrates for cross-species transmission, namely SIV sequence diversity and the types and extent of viral diversification present in individual reservoir animals have not been elucidated. To characterize this intra-host SIV diversity, we performed sequence analyses of clonal viral envelope (env) V1V2 and gag p27 variants present in individual SIVsm-infected sooty mangabeys over time. Results SIVsm demonstrated extensive intra-animal V1V2 length variation and amino acid diversity (le38%), and continual variation in V1V2 N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence frequency and location. Positive selection was the predominant evolutionary force. Temporal sequence shifts suggested continual selection, likely due to evolving antibody responses. In contrast, gag p27 was predominantly under purifying selection. SIVsm V1V2 sequence diversification is at least as great as that in HIV-1 infected humans, indicating that extensive viral diversification in and of itself does not inevitably lead to AIDS. Conclusion Positive diversifying selection in this natural reservoir host is the engine that has driven the evolution of the uniquely adaptable SIV/HIV envelope protein. These studies emphasize the importance of retroviral diversification within individual host reservoir animals as a critical substrate in facilitating cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- LJ Demma
- Program in Population Biology, Evolution and Ecology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop D-63, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - TH Vanderford
- Program in Population Biology, Evolution and Ecology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - JM Logsdon
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Current address: University of Iowa, Department of Biological Sciences, Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, 301 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - MB Feinberg
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Merck Vaccine Division, Merck and Company, Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - SI Staprans
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Rd., Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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31
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Dunham R, Pagliardini P, Gordon S, Sumpter B, Engram J, Moanna A, Paiardini M, Mandl JN, Lawson B, Garg S, McClure HM, Xu YX, Ibegbu C, Easley K, Katz N, Pandrea I, Apetrei C, Sodora DL, Staprans SI, Feinberg MB, Silvestri G. The AIDS resistance of naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys is independent of cellular immunity to the virus. Blood 2006; 108:209-17. [PMID: 16522814 PMCID: PMC1895834 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-12-4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans, natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) very rarely progress to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). While the mechanisms underlying this disease resistance are still poorly understood, a consistent feature of natural SIV infection is the absence of the generalized immune activation associated with HIV infection. To investigate the immunologic mechanisms underlying the absence of AIDS in SIV-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs), a natural host species, we performed a detailed analysis of the SIV-specific cellular immune responses in 110 SIV-infected SMs. We found that while SIV-specific T-cell responses are detectable in the majority of animals, their magnitude and breadth are, in fact, lower than what has been described in HIV-infected humans, both in terms of cytokine production (ie, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2) and degranulation (ie, CD107a expression). Of importance, SIV-specific T-cell responses were similarly low when either SIVmac239-derived peptides or autologous SIVsmm peptides were used as stimuli. No correlation was found between SIV-specific T-cell responses and either viral load or CD4+ T-cell count, or between these responses and markers of T-cell activation and proliferation. These findings indicate that the absence of AIDS in naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys is independent of a strong cellular immune response to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dunham
- Emory University, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes Primate Research Center, and the School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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32
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Abstract
Despite the potential for infectious agents harbored by other species to become emerging human pathogens, little is known about why some agents establish successful cross-species transmission, while others do not. The simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), certain variants of which gave rise to the human HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics, have demonstrated tremendous success in infecting new host species, both simian and human. SIVsm from sooty mangabeys appears to have infected humans on several occasions, and was readily transmitted to nonnatural Asian macaque species, providing animal models of AIDS. Here we describe the first in-depth analysis of the tremendous SIVsm quasispecies sequence variation harbored by individual sooty mangabeys, and how this diverse quasispecies adapts to two different host species—new nonnatural rhesus macaque hosts and natural sooty mangabey hosts. Viral adaptation to rhesus macaques was associated with the immediate amplification of a phylogenetically related subset of envelope (env) variants. These variants contained a shorter variable region 1 loop and lacked two specific glycosylation