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Banskota S, Raguram A, Suh S, Du SW, Davis JR, Choi EH, Wang X, Nielsen SC, Newby GA, Randolph PB, Osborn MJ, Musunuru K, Palczewski K, Liu DR. Engineered virus-like particles for efficient in vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins. Cell 2022; 185:250-265.e16. [PMID: 35021064 PMCID: PMC8809250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Methods to deliver gene editing agents in vivo as ribonucleoproteins could offer safety advantages over nucleic acid delivery approaches. We report the development and application of engineered DNA-free virus-like particles (eVLPs) that efficiently package and deliver base editor or Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. By engineering VLPs to overcome cargo packaging, release, and localization bottlenecks, we developed fourth-generation eVLPs that mediate efficient base editing in several primary mouse and human cell types. Using different glycoproteins in eVLPs alters their cellular tropism. Single injections of eVLPs into mice support therapeutic levels of base editing in multiple tissues, reducing serum Pcsk9 levels 78% following 63% liver editing, and partially restoring visual function in a mouse model of genetic blindness. In vitro and in vivo off-target editing from eVLPs was virtually undetected, an improvement over AAV or plasmid delivery. These results establish eVLPs as promising vehicles for therapeutic macromolecule delivery that combine key advantages of both viral and nonviral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samagya Banskota
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aditya Raguram
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susie Suh
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Samuel W Du
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jessie R Davis
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elliot H Choi
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah C Nielsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peyton B Randolph
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Osborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Taha EA, Lee J, Hotta A. Delivery of CRISPR-Cas tools for in vivo genome editing therapy: Trends and challenges. J Control Release 2022; 342:345-361. [PMID: 35026352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome editing technology opened the door to provide a versatile approach for treating multiple diseases. Promising results have been shown in numerous pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. However, a safe and effective method to deliver genome-editing components is still a key challenge for in vivo genome editing therapy. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is one of the most commonly used vector systems to date, but immunogenicity against capsid, liver toxicity at high dose, and potential genotoxicity caused by off-target mutagenesis and genomic integration remain unsolved. Recently developed transient delivery systems, such as virus-like particle (VLP) and lipid nanoparticle (LNP), may solve some of the issues. This review summarizes existing in vivo delivery systems and possible solutions to overcome their limitations. Also, we highlight the ongoing clinical trials for in vivo genome editing therapy and recently developed genome editing tools for their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Taha
- Center for iPS cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Joseph Lee
- Center for iPS cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akitsu Hotta
- Center for iPS cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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53
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Lin Y, Wagner E, Lächelt U. Non-viral delivery of the CRISPR/Cas system: DNA versus RNA versus RNP. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1166-1192. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01658j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the CRISPR/Cas technology has rapidly become an essential tool in modern biomedical research. The opportunities to specifically modify and correct genomic DNA has also raised big hope...
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Herskovitz J, Hasan M, Patel M, Kevadiya BD, Gendelman HE. Pathways Toward a Functional HIV-1 Cure: Balancing Promise and Perils of CRISPR Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:429-445. [PMID: 34985679 PMCID: PMC9262118 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
First identified as a viral defense mechanism, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) has been transformed into a gene-editing tool. It now affords promise in the treatment and potential eradication of a range of divergent genetic, cancer, infectious, and degenerative diseases. Adapting CRISPR-Cas into a programmable endonuclease directed guide RNA (gRNA) has attracted international attention. It was recently awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The limitations of this technology have also been identified and work has been made in providing potential remedies. For treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1), in particular, a CRISPR-Cas9 approach was adapted to target then eliminate latent proviral DNA. To this end, we reviewed the promise and perils of CRISPR-Cas gene-editing strategies for HIV-1 elimination. Obstacles include precise delivery to reservoir tissue and cell sites of latent HIV-1 as well as assay sensitivity and specificity. The detection and consequent excision of common viral strain sequences and the avoidance of off-target activity will serve to facilitate a final goal of HIV-1 DNA elimination and accelerate testing in infected animals ultimately for use in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Milankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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55
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Ghosh A, Myacheva K, Riester M, Schmidt C, Diederichs S. Chimeric oligonucleotides combining guide RNA and single-stranded DNA repair template effectively induce precision gene editing. RNA Biol 2021; 19:588-593. [PMID: 35465826 PMCID: PMC9128553 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2067713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to precisely alter the genome holds immense potential for molecular biology, medicine and biotechnology. The development of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) into a genomic editing tool has vastly simplified genome engineering. Here, we explored the use of chemically synthesized chimeric oligonucleotides encoding a target-specific crRNA (CRISPR RNA) fused to a single-stranded DNA repair template for RNP-mediated precision genome editing. By generating three clinically relevant oncogenic driver mutations, two non-stop extension mutations, an FGFRi resistance mutation and a single nucleotide change, we demonstrate the ability of chimeric oligos to form RNPs and direct Cas9 to effectively induce genome editing. Further, we demonstrate that the polarity of the chimeric oligos is crucial: only chimeric oligos with the single-stranded DNA repair template fused to the 3'-end of the crRNA are functional for accurate editing, while templates fused to the 5'-end are ineffective. We also find that chimeras can perform editing with both symmetric and asymmetric single-stranded DNA repair templates. Depending on the target locus, the editing efficiency using chimeric RNPs is similar to or less than the efficiency of editing using the bipartite standard RNPs. Our results indicate that chimeric RNPs comprising RNA-DNA oligos formed from fusing the crRNA and DNA repair templates can successfully induce precise edits. While chimeric RNPs do not display an advantage over standard RNPs, they nonetheless represent a viable approach for one-molecule precision genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avantika Ghosh
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ksenia Myacheva
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marisa Riester
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carla Schmidt
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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56
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Transient CRISPR-Cas Treatment Can Prevent Reactivation of HIV-1 Replication in a Latently Infected T-Cell Line. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122461. [PMID: 34960730 PMCID: PMC8705111 DOI: 10.3390/v13122461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutic strategies aiming at the permanent inactivation of the HIV-1 reservoir in infected individuals are currently being explored, including approaches based on CRISPR-Cas gene editing. Extinction of all infectious HIV provirus in infected T-cell cultures was previously achieved when cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors for the stable expression of CRISPR-Cas9 or Cas12a systems targeting HIV DNA. Because lentiviral transduction and long-term CRISPR-Cas activity are less suitable for in vivo application of this antiviral strategy, we investigated whether HIV can also be completely inactivated by transient CRISPR-Cas activity. Latently infected SupT1 T-cells were repeatedly transfected with different Cas9 and Cas12a mRNA/protein sources in combination with dual gRNAs/crRNAs targeting highly conserved viral sequences. Upon repeated Cas9 protein treatment, viral replication could no longer be reactivated. We demonstrate that this was due to complete mutational inactivation of the proviral DNA, mostly through mutations at the target sites, but also through excision or inversion of the viral DNA fragment between the two target sites. These results demonstrate that repeated transient CRISPR-Cas treatment of a latently infected T-cell culture can lead to the permanent inactivation of HIV replication, indicating that transient CRISPR-Cas delivery methods can be considered for in vivo application.
