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Ji Y, Shu M, Lin Y, Wang Y, Wang R, Hu Y, Lin Z. Combined 3D-QSAR modeling and molecular docking study on azacycles CCR5 antagonists. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang H, Yu Z, Liu S, Liu X, Sui A, Yao R, Luo Z, Li C. Lentivirus-mediated LIGHT overexpression inhibits human colorectal carcinoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo.. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:927-932. [PMID: 24137438 PMCID: PMC3796404 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human LIGHT (lymphotoxin-related inducible ligand that competes for glycoprotein D binding to herpesvirus entry mediator on T cells) is the 14th member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily and is therefore also known as TNFSF14. LIGHT has been proven to be a multifunctional molecule affecting cell proliferation, differentiation and a number of other biological processes, in particular, cell growth inhibition. However, the expression and molecular mechanisms of the LIGHT gene in human colorectal carcinoma cells remain largely unclear. In the present study, the LIGHT gene was overexpressed using a lentiviral expression vector in HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo, in order to explore the mechanism by which the LIGHT gene inhibits cell growth and suppresses tumor formation. The results showed that the recombinant lentivirus with LIGHT overexpression inhibited the proliferative capacity of the HCT116 cells and significantly decreased the xenografted tumor volumes in nude mice. Furthermore, LIGHT treatment effectively initiated increased caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 activities in the HCT116 cells. This study provides a basis for the improved understanding of the role and molecular mechanisms of the LIGHT gene in human colorectal carcinoma cells and may facilitate further functional studies of LIGHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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Falcão-Júnior JOA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Cândido EB, Lages EL, Ferreira Freitas G G, Lamaita RM, Freire Bonfim LP, Borges Salera R, Traiman P P, da Silva-Filho AL. Assessment of chemokine serum levels in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. TUMORI JOURNAL 2013; 99:540-4. [PMID: 24326845 DOI: 10.1177/030089161309900417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND BACKGROUND The study was undertaken to investigate CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/ MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, CCL5/RANTES and CXCL8/IL-8 women with epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN Sixteen patients diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer and 18 healthy women with no evidence of malign neoplasia (control group) aged from 23 to 89 years (mean ± SEM, 58.7 ± 2.3) were included. The epithelial ovarian cancer patients underwent laparotomy and debulking surgery. Chemokines serum levels were measured by cytometric bead array. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney and Kendall's tau. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses. RESULTS The tumor staging (FIGO) was classified into: I in 4 cases (25%), III in 5 cases (31.3%) and stage IV in 7 cases (43.8%). Sera chemokine dosages of CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL4/MIP-1β were lower in epithelial ovarian cancer patients than in the control group (P = 0.021 and P = 0.030, respectively). No significant difference between groups was observed in the levels of CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL5/RANTES and CXCL8/IL-8. No association between the chemokines analyzed and tumor stage was found. The serum level of CCL4/MIP-1β was correlated with CA-125. CONCLUSIONS The study of serum levels of CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, CCL5/RANTES and CXCL8/IL-8 chemokines in epithelial ovarian cancer patients identified a down-regulation in CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL4/MIP-1β, which suggests that the two chemokines may play an important role in the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer.
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Sharma B, Nawandar DM, Nannuru KC, Varney ML, Singh RK. Targeting CXCR2 enhances chemotherapeutic response, inhibits mammary tumor growth, angiogenesis, and lung metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:799-808. [PMID: 23468530 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths among females. Many challenges exist in the current management of advanced stage breast cancer as there are fewer recognized therapeutic strategies, often because of therapy resistance. How breast cancer cells evade chemotherapy and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We and others have observed that malignant cells that survive initial chemo- and radiation therapy express higher levels of CXCR2 ligands, which may provide a survival benefit leading to therapy resistance. In this report, we test the hypothesis that CXCR2-dependent signaling in malignant cells may be critical for chemotherapy resistance and targeting this signaling axis may enhance the antitumor and antimetastatic activity of chemotherapeutic drugs and limit their toxicity. We used Cl66-wt, 4T1-wt, Cl66sh-CXCR2, and 4T1sh-CXCR2 cells expressing differential levels of the CXCR2 receptor to evaluate the role of targeting CXCR2 on chemotherapeutic responses. Knockdown of CXCR2 enhances paclitaxel and doxorubicin-mediated toxicity at suboptimal doses. Moreover, we observed an increase in the expression of CXCL1, a CXCR2 ligand in paclitaxel and doxorubicin-treated mammary tumor cells, which were inhibited following CXCR2 knockdown. Knockdown of CXCR2 enhanced antitumor activity of paclitaxel in an in vivo mammary tumor model. We observed significant inhibition of spontaneous lung metastases in animals bearing CXCR2 knockdown tumors and treated with paclitaxel as compared with the control group. Our data suggest the novel role of CXCR2 and its ligands in maintaining chemotherapy resistance and provide evidence that targeting CXCR2 signaling in an adjuvant setting will help circumvent chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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55
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Albert S, Riveiro ME, Halimi C, Hourseau M, Couvelard A, Serova M, Barry B, Raymond E, Faivre S. Focus on the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine axis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2013; 35:1819-28. [PMID: 23468253 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human chemokine system includes approximately 48 chemokines and 19 chemokine receptors. The CXCL12/CXCR4 system is one of the most frequently studied that is also found overexpressed in a large variety of tumors. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis has been increasingly identified as an important target in cancer growth, metastasis, relapse, and resistance to therapy. In this review, we highlight current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involving chemokines CXCL12/CXCR4 and their consequences in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Overexpression of CXCL12/CXCR4 in HNSCC appears to activate cellular functions, including motility, invasion, and metastatic processes. Current findings suggest that CXCR4 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers are associated with tumor aggressiveness and a poor prognosis, and may be suitable biomarkers for head and neck tumors with high metastatic potential. Furthermore, knowledge of the role of CXCR4 in HNSCC could influence the development of new targeted therapies for treatment, aimed at improving the prognosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Albert
- INSERM U728, RayLab, and Departments of Medical Oncology, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP, Paris 7 Diderot), Clichy, France; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Bichat University Hospital, Paris, France
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56
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Chew AL, Tan WY, Khoo BY. Potential combinatorial effects of recombinant atypical chemokine receptors in breast cancer cell invasion: A research perspective. Biomed Rep 2013; 1:185-192. [PMID: 24648916 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from their major function in the coordination of leukocyte recruitment, chemokines, in cooperation with their receptors, have been implicated in the progression of various diseases including different types of cancer, affecting survival, proliferation and metastasis. A complex network of chemokines and receptors exists in the tumor microenvironment and affects tumor development in various ways where chemokines activate typical signalling pathways by binding to the respective receptors. The identification and characterization of a group of atypical chemokine receptors [D6, Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), ChemoCentryx chemokine receptor (CCX-CKR) and CXCR7] which appear to use unique biochemical properties to regulate the biological activities of these chemokines, is useful in the effort to therapeutically manipulate chemokines in a broad spectrum of diseases in which these chemokines play a critical role. The aim of this review was to investigate the combinatorial effect of two reported atypical chemokine receptors, D6 and DARC, on breast cancer cell invasion to understand their role and therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. In this regard, findings of the present review should be confirmed via the construction of recombinant D6 and DARC clones as well as the expression of the respective recombinant proteins using the Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) expression system is to be performed in a future study in order to support findings of the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Lan Chew
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wee Yee Tan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Boon Yin Khoo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
