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Oliveira S, Oliveira M, Hipolide D. A1 adenosine receptors in the striatum play a role in the memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation through downregulation of the PKA pathway. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 160:91-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Yildirim G, Ozcan KM, Keskin O, Tekeli F, Kaymaz AA. Effects of chronic REM sleep deprivation on lipocalin-2, nitric oxide synthase-3, interleukin-6 and cardiotrophin-1 levels: an experimental rat model. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-019-00214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Stem-leaf saponins from Panax notoginseng counteract aberrant autophagy and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons of mice with cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:442-452. [PMID: 32372866 PMCID: PMC7195596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Sleep deprivation (SD) impairs learning and memory by inhibiting hippocampal functioning at molecular and cellular levels. Abnormal autophagy and apoptosis are closely associated with neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. This study is aimed to explore the alleviative effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of stem–leaf saponins of Panax notoginseng (SLSP) on the abnormal neuronal autophagy and apoptosis in hippocampus of mice with impaired learning and memory induced by SD. Methods Mouse spatial learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze test. Neuronal morphological changes were observed by Nissl staining. Autophagosome formation was examined by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescent staining, acridine orange staining, and transient transfection of the tf-LC3 plasmid. Apoptotic event was analyzed by flow cytometry after PI/annexin V staining. The expression or activation of autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blotting assay. Results SLSP was shown to improve the spatial learning and memory of mice after SD for 48 h, accomanied with restrained excessive autophage and apoptosis, whereas enhanced activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons. Meanwhile, it improved the aberrant autophagy and apoptosis induced by rapamycin and re-activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling transduction in HT-22 cells, a hippocampal neuronal cell line. Conclusion SLSP could alleviate cognitive impairment induced by SD, which was achieved probably through suppressing the abnormal autophagy and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. The findings may contribute to the clinical application of SLSP in the prevention or therapy of neurological disorders associated with SD.
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Kaya O, Yilmaz M, Bayram S, Gunduz O, Kizilay G, Ozturk L. Effects of cannabinoid modulation on hypothalamic nesfatin-1 and insulin resistance. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2019; 62:182-187. [DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_50_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Zhang Q, Su G, Zhao T, Wang S, Sun B, Zheng L, Zhao M. The memory improving effects of round scad (Decapterus maruadsi) hydrolysates on sleep deprivation-induced memory deficits in rats via antioxidant and neurotrophic pathways. Food Funct 2019; 10:7733-7744. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation negatively influences memory formation and consolidation, which leads to memory impairment associated with oxidative stress and neurotrophic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
| | - Guowan Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
| | - Shuguang Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology & Business University
- Beijing 100048
- China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
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Oyola MG, Shupe EA, Soltis AR, Sukumar G, Paez-Pereda M, Larco DO, Wilkerson MD, Rothwell S, Dalgard CL, Wu TJ. Sleep Deprivation Alters the Pituitary Stress Transcriptome in Male and Female Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:676. [PMID: 31649619 PMCID: PMC6794367 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor sleep hygiene is a growing problem, with detrimental effects on many biological systems. The pituitary gland plays a crucial role in the regulation of sleep and the stress response, and its dysfunction leads to sleep-related disorders. However, the interaction between these critical functions remains unclear. Thus, we performed a comparative, whole-transcriptome, analysis to identify stress-induced genes and relevant pathways that may be affected by sleep deprivation. One day following 12 h of Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation (PSD), mice were restrained for 20 min. Gene expression changes in the pituitary were assessed via RNA-Seq and Gene Ontology in PSD and/or restrained groups compared to controls. We show that restraint triggers transcriptional responses involved in hormone secretion, the glucocorticoid response, and apoptosis in both sexes, with 285 differentially expressed genes in females and 93 in males. When PSD preceded restraint stress, the numbers of differentially expressed genes increased to 613 in females and 580 in males. The pituitary transcriptome of restraint+PSD animals was enriched for microglia and macrophage proliferation, cellular response to corticosteroids, and apoptosis, among others. Finally, we identify sex-specific differences in restraint-induced genes following PSD. These findings provide genetic targets to consider when studying sleep and the response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G. Oyola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Shupe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anthony R. Soltis
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gauthaman Sukumar
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marcelo Paez-Pereda
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Darwin O. Larco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew D. Wilkerson
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephen Rothwell
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - T. John Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: T. John Wu