sites, which may be selected for during acute infection. In contrast, transfer of SIVsm to its natural host did not subject the quasispecies to any significant selective pressures or bottleneck. After 100 d postinfection, variants more closely representative of the source inoculum reemerged in the macaques. This study describes an approach for elucidating how pathogens adapt to new host species, and highlights the particular importance of SIVsm env diversity in enabling cross-species transmission. The replicative advantage of a subset of SIVsm variants in macaques may be related to features of target cells or receptors that are specific to the new host environment, and may involve CD4-independent engagement of a viral coreceptor conserved among primates. Why do some infectious agents establish successful cross-species transmission while others do not? Despite the clear potential for diseases harbored by animals to become emerging human pathogens, this question remains unanswered. Certain simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) responsible for the human HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics have succeeded in infecting new host species, including humans. This study provides clues to how an SIV adapts to a new host in an experimental cross-species transmission. Indeed, many emerging diseases are caused by highly mutation-prone RNA viruses like SIV, which exist not as a single species, but rather as a population of genetic variants within a single infection. The presence of numerous viral variants in an infected animal increases the chance that variants with the ability to enter into or multiply in a new host species are present. This study describes how an SIV population from a natural reservoir host, the sooty mangabey, adapts to a new monkey species, the rhesus macaque. A limited subset of SIV variants containing unique viral surface proteins appears well suited to multiply in the new host. This study documents how viral variation facilitates cross-species transmission, and highlights the particular importance of immunodeficiency virus envelope variants in infecting new hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Demma
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John M Logsdon
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark B Feinberg
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Silvija I Staprans
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Chahroudi A, Chavan R, Kozyr N, Koyzr N, Waller EK, Silvestri G, Feinberg MB. Vaccinia virus tropism for primary hematolymphoid cells is determined by restricted expression of a unique virus receptor. J Virol 2005; 79:10397-407. [PMID: 16051832 PMCID: PMC1182677 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.16.10397-10407.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presumed broad tropism of poxviruses has stymied attempts to identify both the cellular receptor(s) and the viral determinant(s) for binding. Detailed studies of poxvirus binding to and infection of primary human cells have not been conducted. In particular, the determinants of target cell infection and the consequences of infection for cells involved in the generation of antiviral immune responses are incompletely understood. In this report, we show that vaccinia virus (VV) exhibits a more restricted tropism for primary hematolymphoid human cells than has been previously recognized. We demonstrate that vaccinia virus preferentially infects antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and B cells) and activated T cells, but not resting T cells. The infection of activated T cells is permissive, with active viral replication and production of infectious progeny. Susceptibility to infection is determined by restricted expression of a cellular receptor that is induced de novo upon T-cell activation and can be removed from the cell surface by either trypsin or pronase treatment. The VV receptor expressed on activated T cells displays unique characteristics that distinguish it from the receptor used to infect cell lines in culture. The observed restricted tropism of VV may have significant consequences for the understanding of natural poxvirus infection and immunity and for poxvirus-based vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Chahroudi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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Regoes RR, Longini IM, Feinberg MB, Staprans SI. Preclinical assessment of HIV vaccines and microbicides by repeated low-dose virus challenges. PLoS Med 2005; 2:e249. [PMID: 16018721 PMCID: PMC1176242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trials in macaque models play an essential role in the evaluation of biomedical interventions that aim to prevent HIV infection, such as vaccines, microbicides, and systemic chemoprophylaxis. These trials are usually conducted with very high virus challenge doses that result in infection with certainty. However, these high challenge doses do not realistically reflect the low probability of HIV transmission in humans, and thus may rule out preventive interventions that could protect against "real life" exposures. The belief that experiments involving realistically low challenge doses require large numbers of animals has so far prevented the development of alternatives to using high challenge doses. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using statistical power analysis, we investigate how many animals would be needed to conduct preclinical trials using low virus challenge doses. We show that experimental designs in which animals are repeatedly challenged with low doses do not require unfeasibly large numbers of animals to assess vaccine or microbicide success. CONCLUSION Preclinical trials using repeated low-dose challenges represent a promising alternative approach to identify potential preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland R Regoes