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Chen CK, Law WC, Aalinkeel R, Nair B, Kopwitthaya A, Mahajan SD, Reynolds JL, Zou J, Schwartz SA, Prasad PN, Cheng C. Well-defined degradable cationic polylactide as nanocarrier for the delivery of siRNA to silence angiogenesis in prostate cancer. Adv Healthc Mater 2012; 1:751-61. [PMID: 23184827 PMCID: PMC3634581 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined tertiary amine-functionalized cationic polylactides (CPLAs) are synthesized by thiol-ene click functionalization of an allyl-functionalized polylactide, and utilized for the delivery of interleukin-8 (IL-8) siRNA via CPLA-IL-8 siRNA nanoplexes. The CPLAs possess remarkable hydrolytic degradability, and their cytotoxicity is relatively low. The CPLA-IL-8 siRNA nanoplexes can be readily taken up by prostate cancer cells, resulting in significant IL-8 gene silencing. It is found that the degradability and cytotoxicity of CPLAs, as well as the transfection efficiency of the CPLA-IL-8 siRNA nanoplexes, positively correlate with the amine mol% of CPLAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Wing-Cheung Law
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo General Hospital, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Bindukumar Nair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo General Hospital, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Atcha Kopwitthaya
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Supriya D. Mahajan
- Department of Medicine Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo General Hospital, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jessica L. Reynolds
- Department of Medicine Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo General Hospital, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jiong Zou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Stanley A. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo General Hospital Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Paras N. Prasad
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
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Mika D, Guruvayoorappan C. Experimental study on anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effect ofThespesia populneaphytochemical extract in mice models. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 35:157-63. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.735237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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59
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Cho YB, Lee WY, Choi SJ, Kim J, Hong HK, Kim SH, Choi YL, Kim HC, Yun SH, Chun HK, Lee KU. CC chemokine ligand 7 expression in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:689-94. [PMID: 22614322 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The main cause of death for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is the development of metastatic lesions at sites distant from the primary tumor. Therefore, it is important to find biomarkers that are related to the metastasis and to study the possible mechanisms. Recent data have shown that soluble attractant molecules called chemokines support the metastasis of certain cancers to certain organs. To identify molecular regulators that are differentially expressed in liver metastasis of CRC, PCR array analysis was performed and CC chemokine ligand 7 (CCL7) showed remarkable overexpression in liver metastatic tumor tissues. To validate the results of the PCR array, 30 patients with primary CRC and liver metastases were selected. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analysis showed that CCL7 was expressed in normal colonic epithelium and the expression was higher in liver metastases compared to primary CRC (p<0.001). Real-time PCR showed that the expression of CCR1, CCR2 and CCR3 was also higher in liver metastases compared to primary CRC (p=0.001, p=0.033 and p<0.001, respectively). In conclusion, correlation of CCL7 overexpression and its receptor expression with colon cancer liver metastasis suggests that CCL7 as a novel target in liver metastasis of CRC may be of potential clinical value for the prevention of hepatic recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Beom Cho
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
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Kim M, Rooper L, Xie J, Kajdacsy-Balla AA, Barbolina MV. Fractalkine receptor CX(3)CR1 is expressed in epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells and required for motility and adhesion to peritoneal mesothelial cells. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 10:11-24. [PMID: 22064656 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is a deadly disease, and little is known about the mechanisms underlying its metastatic progression. Using human specimens and established cell lines, we determined that the G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane fractalkine receptor (CX(3)CR1) is expressed in primary and metastatic ovarian carcinoma cells. Ovarian carcinoma cells robustly migrated toward CX(3)CL1, a specific ligand of CX(3)CR1, in a CX(3)CR1-dependent manner. Silencing of CX(3)CR1 reduced migration toward human ovarian carcinoma ascites fluid by approximately 70%. Importantly, adhesion of ovarian carcinoma cells to human peritoneal mesothelial cells was dependent on CX(3)CL1/CX(3)CR1 signaling. In addition, CX(3)CL1 was able to induce cellular proliferation. Together, our data suggest that the fractalkine network may function as a major contributor to the progression of EOC, and further attention to its role in the metastasis of this deadly malignancy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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61
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Monomeric and dimeric CXCL12 inhibit metastasis through distinct CXCR4 interactions and signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17655-60. [PMID: 21990345 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1101133108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors are extensively and broadly involved in cancer metastasis. Previously, we demonstrated that epigenetic silencing of the chemokine CXCL12 sensitizes breast and colon cancer cells to endocrine signaling and metastasis to distant tissues. Yet, the precise mechanism whereby CXCL12 production by tumor cells regulates dissemination remains unclear. Here, we show that administration of CXCL12 extended survival of tumor-bearing mice by potently limiting metastasis of colorectal carcinoma or murine melanoma. Because secreted CXCL12 is a mixture of monomeric and dimeric species in equilibrium, oligomeric variants that either promote (monomer) or halt (dimer) chemotaxis were used to dissect the mechanisms interrupting carcinoma metastasis. Monomeric CXCL12 mobilized intracellular calcium, inhibited cAMP signaling, recruited β-arrestin-2, and stimulated filamentous-actin accumulation and cell migration. Dimeric CXCL12 activated G-protein-dependent calcium flux, adenylyl cyclase inhibition, and the rapid activation of ERK1/2, but only weakly, if at all, recruited arrestin, stimulated actin polymerization, or promoted chemotaxis. NMR analyses illustrated that CXCL12 monomers made specific contacts with CXCR4 that were lost following dimerization. Our results establish the potential for inhibiting CXCR4-mediated metastasis by administration of CXCL12. Chemokine-mediated migration and β-arrestin responses did not dictate the antitumor effect of CXCL12. We conclude that cellular migration is tightly regulated by selective CXCR4 signaling evoked by unique interactions with distinct ligand quaternary structures.
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Kawada K, Hasegawa S, Murakami T, Itatani Y, Hosogi H, Sonoshita M, Kitamura T, Fujishita T, Iwamoto M, Matsumoto T, Matsusue R, Hida K, Akiyama G, Okoshi K, Yamada M, Kawamura J, Taketo MM, Sakai Y. Molecular mechanisms of liver metastasis. Int J Clin Oncol 2011; 16:464-72. [PMID: 21847533 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-011-0307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer, and is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in Japan. The majority of these deaths is attributable to liver metastasis. Recent studies have provided increasing evidence that the chemokine-chemokine receptor system is a potential mechanism of tumor metastasis via multiple complementary actions: (a) by promoting cancer cell migration, invasion, survival and angiogenesis; and (b) by recruiting distal stromal cells (i.e., myeloid bone marrow-derived cells) to indirectly facilitate tumor invasion and metastasis. Here, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical data supporting the view that chemokine pathways are potential therapeutic targets for liver metastasis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kawada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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63
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Dong QM, Zhang JQ, Li Q, Bracher JC, Hendricks DT, Zhao XH. Clinical significance of serum expression of GROβ in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2658-62. [PMID: 21677836 PMCID: PMC3110930 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i21.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the association between serum levels of growth-related gene product β (GROβ) and clinical parameters in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
METHODS: Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, serum GROβ levels were measured in ESCC patients (n = 72) and healthy volunteers (n = 83). The association between serum levels of GROβ and clinical parameters of ESCC was analyzed statistically.
RESULTS: The serum GROβ levels were much higher in ESCC patients than in healthy controls (median: 645 ng/L vs 269 ng/L, P < 0.05). Serum GROβ levels were correlated positively with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging, but not with gender or the histological grade of tumors in ESCC patients. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay for serum GROβ were 73.61% and 56.63%, respectively.
CONCLUSION: GROβ may function as an oncogene product and contribute to tumorigenesis and metastasis of ESCC.
