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Li K, Liu J, Tian M, Gao G, Qi X, Pan Y, Ruan J, Liu C, Su X. CHMP4C Disruption Sensitizes the Human Lung Cancer Cells to Irradiation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010018. [PMID: 26712741 PMCID: PMC4730265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lung cancer is highly invasive and the most malignant among human tumors. Adenocarcinoma as a specific type of non-small cell lung cancer occurs with high frequency and is also highly resistant to radiation therapy. Thus, how to avoid radiation resistance and improve radiotherapy effectiveness is a crucial question. In the present study, human lung cancer A549 and H1299 cells were irradiated using γ-rays from a Co60 irradiator. Protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. Surviving fraction was determined by colony formation assay. γH2AX and 53BP1 foci formation were examined by fluorescence microscopy. In the results, we show that CHMP4C, a subunit of Endosomal sorting complex-III (ESCRT-III), is involved in radiation-induced cellular response. Radiation-induced Aurora B expression enhances CHMP4C phosphorylation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, maintaining cell cycle check-point and cellular viability as well as resisting apoptosis. CHMP4C depletion enhances cellular sensitivity to radiation, delays S-phase of cell cycle and reduces ionizing radiation (IR)-induced γH2AX foci formation. We found that Aurora B targets CHMP4C and inhibition of Aurora B exhibits similar effects with silencing of CHMP4C in radioresistance. We also confirm that CHMP4C phosphorylation is elevated after IR both in p53-positive and-negative cells, indicating that the close correlation between CHMP4C and Aurora B signaling pathway in mediating radiation resistance is not p53 dependent. Together, our work establishes a new function of CHMP4C in radiation resistance, which will offer a potential strategy for non-small cell lung cancer by disrupting CHMP4C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Xinkang Street, Dewai, Beijing 10088, China.
| | - Jianxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Xinkang Street, Dewai, Beijing 10088, China.
| | - Mei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Xinkang Street, Dewai, Beijing 10088, China.
| | - Gang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Xinkang Street, Dewai, Beijing 10088, China.
| | - Xuesong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Xinkang Street, Dewai, Beijing 10088, China.
| | - Yan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Xinkang Street, Dewai, Beijing 10088, China.
| | - Jianlei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Xinkang Street, Dewai, Beijing 10088, China.
| | - Chunxu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Xinkang Street, Dewai, Beijing 10088, China.
| | - Xu Su
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Xinkang Street, Dewai, Beijing 10088, China.
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de Groot CO, Hsia JE, Anzola JV, Motamedi A, Yoon M, Wong YL, Jenkins D, Lee HJ, Martinez MB, Davis RL, Gahman TC, Desai A, Shiau AK. A Cell Biologist's Field Guide to Aurora Kinase Inhibitors. Front Oncol 2015; 5:285. [PMID: 26732741 PMCID: PMC4685510 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurora kinases are essential for cell division and are frequently misregulated in human cancers. Based on their potential as cancer therapeutics, a plethora of small molecule Aurora kinase inhibitors have been developed, with a subset having been adopted as tools in cell biology. Here, we fill a gap in the characterization of Aurora kinase inhibitors by using biochemical and cell-based assays to systematically profile a panel of 10 commercially available compounds with reported selectivity for Aurora A (MLN8054, MLN8237, MK-5108, MK-8745, Genentech Aurora Inhibitor 1), Aurora B (Hesperadin, ZM447439, AZD1152-HQPA, GSK1070916), or Aurora A/B (VX-680). We quantify the in vitro effect of each inhibitor on the activity of Aurora A alone, as well as Aurora A and Aurora B bound to fragments of their activators, TPX2 and INCENP, respectively. We also report kinome profiling results for a subset of these compounds to highlight potential off-target effects. In a cellular context, we demonstrate that immunofluorescence-based detection of LATS2 and histone H3 phospho-epitopes provides a facile and reliable means to assess potency and specificity of Aurora A versus Aurora B inhibition, and that G2 duration measured in a live imaging assay is a specific readout of Aurora A activity. Our analysis also highlights variation between HeLa, U2OS, and hTERT-RPE1 cells that impacts selective Aurora A inhibition. For Aurora B, all four tested compounds exhibit excellent selectivity and do not significantly inhibit Aurora A at effective doses. For Aurora A, MK-5108 and MK-8745 are significantly more selective than the commonly used inhibitors MLN8054 and MLN8237. A crystal structure of an Aurora A/MK-5108 complex that we determined suggests the chemical basis for this higher specificity. Taken together, our quantitative biochemical and cell-based analyses indicate that AZD1152-HQPA and MK-8745 are the best current tools for selectively inhibiting Aurora B and Aurora A, respectively. However, MK-8745 is not nearly as ideal as AZD1152-HQPA in that it requires high concentrations to achieve full inhibition in a cellular context, indicating a need for more potent Aurora A-selective inhibitors. We conclude with a set of “good practice” guidelines for the use of Aurora inhibitors in cell biology experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian O de Groot
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Judy E Hsia
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - John V Anzola
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Amir Motamedi
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Michelle Yoon
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Yao Liang Wong
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Jenkins
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Hyun J Lee
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Mallory B Martinez
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Robert L Davis
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Timothy C Gahman
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew K Shiau
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , La Jolla, CA , USA
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Abstract
The evolutionary conserved chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is essential for faithful transmission of the genome during cell division. Perturbation of this complex in cultured cells gives rise to chromosome segregation errors and cytokinesis failure and as a consequence the ploidy status of the next generation of cells is changed. Aneuploidy and chromosomal instability (CIN) is observed in many human cancers, but whether this may be caused by deregulation of the CPC is unknown. In the present review, we discuss if and how a dysfunctional CPC could contribute to CIN in cancer.
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Touati SA, Wassmann K. How oocytes try to get it right: spindle checkpoint control in meiosis. Chromosoma 2015; 125:321-35. [PMID: 26255654 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-015-0536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The generation of a viable, diploid organism depends on the formation of haploid gametes, oocytes, and spermatocytes, with the correct number of chromosomes. Halving the genome requires the execution of two consecutive specialized cell divisions named meiosis I and II. Unfortunately, and in contrast to male meiosis, chromosome segregation in oocytes is error prone, with human oocytes being extraordinarily "meiotically challenged". Aneuploid oocytes, that are with the wrong number of chromosomes, give rise to aneuploid embryos when fertilized. In humans, most aneuploidies are lethal and result in spontaneous abortions. However, some trisomies survive to birth or even adulthood, such as the well-known trisomy 21, which gives rise to Down syndrome (Nagaoka et al. in Nat Rev Genet 13:493-504, 2012). A staggering 20-25 % of oocytes ready to be fertilized are aneuploid in humans. If this were not bad enough, there is an additional increase in meiotic missegregations as women get closer to menopause. A woman above 40 has a risk of more than 30 % of getting pregnant with a trisomic child. Worse still, in industrialized western societies, child birth is delayed, with women getting their first child later in life than ever. This trend has led to an increase of trisomic pregnancies by 70 % in the last 30 years (Nagaoka et al. in Nat Rev Genet 13:493-504, 2012; Schmidt et al. in Hum Reprod Update 18:29-43, 2012). To understand why errors occur so frequently during the meiotic divisions in oocytes, we review here the molecular mechanisms at works to control chromosome segregation during meiosis. An important mitotic control mechanism, namely the spindle assembly checkpoint or SAC, has been adapted to the special requirements of the meiotic divisions, and this review will focus on our current knowledge of SAC control in mammalian oocytes. Knowledge on how chromosome segregation is controlled in mammalian oocytes may help to identify risk factors important for questions related to human reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Touati
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, France.,Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France. .,CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, France.