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Wu G, Zhang J, Chen W, Chen S, Huang Y, Lin R, Huang M, Li Z, Zheng L, Li X. Tougu Xiaotong capsule exerts a therapeutic effect on knee osteoarthritis by regulating subchondral bone remodeling. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:1858-1866. [PMID: 30592265 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Tougu Xiaotong capsule (TGXTC) has therapeutic effects on knee osteoarthritis (OA) through multiple targets. However, the mechanisms of action underlying its regulation of subchondral bone reconstruction remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of TGXTC on subchondral bone remodeling. Eighteen six-month-old New Zealand white rabbits of average sex were randomly divided into the normal, model and TGXTC groups. The rabbit knee OA model was induced by a modified Hulth's method in the model and TGXTC groups, but not the normal group. Five weeks postoperatively, intragastric administration of TGXTC was performed for four weeks. After drug administration, the medial femoral condyle and tibia were prepared for observation of cartilage histology via optical microscopy and micro-computed tomography, the serum was collected for biochemical parameters assay and the subchondral bone isolated from the lateral femoral condyle was collected for detection of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA and protein by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that treatment with TGXTC significantly mitigated cartilage injury and subchondral bone damage, improved the parameter of subchondral trabecular bone, decreased alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity, and significantly reducing the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand ratio, reduced the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA and protein. These results suggest that TGXTC could delay the pathological development of OA by regulating subchondral bone remodeling through regulation of bone formation and bone resorption and its relating inflammatory factors, and this may partly explain its clinical efficacy in the treatment of knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Wu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Wenlie Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Sainan Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Yunmei Huang
- National Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology (Cell Structure and Function), Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Ruhui Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Meiya Huang
- National Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology (Cell Structure and Function), Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Zuanfang Li
- National Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology (Cell Structure and Function), Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Liangpu Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xihai Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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Wang S, Su G, Zhang Q, Zhao T, Liu Y, Zheng L, Zhao M. Walnut ( Juglans regia) Peptides Reverse Sleep Deprivation-Induced Memory Impairment in Rat via Alleviating Oxidative Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10617-10627. [PMID: 30226056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the neuroprotective effects of walnut protein hydrolysates (WPH) against memory deficits induced by sleep deprivation (SD) in rat and further to identify and characterize the potent neuroprotective peptides against glutamate-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Results showed that a remarkable amelioration effect on behavioral performance in Morris water maze test was observed for WPH and its low molecular weight fraction WPHL, especially for WPHL. Additionally, a reduction of antioxidant defense (catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and an increase of malondialdehyde content induced by SD were normalized in brain of rat after oral administration of WPH and WPHL. Then three neuroprotective peptides including GGW, VYY, and LLPF were identified from WPHL, which could protect PC12 cells against glutamate-induced apoptosis with relative cell viability of 78.29 ± 3.09%, 80.65 ± 1.74%, and 83.97 ± 3.06%, respectively, versus glutamate group 48.61 ± 3.99%. The possible mechanism underlying their protective effects of GGW and VYY could be related to their strong radical scavenging activity as well as their ability to reduce reactive oxygen species production and the depletion of SOD and GSH-px in PC12 cells. Notably, the marked neuroprotective effects of LLPF, which did not show obvious free-radical scavenging activity in vitro, could be attributed to its strong effects on inhibiting Ca2+ influx and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. Additionally, all these peptides could regulate the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and Bcl-2). Therefore, walnut peptides might be regarded as the potential nutraceuticals against neurodegenerative disorders associated with memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center , Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Guowan Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center , Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center , Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center , Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center , Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center , Guangzhou 510650 , China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology & Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
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Brianza-Padilla M, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Vázquez-Palacios G, Huang F, Almanza-Pérez JC, Bojalil R, Bonilla-Jaime H. Cytokine and microRNA levels during different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation and sleep recovery in rats. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5567. [PMID: 30225174 PMCID: PMC6139242 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep has a fundamental role in the regulation of homeostasis. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and recovery on serum levels of cytokines and miRNAs related to inflammatory responses. Methods Male Wistar rats were submitted to a PSD of 24, 96, or 192 h, or of 192 h followed by 20 days of recovery (192 h PSD+R). The concentrations of corticosterone, cytokines (IL-6, TNF, IL-10, Adiponectin) and miRNAs (miR-146a, miR-155, miR-223, miR-16, miR-126, miR-21) in serum were evaluated. Results At PSD 24 h a significant increase of IL-6 and decrease of IL-10 were observed. At PSD 96h adiponectin increased. At 192 h of PSD IL-6 increased significantly again, accompanied by a threefold increase of IL-10 and an increase of serum corticosterone. After 20 days of recovery (192 h PSD+R) corticosterone, IL-6 and TNF levels increased significantly, while IL-10 decreased also significantly. Regarding the miRNAs at 24 h of PSD serum miR-146a, miR-155, miR-223, and miR-16 levels all increased. At 96 h of PSD miR-223 decreased. At 192 h of PSD decreases in miR-16 and miR-126 were observed. After recovery serum miR-21 increased and miR-16 decreased. Conclusion PSD induces a dynamic response likely reflecting the induced cellular stress and manifested as variating hormonal and inflammatory responses. Sleep deprivation disturbed corticosterone, cytokine and miRNA levels in serum related to the duration of sleep deprivation, as short-term PSD produced effects similar to those of an acute inflammatory response and long-term PSD induced long-lasting disturbances of biological mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinalli Brianza-Padilla