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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35
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Reeves PM, Bommarius B, Lebeis S, McNulty S, Christensen J, Swimm A, Chahroudi A, Chavan R, Feinberg MB, Veach D, Bornmann W, Sherman M, Kalman D. Disabling poxvirus pathogenesis by inhibition of Abl-family tyrosine kinases. Nat Med 2005; 11:731-9. [PMID: 15980865 DOI: 10.1038/nm1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Poxviridae family members vaccinia and variola virus enter mammalian cells, replicate outside the nucleus and produce virions that travel to the cell surface along microtubules, fuse with the plasma membrane and egress from infected cells toward apposing cells on actin-filled membranous protrusions. We show that cell-associated enveloped virions (CEV) use Abl- and Src-family tyrosine kinases for actin motility, and that these kinases act in a redundant fashion, perhaps permitting motility in a greater range of cell types. Additionally, release of CEV from the cell requires Abl- but not Src-family tyrosine kinases, and is blocked by STI-571 (Gleevec), an Abl-family kinase inhibitor used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia in humans. Finally, we show that STI-571 reduces viral dissemination by five orders of magnitude and promotes survival in infected mice, suggesting possible use for this drug in treating smallpox or complications associated with vaccination. This therapeutic approach may prove generally efficacious in treating microbial infections that rely on host tyrosine kinases, and, because the drug targets host but not viral molecules, this strategy is much less likely to engender resistance compared to conventional antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Reeves
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Graduate Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead Research Building #144, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Silvestri G, Fedanov A, Germon S, Kozyr N, Kaiser WJ, Garber DA, McClure H, Feinberg MB, Staprans SI. Divergent host responses during primary simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm infection of natural sooty mangabey and nonnatural rhesus macaque hosts. J Virol 2005; 79:4043-54. [PMID: 15767406 PMCID: PMC1061583 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.7.4043-4054.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how natural sooty mangabey hosts avoid AIDS despite high levels of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVsm replication, we inoculated mangabeys and nonnatural rhesus macaque hosts with an identical inoculum of uncloned SIVsm. The unpassaged virus established infection with high-level viral replication in both macaques and mangabeys. A species-specific, divergent immune response to SIV was evident from the first days of infection and maintained in the chronic phase, with macaques showing immediate and persistent T-cell proliferation, whereas mangabeys displayed little T-cell proliferation, suggesting subdued cellular immune responses to SIV. Importantly, only macaques developed (CD4+)-T-cell depletion and AIDS, thus indicating that in mangabeys limited immune activation is a key mechanism to avoid immunodeficiency despite high levels of SIVsm replication. These studies demonstrate that it is the host response to infection, rather than properties inherent to the virus itself, that causes immunodeficiency in SIV-infected nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Silvestri
- Department of Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Paiardini M, Cervasi B, Albrecht H, Muthukumar A, Dunham R, Gordon S, Radziewicz H, Piedimonte G, Magnani M, Montroni M, Kaech SM, Weintrob A, Altman JD, Sodora DL, Feinberg MB, Silvestri G. Loss of CD127 Expression Defines an Expansion of Effector CD8+T Cells in HIV-Infected Individuals. J Immunol 2005; 174:2900-9. [PMID: 15728501 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunodeficiency that follows HIV infection is related to the virus-mediated killing of infected CD4(+) T cells, the chronic activation of the immune system, and the impairment of T cell production. In this study we show that in HIV-infected individuals the loss of IL-7R (CD127) expression defines the expansion of a subset of CD8(+) T cells, specific for HIV as well as other Ags, that show phenotypic (i.e., loss of CCR7 and CD62 ligand expression with enrichment in activated and/or proliferating cells) as well as functional (i.e., production of IFN-gamma, but not IL-2, decreased ex vivo proliferative potential and increased susceptibility to apoptosis) features of effector T cells. Importantly, in HIV-infected individuals the levels of CD8(+)CD127(-) T cells are directly correlated with the main markers of disease progression (i.e., plasma viremia and CD4(+) T cell depletion) as well as with the indices of overall T cell activation. In all, these results identify the expansion of CD8(+)CD127(-) effector-like T cells as a novel feature of the HIV-associated immune perturbation. Further studies are thus warranted to determine whether measurements of CD127 expression on CD8(+) T cells may be useful in the clinical management of HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Paiardini
- Department of Medicine, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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38
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Abstract