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Chandler M, Johnson B, Khisamutdinov E, Dobrovolskaia MA, Sztuba-Solinska J, Salem AK, Breyne K, Chammas R, Walter NG, Contreras LM, Guo P, Afonin KA. The International Society of RNA Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (ISRNN): The Present and Future of the Burgeoning Field. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16957-16973. [PMID: 34677049 PMCID: PMC9023608 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The International Society of RNA Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (ISRNN) hosts an annual meeting series focused on presenting the latest research achievements involving RNA-based therapeutics and strategies, aiming to expand their current biomedical applications while overcoming the remaining challenges of the burgeoning field of RNA nanotechnology. The most recent online meeting hosted a series of engaging talks and discussions from an international cohort of leading nanotechnologists that focused on RNA modifications and modulation, dynamic RNA structures, overcoming delivery limitations using a variety of innovative platforms and approaches, and addressing the newly explored potential for immunomodulation with programmable nucleic acid nanoparticles. In this Nano Focus, we summarize the main discussion points, conclusions, and future directions identified during this two-day webinar as well as more recent advances to highlight and to accelerate this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Chandler
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Brittany Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Emil Khisamutdinov
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47304, United States
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Joanna Sztuba-Solinska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Avenue, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Koen Breyne
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussets 02114, United States
| | - Roger Chammas
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo - ICESP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - FMUSP, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 251, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nils G Walter
- Single Molecule Analysis Group, Department of Chemistry and Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lydia M Contreras
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78714, United States
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
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58
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van Essen M, Riepsaame J, Jacob J. CRISPR-Cas Gene Perturbation and Editing in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. CRISPR J 2021; 4:634-655. [PMID: 34582693 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Directing the fates of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) to generate a multitude of differentiated cell types allows the study of the genetic regulation of human development and disease. The translational potential of hPSC is maximized by exploiting CRISPR to silence or activate genes with spatial and temporal precision permanently or reversibly. Here, we summarize the increasingly refined and diverse CRISPR toolkit for the latter forms of gene perturbation in hPSC and their downstream applications. We discuss newer methods to install edits efficiently with single nucleotide resolution and describe pooled CRISPR screens as a powerful means of unbiased discovery of genes associated with a phenotype of interest. Last, we discuss the potential of these combined technologies in the treatment of hitherto intractable human diseases and the challenges to their implementation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max van Essen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joey Riepsaame
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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59
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Le Saux S, Aubert-Pouëssel A, Mohamed KE, Martineau P, Guglielmi L, Devoisselle JM, Legrand P, Chopineau J, Morille M. Interest of extracellular vesicles in regards to lipid nanoparticle based systems for intracellular protein delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113837. [PMID: 34144089 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Compared to chemicals that continue to dominate the overall pharmaceutical market, protein therapeutics offer the advantages of higher specificity, greater activity, and reduced toxicity. While nearly all existing therapeutic proteins were developed against soluble or extracellular targets, the ability for proteins to enter cells and target intracellular compartments can significantly broaden their utility for a myriad of exiting targets. Given their physical, chemical, biological instability that could induce adverse effects, and their limited ability to cross cell membranes, delivery systems are required to fully reveal their biological potential. In this context, as natural protein nanocarriers, extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great promise. Nevertheless, if not present naturally, bringing an interest protein into EV is not an easy task. In this review, we will explore methods used to load extrinsic protein into EVs and compare these natural vectors to their close synthetic counterparts, liposomes/lipid nanoparticles, to induce intracellular protein delivery.
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60
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Duan L, Ouyang K, Wang J, Xu L, Xu X, Wen C, Xie Y, Liang Y, Xia J. Exosomes as Targeted Delivery Platform of CRISPR/Cas9 for Therapeutic Genome Editing. Chembiochem 2021; 22:3360-3368. [PMID: 34418266 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic genome editing harnesses the power of genome editing tools to correct erroneous genes associated with disease pathology. To bring the CRISPR/Cas9 tool from the bench to the bedside, a critical hurdle is the safe and efficient delivery of this nucleic acid tool to the desired type of cells in patients. This review discusses the use of natural carriers, extracellular vesicles (EVs), in particular exosomes, to fill the gap. Exosomes are lipid-containing nanovesicle released by various types of cells to mediate cell-cell communications. Their inherent long-distance transportation capability, biocompatibility, and engineerability have made EVs potential vehicles for delivering therapeutic drugs. We summarize the recent progress of harnessing exosomes as delivery vehicles for the CRISPR/Cas system to achieve therapeutic gene editing for disease treatment, with a focus on various strategies to achieve selective delivery to a particular type of cell and efficient packaging of the genome editing tools in the vesicles. Critical issues and possible solutions in the design and engineering of the targeting vehicles are highlighted. Taken together, we demonstrate EV/exosome-mediated packaging of the nucleic acid/protein tools and the cell/tissue-targeted delivery to be a viable way towards the clinical translation of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and, Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Kan Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, 518020, P. R. China
| | - Limei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and, Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and, Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Caining Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and, Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and, Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, 518020, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China.,Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
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Atkins A, Chung CH, Allen AG, Dampier W, Gurrola TE, Sariyer IK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Off-Target Analysis in Gene Editing and Applications for Clinical Translation of CRISPR/Cas9 in HIV-1 Therapy. Front Genome Ed 2021; 3:673022. [PMID: 34713260 PMCID: PMC8525399 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2021.673022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As genome-editing nucleases move toward broader clinical applications, the need to define the limits of their specificity and efficiency increases. A variety of approaches for nuclease cleavage detection have been developed, allowing a full-genome survey of the targeting landscape and the detection of a variety of repair outcomes for nuclease-induced double-strand breaks. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages relating to the means of target-site capture, target enrichment mechanism, cellular environment, false discovery, and validation of bona fide off-target cleavage sites in cells. This review examines the strengths, limitations, and origins of the different classes of off-target cleavage detection systems including anchored primer enrichment (GUIDE-seq), in situ detection (BLISS), in vitro selection libraries (CIRCLE-seq), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) (DISCOVER-Seq), translocation sequencing (LAM PCR HTGTS), and in vitro genomic DNA digestion (Digenome-seq and SITE-Seq). Emphasis is placed on the specific modifications that give rise to the enhanced performance of contemporary techniques over their predecessors and the comparative performance of techniques for different applications. The clinical relevance of these techniques is discussed in the context of assessing the safety of novel CRISPR/Cas9 HIV-1 curative strategies. With the recent success of HIV-1 and SIV-1 viral suppression in humanized mice and non-human primates, respectively, using CRISPR/Cas9, rigorous exploration of potential off-target effects is of critical importance. Such analyses would benefit from the application of the techniques discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Atkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cheng-Han Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexander G. Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Will Dampier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theodore E. Gurrola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Brian Wigdahl
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Exosomes as cell-derivative carriers in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1047-1079. [PMID: 34365576 PMCID: PMC8942947 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with the diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm and are found in different body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and saliva. Like in case of various diseases, based on the parent cells, the content of exosomes (protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, lipids and metabolites) varies and thus can be utilized as potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of the brain diseases. Furthermore, utilizing the natural potential exosomes to cross the blood–brain barrier and by specifically decorating it with the ligand as per the desired brain sites therapeutics can be delivered to brain parenchyma. This review article conveys the importance of exosomes and their use in the treatment and diagnosis of brain/central nervous system diseases.