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van de Werken C, Avo Santos M, Laven J, Eleveld C, Fauser B, Lens S, Baart E. Chromosome segregation regulation in human zygotes: altered mitotic histone phosphorylation dynamics underlying centromeric targeting of the chromosomal passenger complex. Hum Reprod 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Coutton C, Escoffier J, Martinez G, Arnoult C, Ray PF. Teratozoospermia: spotlight on the main genetic actors in the human. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:455-85. [PMID: 25888788 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male infertility affects >20 million men worldwide and represents a major health concern. Although multifactorial, male infertility has a strong genetic basis which has so far not been extensively studied. Recent studies of consanguineous families and of small cohorts of phenotypically homogeneous patients have however allowed the identification of a number of autosomal recessive causes of teratozoospermia. Homozygous mutations of aurora kinase C (AURKC) were first described to be responsible for most cases of macrozoospermia. Other genes defects have later been identified in spermatogenesis associated 16 (SPATA16) and dpy-19-like 2 (DPY19L2) in patients with globozoospermia and more recently in dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 1 (DNAH1) in a heterogeneous group of patients presenting with flagellar abnormalities previously described as dysplasia of the fibrous sheath or short/stump tail syndromes, which we propose to call multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF). METHODS A comprehensive review of the scientific literature available in PubMed/Medline was conducted for studies on human genetics, experimental models and physiopathology related to teratozoospermia in particular globozoospermia, large headed spermatozoa and flagellar abnormalities. The search included all articles with an English abstract available online before September 2014. RESULTS Molecular studies of numerous unrelated patients with globozoospermia and large-headed spermatozoa confirmed that mutations in DPY19L2 and AURKC are mainly responsible for their respective pathological phenotype. In globozoospermia, the deletion of the totality of the DPY19L2 gene represents ∼ 81% of the pathological alleles but point mutations affecting the protein function have also been described. In macrozoospermia only two recurrent mutations were identified in AURKC, accounting for almost all the pathological alleles, raising the possibility of a putative positive selection of heterozygous individuals. The recent identification of DNAH1 mutations in a proportion of patients with MMAF is promising but emphasizes that this phenotype is genetically heterogeneous. Moreover, the identification of mutations in a dynein strengthens the emerging point of view that MMAF may be a phenotypic variation of the classical forms of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Based on data from human and animal models, the MMAF phenotype seems to be favored by defects directly or indirectly affecting the central pair of axonemal microtubules of the sperm flagella. CONCLUSIONS The studies described here provide valuable information regarding the genetic and molecular defects causing infertility, to improve our understanding of the physiopathology of teratozoospermia while giving a detailed characterization of specific features of spermatogenesis. Furthermore, these findings have a significant influence on the diagnostic strategy for teratozoospermic patients allowing the clinician to provide the patient with informed genetic counseling, to adopt the best course of treatment and to develop personalized medicine directly targeting the defective gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Coutton
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France CHU de Grenoble, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Jessica Escoffier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France Departments of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Martinez
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France Equipe 'Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of Infertility' Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, La Tronche, F-38706, France CHU de Grenoble, UF de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble, F-38000, France
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Meppelink A, Kabeche L, Vromans MJM, Compton DA, Lens SMA. Shugoshin-1 balances Aurora B kinase activity via PP2A to promote chromosome bi-orientation. Cell Rep 2015; 11:508-15. [PMID: 25892238 PMCID: PMC4718550 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Correction of faulty kinetochore-microtubule attachments is essential for faithful chromosome segregation and dictated by the opposing activities of Aurora B kinase and PP1 and PP2A phosphatases. How kinase and phosphatase activities are appropriately balanced is less clear. Here, we show that a centromeric pool of PP2A-B56 counteracts Aurora B T-loop phosphorylation and is recruited to centromeres through Shugoshin-1 (Sgo1). In non-transformed RPE-1 cells, Aurora B, Sgo1, and PP2A-B56 are enriched on centromeres and levels diminish as chromosomes establish bi-oriented attachments. Elevating Sgo1 levels at centromeres recruits excess PP2A-B56, and this counteracts Aurora B kinase activity, undermining efficient correction of kinetochore-microtubule attachment errors. Conversely, Sgo1-depleted cells display reduced centromeric localization of Aurora B, whereas the remaining kinase is hyperactive due to concomitant reduction of centromeric PP2A-B56. Our data suggest that Sgo1 can tune the stability of kinetochore-microtubule attachments through recruitment of PP2A-B56 that balances Aurora B activity at the centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Meppelink
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lilian Kabeche
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Martijn J M Vromans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Duane A Compton
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Susanne M A Lens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Xia R, Chen S, Chen Y, Zhang W, Zhu R, Deng A. A chromosomal passenger complex protein signature model predicts poor prognosis for non-small-cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:721-6. [PMID: 25897247 PMCID: PMC4396580 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s81328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) acts as a key modulator for mitosis and cell cytokinesis. High levels of CPC proteins are frequently observed in multiple cancers and are correlated with more progressive malignant behaviors. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether CPC components or their combinations could be used to assess the clinical risk of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS The expression levels of four CPC proteins - aurora B kinase (AURKB), borealin, inner centromere protein (INCENP), and survivin - were evaluated using immunohistochemistry in an independent cohort of NSCLC specimens. A molecular predictor model was developed based on the combination of the four CPC proteins. RESULTS All the CPC components were overexpressed in NSCLC tumors compared with their paired adjacent normal lung tissues. Survivin overexpression was significantly correlated with late tumor stage (P=0.0166). High expressions of AURKB, INCENP, and survivin, but not borealin, were associated with shorter survival in patients with NSCLC. The constructed 4-CPC-gene model divided the cohort into two different subgroups with significantly different prognoses (hazard ratio, HR =2.8915 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.5187-5.5052]; P=0.0013) and was retained as an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (HR =2.4398 [95% CI: 1.2631-4.7127], P=0.0082). Moreover, the 4-CPC-gene model demonstrated a higher predictive ability for overall survival than each individual CPC biomarker. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study suggests that a molecular prognostic model based on simultaneous detection of CPC components could serve as a complement to current clinical risk stratification approaches for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xia
- Department of Transfusion, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunxiao Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Anmei Deng
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Chiou SK, Hoa N, Hodges A, Ge L, Jadus MR. Indomethacin promotes apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through concomitant degradation of Survivin and Aurora B kinase proteins. Apoptosis 2015; 19:1378-88. [PMID: 24874838 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regular usage of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with reduced incidence of a variety of cancers. The molecular mechanisms underlying these chemopreventive effects remain poorly understood. This current investigation showed that in gastric cancer cells: (1) Indomethacin treatment enhanced the degradation of chromosomal passenger proteins, Survivin and Aurora B kinase; (2) Indomethacin treatment down-regulated Aurora B kinase activity in a cell cycle-independent fashion; (3) siRNA knockdown of Survivin level promoted Aurora B kinase protein degradation, and vice versa; (4) ectopic overexpression of Survivin blocked reduction of Aurora B kinase level and activity by indomethacin treatment, and vice versa; (5) siRNA knockdown of Aurora B kinase level and AZD1152 inhibition of its activity induced apoptosis, and overexpression of Aurora B kinase inhibited indomethacin-induced apoptosis; (6) indomethacin treatment reduced Aurora B kinase level, coinciding with reduction of Survivin level and induction of apoptosis, in KATO III and HT-29 cells, and in mouse gastric mucosa. A role for Aurora B kinase function in NSAID-induced apoptosis was not previously explored. Thus this report provides better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effect of NSAIDs by elucidating a significant role for Aurora B kinase in indomethacin-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiun-Kwei Chiou
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 5901 E 7th st., Long Beach, CA, 90822-5201, USA,
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Yu Y, Duan J, Geng W, Li Q, Jiang L, Li Y, Yu Y, Sun Z. Aberrant cytokinesis and cell fusion result in multinucleation in HepG2 cells exposed to silica nanoparticles. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:490-500. [PMID: 25625797 DOI: 10.1021/tx500473h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The multinucleation effect of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) had been determined in our previous studies, but the relative mechanisms of multinucleation and how the multinucleated cells are generated were still not clear. This extensional study was conducted to investigate the mechanisms underlying the formation of multinucleated cells after SiNPs exposure. We first investigated cellular multinucleation, then performed time-lapse confocal imaging to certify whether the multinucleated cells resulted from cell fusion or abnormal cell division. Our results confirmed for the first time that there are three patterns contributing to the SiNPs-induced multinucleation in HepG2 cells: cell fusion, karyokinesis without cytokinesis, and cytokinesis followed by fusion. The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) deficiency and cell cycle arrest in G1/S and G2/M checkpoints may be responsible for the cell aberrant cytokinesis. The activated MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling and decreased mitosis related proteins might be the underlying mechanism of cell cycle arrest and thus multinucleation. In summary, we confirmed the hypothesis that aberrant cytokinesis and cell fusion resulted in multinucleation in HepG2 cells after SiNPs exposure. Since cell fusion and multinucleation were involved in genetic instability and tumor development, this study suggests the potential ability of SiNPs to induce cellular genetic instability. These findings raise concerns with regard to human health hazards and environmental risks with SiNPs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Yu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Chen HX, Zhou SY, Wang SX, Zheng K, Xu DD, Liu YT, Wang XY, Wang X, Yan HZ, Zhang L, Liu QY, Chen WQ, Wang YF. Sp1 and c-Myc modulate drug resistance of leukemia stem cells by regulating survivin expression through the ERK-MSK MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:56. [PMID: 25890196 PMCID: PMC4357193 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is initiated and maintained by a subset of self-renewing leukemia stem cells (LSCs), which contribute to the progression, recurrence and therapeutic resistance of leukemia. However, the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of LSCs drug resistance have not been fully defined. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the mechanisms of LSCs drug resistance. METHODS We performed reverse phase protein arrays to analyze the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins in the LSC-enriched leukemia cell line KG-1a. Immuno-blotting, cell viability and clinical AML samples were evaluated to verify the micro-assay results. The characteristics and transcriptional regulation of survivin were analyzed with the relative luciferase reporter assay, mutant constructs, chromatin immuno-precipitation (ChIP), quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and western blotting. The levels of Sp1, c-Myc, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), phospho-mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase (p-MSK) were investigated in paired CD34+ and CD34- AML patient samples. RESULTS Survivin was highly over-expressed in CD34 + CD38- KG-1a cells and paired CD34+ AML patients compared with their differentiated counterparts. Functionally, survivin contributes to the drug resistance of LSCs, and Sp1 and c-Myc concurrently regulate levels of survivin transcription. Clinically, Sp1 and c-Myc were significantly up-regulated and positively correlated with survivin in CD34+ AML patients. Moreover, Sp1 and c-Myc were further activated by the ERK/MSK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, modulating survivin levels. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that ERK/MSK/Sp1/c-Myc axis functioned as a critical regulator of survivin expression in LSCs, offering a potential new therapeutic strategy for LSCs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R China.
| | - Hai-xuan Chen
- College of Medicine, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R China.
| | - Shu-yan Zhou
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Wan-nan Medical College, 241000, Wuhu, P.R China.
| | - Shao-xiang Wang
- College of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 518020, Shenzhen, P.R China.
| | - Kai Zheng
- College of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 518020, Shenzhen, P.R China.
| | - Dan-dan Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R, China.
| | - Yu-ting Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R, China.
| | - Xiao-yan Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R China.
| | - Hai-Zhao Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R, China.
| | - Qiu-ying Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R China.
| | - Wan-qun Chen
- College of Medicine, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R China.
| | - Yi-fei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, P.R China.