- Posgrado en Biologia Experimental, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Vázquez-Palacios
- Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad Autonoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología y Toxicología, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Julio César Almanza-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rafael Bojalil
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Departamento de Biologia de la Reproducción, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Pires GN, Tufik S, Andersen M. Michel Jouvet and his Importance for Brazilian Preclinical Sleep Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:181-182. [PMID: 29410751 PMCID: PMC5760053 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Natan Pires
- Departamento de Psicobiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) is a unique phenomenon essential for maintaining normal physiological processes and is expressed at least in species higher in the evolution. The basic scaffold of the neuronal network responsible for REMS regulation is present in the brainstem, which may be directly or indirectly influenced by most other physiological processes. It is regulated by the neurons in the brainstem. Various manipulations including chemical, elec-trophysiological, lesion, stimulation, behavioral, ontogenic and deprivation studies have been designed to understand REMS genesis, maintenance, physiology and functional significance. Although each of these methods has its significance and limitations, deprivation studies have contributed significantly to the overall understanding of REMS. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of various methods used for REMS deprivation (REMSD) to understand neural regulation and physiological significance of REMS. Among the deprivation strategies, the flowerpot method is by far the method of choice because it is simple and convenient, exploits physiological parameter (muscle atonia) for REMSD and allows conducting adequate controls to overcome experimental limitations as well as to rule out nonspecific effects. Notwithstanding, a major criticism that the flowerpot method faces is that of perceived stress experienced by the experimental animals. Nevertheless, we conclude that like most methods, particularly for in vivo behavioral studies, in spite of a few limitations, given the advantages described above, the flowerpot method is the best method of choice for REMSD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Mehta
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Shafa Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Yujra VQ, Antunes HKM, Mônico‐Neto M, Pisani LP, Santamarina AB, Quintana HT, de Oliveira F, Oshima CTF, Ribeiro DA. Sleep deprivation induces pathological changes in rat masticatory muscles: Role of Toll like signaling pathway and atrophy. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2269-2277. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Q. Yujra
- Department of PathologyFederal University of São Paulo, UNIFESPSao PauloBrazil
| | - Hanna K. M. Antunes
- Department of BiosciencesFederal University of São Paulo, UNIFESPSao PauloBrazil
| | - Marcos Mônico‐Neto
- Department of PshychobiologyFederal University of São Paulo, UNIFESPSao PauloBrazil
| | - Luciana P. Pisani
- Department of BiosciencesFederal University of São Paulo, UNIFESPSao PauloBrazil
| | - Aline B. Santamarina
- Department of BiosciencesFederal University of São Paulo, UNIFESPSao PauloBrazil
| | - Hananiah T. Quintana
- Department of BiosciencesFederal University of São Paulo, UNIFESPSao PauloBrazil
| | - Flavia de Oliveira
- Department of BiosciencesFederal University of São Paulo, UNIFESPSao PauloBrazil
| | - Celina T. F. Oshima
- Department of BiosciencesFederal University of São Paulo, UNIFESPSao PauloBrazil
| | - Daniel A. Ribeiro
- Department of BiosciencesFederal University of São Paulo, UNIFESPSao PauloBrazil
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Ferreira L, Oliveira S, Raya J, Esumi L, Hipolide D. Bombesin administration impairs memory and does not reverse memory deficit caused by sleep deprivation. Behav Brain Res 2017; 331:20-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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A Review of Protective Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Impairments Induced by Sleep Deprivation in Female Rats. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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65
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Kamali AM, Noorafshan A, Karimi F, Karbalay-Doust S, Nami M. The Impact of Chronic Sleep Restriction on Neuronal Number and Volumetric Correlates of the Dorsal Respiratory Nuclei in a Rat Model. Sleep 2017; 40:3787185. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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da Silva Rocha-Lopes J, Machado RB, Suchecki D. Chronic REM Sleep Restriction in Juvenile Male Rats Induces Anxiety-Like Behavior and Alters Monoamine Systems in the Amygdala and Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2884-2896. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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67
