51
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Saekhow P, Kishizuka S, Sano N, Mitsui H, Akasaki H, Mawatari T, Ikeda H. Coincidental detection of genomes of porcine parvoviruses and porcine circovirus type 2 infecting pigs in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1581-6. [PMID: 26166811 PMCID: PMC4710713 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection status of 15 viruses in 120 pigs aged about 6 months was investigated based
on tonsil specimens collected from a slaughterhouse. Only 5 species of porcine
parvoviruses and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were detected at high frequencies; 67%
for porcine parvovirus (PPV) (PPV-Kr or -NADL2 as the new abbreviation), 58% for PPV2
(CnP-PARV4), 39% for PPV3 (P-PARV4), 33% for PPV4 (PPV4), 55% for PBo-likeV (PBoV7) and
80% for PCV2. A phylogenetic analysis of PPV3 suggested that Japanese PPV3s showed a
slight variation, and possibly, there were farms harboring homogeneous or heterogeneous
PPV3s. Statistical analyses indicated that the detection of PCV2 was significantly
coincidental with each detection of PPV, PPV2 and PPV3, and PPV and PPV4 were also
coincidentally detected. The concurrent infection with PCV2 and porcine parvoviruses in
the subclinically infected pigs may resemble the infection status of pigs with the
clinical manifestations of porcine circovirus associated disease which occurs in 3–5
months old pigs and is thought to be primarily caused by the PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prayuth Saekhow
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Abstract
Recently, studies have suggested an association between the Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) and the Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2) in PCV2-associated disease cases. The aim of this study was to verify TTSuVs loads in pig faeces from PCV2-positive animals with and without diarrhea from PCVAD-affected and PCV2-unvaccinated herds. A total of 80 faecal samples were collected individually from nursery and grow-finish pigs with (n = 40) or without (n = 40) diarrhea. The samples were tested for PCV2 and TTSuVs by using DNA binding dye SYBR Green quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Torque teno sus virus k2 (TTSuVk2) load in the faeces was significantly higher in the nursery pigs with diarrhea, and these pigs also exhibited significantly higher PCV2 (P < 0.01) faecal matter loads compared to the non-diarrheic animals from the same age group. Torque teno sus virus 1 (TTSuV1) viral loads were the same regardless of age group and disease condition. There were no correlations between PCV2 and TTSuV1 or TTSuVk2 and TTSuV1 viral loads; however, a weak correlation (r = 0.23, P = 0.03) was found between TTSuVk2 and PCV2 viral loads. In conclusion, TTSuVk2 viral loads were significantly higher in the diarrheic faeces from the nursery pigs. Additionally, the higher loads of PCV2 and TTSuVk2 in the nursery-diarrheic animals revealed that diarrhea might have an important role in the spread of both viruses in herds.
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Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) belong to the genus Circovirus and the family Circoviridae, and they are the smallest known viruses that replicate autonomously in mammalian cells. They are nonenveloped, and they have characteristic single-stranded, negative-sense, circular DNA. Two types of divergent PCVs are recognized: PCV1 and PCV2. About 20 years ago, PCV2 began to emerge as a major pathogen of swine around the world, leading to burgeoning knowledge about the virus and porcine circovirus-associated diseases. However, much of the history of its discovery, including the controversy related to its importance, is not recorded. This review examines current issues related to the biology of PCV2 in the context of the original studies related to determining its causal association with disease and to the evolving understanding of the complex pathogenesis of PCV2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ellis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Guo XQ, Wang LQ, Qiao H, Yang XW, Yang MF, Chen HY. Enhancement of the immunogenicity of a porcine circovirus type 2 DNA vaccine by a recombinant plasmid coexpressing capsid protein and porcine interleukin-6 in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:174-80. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; 63 Nongye Road Zhengzhou 450002
| | - Lin-Qing Wang
- Department of Life Science; Zhengzhou Normal University; Zhengzhou 450044 Henan Province China
| | - Han Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; 63 Nongye Road Zhengzhou 450002
| | - Xing-Wu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; 63 Nongye Road Zhengzhou 450002
| | - Ming-Fan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; 63 Nongye Road Zhengzhou 450002
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; 63 Nongye Road Zhengzhou 450002
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55
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Yang S, Shang Y, Yin S, Wang D, Cai J, Gong Z, Serge M, Liu X. A phage-displayed single domain antibody fused to alkaline phosphatase for detection of porcine circovirus type 2. J Virol Methods 2015; 213:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yue F, Cheng A, Zhu Y, Li P, Zhang Y, Sun G, Wang M, Wang X. Overexpression of programmed death ligands in naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:101-6. [PMID: 25594677 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is regarded as an immunosuppressive disease in pigs caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Immune inhibitory receptors, particularly programmed death 1/programmed death-ligands (PD-1/PD-Ls) are presumably involved in the immunopathogenesis of PMWS. The aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship of immune inhibitory receptors and immunocompromised by PMWS. Nine 45-day-old conventional pigs were selected from a farm where