Preclinical studies in nonhuman primates (NHP) play key roles in AIDS vaccine development efforts. In addition to their traditional utilization to gauge vaccine safety and immunogenicity, NHP models are currently employed to an unprecedented extent and in unprecedented ways in contemporary basic and applied vaccine development efforts. Current studies employ NHP models to probe fundamental mechanisms of primate immune system regulation, to investigate pathogenic mechanisms of AIDS, and to optimize immunization strategies involving novel vaccine vectors. The use of experimental challenges of immunized NHPs with either simian immunodeficiency virus or chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus to generate preclinical vaccine efficacy data has emerged as an important criterion for facilitating entry of a given vaccine candidate into early phase clinical evaluation in humans. However, for studies of the biology of AIDS virus transmission, AIDS virus disease pathogenesis and AIDS virus vaccine efficacy that are predicated on experimental viral challenge to be most valuable, additional efforts need to be devoted to generating challenge models that more closely recapitulate HIV-1 infection in humans. Towards this end, improved communication between clinical and preclinical investigators, to promote a bidirectional flow of information focusing on individual research needs and shared goals should enable the NHP models to most effectively expedite progress toward the development of a safe and effective AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvija I Staprans
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
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Staprans SI, Barry AP, Silvestri G, Safrit JT, Kozyr N, Sumpter B, Nguyen H, McClure H, Montefiori D, Cohen JI, Feinberg MB. Enhanced SIV replication and accelerated progression to AIDS in macaques primed to mount a CD4 T cell response to the SIV envelope protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:13026-31. [PMID: 15326293 PMCID: PMC516468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404739101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the dual role of CD4 T cells as both immune effectors and targets for HIV infection, the balance of CD4 versus CD8 T cell-mediated responses induced by candidate AIDS vaccines may be critical in determining postvaccination infection outcomes. An attenuated recombinant varicella-zoster virus vaccine expressing the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope (Env) elicited nonneutralizing Env-binding antibodies and little if any cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). After challenge with SIV, Env vaccinees manifested increased levels of SIV replication, more rapid CD4 depletion, and accelerated progression to AIDS compared with controls. Enhanced SIV replication correlated with increased CD4 T cell proliferation soon after SIV challenge, apparently the result of an anamnestic response to SIV antigens. Thus activation of virus-specific CD4 T cells at the time of exposure to a CD4 T cell-tropic lentivirus, in the absence of an effective CD8 response, may enhance virus replication and disease. These data suggest suggest that candidate AIDS vaccines may not simply be either efficacious or neutral; they may also have the potential to be harmful.
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40
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Abstract
The unremitting devastation created by the AIDS pandemic will probably only be controlled when a vaccine is developed that is safe, effective, affordable, and simple enough to permit implementation in developing countries where the impact of AIDS is most severe. Although formidable practical, political, economic, social, and ethical challenges face the AIDS vaccine development effort, the most fundamental challenges now reside at the level of the basic biology of HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis. Of these biological considerations, three questions loom especially large: can we design immunogens that will elicit neutralising antibodies that are reactive against a wide variety of primary HIV isolates; will vaccine-elicited cytotoxic T cells be fundamentally better at controlling HIV-1 replication and ameliorating disease progression than those responses that arise during natural HIV infection; and to what extent will the tremendous global genetic diversity of HIV-1 compromise the breadth of vaccine-elicited protective immunity and the overall effectiveness of an AIDS vaccine? Although these are three exceptionally challenging questions, they are now being approached with clear hypotheses whose testing is being facilitated by an ever-improving array of technologies for vaccine design and immunological characterisation. The extent to which the field of AIDS vaccine research can now come together to answer these questions in the best coordinated, most efficient manner will probably be an important determinant of how and when an effective AIDS vaccine will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Garber
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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41
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Regoes RR, Antia R, Garber DA, Silvestri G, Feinberg MB, Staprans SI. Roles of target cells and virus-specific cellular immunity in primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 2004; 78:4866-75. [PMID: 15078967 PMCID: PMC387667 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.9.4866-4875.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate on whether acute human immunodeficiency virus infection is controlled by target cell limitation or by virus-specific cellular immunity. To resolve this question, we developed a novel mathematical modeling scheme which allows us to incorporate measurements of virus load, target cells, and virus-specific immunity and applied it to a comprehensive data set generated in an experiment involving rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. Half of the macaques studied were treated during the primary infection period with reagents which block T-cell costimulation and as a result displayed severely impaired virus-specific immune responses. Our results show that early viral replication in normal infection is controlled to a large extent by virus-specific CD8(+) T cells and not by target cell limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland R Regoes