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Yin M, Chen Y, Zheng H, Pu T, Marshall C, Wu T, Xiao M. Assessment of mouse cognitive and anxiety-like behaviors and hippocampal inflammation following a repeated and intermittent paradoxical sleep deprivation procedure. Behav Brain Res 2017; 321:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mônico-Neto M, Dáttilo M, Ribeiro DA, Lee KS, de Mello MT, Tufik S, Antunes HKM. REM sleep deprivation impairs muscle regeneration in rats. Growth Factors 2017; 35:12-18. [PMID: 28415893 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2017.1314277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim was observe the influence of sleep deprivation (SD) and sleep recovery on muscle regeneration process in rats submitted to cryolesion. METHODS Thirty-two Wistar rats were randomly allocated in four groups: control (CTL), SD for 96 h (SD96), control plus sleep recovery period (CTL + R) and SD96h plus 96 h of sleep recovery (SD96 + R). The animals were submitted to muscle injury by cryolesioning, after to SD and sleep recovery. RESULTS The major outcomes of this study were the reduction of muscular IGF-1 in both legs (injured and uninjured) and a delay in muscle regeneration process of animals submitted to SD compared to animals that slept, with increase connective tissue, inflammatory infiltrate and minor muscle fibers. CONCLUSIONS SD impairs muscle regeneration in rats, moreover reduces muscular IGF-1 and sleep recovery was able to restore it to basal levels, but it was not enough to normalize the muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mônico-Neto
- a Department of Psychobiology
- d Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício - LAIFE , São Paulo , Brazil , and
| | - Murilo Dáttilo
- a Department of Psychobiology
- d Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício - LAIFE , São Paulo , Brazil , and
| | | | - Kil Sun Lee
- c Department of Biochemistry , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- a Department of Psychobiology
- e School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | | | - Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes
- a Department of Psychobiology
- b Department of Biosciences
- d Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício - LAIFE , São Paulo , Brazil , and
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Machado RB, Suchecki D. Neuroendocrine and Peptidergic Regulation of Stress-Induced REM Sleep Rebound. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:163. [PMID: 28066328 PMCID: PMC5179577 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep homeostasis depends on the length and quality (occurrence of stressful events, for instance) of the preceding waking time. Forced wakefulness (sleep deprivation or sleep restriction) is one of the main tools used for the understanding of mechanisms that play a role in homeostatic processes involved in sleep regulation and their interrelations. Interestingly, forced wakefulness for periods longer than 24 h activates stress response systems, whereas stressful events impact on sleep pattern. Hypothalamic peptides (corticotropin-releasing hormone, prolactin, and the CLIP/ACTH18-39) play an important role in the expression of stress-induced sleep effects, essentially by modulating rapid eye movement sleep, which has been claimed to affect the organism resilience to the deleterious effects of stress. Some of the mechanisms involved in the generation and regulation of sleep and the main peptides/hypothalamic hormones involved in these responses will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Borges Machado
- Department of Psychology, Psychosomatic Research Group, Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Psychosomatic Research Group, Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation Causes Cardiac Dysfunction and the Impairment Is Attenuated by Resistance Training. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167029. [PMID: 27880816 PMCID: PMC5120843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Paradoxical sleep deprivation activates the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, subsequently interfering with the cardiovascular system. The beneficial effects of resistance training are related to hemodynamic, metabolic and hormonal homeostasis. We hypothesized that resistance training can prevent the cardiac remodeling and dysfunction caused by paradoxical sleep deprivation. Methods Male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: control (C), resistance training (RT), paradoxical sleep deprivation for 96 hours (PSD96) and both resistance training and sleep deprivation (RT/PSD96). Doppler echocardiograms, hemodynamics measurements, cardiac histomorphometry, hormonal profile and molecular analysis were evaluated. Results Compared to the C group, PSD96 group had a higher left ventricular systolic pressure, heart rate and left atrium index. In contrast, the left ventricle systolic area and the left ventricle cavity diameter were reduced in the PSD96 group. Hypertrophy and fibrosis were also observed. Along with these alterations, reduced levels of serum testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), as well as increased corticosterone and angiotensin II, were observed in the PSD96 group. Prophylactic resistance training attenuated most of these changes, except angiotensin II, fibrosis, heart rate and concentric remodeling of left ventricle, confirmed by the increased of NFATc3 and GATA-4, proteins involved in the pathologic cardiac hypertrophy pathway. Conclusions Resistance training effectively attenuates cardiac dysfunction and hormonal imbalance induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation.
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Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Induced by Chronic Sleep Loss: Low-Grade Inflammation May Be the Link. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4576012. [PMID: 27738642 PMCID: PMC5050358 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4576012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a vital phenomenon related to immunomodulation at the central and peripheral level. Sleep deficient in duration and/or quality is a common problem in the modern society and is considered a risk factor to develop neurodegenerative diseases. Sleep loss in rodents induces blood-brain barrier disruption and the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Several reports indicate that sleep loss induces a systemic low-grade inflammation characterized by the release of several molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines, and acute-phase proteins; all of them may promote changes in cellular components of the blood-brain barrier, particularly on brain endothelial cells. In the present review we discuss the role of inflammatory mediators that increase during sleep loss and their association with general disturbances in peripheral endothelium and epithelium and how those inflammatory mediators may alter the blood-brain barrier. Finally, this manuscript proposes a hypothetical mechanism by which sleep loss may induce blood-brain barrier disruption, emphasizing the regulatory effect of inflammatory molecules on tight junction proteins.