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63
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Horodecka K, Düchler M. CRISPR/Cas9: Principle, Applications, and Delivery through Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6072. [PMID: 34199901 PMCID: PMC8200053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) technology for eukaryotic gene editing opened up new avenues not only for the analysis of gene function but also for therapeutic interventions. While the original methodology allowed for targeted gene disruption, recent technological advancements yielded a rich assortment of tools to modify genes and gene expression in various ways. Currently, clinical applications of this technology fell short of expectations mainly due to problems with the efficient and safe delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components to living organisms. The targeted in vivo delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids and proteins remain technically challenging and further limitations emerge, for instance, by unwanted off-target effects, immune reactions, toxicity, or rapid degradation of the transfer vehicles. One approach that might overcome many of these limitations employs extracellular vesicles as intercellular delivery devices. In this review, we first introduce the CRISPR/Cas9 system and its latest advancements, outline major applications, and summarize the current state of the art technology using exosomes or microvesicles for transporting CRISPR/Cas9 constituents into eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Düchler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Street, 90-363 Lodz, Poland;
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Atkins AJ, Allen AG, Dampier W, Haddad EK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. HIV-1 cure strategies: why CRISPR? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:781-793. [PMID: 33331178 PMCID: PMC9777058 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1865302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed prognoses for HIV-1-infected individuals but requires lifelong adherence to prevent viral resurgence. Targeted elimination or permanent deactivation of the latently infected reservoir harboring integrated proviral DNA, which drives viral rebound, is a major focus of HIV-1 research. AREAS COVERED This review covers the current approaches to developing curative strategies for HIV-1 that target the latent reservoir. Discussed herein are shock and kill, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), block and lock, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, immune checkpoint modulation, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) coreceptor ablation, and CRISPR/Cas9 proviral excision. Emphasis is placed on CRISPR/Cas9 proviral excision/inactivation. Recent advances and future directions toward discovery and translation of HIV-1 therapeutics are discussed. EXPERT OPINION CRISPR/Cas9 proviral targeting fills a niche amongst HIV-1 cure strategies by directly targeting the integrated provirus without the necessity of an innate or adaptive immune response. Each strategy discussed in this review has shown promising results with the potential to yield curative or adjuvant therapies. CRISPR/Cas9 is singular among these in that it addresses the root of the problem, integrated proviral DNA, with the capacity to permanently remove or deactivate the source of HIV-1 recrudescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Atkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Alexander G. Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Will Dampier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to B.W. (), 245 N 15th St, Rm 18301, MS1013A, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, Tel: 215-991-8352, Fax: 215-849-4808
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65
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Duan L, Ouyang K, Xu X, Xu L, Wen C, Zhou X, Qin Z, Xu Z, Sun W, Liang Y. Nanoparticle Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for Genome Editing. Front Genet 2021; 12:673286. [PMID: 34054927 PMCID: PMC8149999 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.673286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system (Cas) gene-editing system represents a promising tool for genome manipulation. However, its low intracellular delivery efficiency severely compromises its use and potency for clinical applications. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymers, and inorganic nanoparticles, have shown great potential for gene delivery. The remarkable development of nanoparticles as non-viral carriers for the delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has shown great promise for therapeutic applications. In this review, we briefly summarize the delivery components of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and report on the progress of nano-system development for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. We also compare the advantages of various nano-delivery systems and their applications to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 for disease treatment. Nano-delivery systems can be modified to fulfill the tasks of targeting cells or tissues. We primarily emphasize the novel exosome-based CRISPR/Cas9 delivery system. Overall, we review the challenges, development trends, and application prospects of nanoparticle-based technology for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kan Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caining Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuan Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyi Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Psychological Healthcare & Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen, China
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66
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Busatto S, Iannotta D, Walker SA, Di Marzio L, Wolfram J. A Simple and Quick Method for Loading Proteins in Extracellular Vesicles. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:356. [PMID: 33924377 PMCID: PMC8069621 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular transport of biomolecular cargo in the body, making them promising delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds. Genetic engineering of producer cells has enabled encapsulation of therapeutic proteins in EVs. However, genetic engineering approaches can be expensive, time-consuming, and incompatible with certain EV sources, such as human plasma and bovine milk. The goal of this study was to develop a quick, versatile, and simple method for loading proteins in EVs post-isolation. Proteins, including CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9), were bound to cationic lipids that were further complexed with MDA-MB-231 cell-derived EVs through passive incubation. Size-exclusion chromatography was used to remove components that were not complexed with EVs. The ability of EVs to mediate intracellular delivery of proteins was compared to conventional methods, such as electroporation and commercial protein transfection reagents. The results indicate that EVs retain native features following protein-loading and obtain similar levels of intracellular protein delivery as conventional methods, but display less toxicity. This method opens up opportunities for rapid exploration of EVs for protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Busatto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.I.); (S.A.W.)
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dalila Iannotta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.I.); (S.A.W.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti—Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Sierra A. Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.I.); (S.A.W.)
| | - Luisa Di Marzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti—Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.I.); (S.A.W.)