pigs exhibited typical signs of PMWS (wasting and respiratory disorders) and tested positive for PCV2 infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six pigs were selected as controls due to their notably healthy state and absence of PCV2 infection. Heparinized blood samples were taken from each pig for pathogen detection and isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), from which mRNA expression of immunomodulatory molecule (PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, PTEN, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and Foxp3) and cytokines (IL-10, IL-2, and IFN-γ) was determined. Proliferation of PBMCs was also assessed by flow cytometry utilizing cellular labeling dilutions for detection. The mRNA levels of PD-L1 (p<0.01), PD-L2 (p<0.05), and PTEN (p<0.01) were remarkably increased in the PBMCs of diseased pigs compared to healthy pigs, whereas no change was observed for PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and Foxp3 expression. Cytokine IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly elevated (p<0.01), while IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNA levels tended to be only slightly increased in the PBMCs of affected pigs compared to healthy controls. The proliferation of PBMCs was also decreased in diseased pigs. These data suggest that overexpression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA is one mechanism by which immunosupression of PMWS pigs occurs, supporting a new therapeutic strategy focused on PD-Ls for pigs suffering from PMWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- 1 Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Wenjiang, Chengdu City, China
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57
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Abstract
Swine are used in biomedical research as models for biomedical research and for teaching. This chapter covers normative biology and behavior along with common and emerging swine diseases. Xenotransplantation is discussed along with similarities and differences of swine immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Columbia Center of Translational Immunology, Department of Surgery; Institute of Comparative Medicine; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Michael Swindle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Charleston, SC, USA
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58
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Silva JG, Coimbra EC, Jesus AL, Mariz FC, Silva KM, Lobato ZI, Campos AC, Coutinho LC, Castro RS, Freitas AC. Secretory expression of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 capsid protein in Pichia pastoris. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:226-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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59
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Fu Q, Hou L, Xiao P, Guo C, Chen Y, Liu X. CD44 deficiency leads to decreased proinflammatory cytokine production in lung induced by PCV2 in mice. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:498-504. [PMID: 25294252 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). CD44 is a widely expressed class I transmembrane glycoprotein implicated in immunological and inflammatory responses. In previous studies, the role of CD44 in host defense against microorganism infection remains controversial. The role of CD44 in host defense against PCV2 infection has never been studied before. In this study, we investigated the role of CD44 in the development of pneumonia induced by PCV2 in mice model. Upon infection, CD44 mRNA level in lung tissue was upregulated, and we confirmed a detrimental role of CD44 in host defense against PCV2 infection. The results demonstrated that CD44 deficiency could result in decreased proinflammatory cytokine production in lung induced by PCV2 in mice, suggesting a previously unrecognized role for CD44 in the development of pneumonia response to PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Linbing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Pingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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60
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Sinkora M, Butler JE, Lager KM, Potockova H, Sinkorova J. The comparative profile of lymphoid cells and the T and B cell spectratype of germ-free piglets infected with viruses SIV, PRRSV or PCV2. Vet Res 2014; 45:91. [PMID: 25186625 PMCID: PMC4156959 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte subsets isolated from germ-free piglets experimentally infected with swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were studied and the profile of these subsets among these three infections was monitored. Germ-free piglets were used since their response could be directly correlated to the viral infection. Because SIV infections are resolved even by colostrum-deprived neonates whereas PRRSV and PCV2 infections are not, SIV was used as a benchmark for an effectively resolved viral infection. PRRSV caused a large increase in the proportion of lymphocytes at the site of infection and rapid differentiation of B cells leading to a high level of Ig-producing cells but a severe reduction in CD2—CD21+ primed B cells. Unlike SIV and PCV2, PRRSV also caused an increase in terminally differentiated subset of CD2+CD8α+ γδ cells and polyclonal expansion of major Vβ families suggesting that non-specific helper T cells drive swift B cell activation. Distinct from infections with SIV and PRRSV, PCV2 infection led to the: (a) prevalence of MHC-II+ T cytotoxic cells, (b) restriction of the T helper compartment in the respiratory tract, (c) generation of a high proportion of FoxP3+ T cells in the blood and (d) selective expansion of IgA and IgE suggesting this virus elicits a mucosal immune response. Our findings suggest that PRRSV and PCV2 may negatively modulate the host immune system by different mechanisms which may explain their persistence.