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Sijare F, Geißler AL, Fichter CD, Hergeth SP, Bogatyreva L, Hauschke D, Schneider R, Werner M, Lassmann S. Aurora B expression and histone variant H1.4S27 phosphorylation are no longer coordinated during metaphase in aneuploid colorectal carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2015; 466:503-15. [PMID: 25680570 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Experimental model systems identified phosphorylation of linker histone variant H1.4 at Ser 27 (H1.4S27p) as a novel mitotic mark set by Aurora B kinase. Here, we examined expression of Aurora B and H1.4S27p in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell lines (HCT116, DLD1, Caco-2, HT29) and tissue specimens (n = 36), in relation to microsatellite instability (MSI) status and ploidy. In vitro, Aurora B (pro-/meta-/anaphase) and H1.4S27p (pro-/metaphase) were localized in mitotic figures. The proportion of labeled mitoses was significantly different between cell lines for Aurora B (p = 0.019) but not for H1.4S27p (p = 0.879). For Aurora B, these differences were not associated with an altered Aurora B gene copy number (FISH) or messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level (qRT-PCR). Moreover, Aurora B expression and H1.4S27 phosphorylation were no longer coordinated during metaphase in aneuploid HT29 cells (p = 0.039). In CRCs, immunoreactivity for Aurora B or H1.4S27p did not correlate with T- or N-stage, grade, or MSI status. However, metaphase labeling of H1.4S27p was significantly higher in diploid than in aneuploid CRCs (p = 0.011). Aurora B was significantly correlated with H1.4S27p-positive metaphases in MSI (p = 0.010) or diploid (p = 0.003) CRCs. Finally, combined classification of MSI status and ploidy revealed a significant positive correlation of Aurora B with H1.4S27p in metaphases of diploid/MSI (p = 0.010) and diploid/microsatellite-stable (MSS; p = 0.031) but not of aneuploid/MSS (p = 0.458) CRCs. The present study underlines the functional link of Aurora B expression and H1.4S27p during specific phases of mitosis in diploid and/or MSI-positive CRCs in vitro and in situ. Importantly, the study shows that the coordination between Aurora B expression and phosphorylation of H1.4 at Ser 27 is lost in cycling aneuploid CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Sijare
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Breisacherstrasse 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Liu X, Song Z, Huo Y, Zhang J, Zhu T, Wang J, Zhao X, Aikhionbare F, Zhang J, Duan H, Wu J, Dou Z, Shi Y, Yao X. Chromatin protein HP1 interacts with the mitotic regulator borealin protein and specifies the centromere localization of the chromosomal passenger complex. J Biol Chem 2015; 289:20638-49. [PMID: 24917673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.572842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate mitosis requires the chromosomal passenger protein complex (CPC) containing Aurora B kinase, borealin, INCENP, and survivin, which orchestrates chromosome dynamics. However, the chromatin factors that specify the CPC to the centromere remain elusive. Here we show that borealin interacts directly with heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) and that this interaction is mediated by an evolutionarily conserved PXVXL motif in the C-terminal borealin with the chromo shadow domain of HP1. This borealin-HP1 interaction recruits the CPC to the centromere and governs an activation of Aurora B kinase judged by phosphorylation of Ser-7 in CENP-A, a substrate of Aurora B. Consistently, modulation of the motif PXVXL leads to defects in CPC centromere targeting and aberrant Aurora B activity. On the other hand, the localization of the CPC in the midzone is independent of the borealin-HP1 interaction, demonstrating the spatial requirement of HP1 in CPC localization to the centromere. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized but direct link between HP1 and CPC localization in the centromere and illustrate the critical role of borealin-HP1 interaction in orchestrating an accurate cell division.
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Kabisch M, Lorenzo Bermejo J, Dünnebier T, Ying S, Michailidou K, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Dennis J, Shah M, Perkins BJ, Czene K, Darabi H, Eriksson M, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Flyger H, Lambrechts D, Neven P, Peeters S, Weltens C, Couch FJ, Olson JE, Wang X, Purrington K, Chang-Claude J, Rudolph A, Seibold P, Flesch-Janys D, Peto J, dos-Santos-Silva I, Johnson N, Fletcher O, Nevanlinna H, Muranen TA, Aittomäki K, Blomqvist C, Schmidt MK, Broeks A, Cornelissen S, Hogervorst FBL, Li J, Brand JS, Humphreys K, Guénel P, Truong T, Menegaux F, Sanchez M, Burwinkel B, Marmé F, Yang R, Bugert P, González-Neira A, Benitez J, Pilar Zamora M, Arias Perez JI, Cox A, Cross SS, Reed MWR, Andrulis IL, Knight JA, Glendon G, Tchatchou S, Sawyer EJ, Tomlinson I, Kerin MJ, Miller N, Haiman CA, Schumacher F, Henderson BE, Le Marchand L, Lindblom A, Margolin S, Hooning MJ, Hollestelle A, Kriege M, Koppert LB, Hopper JL, Southey MC, Tsimiklis H, Apicella C, Slettedahl S, Toland AE, Vachon C, Yannoukakos D, Giles GG, Milne RL, McLean C, Fasching PA, Ruebner M, Ekici AB, Beckmann MW, Brenner H, Dieffenbach AK, Arndt V, Stegmaier C, Ashworth A, Orr N, Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow A, García-Closas M, Figueroa J, Chanock SJ, Lissowska J, Goldberg MS, Labrèche F, Dumont M, Winqvist R, Pylkäs K, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Grip M, Brauch H, Brüning T, Ko YD, Radice P, Peterlongo P, Scuvera G, Fortuzzi S, Bogdanova N, Dörk T, Mannermaa A, Kataja V, Kosma VM, Hartikainen JM, Devilee P, Tollenaar RAEM, Seynaeve C, Van Asperen CJ, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Jaworska-Bieniek K, Durda K, Zheng W, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Torres D, Anton-Culver H, Kristensen V, Bacot F, Tessier DC, Vincent D, Luccarini C, Baynes C, Ahmed S, Maranian M, Simard J, Chenevix-Trench G, Hall P, Pharoah PDP, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Hamann U. Inherited variants in the inner centromere protein (INCENP) gene of the chromosomal passenger complex contribute to the susceptibility of ER-negative breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:256-71. [PMID: 25586992 PMCID: PMC4335262 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cell division. Therefore, inherited CPC variability could influence tumor development. The present candidate gene approach investigates the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding key CPC components and breast cancer risk. Fifteen SNPs in four CPC genes (INCENP, AURKB, BIRC5 and CDCA8) were genotyped in 88 911 European women from 39 case-control studies of the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Possible associations were investigated in fixed-effects meta-analyses. The synonymous SNP rs1675126 in exon 7 of INCENP was associated with overall breast cancer risk [per A allele odds ratio (OR) 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92-0.98, P = 0.007] and particularly with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast tumors (per A allele OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83-0.95, P = 0.0005). SNPs not directly genotyped were imputed based on 1000 Genomes. The SNPs rs1047739 in the 3' untranslated region and rs144045115 downstream of INCENP showed the strongest association signals for overall (per T allele OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.06, P = 0.0009) and ER-negative breast cancer risk (per A allele OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02-1.10, P = 0.0002). Two genotyped SNPs in BIRC5 were associated with familial breast cancer risk (top SNP rs2071214: per G allele OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04-1.21, P = 0.002). The data suggest that INCENP in the CPC pathway contributes to ER-negative breast cancer susceptibility in the European population. In spite of a modest contribution of CPC-inherited variants to the total burden of sporadic and familial breast cancer, their potential as novel targets for breast cancer treatment should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kabisch
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justo Lorenzo Bermejo
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dünnebier
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shibo Ying
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Qin Wang
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care and
| | - Joe Dennis
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care and
| | - Mitul Shah
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Barbara J Perkins
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Hatef Darabi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, and
| | | | - Sune F Nielsen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, and
| | - Henrik Flyger
- Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium, Department of Oncology, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Neven
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Peeters
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Weltens
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Janet E Olson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xianshu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | | | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Seibold
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Peto
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Isabel dos-Santos-Silva
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Nichola Johnson
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Olivia Fletcher
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | | | | | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annegien Broeks
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sten Cornelissen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans B L Hogervorst
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jingmei Li
- Human Genetics Division, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Judith S Brand
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Pascal Guénel
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, 94807 Villejuif, France, University Paris-Sud, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Thérèse Truong
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, 94807 Villejuif, France, University Paris-Sud, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Menegaux
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, 94807 Villejuif, France, University Paris-Sud, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Marie Sanchez
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, 94807 Villejuif, France, University Paris-Sud, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Marmé
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rongxi Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Bugert
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - M Pilar Zamora
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose I Arias Perez
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Especialidades, Hospital Monte Naranco, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Angela Cox
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Simon S Cross
- Academic Unit of Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Malcolm W R Reed
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Julia A Knight
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada, Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Gord Glendon
- ON Cancer Genetics Network, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Sandrine Tchatchou
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Elinor J Sawyer
- Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Michael J Kerin
- Clinical Science Institute, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nicola Miller
- Clinical Science Institute, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Fredrick Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | | | - Sara Margolin
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Linetta B Koppert
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3008 AE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health and
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helen Tsimiklis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carmel Apicella
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health and