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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67
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Salmond N, Williams KC. Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles for clinical applications in cancer - time for standardization? NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1830-1852. [PMID: 36133088 PMCID: PMC9419267 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer sized lipid enclosed particles released by all cell types into the extracellular space and biological fluids in vivo, and into cell culture media in vitro. An important physiological role of EVs is cell-cell communication. EVs interact with, and deliver, their contents to recipient cells in a functional capacity; this makes EVs desirable vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic cargoes. In addition, as EVs contain proteins, lipids, glycans, and nucleic acids that reflect their cell of origin, their potential utility in disease diagnosis and prognostication is of great interest. The number of published studies analyzing EVs and their contents in the pre-clinical and clinical setting is rapidly expanding. However, there is little standardization as to what techniques should be used to isolate, purify and characterize EVs. Here we provide a comprehensive literature review encompassing the use of EVs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer. We also detail their use as therapeutic delivery vehicles to treat cancer in pre-clinical and clinical settings and assess the EV isolation and characterization strategies currently being employed. Our report details diverse isolation strategies which are often dependent upon multiple factors such as biofluid type, sample volume, and desired purity of EVs. As isolation strategies vary greatly between studies, thorough EV characterization would be of great importance. However, to date, EV characterization in pre-clinical and clinical studies is not consistently or routinely adhered to. Standardization of EV characterization so that all studies image EVs, quantitate protein concentration, identify the presence of EV protein markers and contaminants, and measure EV particle size and concentration is suggested. Additionally, the use of RNase, DNase and protease EV membrane protection control experiments is recommended to ensure that the cargo being investigated is truly EV associated. Overall, diverse methodology for EV isolation is advantageous as it can support different sample types and volumes. Nevertheless, EV characterization is crucial and should be performed in a rigorous manor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Salmond
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vancouver V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Karla C Williams
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vancouver V6T 1Z3 Canada
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68
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Yao X, Lyu P, Yoo K, Yadav MK, Singh R, Atala A, Lu B. Engineered extracellular vesicles as versatile ribonucleoprotein delivery vehicles for efficient and safe CRISPR genome editing. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12076. [PMID: 33747370 PMCID: PMC7962171 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient delivery of CRISPR-based genome editing effectors is important to reduce off-target effects and immune responses. Recently extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been explored for Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery. However, lack of mechanisms to enrich RNPs into EVs limited the efficiency of EVs as a RNP delivery vehicle. Here we describe a mechanism to actively enrich RNPs into EVs. We used the specific interaction between RNA aptamer and aptamer-binding protein (ABP) to enrich RNPs into EVs. We inserted RNA aptamer com into single guide RNA (sgRNA), and fused com-binding ABP Com to both termini of tetraspan protein CD63 that is abundant in exosomes. We found that the Com/com interaction enriched Cas9 and adenine base editor (ABE) RNPs into EVs, via forming a three-component complex including CD63-Com fusion protein, com-modified sgRNA and Cas9 or ABE. The RNP enriched EVs are efficient in genome editing and transiently expressed. The system is capable of delivering RNPs targeting multiple loci for multiplex genome editing. In addition, Cas9 from different species can be used together. The EV-delivered RNPs are active in vivo. The data show that the aptamer and ABP interactions can be utilized to actively enrich RNPs into EVs for improved genome editing efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Yao
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest University Health SciencesWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure ResearchGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Pin Lyu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest University Health SciencesWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kyung Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest University Health SciencesWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Manish Kumar Yadav
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest University Health SciencesWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Cancer BiologyWake Forest University Health SciencesWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest University Health SciencesWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Baisong Lu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWake Forest University Health SciencesWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
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69
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Dasgupta I, Flotte TR, Keeler AM. CRISPR/Cas-Dependent and Nuclease-Free In Vivo Therapeutic Gene Editing. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:275-293. [PMID: 33750221 PMCID: PMC7987363 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise gene manipulation by gene editing approaches facilitates the potential to cure several debilitating genetic disorders. Gene modification stimulated by engineered nucleases induces a double-stranded break (DSB) in the target genomic locus, thereby activating DNA repair mechanisms. DSBs triggered by nucleases are repaired either by the nonhomologous end-joining or the homology-directed repair pathway, enabling efficient gene editing. While there are several ongoing ex vivo genome editing clinical trials, current research underscores the therapeutic potential of CRISPR/Cas-based (clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats-associated Cas nuclease) in vivo gene editing. In this review, we provide an overview of the CRISPR/Cas-mediated in vivo genome therapy applications and explore their prospective clinical translatability to treat human monogenic disorders. In addition, we discuss the various challenges associated with in vivo genome editing technologies and strategies used to circumvent them. Despite the robust and precise nuclease-mediated gene editing, a promoterless, nuclease-independent gene targeting strategy has been utilized to evade the drawbacks of the nuclease-dependent system, such as off-target effects, immunogenicity, and cytotoxicity. Thus, the rapidly evolving paradigm of gene editing technologies will continue to foster the progress of gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Dasgupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terence R. Flotte
- Department of Pediatrics, Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison M. Keeler
- Department of Pediatrics, Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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70
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Li J, Røise JJ, He M, Das R, Murthy N. Non-viral strategies for delivering genome editing enzymes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:99-117. [PMID: 32931860 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-editing tools such as Cre recombinase (Cre), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and most recently the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein system have revolutionized biomedical research, agriculture, microbial engineering, and therapeutic development. Direct delivery of genome editing enzymes, as opposed to their corresponding DNA and mRNA precursors, is advantageous since they do not require transcription and/or translation. In addition, prolonged overexpression is a problem when delivering viral vector or plasmid DNA which is bypassed when delivering whole proteins. This lowers the risk of insertional mutagenesis and makes for relatively easier manufacturing. However, a major limitation of utilizing genome editing proteins in vivo is their low delivery efficiency, and currently the most successful strategy involves using potentially immunogenic viral vectors. This lack of safe and effective non-viral delivery systems is still a big hurdle for the clinical translation of such enzymes. This review discusses the challenges of non-viral delivery strategies of widely used genome editing enzymes, including Cre recombinase, ZFNs and TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9, and Cas12a (Cpf1) in their protein format and highlights recent innovations of non-viral delivery strategies which have the potential to overcome current delivery limitations and advance the clinical translation of genome editing.