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Brianza-Padilla M, Bonilla-Jaime H, Almanza-Pérez JC, López-López AL, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Vázquez-Palacios G. Effects of different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation and sleep recovery on lipid and glucose metabolism and appetite hormones in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:235-43. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sleep has a fundamental role in the regulation of energy balance, and it is an essential and natural process whose precise impacts on health and disease have not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and recovery from PSD on lipid profile, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, and changes in insulin, corticosterone, ghrelin, and leptin concentrations. Three-month-old male Wistar rats weighing 250–350 g were submitted to 24, 96, or 192 h of PSD or 192 h of PSD with 480 h of recovery. The PSD was induced by the multiple platforms method. Subsequently, the animals were submitted to an OGTT. One day later, the animals were killed and the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipoproteins (low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein), insulin, ghrelin, leptin, and corticosterone in plasma were quantified. There was a progressive decrease in body weight with increasing duration of PSD. The PSD induced basal hypoglycemia over all time periods evaluated. Evaluation of areas under the curve revealed progressive hypoglycemia only after 96 and 192 h of PSD. There was an increase in corticosterone levels after 192 h of PSD. We conclude that PSD induces alterations in metabolism that are reversed after a recovery period of 20 days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Área de Biología Conductual y Reproductiva, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, CP 09340, Mexico
| | - Julio César Almanza-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Área de Investigación Médica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, CP 09340, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura López-López
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, CP 09340, Mexico
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (Ignacio Chávez), Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Del. Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Vázquez-Palacios
- Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México-San Lorenzo Tezonco, Av. Prolongación San Isidro No. 151, Col. San Lorenzo Tezonco, Del. Iztapalapa, CP 09790, Mexico
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Pardo GVE, Goularte JF, Hoefel AL, de Castro AL, Kucharski LC, da Rosa Araujo AS, Lucion AB. Effects of sleep restriction during pregnancy on the mother and fetuses in rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 155:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ribeiro-Silva N, Nejm MB, da Silva SMA, Suchecki D, Luz J. Restriction of rapid eye movement sleep during adolescence increases energy gain and metabolic efficiency in young adult rats. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:308-18. [PMID: 26663203 DOI: 10.1113/ep085323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Sleep curtailment in infancy and adolescence may lead to long-term risk for obesity, but the mechanisms involved have not yet been determined. This study examined the immediate and long-term metabolic effects produced by sleep restriction in young rats. What is the main finding and its importance? Prolonged sleep restriction reduced weight gain (body fat stores) in young animals. After prolonged recovery, sleep-restricted rats tended to save more energy and to store more fat, possibly owing to increased gross food efficiency. This could be the first step to understand this association. Sleep curtailment is associated with obesity and metabolic changes in adults and children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immediate and long-term metabolic alterations produced by sleep restriction in pubertal male rats. Male Wistar rats (28 days old) were allocated to a control (CTL) group or a sleep-restricted (SR) group. This was accomplished by the single platform technique for 18 h per day for 21 days. These groups were subdivided into the following four time points for assessment: sleep restriction and 1, 2 and 4 months of recovery. Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout the experiment. At the end of each time period, blood was collected for metabolic profiling, and the carcasses were processed for measurement of body composition and energy balance. During the period of sleep restriction, SR animals consumed less food in the home cages. This group also displayed lower body weight, body fat, triglycerides and glucose levels than CTL rats. At the end of the first month of recovery, despite eating as much as CTL rats, SR animals showed greater energy and body weight gain, increased gross food efficiency and decreased energy expenditure. At the end of the second and fourth months of recovery, the groups were no longer different, except for energy gain and gross food efficiency, which remained higher in SR animals. In conclusion, sleep restriction affected weight gain of young animals, owing to reduction of fat stores. Two months were sufficient to recover this deficit and to reveal that SR rats tended to save more energy and to store more fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neila Ribeiro-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bocca Nejm
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Luz
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Leucine supplementation is anti-atrophic during paradoxical sleep deprivation in rats. Amino Acids 2015; 48:949-957. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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76