| | - Seth Slettedahl
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Amanda E Toland
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Celine Vachon
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Drakoulis Yannoukakos
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 153 10 Athens, Greece
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health and Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health and Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - Matthias Ruebner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Breast Center Franconia, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Breast Center Franconia, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aida K Dieffenbach
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Alan Ashworth
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicholas Orr
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - Anthony Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology and Division of Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology and
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 2M1, Canada, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - France Labrèche
- Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Département de médecine sociale et preventive, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Martine Dumont
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Laval University, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, University of Oulu, NordLab Oulu/Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, University of Oulu, NordLab Oulu/Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Mervi Grip
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Yon-Dschun Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulietta Scuvera
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Fortuzzi
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy, Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Thilo Dörk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pathology
| | | | | | - Christi J Van Asperen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Durda
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Martha J Shrubsole
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Diana Torres
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Institute of Human Genetics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 11001000 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - François Bacot
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada and
| | - Daniel C Tessier
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada and
| | - Daniel Vincent
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada and
| | - Craig Luccarini
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Caroline Baynes
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Shahana Ahmed
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Mel Maranian
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Jacques Simard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Laval University, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Especialidades, Hospital Monte Naranco, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Especialidades, Hospital Monte Naranco, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,
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Kang H, Park YS, Cho DH, Kim JS, Oh JS. Dynamics of histone H3 phosphorylation at threonine 3 during meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:280-6. [PMID: 25645018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various histone residues are post-translationally modified during the cell cycle. Among these, histone H3 phosphorylation at threonine 3 (H3T3ph) is newly characterized and has been considered to be crucial for chromosome dynamics during mitosis. However, little is known about the role of H3T3ph during mouse oocyte maturation. In the present study, we examined H3T3ph expression and localization during oocyte meiosis. Our results showed that H3T3ph was tightly associated with condensed chromosomes during meiotic maturation. H3T3ph along the chromosome arms was dissociated at anaphase/telophase I, but centromeric H3T3ph remained intact. Moreover, the inhibition of H3T3ph with the small molecule inhibitors CHR-6494 and 5-Itu impaired segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Partial inhibition of H3T3ph revealed that centromeric Aurora B/C kinase is sufficient to complete meiosis I, but Aurora B/C kinase along the chromosome arms is required to ensure accurate homologous chromosome segregation. Therefore, our results demonstrate that H3T3ph is a universal regulator of chromosome dynamics during oocyte meiosis and mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoeun Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jeong Su Oh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
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66
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Abstract
Survivin is a well-established target in experimental cancer therapy. The molecule is over-expressed in most human tumors, but hardly detectable in normal tissues. Multiple functions in different subcellular compartments have been assigned. It participates in the control of cell division, apoptosis, the cellular stress response, and also in the regulation of cell migration and metastasis. Survivin expression has been recognized as a biomarker: high expression indicates an unfavorable prognosis and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and radiation treatment. Survivin is an unconventional drug target and several indirect approaches have been exploited to affect its function and the phenotype of survivin-expressing cells. Interference with the expression of the survivin gene, the utilization of its messenger RNA, the intracellular localization, the interaction with binding partners, the stability of the survivin protein, and the induction of survivin-specific immune responses have been taken into consideration. A direct strategy to inhibit survivin has been based on the identification of a specifically interacting peptide. This peptide can recognize survivin intracellularly and cause the degradation of the ligand–survivin complex. Technology is being developed that might allow the derivation of small molecular-weight, drug-like compounds that are functionally equivalent to the peptide ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Groner
- Georg Speyer Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Paul Ehrlich Str. 42, 60322, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
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67
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Abstract
The X shape of chromosomes is one of the iconic images in biology. Cohesin actually connects the sister chromatids along their entire length, from S phase until mitosis. Then, cohesin's antagonist Wapl allows the separation of chromosome arms by opening a DNA exit gate in cohesin rings. Centromeres are protected against this removal activity, resulting in the X shape of mitotic chromosomes. The destruction of the remaining centromeric cohesin by Separase triggers chromosome segregation. We review the two-phase regulation of cohesin removal and discuss how this affects chromosome alignment and decatenation in mitosis and cohesin reloading in the next cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith H I Haarhuis
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmed M O Elbatsh
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin D Rowland
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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68
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Baldini E, Tuccilli C, Prinzi N, Sorrenti S, Antonelli A, Gnessi L, Morrone S, Moretti C, Bononi M, Arlot-Bonnemains Y, D'Armiento M, Ulisse S. Effects of selective inhibitors of Aurora kinases on anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:797-811. [PMID: 25074669 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinases are serine/threonine kinases that play an essential role in cell division. Their aberrant expression and/or function induce severe mitotic abnormalities, resulting in either cell death or aneuploidy. Overexpression of Aurora kinases is often found in several malignancies, among which is anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). We have previously demonstrated the in vitro efficacy of Aurora kinase inhibitors in restraining cell growth and survival of different ATC cell lines. In this study, we sought to establish which Aurora might represent the preferential drug target for ATC. To this end, the effects of two selective inhibitors of Aurora-A (MLN8237) and Aurora-B (AZD1152) on four human ATC cell lines (CAL-62, BHT-101, 8305C, and 8505C) were analysed. Both inhibitors reduced cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with IC50 ranges of 44.3-134.2 nM for MLN8237 and of 9.2-461.3 nM for AZD1152. Immunofluorescence experiments and time-lapse videomicroscopy yielded evidence that each inhibitor induced distinct mitotic phenotypes, but both of them prevented the completion of cytokinesis. As a result, poliploidy increased in all AZD1152-treated cells, and in two out of four cell lines treated with MLN8237. Apoptosis was induced in all the cells by MLN8237, and in BHT-101, 8305C, and 8505C by AZD1152, while CAL-62 exposed to AZD1152 died through necrosis after multiple rounds of endoreplication. Both inhibitors were capable of blocking anchorage-independent cell growth. In conclusion, we demonstrated that either Aurora-A or Aurora-B might represent therapeutic targets for the ATC treatment, but inhibition of Aurora-A appears more effective for suppressing ATC cell proliferation and for inducing the apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enke Baldini
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Chiara Tuccilli
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Natalie Prinzi
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Salvatore Sorrenti
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Stefania Morrone
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Costanzo Moretti
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Marco Bononi
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yannick Arlot-Bonnemains
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Massimino D'Armiento
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Departments of Experimental MedicineSurgical Sciences'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Systems' MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni''Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, ItalyCNRS - UMR 6290 (IGDR)University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Excess of miRNA-378a-5p perturbs mitotic fidelity and correlates with breast cancer tumourigenesis in vivo. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2142-51. [PMID: 25268374 PMCID: PMC4260036 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Optimal expression and proper function of key mitotic proteins facilitate control and repair processes that aim to prevent loss or gain of chromosomes, a hallmark of cancer. Altered expression of small regulatory microRNAs is associated with tumourigenesis and metastasis but the impact on mitotic signalling has remained unclear. Methods: Cell-based high-throughput screen identified miR-378a-5p as a mitosis perturbing microRNA. Transient transfections, immunofluorescence, western blotting, time-lapse microscopy, FISH and reporter assays were used to characterise the mitotic anomalies by excess miR-378a-5p. Analysis of microRNA profiles in breast tumours was performed. Results: Overexpression of miR-378a-5p induced numerical chromosome changes in cells and abrogated taxol-induced mitotic block via premature inactivation of the spindle assembly checkpoint. Moreover, excess miR-378a-5p triggered receptor tyrosine kinase–MAP kinase pathway signalling, and was associated with suppression of Aurora B kinase. In breast cancer in vivo, we found that high miR-378a-5p levels correlate with the most aggressive, poorly differentiated forms of cancer. Interpretation: Downregulation of Aurora B by excess miR-378a-5p can explain the observed microtubule drug resistance and increased chromosomal imbalance in the microRNA-overexpressing cells. The results suggest that breast tumours may deploy high miR-378a-5p levels to gain growth advantage and antagonise taxane therapy.