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71
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Xu CF, Chen GJ, Luo YL, Zhang Y, Zhao G, Lu ZD, Czarna A, Gu Z, Wang J. Rational designs of in vivo CRISPR-Cas delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:3-29. [PMID: 31759123 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas system initiated a revolution in genome editing when it was, for the first time, demonstrated success in the mammalian cells. Today, scientists are able to readily edit genomes, regulate gene transcription, engineer posttranscriptional events, and image nucleic acids using CRISPR-Cas-based tools. However, to efficiently transport CRISPR-Cas into target tissues/cells remains challenging due to many extra- and intra-cellular barriers, therefore largely limiting the applications of CRISPR-based therapeutics in vivo. In this review, we summarize the features of plasmid-, RNA- and ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR-Cas therapeutics. Then, we survey the current in vivo delivery systems. We specify the requirements for efficient in vivo delivery in clinical settings, and highlight both efficiency and safety for different CRISPR-Cas tools.
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72
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Zhang S, Shen J, Li D, Cheng Y. Strategies in the delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Theranostics 2021; 11:614-648. [PMID: 33391496 PMCID: PMC7738854 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has gained rapidly increasing attentions in recent years, however, the translation of this biotechnology into therapy has been hindered by efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 materials into target cells. Direct delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex consisting of Cas9 protein and single guide RNA (sgRNA) has emerged as a powerful and widespread method for genome editing due to its advantages of transient genome editing and reduced off-target effects. In this review, we summarized the current Cas9 RNP delivery systems including physical approaches and synthetic carriers. The mechanisms and beneficial roles of these strategies in intracellular Cas9 RNP delivery were reviewed. Examples in the development of stimuli-responsive and targeted carriers for RNP delivery are highlighted. Finally, the challenges of current Cas9 RNP delivery systems and perspectives in rational design of next generation materials for this promising field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiangtao Shen
- The Second People's Hospital of Taizhou affiliated to Yangzhou University, Taizhou, 225500, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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73
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Balance between Retroviral Latency and Transcription: Based on HIV Model. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010016. [PMID: 33383617 PMCID: PMC7824405 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The representative of the Lentivirus genus is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To date, there is no cure for AIDS because of the existence of the HIV-1 reservoir. HIV-1 infection can persist for decades despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), due to the persistence of infectious latent viruses in long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells, macrophages, monocytes, microglial cells, and other cell types. However, the biology of HIV-1 latency remains incompletely understood. Retroviral long terminal repeat region (LTR) plays an indispensable role in controlling viral gene expression. Regulation of the transcription initiation plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining a retrovirus latency. Whether and how retroviruses establish latency and reactivate remains unclear. In this article, we describe what is known about the regulation of LTR-driven transcription in HIV-1, that is, the cis-elements present in the LTR, the role of LTR transcription factor binding sites in LTR-driven transcription, the role of HIV-1-encoded transactivator protein, hormonal effects on virus transcription, impact of LTR variability on transcription, and epigenetic control of retrovirus LTR. Finally, we focus on a novel clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/dCas9)-based strategy for HIV-1 reservoir purging.
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74
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Zhang X, Xu Q, Zi Z, Liu Z, Wan C, Crisman L, Shen J, Liu X. Programmable Extracellular Vesicles for Macromolecule Delivery and Genome Modifications. Dev Cell 2020; 55:784-801.e9. [PMID: 33296682 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Getting large macromolecules through the plasma membrane and endosomal barriers remains a major challenge. Here, we report a generalizable method of delivering proteins and ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) to cells in vitro and mouse liver tissue in vivo with engineered ectosomes. These ectosomes, referred to as "Gectosomes," are designed to co-encapsulate vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) with bioactive macromolecules via split GFP complementation. We found that this method enables active cargo loading, improves the specific activity of cargo delivery, and facilitates Gectosome purification. Experimental and mathematical modeling analyses suggest that active cargo loading reduces non-specific encapsulation of cellular proteins, particularly nucleic-acid-binding proteins. Using Gectosomes that encapsulate Cre, Ago2, and SaCas9, we demonstrate their ability to execute designed modifications of endogenous genes in cell lines in vitro and mouse liver tissue in vivo, paving the way toward applications of this technology for the treatment of a wide range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Quanbin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Zhike Zi
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Otto Warburg Laboratory, 14195 Berlin, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Chun Wan
- Department of MCD-Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Lauren Crisman
- Department of MCD-Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jingshi Shen
- Department of MCD-Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xuedong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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Ophinni Y, Miki S, Hayashi Y, Kameoka M. Multiplexed tat-Targeting CRISPR-Cas9 Protects T Cells from Acute HIV-1 Infection with Inhibition of Viral Escape. Viruses 2020; 12:E1223. [PMID: 33126728 PMCID: PMC7693572 DOI: 10.3390/v12111223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 cure strategy by means of proviral knock-out using CRISPR-Cas9 has been hampered by the emergence of viral resistance against the targeting guide RNA (gRNA). Here, we proposed multiple, concentrated gRNA attacks against HIV-1 regulatory genes to block viral escape. The T cell line were transduced with single and multiple gRNAs targeting HIV-1 tat and rev using lentiviral-based CRISPR-Cas9, followed by replicative HIV-1NL4-3 challenge in vitro. Viral p24 rebound was observed for almost all gRNAs, but multiplexing three tat-targeting gRNAs maintained p24 suppression and cell viability, indicating the inhibition of viral escape. Multiplexed tat gRNAs inhibited acute viral replication in the 2nd round of infection, abolished cell-associated transmission to unprotected T cells, and maintained protection through 45 days, post-infection (dpi) after a higher dose of HIV-1 infection. Finally, we describe here for the first time the assembly of all-in-one lentiviral vectors containing three and six gRNAs targeting tat and rev. A single-vector tat-targeting construct shows non-inferiority to the tat-targeting multi-vector in low-dose HIV-1 infection. We conclude that Cas9-induced, DNA repair-mediated mutations in tat are sufficiently deleterious and deplete HIV-1 fitness, and multiplexed disruption of tat further limits the possibility of an escape mutant arising, thus elevating the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 to achieve a long-term HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdiil Ophinni
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Sayaka Miki
- Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe 654-0142, Hyogo, Japan; (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Yoshitake Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Masanori Kameoka
- Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe 654-0142, Hyogo, Japan; (S.M.); (M.K.)