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Liu J, Li F, Tang XD, Ma J, Mao M, Wu FZ, Bai SJ, Liu YY, Han CX, Li XX, Liu Y, Song YH, Wu ZY, Wang FY, Kang N. Sini powder () decoction alleviates mood disorder of insomnia by regulating cation-chloride cotransporters in hippocampus. Chin J Integr Med 2015:10.1007/s11655-015-2308-x. [PMID: 26597287 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of Sini Powder () decoction (SND) in the treatment of insomnia. METHODS The rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, model, SND-treated, and Estazolamtreated groups (n=15 in each group). Sleep deprivation (SD) rat model was established using the modifified multiple platform method for 14 h per day for 14 days, and the behavior of the rats were observed. Na-K-Cl-cotransporter (NKCC1) and K+/Cl- cotransporter (KCC2) in the hippocampus were tested by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot. RESULTS SD rats displayed anxiety-like behavior, which was alleviated by SND. The protein expressions of NKCC1 and KCC2 in the hippocampus were signifificantly decreased in SD rats compared with those in control rats (P<0.05); these proteins were signifificantly increased by SND (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of KCC2 was signifificantly decreased in SD rats (0.62±0.35 vs. 2.29±0.56; P=0.044), while SND showed a tendency to increase the mRNA of KCC2 in SD rats (P>0.05). By contrast, the mRNA expression of NKCC1 was signifificantly increased in the hippocampus of SD rats (6.58±1.54 vs. 2.82±0.32; P=0.011), while SND decreased the mRNA expression of NKCC1 (6.58±1.54 vs. 2.79±0.81; P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS Chinese medicine SND could alleviate mood disorder of SD rats by regulating cation-chloride cotransporters, such as NKCC1 and KCC2. These fifindings would have major implications in the mechanism of SND to relieve insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xu-Dong Tang
- Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Meng Mao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng-Zhi Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shi-Jing Bai
- Beijng Science and Technology Publishing Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Yan-Yang Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chen-Xia Han
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin-Xue Li
- World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yue-Han Song
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhuo-Yun Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng-Yun Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Nan Kang
- Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100091, China
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Salari M, Sheibani V, Saadati H, Pourrahimi A, khaksarihadad M, Esmaeelpour K, Khodamoradi M. The compensatory effect of regular exercise on long-term memory impairment in sleep deprived female rats. Behav Processes 2015; 119:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hajali V, Sheibani V, Ghazvini H, Ghadiri T, Valizadeh T, Saadati H, Shabani M. Effect of castration on the susceptibility of male rats to the sleep deprivation-induced impairment of behavioral and synaptic plasticity. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 123:140-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mônico-Neto M, Antunes HKM, Lee KS, Phillips SM, Giampá SQDC, Souza HDS, Dáttilo M, Medeiros A, de Moraes WM, Tufik S, de Mello MT. Resistance training minimizes catabolic effects induced by sleep deprivation in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1143-50. [PMID: 26513007 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) can induce muscle atrophy. We aimed to investigate the changes underpinning SD-induced muscle atrophy and the impact of this condition on rats that were previously submitted to resistance training (RT). Adult male Wistar EPM-1 rats were randomly allocated into 1 of 5 groups: control, sham, SD (for 96 h), RT, and RT+SD. The major outcomes of this study were muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), anabolic and catabolic hormone profiles, and the abundance of select proteins involved in muscle protein synthesis and degradation pathways. SD resulted in muscle atrophy; however, when SD was combined with RT, the reduction in muscle fiber CSA was attenuated. The levels of IGF-1 and testosterone were reduced in SD animals, and the RT+SD group had higher levels of these hormones than the SD group. Corticosterone was increased in the SD group compared with the control group, and this increase was minimized in the RT+SD group. The increases in corticosterone concentrations paralleled changes in the abundance of ubiquitinated proteins and the autophagic proteins LC3 and p62/SQSTM1, suggesting that corticosterone may trigger these changes. SD induced weight loss, but this loss was minimized in the RT+SD group. We conclude that SD induced muscle atrophy, probably because of the increased corticosterone and catabolic signal. High-intensity RT performed before SD was beneficial in containing muscle loss induced by SD. It also minimized the catabolic signal and increased synthetic activity, thereby minimizing the body's weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mônico-Neto
- a Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,b Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes
- b Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil.,c Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Kil Sun Lee
- d Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- e Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Quaglia de Campos Giampá
- b Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil.,c Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Helton de Sá Souza
- a Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,b Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Dáttilo
- a Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,b Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Medeiros
- c Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Tufik
- a Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- a Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,f School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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De Lorenzo BHP, de Oliveira Marchioro L, Greco CR, Suchecki D. Sleep-deprivation reduces NK cell number and function mediated by β-adrenergic signalling. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 57:134-43. [PMID: 25929826 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of sleep time triggers a stress response, leading to augmented levels of glucocorticoids and adrenaline. These hormones regulate components of the innate immune system such as natural killer (NK) and NKT cells. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether and how stress hormones could alter the population and function of NK and NKT cells of mice submitted to different lengths of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD, from 24 to 72 h). Results showed that 72h of PSD decreased not only NK and NKT cell counts, but also their cytotoxic activity against B16F10 melanoma cells in vitro. Propranolol treatment during PSD reversed these effects, indicating a major inhibitory role of beta-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) on NK cells function. Moreover, both corticosterone plasma levels and expression of beta 2-adrenergic receptors (β2-AR) in NK cells increased by 48 h of PSD. In vitro incubation of NK cells with dexamethasone augmented the level of β2-AR in the cell surface, suggesting that glucocorticoids could induce β2-AR expression. In summary, we propose that reduction of NK and NKT cell number and cytotoxic activity appears to be mediated by glucocorticoids-induced increased expression of β2-AR in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz H P De Lorenzo