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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42
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43
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Garber DA, Silvestri G, Barry AP, Fedanov A, Kozyr N, McClure H, Montefiori DC, Larsen CP, Altman JD, Staprans SI, Feinberg MB. Blockade of T cell costimulation reveals interrelated actions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in control of SIV replication. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:836-45. [PMID: 15067316 PMCID: PMC362114 DOI: 10.1172/jci19442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo blockade of CD28 and CD40 T cell costimulation pathways during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques was performed to assess the relative contributions of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and Ab responses in modulating SIV replication and disease progression. Transient administration of CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD40L mAb to SIV-infected rhesus macaques resulted in dramatic inhibition of the generation of both SIV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Acute levels of proliferating CD8+ T cells were associated with early control of SIV viremia but did not predict ensuing set point viremia or survival. The level of in vivo CD4+ T cell proliferation during acute SIV infection correlated with concomitant peak levels of SIV plasma viremia, whereas measures of in vivo CD4+ T cell proliferation that extended into chronic infection correlated with lower SIV viral load and increased survival. These results suggest that proliferating CD4+ T cells function both as sources of virus production and as antiviral effectors and that increased levels of CD4+ T cell proliferation during SIV infections reflect antigen-driven antiviral responses rather than a compensatory homeostatic response. These results highlight the interrelated actions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in vivo that modulate SIV replication and pathogenesis.
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44
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Garber DA, Silvestri G, Barry AP, Fedanov A, Kozyr N, McClure H, Montefiori DC, Larsen CP, Altman JD, Staprans SI, Feinberg MB. Blockade of T cell costimulation reveals interrelated actions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in control of SIV replication. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200419442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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45
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Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells, kill target cells by releasing granules containing perforin and granzymes, and/or via Fas-Fas ligand interactions. Both pathways lead to prompt activation within target cells of caspase cascades responsible for apoptosis induction and cell death. We have utilized cell-permeable fluorogenic caspase substrates and multiparameter flow cytometry to detect caspase activation in target cells, and applied these tools to quantify and visualize cytotoxic lymphocyte activities. This novel assay, referred to as the flow cytometric cytotoxicity (FCC) assay, is a nonradioactive single-cell-based assay that provides a more rapid, biologically informative, and sensitive approach to measure cytotoxic lymphocyte activity when compared to other assays such as the 51chromium (51Cr) release assay. In addition, the FCC assay can be used to study CTL-mediated killing of primary target cells of different cell lineages that are frequently not amenable to study by the 51Cr release assay. Furthermore, the FCC assay enables evaluation of the phenotype and fate of both target and effector cells, and as such, provides a useful new approach to illuminate the biology of cytotoxic lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzheng Liu
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
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46
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Burton DR, Desrosiers RC, Doms RW, Feinberg MB, Gallo RC, Hahn B, Hoxie JA, Hunter E, Korber B, Landay A, Lederman MM, Lieberman J, McCune JM, Moore JP, Nathanson N, Picker L, Richman D, Rinaldo C, Stevenson M, Watkins DI, Wolinsky SM, Zack JA. Public health. A sound rationale needed for phase III HIV-1 vaccine trials. Science 2004; 303:316. [PMID: 14726576 DOI: 10.1126/science.1094620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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47