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61
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Sylla S, Cong YL, Sun YX, Yang GL, Ding XM, Yang ZQ, Zhou YL, Yang M, Wang CF, Ding Z. Protective immunity conferred by porcine circovirus 2 ORF2-based DNA vaccine in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:398-408. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seydou Sylla
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine; Jilin University; Xi’an Road 5333 Changchun Jilin 130062 China
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire; Dalaba 09 Guinea
| | - Yan-Long Cong
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine; Jilin University; Xi’an Road 5333 Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Yi-Xue Sun
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine; Jilin University; Xi’an Road 5333 Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province for Animals Probiotics; College of Animal Science and Technology
| | - Xue-Mei Ding
- College of Animal Science; College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University 5333 Xi’an Rd
| | - Zhan-Qing Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine; Jilin University; Xi’an Road 5333 Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Yu-Long Zhou
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine; Jilin University; Xi’an Road 5333 Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Minnan Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine; Jilin University; Xi’an Road 5333 Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Jilin Province for Animals Probiotics; College of Animal Science and Technology
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi; Jilin Agricultural University; 2888 Xinchen Rd Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine; Jilin University; Xi’an Road 5333 Changchun Jilin 130062 China
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62
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Complex links between natural tuberculosis and porcine circovirus type 2 infection in wild boar. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:765715. [PMID: 24991567 PMCID: PMC4065697 DOI: 10.1155/2014/765715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Individuals in natural populations are exposed to a diversity of pathogens which results in coinfections. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between natural infection with tuberculosis (TB) due to infection by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in free-ranging Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). Apparent prevalence for TB lesions and PCV2 infection was extremely high in all age classes, including piglets (51% for TB; 85.7% for PCV2). Modeling results revealed that the relative risk of young (less than 2 years old) wild boar to test positive to PCV2 PCR was negatively associated with TB lesion presence. Also, an interaction between TB, PCV2, and body condition was evidenced: in wild boar with TB lesions probability of being PCV2 PCR positive increased with body condition, whereas this relation was negative for wild boar without TB lesions. This study provides insight into the coinfections occurring in free-ranging host populations that are naturally exposed to several pathogens at an early age. Using TB and PCV2 as a case study, we showed that coinfection is a frequent event among natural populations that takes place early in life with complex effects on the infections and the hosts.
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63
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Cheng CM, Tzou SC, Zhuang YH, Huang CC, Kao CH, Liao KW, Cheng TC, Chuang CH, Hsieh YC, Tai MH, Cheng TL. Functional production of a soluble and secreted single-chain antibody by a bacterial secretion system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97367. [PMID: 24824752 PMCID: PMC4019604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) serve as an alternative to full-length monoclonal antibodies used in research and therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, when recombinant scFvs are overexpressed in bacteria, they often form inclusion bodies and exhibit loss of function. To overcome this problem, we developed an scFv secretion system in which scFv was fused with osmotically inducible protein Y (osmY), a bacterial secretory carrier protein, for efficient protein secretion. Anti-EGFR scFv (αEGFR) was fused with osmY (N- and C-termini) and periplasmic leader sequence (pelB) to generate αEGFR-osmY, osmY-αEGFR, and pelB-αEGFR (control), respectively. In comparison with the control, both the osmY-fused αEGFR scFvs were soluble and secreted into the LB medium. Furthermore, the yield of soluble αEGFR-osmY was 20-fold higher, and the amount of secreted protein was 250-fold higher than that of osmY-αEGFR. In addition, the antigen-binding activity of both the osmY-fused αEGFRs was 2-fold higher than that of the refolded pelB-αEGFR from inclusion bodies. Similar results were observed with αTAG72-osmY and αHer2-osmY. These results suggest that the N-terminus of osmY fused with scFv produces a high yield of soluble, functional, and secreted scFv, and the osmY-based bacterial secretion system may be used for the large-scale industrial production of low-cost αEGFR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Min Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shey-Cherng Tzou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Han Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Han Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chin Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Tai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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64