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76
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Kostyushev D, Kostyusheva A, Brezgin S, Smirnov V, Volchkova E, Lukashev A, Chulanov V. Gene Editing by Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7362. [PMID: 33028045 PMCID: PMC7582630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas technologies have advanced dramatically in recent years. Many different systems with new properties have been characterized and a plethora of hybrid CRISPR/Cas systems able to modify the epigenome, regulate transcription, and correct mutations in DNA and RNA have been devised. However, practical application of CRISPR/Cas systems is severely limited by the lack of effective delivery tools. In this review, recent advances in developing vehicles for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas in the form of ribonucleoprotein complexes are outlined. Most importantly, we emphasize the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for CRISPR/Cas delivery and describe their unique properties: biocompatibility, safety, capacity for rational design, and ability to cross biological barriers. Available molecular tools that enable loading of desired protein and/or RNA cargo into the vesicles in a controllable manner and shape the surface of EVs for targeted delivery into specific tissues (e.g., using targeting ligands, peptides, or nanobodies) are discussed. Opportunities for both endogenous (intracellular production of CRISPR/Cas) and exogenous (post-production) loading of EVs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kostyushev
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (S.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (S.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Sergey Brezgin
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (S.B.); (V.C.)
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Valery Smirnov
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Elena Volchkova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (S.B.); (V.C.)
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.); (A.L.)
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77
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Tanikella AS, Hardy MJ, Frahs SM, Cormier AG, Gibbons KD, Fitzpatrick CK, Oxford JT. Emerging Gene-Editing Modalities for Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176046. [PMID: 32842631 PMCID: PMC7504272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a pathological degenerative condition of the joints that is widely prevalent worldwide, resulting in significant pain, disability, and impaired quality of life. The diverse etiology and pathogenesis of OA can explain the paucity of viable preventive and disease-modifying strategies to counter it. Advances in genome-editing techniques may improve disease-modifying solutions by addressing inherited predisposing risk factors and the activity of inflammatory modulators. Recent progress on technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 and cell-based genome-editing therapies targeting the genetic and epigenetic alternations in OA offer promising avenues for early diagnosis and the development of personalized therapies. The purpose of this literature review was to concisely summarize the genome-editing options against chronic degenerative joint conditions such as OA with a focus on the more recently emerging modalities, especially CRISPR/Cas9. Future advancements in novel genome-editing therapies may improve the efficacy of such targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alekya S. Tanikella
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.S.T.); (M.J.H.); (S.M.F.)
| | - Makenna J. Hardy
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.S.T.); (M.J.H.); (S.M.F.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Frahs
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.S.T.); (M.J.H.); (S.M.F.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Aidan G. Cormier
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.G.C.); (K.D.G.); (C.K.F.)
| | - Kalin D. Gibbons
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.G.C.); (K.D.G.); (C.K.F.)
| | - Clare K. Fitzpatrick
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.G.C.); (K.D.G.); (C.K.F.)
| | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.S.T.); (M.J.H.); (S.M.F.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-208-426-2395
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78
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Lau CH, Tin C. The Synergy between CRISPR and Chemical Engineering. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 19:147-171. [PMID: 31267870 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666190701100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy and transgenic research have advanced quickly in recent years due to the development of CRISPR technology. The rapid development of CRISPR technology has been largely benefited by chemical engineering. Firstly, chemical or synthetic substance enables spatiotemporal and conditional control of Cas9 or dCas9 activities. It prevents the leaky expression of CRISPR components, as well as minimizes toxicity and off-target effects. Multi-input logic operations and complex genetic circuits can also be implemented via multiplexed and orthogonal regulation of target genes. Secondly, rational chemical modifications to the sgRNA enhance gene editing efficiency and specificity by improving sgRNA stability and binding affinity to on-target genomic loci, and hence reducing off-target mismatches and systemic immunogenicity. Chemically-modified Cas9 mRNA is also more active and less immunogenic than the native mRNA. Thirdly, nonviral vehicles can circumvent the challenges associated with viral packaging and production through the delivery of Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex or large Cas9 expression plasmids. Multi-functional nanovectors enhance genome editing in vivo by overcoming multiple physiological barriers, enabling ligand-targeted cellular uptake, and blood-brain barrier crossing. Chemical engineering can also facilitate viral-based delivery by improving vector internalization, allowing tissue-specific transgene expression, and preventing inactivation of the viral vectors in vivo. This review aims to discuss how chemical engineering has helped improve existing CRISPR applications and enable new technologies for biomedical research. The usefulness, advantages, and molecular action for each chemical engineering approach are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cia-Hin Lau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Chung Tin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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79
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Naeem M, Majeed S, Hoque MZ, Ahmad I. Latest Developed Strategies to Minimize the Off-Target Effects in CRISPR-Cas-Mediated Genome Editing. Cells 2020; 9:E1608. [PMID: 32630835 PMCID: PMC7407193 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing that makes target gene modification in the genome by deletion or addition has revolutionized the era of biomedicine. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 emerged as a substantial tool due to its simplicity in use, less cost and extraordinary efficiency than the conventional gene-editing tools, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). However, potential off-target activities are crucial shortcomings in the CRISPR system. Numerous types of approaches have been developed to reduce off-target effects. Here, we review several latest approaches to reduce the off-target effects, including biased or unbiased off-target detection, cytosine or adenine base editors, prime editing, dCas9, Cas9 paired nickase, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery and truncated gRNAs. This review article provides extensive information to cautiously interpret off-target effects to assist the basic and clinical applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Life Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.); (M.Z.H.)
| | - Saman Majeed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Mubasher Zahir Hoque
- Department of Life Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.); (M.Z.H.)
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Life Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.); (M.Z.H.)
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80
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Yip BH. Recent Advances in CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery Strategies. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060839. [PMID: 32486234 PMCID: PMC7356196 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system has revolutionized the field of gene editing. Continuous efforts in developing this technology have enabled efficient in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo gene editing through a variety of delivery strategies. Viral vectors are commonly used in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo delivery systems, but they can cause insertional mutagenesis, have limited cloning capacity, and/or elicit immunologic responses. Physical delivery methods are largely restricted to in vitro and ex vivo systems, whereas chemical delivery methods require extensive optimization to improve their efficiency for in vivo gene editing. Achieving a safe and efficient in vivo delivery system for CRISPR/Cas9 remains the most challenging aspect of gene editing. Recently, extracellular vesicle-based systems were reported in various studies to deliver Cas9 in vitro and in vivo. In comparison with other methods, extracellular vesicles offer a safe, transient, and cost-effective yet efficient platform for delivery, indicating their potential for Cas9 delivery in clinical trials. In this review, we first discuss the pros and cons of different Cas9 delivery strategies. We then specifically review the development of extracellular vesicle-mediated gene editing and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon Ham Yip
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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81
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Elsharkasy OM, Nordin JZ, Hagey DW, de Jong OG, Schiffelers RM, Andaloussi SEL, Vader P. Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems: Why and how? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:332-343. [PMID: 32305351 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, a multitude of synthetic drug delivery systems has been developed and introduced to the market. However, applications of such systems are limited due to inefficiency, cytotoxicity and/or immunogenicity. At the same time, the field of natural drug carrier systems has grown rapidly. One of the most prominent examples of such natural carriers are extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are cell-derived membranous particles which play important roles in intercellular communication. EVs possess a number of characteristics that qualify them as promising vehicles for drug delivery. In order to take advantage of these attributes, an in-depth understanding of why EVs are such unique carrier systems and how we can exploit their qualities is pivotal. Here, we review unique EV features that are relevant for drug delivery and highlight emerging strategies to make use of those features for drug loading and targeted delivery.