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925 - 1° andar, Vila Clementino, 04024-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Camilo, Avenida Nazaré, 1501, Ipiranga, 04263-200 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Laís de Oliveira Marchioro
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925 - 1° andar, Vila Clementino, 04024-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carollina Ribeiro Greco
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925 - 1° andar, Vila Clementino, 04024-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925 - 1° andar, Vila Clementino, 04024-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Venancio DP, Suchecki D. Prolonged REM sleep restriction induces metabolic syndrome-related changes: Mediation by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:109-17. [PMID: 25532784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep restriction in human beings results in metabolic abnormalities, including changes in the control of glucose homeostasis, increased body mass and risk of cardiovascular disease. In rats, 96h of REM sleep deprivation increases caloric intake, but retards body weight gain. Moreover, this procedure increases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which may be involved with the molecular mechanism proposed to mediate insulin resistance. The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of a chronic protocol of sleep restriction on parameters of energy balance (food intake and body weight), leptin plasma levels and its hypothalamic receptors and mediators of the immune system in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT). Thirty-four Wistar rats were distributed in control (CTL) and sleep restriction groups; the latter was kept onto individual narrow platforms immersed in water for 18h/day (from 16:00h to 10:00h), for 21days (SR21). Food intake was assessed daily, after each sleep restriction period and body weight was measured daily, after the animals were taken from the sleep deprivation chambers. At the end of the 21day of sleep restriction, rats were decapitated and RPAT was obtained for morphological and immune functional assays and expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) was assessed in skeletal muscle. Another subset of animals was used to evaluate blood glucose clearance. The results replicated previous findings on energy balance, e.g., increased food intake and reduced body weight gain. There was a significant reduction of RPAT mass (p<0.001), of leptin plasma levels and hypothalamic leptin receptors. Conversely, increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and expression of phosphorylated NFκ-β in the RPAT of SR21 compared to CTL rats (p<0.01, for all parameters). SR21 rats also displayed reduced glucose clearance and IRS-1 expression than CTL rats (p<0.01). The present results indicated that 21days of sleep restriction by the platform method induced metabolic syndrome-related alterations that may be mediated by inflammation of the RPAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paulino Venancio
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ibarra-Coronado EG, Velazquéz-Moctezuma J, Diaz D, Becerril-Villanueva LE, Pavón L, Morales-Montor J. Sleep deprivation induces changes in immunity in Trichinella spiralis-infected rats. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:901-12. [PMID: 26157345 PMCID: PMC4495408 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is considered an important predictor of immunity. A lack of sleep may reduce immunity, which increases susceptibility to any type of infection. Moreover, sleep deprivation in humans produces changes in both, the percent of circulating immune cells (T cells and NK cells) and cytokine levels (IL-1, IFNγ, TNΦ-αα, IL-6 and IL-17). The aim of our study was to investigate whether sleep deprivation produces deregulation on immune variables during the immune response generated against the helminth parasite Trichinella spiralis. Because sleep deprivation is stressful per se, we designed another experiments to compared stress alone (consisting in movement restriction and single housing) with sleep deprivation, in both control (uninfected) and experimental (infected) rats. Our results demonstrate that the sleep deprivation and stress have a differential effect in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen. In uninfected rats sleep deprivation alone produces an increase in natural killer cells (NK+) and B cells (CD45+), accompanied by a decrease in cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+) in spleen; while, in MLN, produces only an increase in natural killer cells (NK+). Both, SD and stress, produce an increased percentage of total T cells (CD3+) in spleen. In the MLN both are also associated to an increase in cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+) and B cells (CD45+). In the spleens of parasitized rats, cell populations did not change. In spleens of both, sleep-deprived and stressed infected rats, we observed an increase in B cells (CD45+). In infected rats, sleep deprivation alone produced an increase in NK cells (NK+). In mesenteric node cell populations of parasitized rats, we observed a decrease in NK cells and an increase in T helper (CD4+) cells in both SD and stressed rats. Rats that were only subjected to stress showed a decrease in B cells (CD45+). These findings suggest that the immune response generated against infection caused by T. spiralis is affected when the sleep pattern is disrupted. These results support the notion that sleep is a fundamental process for an adequate and strong immune response generated against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Ibarra-Coronado
- 1. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Javier Velazquéz-Moctezuma
- 2. Area de Neurociencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico, DF, México
| | - Daniel Diaz
- 3. Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | | | - Lenin Pavón
- 4. Departamento de Psicoinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria "Ramón de la Fuente," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- 1. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México D.F. 04510, México