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Li A, King J, Moro A, Sugi MD, Dawson DW, Kaplan J, Li G, Lu X, Strieter RM, Burdick M, Go VLW, Reber HA, Eibl G, Hines OJ. Overexpression of CXCL5 is associated with poor survival in patients with pancreatic cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1340-9. [PMID: 21356384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78 (CXCL5), a member of the CXC chemokine family, has been shown to be involved in angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between CXCL5 expression and tumor progression in human pancreatic cancer and to elucidate the mechanism underlying CXCL5-mediated tumor angiogenesis and cancer growth. We report herein that CXCL5 is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer compared with paired normal pancreas tissue. Overexpression of CXCL5 is significantly correlated with poorer tumor differentiation, advanced clinical stage, and shorter patient survival. Patients with pancreatic cancer and CXCL5 overexpression who underwent resection of cancer had a mean survival time 25.5 months shorter than that of patients who did not overexpress CXCL5. Blockade of CXCL5 or its receptor CXCR2 by small-interfering RNA knockdown or antibody neutralization attenuated human pancreatic cancer growth in a nude mouse model. Finally, we demonstrated that CXCL5 mediates pancreatic cancer-derived angiogenesis through activation of several signaling pathways, including protein kinase B (Akt), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) in human endothelial cells. These data suggest that CXCL5 is an important mediator of tumor-derived angiogenesis and that it may serve as a survival factor for pancreatic cancer. Blockade of either CXCL5 or CXCR2 may be a critical adjunct antiangiogenic therapy against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Li
- Department of Surgery, Hirshberg Laboratories for Pancreatic Cancer Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-6904, USA
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65
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Chen L, Li H, Liu W, Zhu J, Zhao X, Wright E, Cao L, Ding I, Rodgers GP. Olfactomedin 4 suppresses prostate cancer cell growth and metastasis via negative interaction with cathepsin D and SDF-1. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:986-94. [PMID: 21470957 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human olfactomedin 4 gene (OLFM4) encodes an olfactomedin-related glycoprotein. OLFM4 is normally expressed in a limited number of tissues, including the prostate, but its biological functions in prostate are largely unknown. In this study, we found that OLFM4 messenger RNA was reduced or undetectable in prostate cancer tissues and prostate cancer cell lines. To study the effects of OLFM4 on prostate cancer progression, we transfected PC-3 prostate cancer cells with OLFM4 to establish OLFM4-expressing PC-3 cell clones. The OLFM4-expressing PC-3 cell clones were found to have decreased proliferation and invasiveness compared with vector-transfected control PC-3 cells in vitro. In addition, nude mice injected with OLFM4-expressing PC-3 cells demonstrated reduced tumor growth and bone invasion and metastasis compared with mice injected with vector-transfected control cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that OLFM4 may exhibit its anticancer effects through regulating cell autophagy by targeting cathepsin D, as OLFM4 reduced cathepsin D protein levels and enzymatic activity and attenuated cathepsin D-induced cancer cell proliferation. In addition, overexpression of OLFM4 abrogated stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1)-induced PC-3 cell invasiveness in a Matrigel invasion assay, partially through blocking SDF-1-mediated AKT phosphorylation. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining studies in OLFM4-expressing PC-3 cells demonstrated a direct interaction between OLFM4 and cathepsin D or SDF-1. Taken together, these results suggest that OLFM4 negatively interacts with cathepsin D and SDF-1 and inhibits prostate cancer growth and bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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66
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Antonicelli F, Lorin J, Kurdykowski S, Gangloff SC, Le Naour R, Sallenave JM, Hornebeck W, Grange F, Bernard P. CXCL10 reduces melanoma proliferation and invasiveness in vitro and in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:720-8. [PMID: 21155750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is often infiltrated by inflammatory and immune cells that might either maintain chronic inflammation, therefore promoting tumour growth, or mount an antitumour response to control tumour outcome. In this setting, Th1-oriented lymphocyte infiltration is associated with a better outcome in melanoma. Although the interferon-induced protein CXCL10 is expressed by Th1 immune cells, its receptor was also shown to be involved in melanoma progression and metastasis. OBJECTIVES To investigate the CXCL10-mediated antitumoral response in vivo, and its clinical relevance. Methods C57BL/6 mice bearing B16F1 melanoma were treated intraperitoneally with an adenovirus vector expressing CXCL10. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 20 patients, 10 with melanoma in remission and 10 with melanoma in progression, were assessed for their cytokine/chemokine content using a 30-plex assay, and for their ability to modulate melanoma invasion in vitro in Transwell(®) (Sigma-Aldrich) chambers coated with Matrigel(®) (BD Biosciences). RESULTS Treatment with CXCL10 reduced melanoma tumour growth in C57BL/6 mice compared with controls in vivo, and reduced melanoma invasion in vitro. Screening for expression of 30 cytokine/chemokine proteins showed that only CXCL10 was significantly increased in patients in remission compared with patients in progression. PBMC only from patients in remission significantly reduced melanoma cell invasiveness in an ex vivo Transwell(®) assay. Accordingly, this inhibitory effect was also observed with PBMC culture media from patients with melanoma in remission. CONCLUSIONS The quantitative increase in CXCL10 production, together with its ability to limit melanoma progression, shows the potential benefit of this chemokine to control melanoma progression or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Antonicelli
- Laboratoire de Dermatologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS UMR-6237, IFR53, UFR Médecine, Reims, France
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Feng AL, Zhu JK, Sun JT, Yang MX, Neckenig MR, Wang XW, Shao QQ, Song BF, Yang QF, Kong BH, Qu X. CD16+ monocytes in breast cancer patients: expanded by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and may be useful for early diagnosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:57-65. [PMID: 21361908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood monocytes are a heterogeneous population, including CD14(+) CD16(-) 'classical' monocytes and CD14(+) CD16(+) 'proinflammatory' monocytes. CD16(+) monocytes are expanded in various inflammatory conditions. However, little is known about the CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes in patients with breast cancer. We detected CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes in 96 patients with breast cancer and 54 control subjects using flow cytometry. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the feasibility of CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes as an indicator for diagnosis of breast cancer. We found that the frequency of CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes showed a significantly greater increase in breast cancer patients than in controls (16·96% versus 10·84%, P < 0·0001). The area under the ROC curve for CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes was 0·805 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0·714-0·877, P = 0·0001]. Furthermore, the levels of CD16(+) monocytes were significantly negatively associated with the tumour size and pathological staging. In vitro, we showed that CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes were expanded significantly when the purified CD14(+) monocytes were exposed to Michigan Cancer Foundation (MCF)-7 cells-conditioned medium (MCF-CM) or, separately, to monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Neutralizing antibodies against MCP-1 inhibited the expansion of CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes by MCF-CM. Collectively, our findings indicated that MCP-1 can expand CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes in patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, the CD14(+) CD16(+) monocyte may be a useful indicator in early diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Feng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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68
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Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor as biomarkers for lymph node metastasis and poor cancer-specific survival in prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol 2011; 31:312-7. [PMID: 21367627 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to analyze the clinicopathologic significance of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in human prostate cancer (CaP), and their involvement in the prognosis of CaP. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of SDF-1, VEGF, and MMP-9 were measured using immunohistochemistry in 148 CaP patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease and in 10 samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). RESULTS In the CaP group, VEGF and MMP-9 were more strongly expressed in the tumor cells compared with the BPH group. High intensity SDF-1, VEGF, and MMP-9 stains in tumor areas strongly correlated with lymph node metastasis, pathologic stage, and differentiation. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that SDF-1, VEGF, and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors for prostate cancer-specific survival. High levels of MMP-9, pathologic stage, and differentiation were associated with prostate cancer-specific survival in univariate analysis but the risk estimate was not significant in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS High expression levels of SDF-1, VEGF, and MMP-9 are more correlated with lymph node metastatic prostate carcinoma compared with non-lymph-node metastatic cancer. High expression levels of SDF-1 and VEGF strongly predict the biochemical progression in CaP patients after radical prostatectomy.