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82
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Binda CS, Klaver B, Berkhout B, Das AT. CRISPR-Cas9 Dual-gRNA Attack Causes Mutation, Excision and Inversion of the HIV-1 Proviral DNA. Viruses 2020; 12:E330. [PMID: 32197474 PMCID: PMC7150824 DOI: 10.3390/v12030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several studies demonstrated that the HIV proviral DNA can be effectively targeted and inactivated by the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the precise inactivation mechanism has not yet been analyzed. Whereas some studies suggested efficient proviral DNA excision upon dual-gRNA/Cas9 treatment, we previously demonstrated that hypermutation of the target sites correlated with permanent virus inactivation. To better understand the mechanism underlying HIV inactivation, we analyzed the proviral DNA upon Cas9 attack with gRNA pairs. We observed that dual-gRNA targeting resulted more frequently in target site mutation than fragment excision, while fragment inversion was rarely observed. The frequencies varied for different gRNA combinations without an obvious relationship with the distance between the target sites, indicating that other gRNA and target DNA characteristics influence the DNA cleavage and repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.S.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Atze T. Das
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.S.B.); (B.K.)
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83
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Gee P, Lung MSY, Okuzaki Y, Sasakawa N, Iguchi T, Makita Y, Hozumi H, Miura Y, Yang LF, Iwasaki M, Wang XH, Waller MA, Shirai N, Abe YO, Fujita Y, Watanabe K, Kagita A, Iwabuchi KA, Yasuda M, Xu H, Noda T, Komano J, Sakurai H, Inukai N, Hotta A. Extracellular nanovesicles for packaging of CRISPR-Cas9 protein and sgRNA to induce therapeutic exon skipping. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1334. [PMID: 32170079 PMCID: PMC7070030 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged expression of the CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease and gRNA from viral vectors may cause off-target mutagenesis and immunogenicity. Thus, a transient delivery system is needed for therapeutic genome editing applications. Here, we develop an extracellular nanovesicle-based ribonucleoprotein delivery system named NanoMEDIC by utilizing two distinct homing mechanisms. Chemical induced dimerization recruits Cas9 protein into extracellular nanovesicles, and then a viral RNA packaging signal and two self-cleaving riboswitches tether and release sgRNA into nanovesicles. We demonstrate efficient genome editing in various hard-to-transfect cell types, including human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, neurons, and myoblasts. NanoMEDIC also achieves over 90% exon skipping efficiencies in skeletal muscle cells derived from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patient iPS cells. Finally, single intramuscular injection of NanoMEDIC induces permanent genomic exon skipping in a luciferase reporter mouse and in mdx mice, indicating its utility for in vivo genome editing therapy of DMD and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gee
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mandy S Y Lung
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuya Okuzaki
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Noriko Sasakawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iguchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Makita
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hozumi
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Miura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Lucy F Yang
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mio Iwasaki
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Xiou H Wang
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Matthew A Waller
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nanako Shirai
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuko O Abe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujita
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kei Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kagita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kumiko A Iwabuchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yasuda
- Pathology Analysis Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Huaigeng Xu
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun Komano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya Medical Center, 1-1 4-chome, Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan
- Department of Infection Control, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1041, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sakurai
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoto Inukai
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akitsu Hotta
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
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84
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Jain PK, Lo JH, Rananaware S, Downing M, Panda A, Tai M, Raghavan S, Fleming HE, Bhatia SN. Non-viral delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 complex using CRISPR-GPS nanocomplexes. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21317-21323. [PMID: 31670340 PMCID: PMC7709491 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01786k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical need for the development of safe and efficient delivery technologies for CRISPR/Cas9 to advance translation of genome editing to the clinic. Non-viral methods that are simple, efficient, and completely based on biologically-derived materials could offer such potential. Here we report a simple and modular tandem peptide-based nanocomplex system with cell-targeting capacity that efficiently combines guide RNA (sgRNA) with Cas9 protein, and facilitates internalization of sgRNA/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes to yield robust genome editing across multiple cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush K Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA and Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608.
| | - Justin H Lo
- Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Santosh Rananaware
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Marco Downing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Apekshya Panda
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michelle Tai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Srivatsan Raghavan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heather E Fleming
- Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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85
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Abstract
Liposomes are one of the most widely investigated carriers for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. The surface properties of liposomal carriers, including the surface charge, PEGylation, and ligand modification can significantly affect the gene silencing efficiency. Three barriers of systemic CRISPR/Cas9 delivery (long blood circulation, efficient tumor penetration, and efficient cellular uptake/endosomal escape) are analyzed on liposomal carriers with different surface charges, PEGylations, and ligand modifications. Cationic formulations dominate CRISPR/Cas9 delivery and neutral formulations also have good performance while anionic formulations are generally not proper for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. The PEG dilemma (prolonged blood circulation vs. reduced cellular uptake/endosomal escape) and the side effect of repeated PEGylated formulation (accelerated blood clearance) were discussed. Effects of ligand modification on cationic and neutral formulations were analyzed. Finally, we summarized the achievements in liposomal CRISPR/Cas9 delivery, outlined existing problems, and provided some future perspectives. Liposomes are one of the most widely investigated carriers for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. The surface properties of liposomal carriers, including the surface charge, PEGylation, and ligand modification can significantly affect the gene silencing efficiency. Three barriers of systemic siRNA delivery (long blood circulation, efficient tumor penetration, and efficient cellular uptake/endosomal escape) are analyzed on liposomal carriers with different surface charges, PEGylations, and ligand modifications. Cationic formulations dominate CRISPR/Cas9 delivery and neutral formulations also have good performance while anionic formulations are generally not proper for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. The PEG dilemma (prolonged blood circulation vs. reduced cellular uptake/endosomal escape) and the side effect of repeated PEGylated formulation (accelerated blood clearance) were discussed. Effects of ligand modification on cationic and neutral formulations were analyzed. Finally, we summarized the achievements in liposomal CRISPR/Cas9 delivery, outlined existing problems, and provided some future perspectives.