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Combredet C, Labrousse V, Mollet L, Lorin C, Delebecque F, Hurtrel B, McClure H, Feinberg MB, Brahic M, Tangy F. A molecularly cloned Schwarz strain of measles virus vaccine induces strong immune responses in macaques and transgenic mice. J Virol 2003; 77:11546-54. [PMID: 14557640 PMCID: PMC229349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.21.11546-11554.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated RNA viruses make highly efficient vaccines. Among them, measles virus (MV) vaccine has been given to a very large number of children and has been shown to be highly efficacious and safe. Therefore, this vaccine might be a very promising vector to immunize children against both measles and other infectious agents, such as human immunodeficiency virus. A vector was previously derived from the Edmonston B strain of MV, a vaccine strain abandoned 25 years ago. Sequence analysis revealed that the genome of this vector diverges from Edmonston B by 10 amino acid substitutions not related to any Edmonston subgroup. Here we describe an infectious cDNA for the Schwarz/Moraten strain, a widely used MV vaccine. This cDNA was constructed from a batch of commercial vaccine. The extremities of the cDNA were engineered in order to maximize virus yield during rescue. A previously described helper cell-based rescue system was adapted by cocultivating transfected cells on primary chicken embryo fibroblasts, the cells used to produce the Schwarz/Moraten vaccine. After two passages the sequence of the rescued virus was identical to that of the cDNA and of the published Schwarz/Moraten sequence. Two additional transcription units were introduced in the cDNA for cloning foreign genetic material. The immunogenicity of rescued virus was studied in macaques and in mice transgenic for the CD46 MV receptor. Antibody titers and T-cell responses (ELISpot) in animals inoculated with low doses of rescued virus were identical to those obtained with commercial Schwarz MV vaccine. In contrast, the immunogenicity of the previously described Edmonston B strain-derived MV clone was much lower. This new molecular clone will allow for the production of MV vaccine without having to rely on seed stocks. The additional transcription units allow expressing heterologous antigens, thereby providing polyvalent vaccines based on an approved, safe, and efficient MV vaccine strain that is used worldwide.
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48
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a major role in the immune response against viruses and other intracellular pathogens. In addition, CTLs are implicated in the control of tumor cells in certain settings. Accurate measures of CTL function are of critical importance to study the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and to evaluate the efficacy of new vaccines and immunotherapies. To this end, we have recently developed a flow cytometry-based CTL (FCC) assay that measures the CTL-induced caspase activation within target cells using cell permeable fluorogenic caspase substrates. This novel assay reliably detects, by flow cytometry or fluorescence/confocal microscopy, antigen-specific CTLs in a wide variety of human and murine systems, and is safer and more informative than the standard 51Cr-release assay. In addition, the flow cytometric CTL (FCC) assay provides an alternative method that is often more sensitive and physiologically informative when compared to previously described FCC assays, as it measures a biological indicator of apoptosis within the target cell. The FCC assay may thus represent a useful tool to further understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie CTL-mediated killing during tumorigenesis or following infection with viruses or other intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chahroudi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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49
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Abstract
Prevailing views concerning the pathogenic mechanisms of AIDS have shifted from models that focus primarily on direct HIV-mediated killing of CD4+ T cells to models that emphasize the pathogenic role of generalized immune system activation. The observation that increases in T cell turnover seen in HIV-infected individuals primarily reflect increased proliferation of effector-memory T cells supports the concept that chronic immune activation plays a prominent, if not predominant, role in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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50
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Garber DA, Feinberg MB. AIDS vaccine development: the long and winding road. AIDS Rev 2003; 5:131-9. [PMID: 14598562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Development of a vaccine that provides sterilizing immunity against HIV infection remains an elusive goal, due primarily to the difficulty in generating neutralizing antibodies to primary HIV isolates. In lieu of a present solution to this problem, recent approaches to develop vaccines against HIV/AIDS have focused not on preventing infection outright, but on eliciting potent antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses to limit HIV replication in individuals who become infected after vaccination. Successful control of HIV replication in vivo, enabled by vaccine-elicited immune responses should, in turn, attenuate an individual's rate of progression to AIDS while reducing their likelihood of subsequently transmitting HIV. Recent pre-clinical evaluation of CTL-based vaccines in non-human primate models of AIDS has shown several different vaccine modalities (e.g. heterologous 'prime/boost' strategies such as DNA + recombinant viral vectors) to be capable of eliciting high-level cellular immune responses that are associated with limitation of virus replication and protection against disease following challenge with select pathogenic virus isolates. However, it is not currently known to what extent these protective effects, observed under optimal experimental conditions in select animal models, can be translated into relevant protection of humans against AIDS. In this article we discuss the promise, potential limitations, and scientific challenges that currently provide the context for efforts to develop and successfully employ a safe and effective AIDS vaccine.
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