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69
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Genetic Risk Markers for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Portugal: Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha −308G >A Polymorphism. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:99-103. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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70
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Lin Q, Fang D, Hou X, Le Y, Fang J, Wen F, Gong W, Chen K, Wang JM, Su SB. HCV peptide (C5A), an amphipathic α-helical peptide of hepatitis virus C, is an activator of N-formyl peptide receptor in human phagocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2087-94. [PMID: 21228351 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 5A, a phosphorylated zinc metalloprotein, is an essential component of the HCV replication complex. An amphipathic α-helical peptide (HCV peptide [C5A]) derived from nonstructural 5A membrane anchor domain possesses potent anti-HCV and anti-HIV activity in vitro. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of HCV peptide (C5A) to regulate host immune responses. The capacity of HCV peptide (C5A) in vitro to induce migration and calcium mobilization of human phagocytes and chemoattractant receptor-transfected cells was investigated. The recruitment of phagocytes in vivo induced by HCV peptide (C5A) and its adjuvant activity were examined. The results revealed that HCV peptide (C5A) was a chemoattractant and activator of human phagocytic leukocytes by using a G-protein coupled receptor, namely formyl peptide receptor. In mice, HCV peptide (C5A) induced massive phagocyte infiltration after injection in the air pouch or the s.c. region. HCV peptide (C5A) also acted as an immune adjuvant by enhancing specific T cell responses to Ag challenge in mice. Our results suggest that HCV peptide (C5A) derived from HCV regulates innate and adaptive immunity in the host by activating the formyl peptide receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lin
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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71
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CXCL9 induces chemotaxis, chemorepulsion and endothelial barrier disruption through CXCR3-mediated activation of melanoma cells. Br J Cancer 2010; 104:469-79. [PMID: 21179030 PMCID: PMC3049560 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastasis is associated with poor prognosis for melanoma. The formation of metastases is a multi-step process, in which cancer cells can subsequently acquire the potential to intravasate into the blood or lymph vessels, disseminate through the circulation, extravasate through the endothelium and invade the connective tissue. There is increasing evidence that chemokines have a pivotal role in the dissemination and establishment of melanoma metastasis. Methods: We isolated melanoma cells from melanoma metastasis and performed different migration assays and transendothelial resistance measurements of endothelial monolayers co-cultured with melanoma cells, in order to monitor barrier function and diapedesis and confirmed these results by confocal microscopy. Results: We observed that tumour endothelial cells (ECs) secrete high levels of CXCL9 in all, and CXCL10 in most melanoma metastases. Migration studies revealed that low concentrations of these chemokines induce chemotaxis, whereas high concentrations induce spontaneous migration of melanoma cells (chemokinesis/chemorepulsion) and the disruption of the endothelial barrier, resulting in an accelerated transendothelial migration (TEM). Addition of anti-CXCL9 or anti-CXCR3 antibodies to the co-cultures delayed the TEM of melanoma cells. Conclusion: Our data represent novel mechanisms by which tumour cells in melanoma metastases might use the chemokine-expressing endothelium to leave the tumour and eventually to form additional metastases at distinct sites.
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72
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Tsujimoto H, Ono S, Ichikura T, Matsumoto Y, Yamamoto J, Hase K. Roles of inflammatory cytokines in the progression of gastric cancer: friends or foes? Gastric Cancer 2010. [PMID: 21128056 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-010-0568-x.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence is being reported regarding the hypothesis that several proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may promote tumor progression and affect the host antitumor response. However, the manner in which a local cytokine network operates in tumor development remains unclear. We reviewed the literature to examine the consequences of novel insights into inflammatory cytokines associated with gastric cancer progression. The Medline and EMBASE databases were searched for publications regarding the role of inflammatory cytokines in the development of gastric cancer. A number of studies have suggested that several proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines promote tumor progression through the direct activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the upregulation of angiogenesis and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, these processes suppress host antitumor immunity, leading to tumor progression and metastasis. In patients with advanced gastric cancer, most cytokines that enhance or suppress host antitumor immunity appear to have elevated serum and local expression levels. The net cytokine environment fluctuates at various stages of tumor development. In conclusion, a more detailed understanding of the differential roles of malignant cell-derived and hostderived cytokines at different stages of the malignant process could, consequently, open new avenues for the manipulation of cytokine expression and function in cancer immunotherapy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tsujimoto
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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73
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Lee YJ, Kim DH, Lee SH, Nam HS, Roh MR, Cho MK. Chemokine Receptor CCR3 Expression in Malignant Cutaneous Tumors. Ann Dermatol 2010; 22:412-7. [PMID: 21165210 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2010.22.4.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines and their receptors are important players in tumorigenesis by facilitating tumor proliferation and metastasis. Little is known about the possible function of chemokine receptors in relation to the development and progression of malignant cutaneous tumors. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the chemokine receptor CCR3 expression pattern and the protein expression level in selected malignant cutaneous tumors. METHODS Four types of cell lines (G361, A431, SK-MEL-2, SK-MEL-24) were analyzed, using Western blotting, for the expression of CCR3 protein. Immunohistochemical staining for CCR3 was done on 36 skin cancer tissue samples that included 16 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 16 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), 16 malignant melanomas (MMs) and 6 normal tissue samples. RESULTS Western blot analysis showed that CCR3 protein was more expressed in the MM cell lines (G361, SK-MEL-2,SK-MEL-24) than that in the SCC cell line (A431), and the immunohistochemical analysis showed that CCR3 protein was overexpressed in MM and SCC, it was mildly expressed in BCC and it was hardly expressed in normal tissue. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated via immunochemistry that CCR3 was more expressed in MM, followed by SCC and BCC. The existence of CCR3 protein may enhance the tumorigenic potential of malignant cutaneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jin Lee
- Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
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74
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Tsujimoto H, Ono S, Ichikura T, Matsumoto Y, Yamamoto J, Hase K. Roles of inflammatory cytokines in the progression of gastric cancer: friends or foes? Gastric Cancer 2010; 13:212-21. [PMID: 21128056 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-010-0568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence is being reported regarding the hypothesis that several proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may promote tumor progression and affect the host antitumor response. However, the manner in which a local cytokine network operates in tumor development remains unclear. We reviewed the literature to examine the consequences of novel insights into inflammatory cytokines associated with gastric cancer progression. The Medline and EMBASE databases were searched for publications regarding the role of inflammatory cytokines in the development of gastric cancer. A number of studies have suggested that several proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines promote tumor progression through the direct activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the upregulation of angiogenesis and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, these processes suppress host antitumor immunity, leading to tumor progression and metastasis. In patients with advanced gastric cancer, most cytokines that enhance or suppress host antitumor immunity appear to have elevated serum and local expression levels. The net cytokine environment fluctuates at various stages of tumor development. In conclusion, a more detailed understanding of the differential roles of malignant cell-derived and hostderived cytokines at different stages of the malignant process could, consequently, open new avenues for the manipulation of cytokine expression and function in cancer immunotherapy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tsujimoto
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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75
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Minamiya Y, Saito H, Takahashi N, Ito M, Toda H, Ono T, Konno H, Motoyama S, Ogawa JI. Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR6 correlates with a favorable prognosis in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Tumour Biol 2010; 32:197-202. [PMID: 20872189 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The relation between CCR6 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of lung cancer and patient prognosis is not well understood and remains controversial. We, therefore, investigated the relationship between CCR6 expression and prognosis in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung. We used semiquantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to assess the expression of CCR6 mRNA in tumor samples from 84 patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung. We then correlated the levels of CCR6 mRNA with known clinicopathological features. The 5-year disease-free survival rate among patients expressing higher levels of CCR6 mRNA was significantly better than among those expressing lower levels (P = 0.009 by log-rank test). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses revealed, being male [hazard ratio, 3.94; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.58 to 10.36; P = 0.003], tumor size >30 mm (hazard ratio, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.08 to 5.73; P = 0.030), nodal metastasis (hazard ratio, 7.66; 95% CI, 2.62 to 23.3; P = 0.0002), and CCR6 (hazard ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.93; P = 0.034) to be independent factors affecting the 5-year disease-free survival rate. Greater expression of CCR6 by tumor cells is an independent predictor of a better prognosis in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Minamiya
- Department of Chest, Breast and Endoclinologic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita City 010-8543, Japan.