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70
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Schvartz D, Couté Y, Sanchez JC. Quantitative proteomics reveals the link between minichromosome maintenance complex and glucose-induced proliferation of rat pancreatic INS-1E β-cells. J Proteomics 2014; 108:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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71
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Hadders MA, Lens SMA. Cell biology. Mind the midzone. Science 2014; 345:265-6. [PMID: 25035472 DOI: 10.1126/science.1257267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hadders
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Susanne M A Lens
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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72
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Bracht T, Hagemann S, Loscha M, Megger DA, Padden J, Eisenacher M, Kuhlmann K, Meyer HE, Baba HA, Sitek B. Proteome analysis of a hepatocyte-specific BIRC5 (survivin)-knockout mouse model during liver regeneration. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2771-82. [PMID: 24818710 DOI: 10.1021/pr401188r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (BIRC5), also known as inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin, is a member of the chromosomal passenger complex and a key player in mitosis. To investigate the function of BIRC5 in liver regeneration, we analyzed a hepatocyte-specific BIRC5-knockout mouse model using a quantitative label-free proteomics approach. Here, we present the analyses of the proteome changes in hepatocyte-specific BIRC5-knockout mice compared to wildtype mice, as well as proteome changes during liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in wildtype mice and mice lacking hepatic BIRC5, respectively. The BIRC5-knockout mice showed an extensive overexpression of proteins related to cellular maintenance, organization and protein synthesis. Key regulators of cell growth, transcription and translation MTOR and STAT1/STAT2 were found to be overexpressed. During liver regeneration proteome changes representing a response to the mitotic stimulus were detected in wildtype mice. Mainly proteins corresponding to proliferation, cell cycle and cytokinesis were up-regulated. The hepatocyte-specific BIRC5-knockout mice showed impaired liver regeneration, which had severe consequences on the proteome level. However, several proteins with function in mitosis were found to be up-regulated upon the proliferative stimulus. Our results show that the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UHRF1 is strongly up-regulated during liver regeneration independently of BIRC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Bracht
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr Universität Bochum , Bochum, Germany
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73
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Petsalaki E, Zachos G. Chk2 prevents mitotic exit when the majority of kinetochores are unattached. J Cell Biol 2014; 205:339-56. [PMID: 24798733 PMCID: PMC4018780 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201310071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint delays exit from mitosis in cells with spindle defects. In this paper, we show that Chk2 is required to delay anaphase onset when microtubules are completely depolymerized but not in the presence of relatively few unattached kinetochores. Mitotic exit in Chk2-deficient cells correlates with reduced levels of Mps1 protein and increased Cdk1-tyrosine 15 inhibitory phosphorylation. Chk2 localizes to kinetochores and is also required for Aurora B-serine 331 phosphorylation in nocodazole or unperturbed early prometaphase. Serine 331 phosphorylation contributed to prometaphase accumulation in nocodazole after partial Mps1 inhibition and was required for spindle checkpoint establishment at the beginning of mitosis. In addition, expression of a phosphomimetic S331E mutant Aurora B rescued chromosome alignment or segregation in Chk2-deficient cells. We propose that Chk2 stabilizes Mps1 and phosphorylates Aurora B-serine 331 to prevent mitotic exit when most kinetochores are unattached. These results highlight mechanisms of an essential function of Chk2 in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
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74
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Ideue T, Cho Y, Nishimura K, Tani T. Involvement of satellite I noncoding RNA in regulation of chromosome segregation. Genes Cells 2014; 19:528-38. [PMID: 24750444 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human centromeres consist of repetitive sequences from which satellite I noncoding RNAs are transcribed. We found that knockdown of satellite I RNA causes abnormal chromosome segregation and generation of nuclei with a grape-shape phenotype. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that satellite I RNA associates with Aurora B, a component of the chromosome passenger complex (CPC) regulating proper attachment of microtubules to kinetochores, in mitotic HeLa cells. Satellite I RNA was also shown to associate with INCENP, another component of the CPC. In addition, depletion of satellite I RNA resulted in up-regulation of kinase activity of Aurora B and delocalization of the CPC from the centromere region. These results suggest that satellite I RNA is involved in chromosome segregation through controlling activity and centromeric localization of Aurora B kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ideue
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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75
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Fletcher S, Prochownik EV. Small-molecule inhibitors of the Myc oncoprotein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:525-43. [PMID: 24657798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The c-Myc (Myc) oncoprotein is among the most attractive of cancer targets given that it is de-regulated in the majority of tumors and that its inhibition profoundly affects their growth and/or survival. However, its role as a seldom-mutated transcription factor, its lack of enzymatic activity for which suitable pharmaceutical inhibitors could be crafted and its expression by normal cells have largely been responsible for its being viewed as "undruggable". Work over the past several years, however, has begun to reverse this idea by allowing us to view Myc within the larger context of global gene regulatory control. Thus, Myc and its obligate heterodimeric partner, Max, are integral to the coordinated recruitment and post-translational modification of components of the core transcriptional machinery. Moreover, Myc over-expression re-programs numerous critical cellular functions and alters the cell's susceptibility to their inhibition. This new knowledge has therefore served as a framework upon which to develop new pharmaceutical approaches. These include the continuing development of small molecules which act directly to inhibit the critical Myc-Max interaction, those which act indirectly to prevent Myc-directed post-translational modifications necessary to initiate productive transcription and those which inhibit vital pathways upon which the Myc-transformed cell is particularly reliant. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Myc proteins in cell biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, USA; University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Edward V Prochownik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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76
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Fackler M, Wolter P, Gaubatz S. The GAR domain of GAS2L3 mediates binding to the chromosomal passenger complex and is required for localization of GAS2L3 to the constriction zone during abscission. FEBS J 2014; 281:2123-35. [PMID: 24571573 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
GAS2L3 is a recently identified tubulin- and actin-binding protein that regulates cytokinesis and abscission. In this study we show that GAS2L3 interacts with the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), which plays key roles in mitosis and cytokinesis. Biochemical assays show that GAS2L3 directly interacts with the C-terminus of borealin and the N-terminus of survivin. We find that the interaction between these two CPC subunits and GAS2L3 is mediated by the conserved GAR domain of GAS2L3. We further show that the GAR domain of GAS2L3 is required for localization of GAS2L3 to the constriction zone. Taken together these data suggest that GAS2L3 is a downstream effector of the CPC during cytokinetic abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fackler
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
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77
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Overexpression of Aurora-C interferes with the spindle checkpoint by promoting the degradation of Aurora-B. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1106. [PMID: 24603334 PMCID: PMC3973241 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) plays a pivotal role in controlling accurate chromosome segregation and cytokinesis during cell division. Aurora-B, one of the chromosomal passenger proteins, is important for the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Previous reports noted that Aurora-C is predominantly expressed in male germ cells and has the same subcellular localization as Aurora-B. Increasing evidence indicates that Aurora-C is overexpressed in many somatic cancers, although its function is uncertain. Our previous study showed that the aberrant expression of Aurora-C increases the tumorigenicity of cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that overexpressed Aurora-C displaces the centromeric localization of CPCs, including INCENP, survivin, and Aurora-B. When cells were treated with nocodazole to turn on SAC, both the Aurora-B protein stability and kinase activity were affected by overexpressed Aurora-C. As a result, the activation of spindle checkpoint protein, BubR1, and phosphorylation of histone H3 and MCAK were also eliminated in Aurora-C-overexpressing cells. Thus, our results suggest that aberrantly expressed Aurora-C in somatic cancer cells may impair SAC by displacing the centromeric localization of CPCs.