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Marco-Ramell A, Miller I, Nöbauer K, Möginger U, Segalés J, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Kolarich D, Bassols A. Proteomics on porcine haptoglobin and IgG/IgA show protein species distribution and glycosylation pattern to remain similar in PCV2-SD infection. J Proteomics 2014; 101:205-16. [PMID: 24576640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Haptoglobin (Hp) and immunoglobulins are plasma glycoproteins involved in the immune reaction of the organism after infection and/or inflammation. Porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD), formerly known as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), is a globally spread pig disease of great economic impact. PCV2-SD affects the immunological system of pigs causing immunosuppression. The aim of this work was to characterize the Hp protein species of healthy and PCV2-SD affected pigs, as well as the protein backbone and the glycan chain composition of porcine Hp. PCV2-SD affected pigs had an increased overall Hp level, but it did not affect the ratio between Hp species. Glycoproteomic analysis of the Hp β subunits confirmed that porcine Hp is N-glycosylated and, unexpectedly, O-glycosylated, a PTM that is not found on Hp from healthy humans. The glyco-profile of porcine IgG and IgA heavy chains was also characterized; decreased levels of both proteins were found in the investigated group of PCV2-SD affected pigs. Obtained results indicate that no significant changes in the N- and O-glycosylation patterns of these major porcine plasma glycoproteins were detectable between healthy and PCV2-SD affected animals. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE PCV2-SD is a disease of great economic importance for pig production, characterized by a complex response of the immune system. In the search of a better diagnostic/prognostic marker for porcine PCV2-SD, extensive analyses of the Hp protein backbone and the glycan chains were thoroughly analyzed by various techniques. This resulted in detection and confirmation of Hp O-glycosylation and the glyco-profiling of porcine IgG and IgA. The N- and O-glycosylation of these major porcine plasma glycoproteins appears to be not affected by PCV2-SD infection. Interestingly, these data suggest that this viral infection, which significantly affects the immune responses of the host, leaves the biosynthetic glycosylation processes in the liver and immune cells unaffected. Lack of PTM changes is in contrast to findings in humans where for both proteins pattern changes have been reported in several chronic and inflammatory diseases. This underlines the importance of studying species in detail and not reaching to conclusions by analogy. Furthermore, since Hp is usually quantified by immunoassays in clinical routine analyses, our findings indicate that no bias in Hp determination capabilities due to an altered carbohydrate pattern is to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marco-Ramell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ingrid Miller
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Uwe Möginger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Kolarich
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anna Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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65
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Bielanski A, Algire J, Lalonde A, Garceac A, Pollard JW, Plante C. Nontransmission of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) by embryo transfer. Theriogenology 2013; 80:77-83. [PMID: 23622941 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the association of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) with embryos and the risk of viral transmission by embryo transfer. In the first experiment, 240 embryos from uninfected donors were exposed to PCV2a 10(4)TCID50/mL in vitro before transfer to seronegative recipients; in the second experiment, 384 embryos recovered from infected donors, 10 days after donor inoculation with PCV2, were transferred to seronegative recipients. In total, 1120 embryos and/or ova were collected from 37 viral-free donors (experiment 1) and 1019 from 59 PCV2-infected donors (experiment 2) (P < 0.01). The washing and/or disinfection procedure recommended by the International Embryo Transfer Society was applied to embryos in both experiments. Transfer of embryos experimentally exposed in vitro to high titers of virus caused seroconversion of recipients (58%; N = 7/12) and their piglets (81%; N = 13/16). Postmortem, PCV2 DNA was detected in various organs of embryo transfer recipients and their embryo transfer-derived piglets. In contrast, the transfer of embryos recovered from infectious PCV2 donors did not result in the seroconversion of embryo recipients (N = 24) or their embryo transfer-derived piglets (N = 76). Neither PCV2 DNA nor infectious virus was detected in the tissues of either recipients or embryo transfer-derived piglets collected postmortem in the second experiment. The results obtained in this study indicate that the transmission of PCV2 from infected donors by embryo transfer is unlikely if the sanitary recommendations of the International Embryo Transfer Society are followed. In practical terms, this means that embryo transfer can be successfully used for the intentional elimination of PCV2 and to create virus-free offspring for the safe exchange of swine genetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bielanski
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Animal Health Microbacteriology Laboratory (Germplasm), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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66
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Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). The virus preferentially targets the lymphoid tissues, which leads to lymphoid depletion and immunosuppression in pigs. The disease is exacerbated by immunostimulation or concurrent infections with other pathogens. PCV2 resides in certain immune cells, such as macrophage and dendritic cells, and modulates their functions. Upregulation of IL-10 and proinflammatory cytokines in infected pigs may contribute to pathogenesis. Pig genetics influence host susceptibility to PCV2, but the viral genetic determinants for virulence remain unknown. PCV2 DNA and proteins interact with various cellular genes that control immune responses to regulate virus replication and pathogenesis. Both neutralizing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity are important immunological correlates of protection. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, variant strains of PCV2 continue to emerge. Although tremendous progress has been made toward understanding PCV2 pathogenesis and immune interactions, many important questions remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061;
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Chae C. Commercial porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines: Efficacy and clinical application. Vet J 2012; 194:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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