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76
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Sharma PK, Singh R, Novakovic KR, Eaton JW, Grizzle WE, Singh S. CCR9 mediates PI3K/AKT-dependent antiapoptotic signals in prostate cancer cells and inhibition of CCR9-CCL25 interaction enhances the cytotoxic effects of etoposide. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2020-30. [PMID: 20127861 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment and management of prostate cancer (PCa), it remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the US. Chemotherapy is one of the treatment alternatives for hormone refractory metastatic PCa. However, current chemotherapeutic regimens provide palliative benefit but relatively modest survival advantage primarily due to chemo-resistance and upregulated antiapoptotic machineries in PCa cells. Therefore, blocking the mechanisms responsible for suppression of apoptosis might improve current chemotherapeutic regimens. In this study, we show that CC chemokine receptor-9 (CCR9) and its natural ligand CCL25 interaction upregulates antiapoptotic proteins (i.e., PI3K, AKT, ERK1/2 and GSK-3beta) and downregulate activation of caspase-3 in PCa cells. Significant downregulation of these CCR9-mediated antiapoptotic proteins in the presence of a PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin), further suggests that the antiapoptotic action of CCR9 is primarily regulated through PI3K. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of etoposide was significantly inhibited in the presence of CCL25, and this inhibitory effect of CCL25 was abrogated when CCR9-CCL25 interaction was blocked using anti-CCR9 monoclonal antibodies. In conformation to these in vitro studies, significant reduction in tumor burden was found in mice receiving CCL25 neutralizing antibodies and etoposide together as compared to both as a single agent. These results suggest that the CCR9-CCL25 axis mediates PI3K/AKT-dependent antiapoptotic signals in PCa cells and could be a possible reason for low apoptosis and modest chemotherapeutic response. Therefore, targeting CCR9-CCL25 axis with cytotoxic agents may provide better therapeutic outcomes than using cytotoxic agents alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Sharma
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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77
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Li H, Sun Y, Zhan M. Analysis of gene coexpression by B-spline based CoD estimation. EURASIP JOURNAL ON BIOINFORMATICS & SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2010:49478. [PMID: 17846662 PMCID: PMC3171342 DOI: 10.1155/2007/49478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gene coexpression study has emerged as a novel holistic approach for microarray data analysis. Different indices have been used in exploring coexpression relationship, but each is associated with certain pitfalls. The Pearson's correlation coefficient, for example, is not capable of uncovering nonlinear pattern and directionality of coexpression. Mutual information can detect nonlinearity but fails to show directionality. The coefficient of determination (CoD) is unique in exploring different patterns of gene coexpression, but so far only applied to discrete data and the conversion of continuous microarray data to the discrete format could lead to information loss. Here, we proposed an effective algorithm, CoexPro, for gene coexpression analysis. The new algorithm is based on B-spline approximation of coexpression between a pair of genes, followed by CoD estimation. The algorithm was justified by simulation studies and by functional semantic similarity analysis. The proposed algorithm is capable of uncovering both linear and a specific class of nonlinear relationships from continuous microarray data. It can also provide suggestions for possible directionality of coexpression to the researchers. The new algorithm presents a novel model for gene coexpression and will be a valuable tool for a variety of gene expression and network studies. The application of the algorithm was demonstrated by an analysis on ligand-receptor coexpression in cancerous and noncancerous cells. The software implementing the algorithm is available upon request to the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Li
- Bioinformatics Unit, Branch of Research Resources, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Bioinformatics Unit, Branch of Research Resources, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ming Zhan
- Bioinformatics Unit, Branch of Research Resources, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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78
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Jung DW, Che ZM, Kim J, Kim K, Kim KY, Williams D, Kim J. Tumor-stromal crosstalk in invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a pivotal role of CCL7. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:332-44. [PMID: 19937793 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that stromal fibroblasts have a more profound influence on the initiation and progression of carcinoma than was previously appreciated. This study aimed at investigating the reciprocal relationship between cancer cells and their associated fibroblasts at both the molecular and cellular level in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). To identify key molecular regulators expressed by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) that promote cancer cell invasion, microarrays were performed by comparing cocultured OSCC cells and CAF with monoculture controls. Microarray and real-time PCR analysis identified marked upregulation of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) in cocultured CAF. ELISA showed an elevated level of CCL7 secretion from CAF stimulated by coculture with OSCC cells. CCL7 promoted the invasion and migration of OSCC cells, and the invasiveness was inhibited by treatment with CCL7 neutralizing antibody. OSCC cells were shown to express CCR1, CCR2 and CCR3, receptors for CCL7, by RT-PCR. In addition, treatment with anti-CCR1 or anti-CCR3 antibody inhibited CCL7-induced OSCC cell migration, implicating that CCL7 promotes cancer cell migration through CCR1 and CCR3 on OSCC cells. Cytokine antibody array analysis of the supernatant from OSCC cell culture revealed that interleukin-1alpha was an inducer of CCL7 secretion by CAF. This study confirms the reciprocal relationship of the molecular crosstalk regulating the invasion of OSCC and describes new potential targets for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Jung
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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79
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Cronin PA, Wang JH, Redmond HP. Hypoxia increases the metastatic ability of breast cancer cells via upregulation of CXCR4. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:225. [PMID: 20492653 PMCID: PMC2880996 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine SDF1alpha and its unique receptor CXCR4 have been implicated in organ-specific metastases of many cancers including breast cancer. Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors and is associated with their malignant phenotype. We hypothesized that hypoxia would upregulate CXCR4 expression and lead to increased chemotactic responsiveness to its specific ligand SDF1alpha. METHODS Three breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, MCF7 and 4T1 were subjected to 48 hrs of hypoxia or normoxia. Cell surface receptor expression was evaluated using flow cytometry. An extracellular matrix invasion assay and microporous migration assay was used to assess chemotactic response and metastatic ability. RESULTS CXCR4 surface expression was significantly increased in the two human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7, following exposure to hypoxia. This upregulation of CXCR4 cell surface expression corresponded to a significant increase in migration and invasion in response to SDF1-alpha in vitro. The increase in metastatic potential of both the normoxic and the hypoxic treated breast cancer cell lines was attenuated by neutralization of CXCR4 with a CXCR4 neutralizing mAb, MAB172 or a CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, showing the relationship between CXCR4 overexpression and increased chemotactic responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS CXCR4 expression can be modulated by the tissue microenvironment such as hypoxia. Upregulation of CXCR4 is associated with increased migratory and invasive potential and this effect can be abrogated by CXCR4 inhibition. Chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a potential therapeutic target in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Cronin
- Department of Academic Surgery, University College Cork, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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80
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Kim EJ, Park H, Kim J, Park JHY. 3,3′-diindolylmethane suppresses 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and tumor promotion in mouse skin via the downregulation of inflammatory mediators. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:672-83. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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81
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Coon KD, Inge LJ, Swetel K, Felton V, Stafford P, Bremner RM. Genomic characterization of the inflammatory response initiated by surgical intervention and the effect of perioperative cyclooxygenase 2 blockade. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139:1253-60, 1260.e1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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82