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78
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De Souza CP, Hashmi SB, Osmani AH, Osmani SA. Application of a new dual localization-affinity purification tag reveals novel aspects of protein kinase biology in Aspergillus nidulans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90911. [PMID: 24599037 PMCID: PMC3944740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi occupy critical environmental niches and have numerous beneficial industrial applications but devastating effects as pathogens and agents of food spoilage. As regulators of essentially all biological processes protein kinases have been intensively studied but how they regulate the often unique biology of filamentous fungi is not completely understood. Significant understanding of filamentous fungal biology has come from the study of the model organism Aspergillus nidulans using a combination of molecular genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and genomic approaches. Here we describe dual localization-affinity purification (DLAP) tags enabling endogenous N or C-terminal protein tagging for localization and biochemical studies in A. nidulans. To establish DLAP tag utility we endogenously tagged 17 protein kinases for analysis by live cell imaging and affinity purification. Proteomic analysis of purifications by mass spectrometry confirmed association of the CotA and NimXCdk1 kinases with known binding partners and verified a predicted interaction of the SldABub1/R1 spindle assembly checkpoint kinase with SldBBub3. We demonstrate that the single TOR kinase of A. nidulans locates to vacuoles and vesicles, suggesting that the function of endomembranes as major TOR cellular hubs is conserved in filamentous fungi. Comparative analysis revealed 7 kinases with mitotic specific locations including An-Cdc7 which unexpectedly located to mitotic spindle pole bodies (SPBs), the first such localization described for this family of DNA replication kinases. We show that the SepH septation kinase locates to SPBs specifically in the basal region of apical cells in a biphasic manner during mitosis and again during septation. This results in gradients of SepH between G1 SPBs which shift along hyphae as each septum forms. We propose that SepH regulates the septation initiation network (SIN) specifically at SPBs in the basal region of G1 cells and that localized gradients of SIN activity promote asymmetric septation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P. De Souza
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shahr B. Hashmi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aysha H. Osmani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Osmani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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80
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Selective disruption of aurora C kinase reveals distinct functions from aurora B kinase during meiosis in mouse oocytes. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004194. [PMID: 24586209 PMCID: PMC3937256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora B kinase (AURKB) is the catalytic subunit of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), an essential regulator of chromosome segregation. In mitosis, the CPC is required to regulate kinetochore microtubule (K-MT) attachments, the spindle assembly checkpoint, and cytokinesis. Germ cells express an AURKB homolog, AURKC, which can also function in the CPC. Separation of AURKB and AURKC function during meiosis in oocytes by conventional approaches has not been successful. Therefore, the meiotic function of AURKC is still not fully understood. Here, we describe an ATP-binding-pocket-AURKC mutant, that when expressed in mouse oocytes specifically perturbs AURKC-CPC and not AURKB-CPC function. Using this mutant we show for the first time that AURKC has functions that do not overlap with AURKB. These functions include regulating localized CPC activity and regulating chromosome alignment and K-MT attachments at metaphase of meiosis I (Met I). We find that AURKC-CPC is not the sole CPC complex that regulates the spindle assembly checkpoint in meiosis, and as a result most AURKC-perturbed oocytes arrest at Met I. A small subset of oocytes do proceed through cytokinesis normally, suggesting that AURKC-CPC is not the sole CPC complex during telophase I. But, the resulting eggs are aneuploid, indicating that AURKC is a critical regulator of meiotic chromosome segregation in female gametes. Taken together, these data suggest that mammalian oocytes contain AURKC to efficiently execute meiosis I and ensure high-quality eggs necessary for sexual reproduction.
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81
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Survivin beyond physiology: orchestration of multistep carcinogenesis and therapeutic potentials. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:175-82. [PMID: 24560928 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, has been associated with protection from cell apoptosis and regulation of mitosis. Survivin exhibits low to undetectable expression in most finally differentiated adult tissues but is abundantly over-expressed in almost all cancers. The aberrant high expression of survivin in cancers is associated with advanced disease, increased rate of tumor recurrence, abbreviated overall survival and resistance to chemo- and radio- therapy. Survivin touches nearly every aspect of cancer and is involved in the initiation, maintenance and development of tumor. Therefore, its significance in cancer dictates the pursuit for anti-survivin cancer therapies.
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82
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Bruinsma W, Macurek L, Freire R, Lindqvist A, Medema RH. Bora and Aurora-A continue to activate Plk1 in mitosis. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:801-11. [PMID: 24338364 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.137216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1) is required for proper cell division. Activation of Plk1 requires phosphorylation on a conserved threonine in the T-loop of the kinase domain (T210). Plk1 is first phosphorylated on T210 in G2 phase by the kinase Aurora-A, in concert with its cofactor Bora. However, Bora was shown to be degraded prior to entry into mitosis, and it is currently unclear how Plk1 activity is sustained in mitosis. Here we show that the Bora-Aurora-A complex remains the major activator of Plk1 in mitosis. We show that a small amount of Aurora-A activity is sufficient to phosphorylate and activate Plk1 in mitosis. In addition, a fraction of Bora is retained in mitosis, which is essential for continued Aurora-A-dependent T210 phosphorylation of Plk1. We find that once Plk1 is activated, minimal amounts of the Bora-Aurora-A complex are sufficient to sustain Plk1 activity. Thus, the activation of Plk1 by Aurora-A may function as a bistable switch; highly sensitive to inhibition of Aurora-A in its initial activation, but refractory to fluctuations in Aurora-A activity once Plk1 is fully activated. This provides a cell with robust Plk1 activity once it has committed to mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wytse Bruinsma
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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83
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Baldini E, D'Armiento M, Ulisse S. A new aurora in anaplastic thyroid cancer therapy. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:816430. [PMID: 25097550 PMCID: PMC4106108 DOI: 10.1155/2014/816430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancers (ATC) are among the most aggressive human neoplasms with a dire prognosis and a median survival time of few months from the diagnosis. The complete absence of effective therapies for ATC renders the identification of novel therapeutic approaches sorely needed. Chromosomal instability, a feature of all human cancers, is thought to represent a major driving force in thyroid cancer progression and a number of mitotic kinases showing a deregulated expression in malignant thyroid tissues are now held responsible for thyroid tumor aneuploidy. These include the three members of the Aurora family (Aurora-A, Aurora-B, and Aurora-C), serine/threonine kinases that regulate multiple aspects of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Over the last few years, several small molecule inhibitors targeting Aurora kinases were developed, which showed promising antitumor effects against a variety of human cancers, including ATC, in preclinical studies. Several of these molecules are now being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials against advanced solid and hematological malignancies. In the present review we will describe the structure, expression, and mitotic functions of the Aurora kinases, their implications in human cancer progression, with particular regard to ATC, and the effects of their functional inhibition on malignant cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enke Baldini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimino D'Armiento
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
- *Salvatore Ulisse:
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84
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Aurora B kinase in Hodgkin lymphoma: immunohistochemical pattern of expression in neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. J Mol Histol 2013; 45:413-9. [PMID: 24366835 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aurora B is a member of the chromosomal passenger complex, which is essential for proper completion of mitosis and cell division (cytokinesis). Inappropriate chromosomal segregation and cytokinesis due to deregulated expression of chromosome passenger proteins may lead to aneuploidy and cancer including lymphomas. According to our knowledge there are extremely limited studies investigating the immunohistochemical expression of Aurora B in tumor specimens of Hodgkin lymphoma. Our purpose was to characterize the expression of Aurora B in biopsies of Hodgkin lymphomas, and to evaluate the pattern of immunoreactivity in neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells (RS cells). We examined Aurora B immunoreactivity in paraffin sections of 15 samples of Hodgkin lymphomas, obtained from 15 patients, 8 men and 7 women. Ten were of nodular sclerosis type and five were of mixed cellularity. Our results showed immunoexpression of Aurora B in mononuclear lymphoid cells as well as in bi- and multinucleated RS cells. In addition, positive neoplastic cells in mitosis were observed, whereas a subpopulation without evidence of immunoreaction was also detected in each case. Taken together our results point to a possible association between Aurora B expression and mitotic deregulation in Hodgkin lymphoma, which may provide novel targets for treatment.