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86
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Heath N, Osteikoetxea X, de Oliveria TM, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Shatnyeva O, Schindler C, Tigue N, Mayr LM, Dekker N, Overman R, Davies R. Endosomal escape enhancing compounds facilitate functional delivery of extracellular vesicle cargo. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2799-2814. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are desirable delivery vehicles for therapeutic cargoes. We aimed to load EVs with Cre recombinase protein and determine whether functional delivery to cells could be improved by using endosomal escape enhancing compounds. Materials & methods: Overexpressed CreFRB protein was actively loaded into EVs by rapalog-induced dimerization to CD81FKBP, or passively loaded by overexpression in the absence of rapalog. Functional delivery of CreFRB was analysed using a HEK293 Cre reporter cell line in the absence and presence of endosomal escape enhancing compounds. Results: The EVs loaded with CreFRB by both active and passive mechanisms were able to deliver functional CreFRB to recipient cells only in the presence of endosomal escape enhancing compounds chloroquine and UNC10217938A. Conclusion: The use of endosomal escape enhancing compounds in conjunction with EVs loaded with therapeutic cargoes may improve efficacy of future EV based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Heath
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals, R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals, R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | | | - Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olga Shatnyeva
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina Schindler
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natalie Tigue
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lorenz M Mayr
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Road, Amersham, UK
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ross Overman
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals, R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Rick Davies
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals, R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
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87
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Elimination of infectious HIV DNA by CRISPR-Cas9. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:81-88. [PMID: 31450074 PMCID: PMC7050564 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current antiretroviral drugs can efficiently block HIV replication and prevent transmission, but do not target the HIV provirus residing in cells that constitute the viral reservoir. Because drug therapy interruption will cause viral rebound from this reservoir, HIV-infected individuals face lifelong treatment. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies are being investigated that aim to permanently inactivate the proviral DNA, which may lead to a cure. Multiple studies showed that CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing can be used to attack HIV DNA. Here, we will focus on not only how this endonuclease attack can trigger HIV provirus inactivation, but also how virus escape occurs and this can be prevented.
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88
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Campbell LA, Richie CT, Maggirwar NS, Harvey BK. Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complex Delivery: Methods and Applications for Neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:565-577. [PMID: 31172397 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a revolutionary gene editing technology that combines simplicity of use and efficiency of mutagenesis. As this technology progresses toward human therapies, valid concerns including off-target mutations and immunogenicity must be addressed. One approach to address these issues is to minimize the presence of the CRISPR/Cas9 components by maintaining a tighter temporal control of Cas9 endonuclease and reducing the time period of activity. This has been achieved to some degree by delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 system via pre-formed Cas9 + gRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. In this review, we first discuss the molecular modifications that can be made using CRISPR/Cas9 and provide an overview of current methods for delivering Cas9 RNP complexes both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude with examples of how Cas9 RNP delivery may be used to target neuroinflammatory processes, namely in regard to viral infections of the central nervous system and neurodegenerative diseases. We propose that Cas9 RNP delivery is a viable approach when considering the CRISPR/Cas9 system for both experimentation and the treatment of disease. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Campbell
- Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Suite 200, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Christopher T Richie
- Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Suite 200, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Nishad S Maggirwar
- Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Suite 200, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Suite 200, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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89
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Emerging CRISPR/Cas9 applications for T-cell gene editing. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:261-275. [PMID: 33523139 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene editing tools are being rapidly developed, accelerating many areas of cell and gene therapy research. Each successive gene editing technology promises increased efficacy, improved specificity, reduced manufacturing cost and design complexity; all of which are currently epitomised by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas9) platform. Since its conceptualisation, CRISPR-based gene editing has been applied to existing methodologies and has further allowed the exploration of novel avenues of research. Implementation of CRISPR/Cas9 has been instrumental to recent progress in the treatment of cancer, primary immunodeficiency, and infectious diseases. To this end, T-cell therapies have attempted to harness and redirect antigen recognition function, and through gene editing, broaden T-cell targeting capabilities and enhance their potency. The purpose of this review is to provide insights into emerging applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in T-cell therapies, to briefly address concerns surrounding CRISPR-mediated indel formation, and to introduce CRISPR/Cas9 base editing technologies that hold vast potential for future research and clinical translation.
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90
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Darcis G, Binda CS, Klaver B, Herrera-Carrillo E, Berkhout B, Das AT. The Impact of HIV-1 Genetic Diversity on CRISPR-Cas9 Antiviral Activity and Viral Escape. Viruses 2019; 11:E255. [PMID: 30871200 PMCID: PMC6466431 DOI: 10.3390/v11030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system is widely explored for sequence-specific attack on HIV-1 proviral DNA. We recently identified dual-guide RNA (dual-gRNA) combinations that can block HIV-1 replication permanently in infected cell cultures and prevent viral escape. Although the gRNAs were designed to target highly conserved viral sequences, their efficacy may be challenged by high genetic variation in the HIV-1 genome. We therefore evaluated the breadth of these dual-gRNA combinations against distinct HIV-1 isolates, including several subtypes. Replication of nearly all virus isolates could be prevented by at least one gRNA combination, which caused inactivation of the proviral genomes and the gradual loss of replication-competent virus over time. The dual-gRNA efficacy was not affected by most single nucleotide (nt) mismatches between gRNA and the viral target. However, 1-nt mismatches at the Cas9 cleavage site and two mismatches anywhere in the viral target sequence significantly reduced the inhibitory effect. Accordingly, sequence analysis of viruses upon breakthrough replication revealed the acquisition of escape mutations in perfectly matching and most 1-nt mismatching targets, but not in targets with a mismatch at the Cas9 cleavage site or with two mismatches. These results demonstrate that combinatorial CRISPR-Cas9 treatment can cure T cells infected by distinct HIV-1 isolates, but even minor sequence variation in conserved viral target sites can affect the efficacy of this strategy. Successful cure attempts against isolates with divergent target sequences may therefore require adaptation of the gRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Darcis
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Infectious Diseases Department, Liège University Hospital, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Caroline S Binda
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bep Klaver
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elena Herrera-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Atze T Das
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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