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Izukuri K, Suzuki K, Yajima N, Ozawa S, Ito S, Kubota E, Hata RI. Chemokine CXCL14/BRAK transgenic mice suppress growth of carcinoma cell transplants. [corrected]. Transgenic Res 2010; 19:1109-17. [PMID: 20333465 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that the forced expression of the chemokine BRAK, also called CXCL14 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells decreased the rate of tumor formation and size of tumor xenografts compared with mock-vector treated cells in athymic nude mice or in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. This suppression occurred even though the growth rates of these cells were the same under in vitro culture conditions, suggesting that a high expression level of the gene in tumor cells is important for the suppression of tumor establishment in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine whether CXCL14/BRAK transgenic mice show resistance to tumor cell xenografts or not. CXCL14/BRAK cDNA was introduced into male C57BL/6 J pronuclei, and 10 founder transgenic mice (Tg) were obtained. Two lines of mice expressed over 10 times higher CXCL14/BRAK protein levels (14 and 11 ng/ml plasma, respectively) than normal blood level (0.9 ng/ml plasma), without apparent abnormality. The sizes of Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma cell xenografts in Tg mice were significantly smaller than those in control wild-type mice, indicating that CXCL14/BRAK, first found as a suppressor of tumor progression of HNSCC, also suppresses the progression of a carcinoma of other tissue origin. Immunohistochemical studies showed that invasion of blood vessels into tumors was suppressed in tumor xenografts of CXCL14/BRAK Tg mice. These results indicate that CXCL14/BRAK suppressed tumor cell xenografts by functioning paracrine or endocrine fashion and that CXCL14/BRAK is a very promising molecular target for tumor suppression without side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Izukuri
- Oral Health Science Research Center/Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kanagawa Dental College, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, 238-8580, Japan
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83
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Singh S, Sadanandam A, Varney ML, Nannuru KC, Singh RK. Small interfering RNA-mediated CXCR1 or CXCR2 knock-down inhibits melanoma tumor growth and invasion. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:328-36. [PMID: 19585580 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CXCR1 and CXCR2 are receptors for CXCL-8 and are differentially expressed on melanoma and endothelial cells. In this study, we determined the functional role of these receptors in melanoma progression. We stably knock-down the expression of CXCR1 and/or CXCR2 in A375-SM (SM; high metastatic) human melanoma cells by short-hairpin RNA transfection. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, ERK phosphorlyation and cytoskeletal rearrangements were carried out in vitro. In vivo growth was evaluated using murine subcutaneous xenograft model. Our data demonstrate that knock-down of CXCR1 and/or CXCR2 expression, inhibited melanoma cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasive potential in vitro. Moreover, we also observed inhibition of ERK phosphorylation and cytoskeltal rearrangement in SM-shCXCR1, SM-shCXCR2 and SM-shCXCR1/2 cells. Furthermore, when SM-shCXCR1 or SM-shCXCR2 cells implanted in nude mice, tumor growth, proliferation and microvessel density was significantly inhibited as compared to SM-control cells. In addition, we observed a significant increase in melanoma cell apoptosis in SM-shCXCR1 and SM-shCXCR2 tumors compared to SM-control tumors. Together, these data demonstrate that CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression play a critical role in human melanoma tumor progression and, functional blockade of CXCR1 and CXCR2 could be potentially used for future therapeutic intervention in malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Singh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-5900, USA
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84
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Bo S, Dianliang Z, Hongmei Z, Xinxiang W, Yanbing Z, Xiaobo L. Association of Interleukin-8 Gene Polymorphism With Cachexia From Patients With Gastric Cancer. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30:9-14. [PMID: 19929572 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Song Bo
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhang Dianliang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Hongmei
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang Xinxiang
- Yantai Chefoo Area Subordinate Organ Hospital, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Yanbing
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu Xiaobo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, People’s Republic of China
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Moriai S, Takahara M, Ogino T, Nagato T, Kishibe K, Ishii H, Katayama A, Shimizu N, Harabuchi Y. Production of Interferon-γ–Inducible Protein-10 and Its Role as an Autocrine Invasion Factor in Nasal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6771-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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86
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Associations of plasma IL-8 levels withHelicobacter pyloriseropositivity, gastric atrophy, andIL-8T-251A genotypes. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 138:512-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809990677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThere are few data on circulatory pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and cytokine gene polymorphisms inH. pylori-positive patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the effects ofH. pyloriinfection, gastric atrophy, and theIL-8T-251A polymorphism on plasma IL-8 levels in 98 Japanese adults. Seventy-one subjects were positive forH. pyloriinfection. The geometric mean of plasma IL-8 concentration was significantly higher in subjects withH. pyloriinfection than in those without (P=0·001). The development of atrophy was negatively associated with IL-8 levels in theH. pylori-positive subjects, although not significantly. Plasma IL-8 levels in the T/T genotype were associated withH. pyloriinfection and atrophy status (P=0·016). Our findings suggested that circulating IL-8 levels were associated withH. pyloriinfection. The effect ofH. pyloriinfection on plasma IL-8 levels was not clearly modified by theIL-8T-251A polymorphism.
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87
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Takahashi M, Miyazaki H, Furihata M, Sakai H, Konakahara T, Watanabe M, Okada T. Chemokine CCL2/MCP-1 negatively regulates metastasis in a highly bone marrow-metastatic mouse breast cancer model. Clin Exp Metastasis 2009; 26:817-28. [PMID: 19629725 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-009-9281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone is the most frequent site of breast cancer metastasis, and once such metastasis occurs, complete remission is extremely difficult to achieve. In an effort to define the mechanisms underlying metastatic spread of breast cancer to bone, we previously developed and characterized the highly bone metastatic 4T1E/M3 mouse breast cancer cells. We found that following injection into mice, 4T1E/M3 cells exhibited greater bone metastasis and greater in vitro anchorage-independent growth and cell migration than their parental cells (4T1E). We also found that expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is crucially involved in these metastatic activities of 4T1E/M3 cells. In the present study, our analysis of gene and protein expression revealed that production of chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) is dramatically reduced in 4T1E/M3 cells, and that restoration of CCL2 expression in 4T1E/M3 cells diminishes their metastasis to bone and lung. Overexpression of CCL2 in 4T1E/M3 cells significantly reduced not only in vitro anchorage-independent cell growth and cell migration, but also mRNA and cell surface expression of ICAM-1. Conversely, knocking down CCL2 in 4T1E parental cells augmented their metastatic spread to spine and lung. The expression of ICAM-1 was also upregulated in 4T1E-derived CCL2 knockdown cells. Taken together, these results suggest that CCL2 expression may negatively regulate breast cancer metastasis to bone marrow and lung in our model and that expression of ICAM-1 plays a crucial role in that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehisa Takahashi
- Neuroscience Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
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Loeffler M, Le’Negrate G, Krajewska M, Reed JC. Salmonella typhimurium engineered to produce CCL21 inhibit tumor growth. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:769-75. [PMID: 18633610 PMCID: PMC11030637 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intravenously-applied bacteria tend to accumulate in tumors and can sporadically lead to tumor regression. Systemic administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium is safe and has shown no significant adverse effects in humans. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that engineering S. typhimurium to express a chemokine, CCL21, would increase anti-tumor activity. We engineered an attenuated strain of S. typhimurium to produce the chemokine CCL21. Attenuated S. typhimurium expressing CCL21 significantly inhibited the growth of primary tumors and pulmonary metastases in preclinical models of multi-drug-resistant murine carcinomas, while control bacteria did not. Histological analysis of tumors showed marked inflammatory cell infiltrates in mice treated with CCL21-expressing but not control bacteria. Levels of cytokines and chemokines known to be induced by CCL21 [e.g., interferon-gamma (INFgamma), CXCL9, and CXCL10] were significantly elevated in tumors of mice treated with CCL21-expressing but not control S. typhimurium. The anti-tumor activity was found to be dependent on CD4- and CD8-expressing cells, based on antibody-mediated in vivo immuno-depletion experiments. Anti-tumor activity was achieved without evidence of toxicity. In summary, chemokine-expressing, attenuated bacteria may provide a novel approach to cancer immunotherapy for effective and well-tolerated in vivo delivery of immunomodulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Loeffler
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Gaelle Le’Negrate
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Maryla Krajewska
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - John C. Reed
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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89
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Kogan-Sakin I, Cohen M, Paland N, Madar S, Solomon H, Molchadsky A, Brosh R, Buganim Y, Goldfinger N, Klocker H, Schalken JA, Rotter V. Prostate stromal cells produce CXCL-1, CXCL-2, CXCL-3 and IL-8 in response to epithelia-secreted IL-1. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:698-705. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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90