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85
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Felix S, Sandjo LP, Opatz T, Erkel G. SF002-96-1, a new drimane sesquiterpene lactone from an Aspergillus species, inhibits survivin expression. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2866-76. [PMID: 24367452 PMCID: PMC3869210 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin, a member of the IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis) gene family, is overexpressed in virtually all human cancers and is functionally involved in the inhibition of apoptosis, regulation of cell proliferation, metastasis and resistance to therapy. Because of its upregulation in malignancy, survivin has currently attracting considerable interest as a new target for anticancer therapy. In a screening of approximately 200 strains of imperfect fungi for the production of inhibitors of survivin promoter activity, a new drimane sesquiterpene lactone, SF002-96-1, was isolated from fermentations of an Aspergillus species. The compound inhibited survivin promoter activity in transiently transfected Colo 320 cells in a dose dependent manner with IC50 values of 3.42 µM (1.3 µg/mL). Moreover, it also reduced mRNA levels and protein synthesis of survivin and triggered apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Felix
- Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research (IBWF), Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 56, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Louis P Sandjo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erkel
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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86
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Kreis NN, Sanhaji M, Rieger MA, Louwen F, Yuan J. p21Waf1/Cip1 deficiency causes multiple mitotic defects in tumor cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:5716-28. [PMID: 24317508 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a multifaceted molecule, p21 plays multiple critical roles in cell cycle regulation, differentiation, apoptosis, DNA repair, senescence, aging and stem cell reprogramming. The important roles of p21 in the interphase of the cell cycle have been intensively investigated. The function of p21 in mitosis has been proposed but not systematically studied. We show here that p21 is abundant in mitosis and binds to and inhibits the activity of Cdk1/cyclin B1. Deficiency of p21 prolongs the duration of mitosis by extending metaphase, anaphase and cytokinesis. The activity of Aurora B is reduced and the localization of Aurora B on the central spindle is disturbed in anaphase cells without p21. Moreover, HCT116 p21-/-, HeLa and Saos-2 cells depleted of p21 encounter problems in chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Gently inhibiting the mitotic Cdk1 or add-back of p21 rescues segregation defect in HCT116 p21-/- cells. Our data demonstrate that p21 is important for a fine-tuned control of the Cdk1 activity in mitosis, and its proper function facilitates a smooth mitotic progression. Given that p21 is downregulated in the majority of tumors, either by the loss of tumor suppressors like p53 or by hyperactive oncogenes such as c-myc, this finding also sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms by which p21 functions as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-N Kreis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M A Rieger
- 1] Department of Hematology/Oncology, J W Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany [2] Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany [3] German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany [4] German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Frankfurt, Germany
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87
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Uehara R, Tsukada Y, Kamasaki T, Poser I, Yoda K, Gerlich DW, Goshima G. Aurora B and Kif2A control microtubule length for assembly of a functional central spindle during anaphase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:623-36. [PMID: 23960144 PMCID: PMC3747305 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201302123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A gradient of Aurora B activity determines the distribution of the microtubule depolymerase Kif2A at the central spindle and specifies the subsequent spindle structure necessary for proper cytokinesis. The central spindle is built during anaphase by coupling antiparallel microtubules (MTs) at a central overlap zone, which provides a signaling scaffold for the regulation of cytokinesis. The mechanisms underlying central spindle morphogenesis are still poorly understood. In this paper, we show that the MT depolymerase Kif2A controls the length and alignment of central spindle MTs through depolymerization at their minus ends. The distribution of Kif2A was limited to the distal ends of the central spindle through Aurora B–dependent phosphorylation and exclusion from the spindle midzone. Overactivation or inhibition of Kif2A affected interchromosomal MT length and disorganized the central spindle, resulting in uncoordinated cell division. Experimental data and model simulations suggest that the steady-state length of the central spindle and its symmetric position between segregating chromosomes are predominantly determined by the Aurora B activity gradient. On the basis of these results, we propose a robust self-organization mechanism for central spindle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Uehara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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88
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Haarhuis JHI, Elbatsh AMO, van den Broek B, Camps D, Erkan H, Jalink K, Medema RH, Rowland BD. WAPL-mediated removal of cohesin protects against segregation errors and aneuploidy. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2071-7. [PMID: 24055153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The classical X shape of mitotic human chromosomes is the consequence of two distinct waves of cohesin removal. First, during prophase and prometaphase, the bulk of cohesin is driven from chromosome arms by the cohesin antagonist WAPL. This arm-specific cohesin removal is referred to as the prophase pathway [1-4]. The subsequent cleavage of the remaining centromeric cohesin by Separase is known to be the trigger for anaphase onset [5-7]. Remarkably the biological purpose of the prophase pathway is unknown. We find that this pathway is essential for two key mitotic processes. First, it is important to focus Aurora B at centromeres to allow efficient correction of erroneous microtubule-kinetochore attachments. In addition, it is required to facilitate the timely decatenation of sister chromatids. As a consequence, WAPL-depleted cells undergo anaphase with segregation errors, including both lagging chromosomes and catenanes, resulting in micronuclei and DNA damage. Stable WAPL depletion arrests cells in a p53-dependent manner but causes p53-deficient cells to become highly aneuploid. Our data show that the WAPL-dependent prophase pathway is essential for proper chromosome segregation and is crucial to maintain genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith H I Haarhuis
- Department of Cell Biology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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89
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EBNA3C-mediated regulation of aurora kinase B contributes to Epstein-Barr virus-induced B-cell proliferation through modulation of the activities of the retinoblastoma protein and apoptotic caspases. J Virol 2013; 87:12121-38. [PMID: 23986604 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02379-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that is implicated in several human malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and AIDS-associated lymphomas. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C), one of the essential EBV latent antigens, can induce mammalian cell cycle progression through its interaction with cell cycle regulators. Aurora kinase B (AK-B) is important for cell division, and deregulation of AK-B is associated with aneuploidy, incomplete mitotic exit, and cell death. Our present study shows that EBNA3C contributes to upregulation of AK-B transcript levels by enhancing the activity of its promoter. Further, EBNA3C also increased the stability of the AK-B protein, and the presence of EBNA3C leads to reduced ubiquitination of AK-B. Importantly, EBNA3C in association with wild-type AK-B but not with its kinase-dead mutant led to enhanced cell proliferation, and AK-B knockdown can induce nuclear blebbing and cell death. This phenomenon was rescued in the presence of EBNA3C. Knockdown of AK-B resulted in activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9, along with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) cleavage, which is known to be an important contributor to apoptotic signaling. Importantly, EBNA3C failed to stabilize the kinase-dead mutant of AK-B compared to wild-type AK-B, which suggests a role for the kinase domain in AK-B stabilization and downstream phosphorylation of the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (Rb). This study demonstrates the functional relevance of AK-B kinase activity in EBNA3C-regulated B-cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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90
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Characterization of novel MPS1 inhibitors with preclinical anticancer activity. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1532-45. [PMID: 23933817 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1), a mitotic kinase that is overexpressed in several human cancers, contributes to the alignment of chromosomes to the metaphase plate as well as to the execution of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of three novel inhibitors of MPS1 of two independent structural classes, N-(4-{2-[(2-cyanophenyl)amino][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl}phenyl)-2-phenylacetamide (Mps-BAY1) (a triazolopyridine), N-cyclopropyl-4-{8-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]-6-(quinolin-5-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3-yl}benzamide (Mps-BAY2a) and N-cyclopropyl-4-{8-(isobutylamino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3-yl}benzamide (Mps-BAY2b) (two imidazopyrazines). By selectively inactivating MPS1, these small inhibitors can arrest the proliferation of cancer cells, causing their polyploidization and/or their demise. Cancer cells treated with Mps-BAY1 or Mps-BAY2a manifested multiple signs of mitotic perturbation including inefficient chromosomal congression during metaphase, unscheduled SAC inactivation and severe anaphase defects. Videomicroscopic cell fate profiling of histone 2B-green fluorescent protein-expressing cells revealed the capacity of MPS1 inhibitors to subvert the correct timing of mitosis as they induce a premature anaphase entry in the context of misaligned metaphase plates. Hence, in the presence of MPS1 inhibitors, cells either divided in a bipolar (but often asymmetric) manner or entered one or more rounds of abortive mitoses, generating gross aneuploidy and polyploidy, respectively. In both cases, cells ultimately succumbed to the mitotic catastrophe-induced activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Of note, low doses of MPS1 inhibitors and paclitaxel (a microtubular poison) synergized at increasing the frequency of chromosome misalignments and missegregations in the context of SAC inactivation. This resulted in massive polyploidization followed by the activation of mitotic catastrophe. A synergistic interaction between paclitaxel and MPS1 inhibitors could also be demonstrated in vivo, as the combination of these agents efficiently reduced the growth of tumor xenografts and exerted superior antineoplastic effects compared with either compound employed alone. Altogether, these results suggest that MPS1 inhibitors may exert robust anticancer activity, either as standalone therapeutic interventions or combined with microtubule-targeting chemicals.
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91
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Kondo T, Isoda R, Ookusa T, Kamijo K, Hamao K, Hosoya H. Aurora B but not rho/MLCK signaling is required for localization of diphosphorylated myosin II regulatory light chain to the midzone in cytokinesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70965. [PMID: 23951055 PMCID: PMC3737224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin II is stimulated by monophosphorylation of its regulatory light chain (MRLC) at Ser19 (1P-MRLC). MRLC diphosphorylation at Thr18/Ser19 (2P-MRLC) further enhances the ATPase activity of myosin II. Phosphorylated MRLCs localize to the contractile ring and regulate cytokinesis as subunits of activated myosin II. Recently, we reported that 2P-MRLC, but not 1P-MRLC, localizes to the midzone independently of myosin II heavy chain during cytokinesis in cultured mammalian cells. However, the mechanism underlying the distinct localization of 1P- and 2P-MRLC during cytokinesis is unknown. Here, we showed that depletion of the Rho signaling proteins MKLP1, MgcRacGAP, or ECT2 inhibited the localization of 1P-MRLC to the contractile ring but not the localization of 2P-MRLC to the midzone. In contrast, depleting or inhibiting a midzone-localizing kinase, Aurora B, perturbed the localization of 2P-MRLC to the midzone but not the localization of 1P-MRLC to the contractile ring. We did not observe any change in the localization of phosphorylated MRLC in myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK)-inhibited cells. Furrow regression was observed in Aurora B- and 2P-MRLC-inhibited cells but not in 1P-MRLC-perturbed dividing cells. Furthermore, Aurora B bound to 2P-MRLC in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that Aurora B, but not Rho/MLCK signaling, is essential for the localization of 2P-MRLC to the midzone in dividing HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Kondo
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Rieko Isoda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ookusa
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keiju Kamijo
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kozue Hamao
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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92
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Marzo I, Naval J. Antimitotic drugs in cancer chemotherapy: promises and pitfalls. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:703-10. [PMID: 23886991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells usually display higher proliferation rates than normal cells. Some currently used antitumor drugs, such as vinca alkaloids and taxanes, act by targeting microtubules and inhibiting mitosis. In the last years, different mitotic regulators have been proposed as drug target candidates for antitumor therapies. In particular, inhibitors of Cdks, Chks, Aurora kinase and Polo-like kinase have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in animal models and some of them have reached clinical trials. However, to date, none of these inhibitors has been still approved for use in chemotherapy regimes. We will discuss here the most recent preclinical information on those new antimitotic drugs, as well as the possible molecular bases underlying their lack of clinical efficiency. Also, advances in the identification of other mitosis-related targets will be also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Marzo
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain.