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Kanemura H, Kusumoto K, Miyake H, Tashiro S, Rokutan K, Shimada M. Geranylgeranylacetone prevents acute liver damage after massive hepatectomy in rats through suppression of a CXC chemokine GRO1 and induction of heat shock proteins. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:66-73. [PMID: 18683011 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-008-0604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Acute liver failure after massive hepatectomy remains a challenging problem. In this study, using a microarray designed to monitor the side effects of drugs, we examined changes in gene expression in the remnant liver during the 24 h after hepatectomy and the effects of a nontoxic heat shock protein (HSP) 70 inducer, geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), after 90% hepatectomy in rats. RESULTS A single oral administration of 100 mg/kg GGA significantly suppressed the release of aminotransferases and improved survival compared with vehicle administration. The hepatectomy upregulated 74 genes and downregulated 95. Interestingly, ten cytokine genes were upregulated, while no cytokine-related gene was downregulated. Among the ten cytokine genes, a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, GRO1, was most rapidly and markedly upregulated after 90% hepatectomy. GGA effectively suppressed the up-regulation of GRO1 messenger ribonucleic acid, and this was validated by Northern hybridization. Microarray and immunoblot analyses showed that, in addition to HSP70 and HSP27, GGA preferentially induced an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, BIP. CONCLUSION Considering hemodynamic and metabolic overloading as a primary cause of acute lever failure, the ER stress response enhanced by GGA may also play an important role in the prevention of overload-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kanemura
- Department of Digestive and Pediatric Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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91
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Abstract
One of the major challenges in post-genomic research is to understand how physiological and pathological phenotypes arise from the networks or connectivity of expressed genes. In addressing this issue, we have developed two computational algorithms, CoExMiner and PathwayPro, to explore static features of gene co-expression and dynamic behaviors of gene networks. CoExMiner is based on B-spline approximation followed by the coefficient of determination (CoD) estimation for modeling gene co-expression patterns. The algorithm allows the exploration of transcriptional responses that involve coordinated expression of genes encoding proteins which work in concert in the cell. PathwayPro is based on a finite-state Markov chain model for mimicking dynamic behaviors of a transcriptional network. The algorithm allows quantitative assessment of a wide range of network responses, including susceptibility to disease, potential usefulness of a given drug, and consequences of such external stimuli as pharmacological interventions or caloric restriction. We demonstrated the applications of CoExMiner and PathwayPro by examining gene expression profiles of ligands and receptors in cancerous and non-cancerous cells and network dynamics of the leukemia-associated BCR-ABL pathway. The examinations disclosed both linear and nonlinear relationships of ligand-receptor interactions associated with cancer development, identified disease and drug targets of leukemia, and provided new insights into biology of the diseases. The analysis using these newly developed algorithms show the great usefulness of computational systems biology approaches for biological and medical research.
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92
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van Leeuwen DM, Gottschalk RWH, Schoeters G, van Larebeke NA, Nelen V, Baeyens WF, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Transcriptome analysis in peripheral blood of humans exposed to environmental carcinogens: a promising new biomarker in environmental health studies. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:1519-25. [PMID: 19057705 PMCID: PMC2592272 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human carcinogenesis is known to be initiated and/or promoted by exposure to chemicals that occur in the environment. Molecular cancer epidemiology is used to identify human environmental cancer risks by applying a range of effect biomarkers, which tend to be nonspecific and do not generate insights into underlying modes of action. Toxicogenomic technologies may improve on this by providing the opportunity to identify molecular biomarkers consisting of altered gene expression profiles. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to monitor the expression of selected genes in a random sample of adults in Flanders selected from specific regions with (presumably) different environmental burdens. Furthermore, associations of gene expression with blood and urinary measures of biomarkers of exposure, early phenotypic effects, and tumor markers were investigated. RESULTS Individual gene expression of cytochrome p450 1B1, activating transcription factor 4, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, superoxide dismutase 2 (Mn), chemokine (C-X-C motif) lig-and 1 (melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase homolog 2 (mouse), tigger transposable element derived 3, and PTEN-induced putative kinase1 were measured by means of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood cells of 398 individuals. After correction for the confounding effect of tobacco smoking, inhabitants of the Olen region showed the highest differences in gene expression levels compared with inhabitants from the Gent and fruit cultivation regions. Importantly, we observed multiple significant correlations of particular gene expressions with blood and urinary measures of various environmental carcinogens. CONCLUSIONS Considering the observed significant differences between gene expression levels in inhabitants of various regions in Flanders and the associations of gene expression with blood or urinary measures of environmental carcinogens, we conclude that gene expression profiling appears promising as a tool for biological monitoring in relation to environmental exposures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danitsja M van Leeuwen
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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93
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Lee SK, Lee J, Min SK, Won DH, Lee YM, Lim HD, Lee W, Pae HO, Chung HT, Jun CD, Lee SK, Kim EC. Iron chelator differentially activates macrophage inflammatory protein-3α/CCL20 in immortalized and malignant human oral keratinocytes. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:801-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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94
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Hong SB, Huang Y, Moreno-Vinasco L, Sammani S, Moitra J, Barnard JW, Ma SF, Mirzapoiazova T, Evenoski C, Reeves RR, Chiang ET, Lang GD, Husain AN, Dudek SM, Jacobson JR, Ye SQ, Lussier YA, Garcia JGN. Essential role of pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor in ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:605-17. [PMID: 18658108 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200712-1822oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE We previously demonstrated pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF) as a biomarker in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) with genetic variants conferring ALI susceptibility. OBJECTIVES To explore mechanistic participation of PBEF in ALI and ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). METHODS Two models of VILI were utilized to explore the role of PBEF using either recombinant PBEF or PBEF(+/-) mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Initial in vitro studies demonstrated recombinant human PBEF (rhPBEF) as a direct rat neutrophil chemotactic factor with in vivo studies demonstrating marked increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) leukocytes (PMNs) after intratracheal injection in C57BL/6J mice. These changes were accompanied by increased BAL levels of PMN chemoattractants (KC and MIP-2) and modest increases in lung vascular and alveolar permeability. We next explored the potential synergism between rhPBEF challenge (intratracheal) and a model of limited VILI (4 h, 30 ml/kg tidal volume) and observed dramatic increases in BAL PMNs, BAL protein, and cytokine levels (IL-6, TNF-alpha, KC) compared with either challenge alone. Gene expression profiling identified induction of ALI- and VILI-associated gene modules (nuclear factor-kappaB, leukocyte extravasation, apoptosis, Toll receptor pathways). Heterozygous PBEF(+/-) mice were significantly protected (reduced BAL protein, BAL IL-6 levels, peak inspiratory pressures) when exposed to a model of severe VILI (4 h, 40 ml/kg tidal volume) and exhibited significantly reduced expression of VILI-associated gene expression modules. Finally, strategies to reduce PBEF availability (neutralizing antibody) resulted in significant protection from VILI. CONCLUSIONS These studies implicate PBEF as a key inflammatory mediator intimately involved in both the development and severity of ventilator-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bum Hong
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, W604, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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95
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Rubie C, Frick VO, Wagner M, Schuld J, Gräber S, Brittner B, Bohle RM, Schilling MK. ELR+ CXC chemokine expression in benign and malignant colorectal conditions. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:178. [PMID: 18578857 PMCID: PMC2459188 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCR2 chemokine ligands CXCL1, CXCL5 and CXCL6 were shown to be involved in chemoattraction, inflammatory responses, tumor growth and angiogenesis. Here, we comparatively analyzed their expression profile in resection specimens from patients with colorectal adenoma (CRA) (n = 30) as well as colorectal carcinoma (CRC) (n = 48) and corresponding colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) (n = 16). METHODS Chemokine expression was assessed by microdissection, quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR), the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS In contrast to CXCL6, we demonstrated CXCL1 and CXCL5 mRNA and protein expression to be significantly up-regulated in CRC and CRLM tissue specimens in relation to their matched tumor neighbor tissues. Moreover, both chemokine ligands were demonstrated to be significantly higher expressed in CRC tissues than in CRA tissues thus indicating a progressive increase in the transition from the premalignant condition to the development of the malignant status. Although a comparative analysis of the CXCL1/CXCL5 protein expression profiles in CRC patients revealed that the absolute expression level of CXCL1 was significantly higher in comparison to CXCL5, mRNA- and protein overexpression of CXCL5 in CRC and CRLM tissues was much more pronounced (80- and 60- fold in CRC tissues, respectively) in comparison to CXCL1 (5- and 3.5- fold in CRC tissues, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a significant association between CXCL1 and CXCL5 expression with CRC and CRLM suggesting for both chemokine ligands a potential role in the progression from CRA to CRC and thus, in the initiation of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rubie
- Dept. of General -, Visceral-, Vascular - and Pediatric Surgery, University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Guruvayoorappan C, Kuttan G. (+)-Catechin inhibits tumour angiogenesis and regulates the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Innate Immun 2008; 14:160-74. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425908093295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-angiogenic activity of (+)-catechin as well as its regulatory effect on the production of nitric oxide and TNFα were studied using in vivo and in vitro models. In vivo angiogenic activity was studied using B16F-10 melanoma cell-induced capillary formation in C57BL/6 mice. Administration of (+)-catechin significantly inhibited (36.09%) the number of tumour-directed capillaries induced by injecting B16F-10 melanoma cells on the ventral side of C57BL/6 mice. The cytokine profile in the serum of these animals showed a drastically increased level of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, GM-CSF and the direct endothelial cell proliferating agent, VEGF. Administration of (+)-catechin could differentially regulate elevation of these cytokines. The differential elevation is further evidenced by the increased production of IL-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in the B16F-10 injected, (+)-catechin-treated animals. In vitro L929 bioassay revealed the inhibition of TNF-α production by (+)-catechin treatment. In the rat aortic ring assay, (+)-catechin inhibited the microvessel outgrowth at non-toxic concentrations. (+)-Catechin at non-toxic concentrations (5—25 µg/ml) showed significant inhibition in the proliferation, migration and tube formation of endothelial cells, which are the key events in the process of angiogenesis. (+)-Catechin also showed inhibitory effect on VEGF mRNA levels in B16F-10 melanoma cells. (+)-Catechin inhibited the production of NO and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated primary macrophages. Taken together, these results demonstrate that (+)-catechin inhibits tumour-specific angiogenesis by regulating the production of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, VEGF, IL-2 and TIMP-1. These results also suggest that (+)-catechin could significantly inhibit nitrite and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girija Kuttan
- Department of Immunology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala State, India,
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97
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Lee HL, Eom HS, Yun T, Kim HJ, Park WS, Nam BH, Moon-Woo S, Lee DH, Kong SY. Serum and urine levels of interleukin-8 in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cytokine 2008; 43:71-5. [PMID: 18502145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an important role in many types of cancer. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is known to be a pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokine, and IL-8 has been reported to be associated with tumor progression, prognosis and survival in several types of cancers. However, the role of IL-8 in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has not been fully determined. Here, we evaluated the usefulness of measuring serum and urine IL-8 levels in patients with NHL. We developed reference intervals for serum and urine IL-8 level in 131 control individuals. We measured serum IL-8 and urine IL-8 levels in patients with NHL, and we compared the concentrations with those of control individuals. The reference intervals for serum IL-8 and urine IL-8 corrected by creatinine (Cr) were 15.9-430.3 pg/mL and 0.0-28.4 pg/mg Cr, respectively. The concentrations of urine IL-8/Cr were significantly higher in patients than in controls (48.9+/-194.4 vs. 5.2+/-13.8 pg/mg Cr, P<0.001). However, there were no significant differences in serum IL-8 concentrations between NHL patients and controls (159.2+/-40.4 vs. 99.6+/-107.1 pg/mL; P=0.099). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis gave 0.83 and 0.43 ROC area values for urine IL-8/Cr and serum IL-8, respectively. There was no correlation between the serum and urine concentrations of IL-8 and clinical variables, the only exception being the international prognostic index (IPI), which showed a marginal correlation with urine IL-8/Cr levels (P=0.07). This study indicated that urine IL-8/Cr levels might be useful as a diagnostic marker of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Lin Lee
- Hematologic Malignancies Branch, Division of Translational & Clinical Research II, Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, 809 Madu-dong, Ilsan-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
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98
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Sugasawa H, Ichikura T, Kinoshita M, Ono S, Majima T, Tsujimoto H, Chochi K, Hiroi S, Takayama E, Saitoh D, Seki S, Mochizuki H. Gastric cancer cells exploit CD4+ cell-derived CCL5 for their growth and prevention of CD8+ cell-involved tumor elimination. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2535-41. [PMID: 18246596 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The level of serum CCL5, a C-C chemokine, is reportedly correlated with tumor progression in several cancers. We herein investigated the mechanisms by which CCL5 might contribute to tumor progression in gastric cancer. Serum CCL5 levels significantly correlated with tumor progression and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Immunohistochemistry showed that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expressed CCL5, while the tumor cells expressed the CCL5 receptors. Fluorescent double staining showed that tumor-infiltrating CD4+ cells rather than CD8+ cells preferentially expressed CCL5. Using gastric cancer cell lines (MKN45, KATO III), we examined CCL5 production by coculturing whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CD4+ cells, or CD8+ cells, with tumor cells. CD4+ cells cocultured with tumor cells remarkably enhanced CCL5 production in a direct cell-cell contact manner over other cocultured PBMCs, including CD8+ cells. Gastric cancer cell lines expressed CCL5 receptors and augmented their proliferation in response to CCL5 stimulation. Furthermore, we examined the effect of CCL5-treated cancer cells on the cocultured PBMCs, focusing on the CD4+/CD8+ proportion and apoptosis. Coculture of CCL5-treated gastric cancer cells with PBMCs resulted in a significant decrease in the proportion of CD8+ cells but not CD4+ cells, suggesting Fas-FasL-mediated apoptosis in CD8+ cells. In immunodeficient mice coinjected with KATO III and PBMCs, neutralization of CCL5 significantly suppressed tumor progression, resulting in a favorable outcome. In conclusion, gastric cancer cells might thus induce CD4+ T cells to secrete CCL5 and exploit it for their progression, as well as to aid in the prevention of CD8+ T cell-involved tumor elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Sugasawa
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan.
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Huang J, Chen K, Gong W, Dunlop NM, Wang JM. G-protein coupled chemoattractant receptors and cancer. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:3352-63. [PMID: 18508437 DOI: 10.2741/2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemoattractant receptors are a group of seven transmembrane, G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). They were initially identified mainly on leukocytes to mediate cell migration in response to pathogen or host-derived chemotactic factors. During the past decade, chemoattractant GPCRs have been discovered not only to mediate leukocyte chemotaxis thus promoting innate and adaptive host immune responses, but also to play essential roles in development, homeostasis, HIV infection, angiogenesis and wound healing. A growing body of evidence further indicates that chemoattractant GPCRs contribute to tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis/angiostasis and metastasis. The diverse properties of GPCRs in the progression of malignant tumors have attracted intense interest in their potential as novel anti-tumor pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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100
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Weinberg BD, Blanco E, Gao J. Polymer Implants for Intratumoral Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:1681-702. [PMID: 17847077 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To address the need for minimally invasive treatment of unresectable tumors, intratumoral polymer implants have been developed to release a variety of chemotherapeutic agents for the locoregional therapy of cancer. These implants, also termed "polymer millirods," were designed to provide optimal drug release kinetics to improve drug delivery efficiency and antitumor efficacy when treating unresectable tumors. Modeling of drug transport properties in different tissue environments has provided theoretical insights on rational implant design, and several imaging techniques have been established to monitor the local drug concentrations surrounding these implants both ex vivo and in vivo. Preliminary antitumor efficacy and drug distribution studies in a rabbit liver tumor model have shown that these implants can restrict tumor growth in small animal tumors (diameter < 1 cm). In the future, new approaches, such as three-dimensional (3-D) drug distribution modeling and the use of multiple drug-releasing implants, will be used to extend the efficacy of these implants in treating larger tumors more similar to intractable human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent D Weinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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