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93
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Cormier A, Drubin DG, Barnes G. Phosphorylation regulates kinase and microtubule binding activities of the budding yeast chromosomal passenger complex in vitro. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23203-11. [PMID: 23814063 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is a key regulator of mitosis in eukaryotes. It comprises four essential and conserved proteins known in mammals/yeasts as Aurora B/Ipl1, INCENP/Sli15, Survivin/Bir1, and Borealin/Nbl1. These subunits act together in a highly controlled fashion. Regulation of Aurora B/Ipl1 kinase activity and localization is critical for CPC function. Although regulation of CPC localization and kinase activity in vivo has been investigated elsewhere, studies on the complete, four-subunit CPC and its basic biochemical properties are only beginning. Here we describe the biochemical characterization of purified and complete Saccharomyces cerevisiae four-subunit CPC. We determined the affinity of the CPC for microtubules and demonstrated that the binding of CPC to microtubules is primarily electrostatic in nature and depends on the acidic C-terminal tail (E-hook) of tubulin. Moreover, phosphorylation of INCENP/Sli15 on its microtubule binding region also negatively regulates CPC affinity for microtubules. Furthermore, we show that phosphorylation of INCENP/Sli15 is required for activation of the kinase Aurora B/Ipl1 and can occur in trans. Although phosphorylation of INCENP/Sli15 is essential for activation, we determined that a version of the CPC lacking the INCENP/Sli15 microtubule binding region (residues Glu-91 to Ile-631) is able to form an intact complex that retains microtubule binding activity. Thus, we conclude that this INCENP/Sli15 linker domain plays a largely regulatory function and is not essential for complex formation or microtubule binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cormier
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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94
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Carmena M. Abscission checkpoint control: stuck in the middle with Aurora B. Open Biol 2013; 2:120095. [PMID: 22870391 PMCID: PMC3411112 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
At the end of cell division, the cytoplasmic bridge joining the daughter cells is severed through a process that involves scission of the plasma membrane. The presence of chromatin bridges ‘stuck’ in the division plane is sensed by the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) component Aurora B kinase, triggering a checkpoint that delays abscission until the chromatin bridges have been resolved. Recent work has started to shed some light on the molecular mechanism by which the CPC controls the timing of abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Carmena
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK.
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95
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Agromayor M, Martin-Serrano J. Knowing when to cut and run: mechanisms that control cytokinetic abscission. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:433-41. [PMID: 23706391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abscission, the final step of cytokinesis, mediates the severing of the membrane tether, or midbody, that connects two daughter cells. It is now recognized that abscission is a complex process requiring tight spatiotemporal regulation of its machinery to ensure equal chromosome segregation and cytoplasm content distribution between daughter cells. Failure to coordinate these events results in genetic damage. Here, we review recent evidence suggesting that proper abscission timing is coordinated by cytoskeletal rearrangements and recruitment of regulators of the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery such as CEP55 and MIT-domain-containing protein 1 (MITD1) to the abscission site. Additionally, we discuss the surveillance mechanism known as the Aurora B-mediated abscission checkpoint (NoCut), which prevents genetic damage by ensuring proper abscission delay when chromatin is trapped at the midbody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Agromayor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK
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96
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Lim YS, Tang BL. The Evi5 family in cellular physiology and pathology. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1703-10. [PMID: 23669355 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Ecotropic viral integration site 5 (Evi5) and Evi5-like (Evi5L) belong to a small subfamily of the Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) domain-containing proteins with enigmatically divergent roles as modulators of cell cycle progression, cytokinesis, and cellular membrane traffic. First recognized as a potential oncogene and a cell cycle regulator, Evi5 acts as a GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) for Rab11 in cytokinesis. On the other hand, its homologue Evi5L has Rab-GAP activity towards Rab10 as well as Rab23, and has been implicated in primary cilia formation. Recent genetic susceptibility analysis points to Evi5 as an important factor in susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. We discuss below the myriad of cellular functions exhibited by the Evi5 family members, and their associations with disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shan Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
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97
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Abstract
During mitosis and meiosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint acts to maintain genome stability by delaying cell division until accurate chromosome segregation can be guaranteed. Accuracy requires that chromosomes become correctly attached to the microtubule spindle apparatus via their kinetochores. When not correctly attached to the spindle, kinetochores activate the spindle assembly checkpoint network, which in turn blocks cell cycle progression. Once all kinetochores become stably attached to the spindle, the checkpoint is inactivated, which alleviates the cell cycle block and thus allows chromosome segregation and cell division to proceed. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of how the checkpoint signal is generated, how it blocks cell cycle progression and how it is extinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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98
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Macdonald JI, Dick FA. Posttranslational modifications of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein as determinants of function. Genes Cancer 2013; 3:619-33. [PMID: 23634251 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912473305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB) plays an integral role in G1-S checkpoint control and consequently is a frequent target for inactivation in cancer. The RB protein can function as an adaptor, nucleating components such as E2Fs and chromatin regulating enzymes into the same complex. For this reason, pRB's regulation by posttranslational modifications is thought to be critical. pRB is phosphorylated by a number of different kinases such as cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks), p38 MAP kinase, Chk1/2, Abl, and Aurora b. Although phosphorylation of pRB by Cdks has been extensively studied, activities regulated through phosphorylation by other kinases are just starting to be understood. As well as being phosphorylated, pRB is acetylated, methylated, ubiquitylated, and SUMOylated. Acetylation, methylation, and SUMOylation play roles in pRB mediated gene silencing. Ubiquitinylation of pRB promotes its degradation and may be used to regulate apoptosis. Recent proteomic data have revealed that pRB is posttranslationally modified to a much greater extent than previously thought. This new information suggests that many unknown pathways affect pRB regulation. This review focuses on posttranslational modifications of pRB and how they influence its function. The final part of the review summarizes new phosphorylation sites from accumulated proteomic data and discusses the possibilities that might arise from this data.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Macdonald
- Western University, London Regional Cancer Program, Department of Biochemistry, London, ON, Canada
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99
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Ross KE, Arighi CN, Ren J, Natale DA, Huang H, Wu CH. Use of the protein ontology for multi-faceted analysis of biological processes: a case study of the spindle checkpoint. Front Genet 2013; 4:62. [PMID: 23637705 PMCID: PMC3636526 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) foundry, the Protein Ontology (PRO) provides an ontological representation of protein forms and complexes and their relationships. Annotations in PRO can be assigned to individual protein forms and complexes, each distinguishable down to the level of post-translational modification, thereby allowing for a more precise depiction of protein function than is possible with annotations to the gene as a whole. Moreover, PRO is fully interoperable with other OBO ontologies and integrates knowledge from other protein-centric resources such as UniProt and Reactome. Here we demonstrate the value of the PRO framework in the investigation of the spindle checkpoint, a highly conserved biological process that relies extensively on protein modification and protein complex formation. The spindle checkpoint maintains genomic integrity by monitoring the attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules and delaying cell cycle progression until the spindle is fully assembled. Using PRO in conjunction with other bioinformatics tools, we explored the cross-species conservation of spindle checkpoint proteins, including phosphorylated forms and complexes; studied the impact of phosphorylation on spindle checkpoint function; and examined the interactions of spindle checkpoint proteins with the kinetochore, the site of checkpoint activation. Our approach can be generalized to any biological process of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Ross
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware Newark, DE, USA
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100
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Sousounis K, Looso M, Maki N, Ivester CJ, Braun T, Tsonis PA. Transcriptome analysis of newt lens regeneration reveals distinct gradients in gene expression patterns. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61445. [PMID: 23613853 PMCID: PMC3628982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of the lens in newts is quite a unique process. The lens is removed in its entirety and regeneration ensues from the pigment epithelial cells of the dorsal iris via transdifferentiation. The same type of cells from the ventral iris are not capable of regenerating a lens. It is, thus, expected that differences between dorsal and ventral iris during the process of regeneration might provide important clues pertaining to the mechanism of regeneration. In this paper, we employed next generation RNA-seq to determine gene expression patterns during lens regeneration in Notophthalmus viridescens. The expression of more than 38,000 transcripts was compared between dorsal and ventral iris. Although very few genes were found to be dorsal- or ventral-specific, certain groups of genes were up-regulated specifically in the dorsal iris. These genes are involved in cell cycle, gene regulation, cytoskeleton and immune response. In addition, the expression of six highly regulated genes, TBX5, FGF10, UNC5B, VAX2, NR2F5, and NTN1, was verified using qRT-PCR. These graded gene expression patterns provide insight into the mechanism of lens regeneration, the markers that are specific to dorsal or ventral iris, and layout a map for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Sousounis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mario Looso
- Department of Bioinformatics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Nobuyasu Maki
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Clifford J. Ivester
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- * E-mail: (TB); (PAT)
| | - Panagiotis A. Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TB); (PAT)
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