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Hajali V, Sheibani V, Mahani SE, Hajializadeh Z, Shabani M, Aliabadi HP, Saadati H, Esmaeilpour K. Ovariectomy does not exacerbate the negative effects of sleep deprivation on synaptic plasticity in rats. Physiol Behav 2015; 144:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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84
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Chronic sleep deprivation alters the myosin heavy chain isoforms in the masseter muscle in rats. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 53:430-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Effects of chronic REM sleep restriction on D1 receptor and related signal pathways in rat prefrontal cortex. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:978236. [PMID: 25793215 PMCID: PMC4352426 DOI: 10.1155/2015/978236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates cognitive function that is sensitive to disruption by sleep loss, and molecular mechanisms regulating neural dysfunction induced by chronic sleep restriction (CSR), particularly in the PFC, have yet to be completely understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of chronic REM sleep restriction (REM-CSR) on the D1 receptor (D1R) and key molecules in D1R' signal pathways in PFC. We employed the modified multiple platform method to create the REM-CSR rat model. The ultrastructure of PFC was observed by electron microscopy. HPLC was performed to measure the DA level in PFC. The expressions of genes and proteins of related molecules were assayed by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The general state and morphology of PFC in rats were changed by CSR, and DA level and the expression of D1R in PFC were markedly decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05); the expression of phosphor-PKAcα was significantly lowered in CSR rats (P < 0.05). The present results suggested that the alteration of neuropathology and D1R expression in PFC may be associated with CSR induced cognitive dysfunction, and the PKA pathway of D1R may play an important role in the impairment of advanced neural function.
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86
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Exercise improves learning and memory impairments in sleep deprived female rats. Physiol Behav 2015; 138:285-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Mônico-Neto M, Giampá SQDC, Lee KS, de Melo CM, Souza HDS, Dáttilo M, Minali PA, Santos Prado PH, Tufik S, de Mello MT, Antunes HKM. Negative energy balance induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation causes multicompartmental changes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:908159. [PMID: 25821467 PMCID: PMC4364052 DOI: 10.1155/2015/908159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Describe multicompartmental changes in the fat and various muscle fiber types, as well as the hormonal profile and metabolic rate induced by SD in rats. Methods. Twenty adult male Wistar rats were equally distributed into two groups: experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The EG was submitted to SD for 96 h. Blood levels of corticosterone (CORT), total testosterone (TESTO), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were used to assess the catabolic environment. Muscle trophism was measured using a cross-sectional area of various muscles (glycolytic, mixed, and oxidative), and lipolysis was inferred by the weight of fat depots from various locations, such as subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, and epididymal. The metabolic rate was measured using oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2) measurement. Results. SD increased CORT levels and decreased TESTO, IGF-1, and T4. All fat depots were reduced in weight after SD. Glycolytic and mixed muscles showed atrophy, whereas atrophy was not observed in oxidative muscle. Conclusion. Our data suggest that glycolytic muscle fibers are more sensitive to atrophy than oxidative fibers during SD and that fat depots are reduced regardless of their location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mônico-Neto
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara Quaglia de Campos Giampá
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, 11015-020 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Kil Sun Lee
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Maria de Melo
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helton de Sá Souza
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Dáttilo
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Alexandre Minali
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Santos Prado
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, 11015-020 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, 11015-020 Santos, SP, Brazil
- *Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes:
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Everson CA, Henchen CJ, Szabo A, Hogg N. Cell injury and repair resulting from sleep loss and sleep recovery in laboratory rats. Sleep 2014; 37:1929-40. [PMID: 25325492 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Increased cell injury would provide the type of change in constitution that would underlie sleep disruption as a risk factor for multiple diseases. The current study was undertaken to investigate cell injury and altered cell fate as consequences of sleep deprivation, which were predicted from systemic clues. DESIGN Partial (35% sleep reduction) and total sleep deprivation were produced in rats for 10 days, which was tolerated and without overtly deteriorated health. Recovery rats were similarly sleep deprived for 10 days, then allowed undisturbed sleep for 2 days. The plasma, liver, lung, intestine, heart, and spleen were analyzed and compared to control values for damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids; apoptotic cell signaling and death; cell proliferation; and concentrations of glutathione peroxidase and catalase. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Oxidative DNA damage in totally sleep deprived rats was 139% of control values, with organ-specific effects in the liver (247%), lung (166%), and small intestine (145%). Overall and organ-specific DNA damage was also increased in partially sleep deprived rats. In the intestinal epithelium, total sleep deprivation resulted in 5.3-fold increases in dying cells and 1.5-fold increases in proliferating cells, compared with control. Recovery sleep restored the balance between DNA damage and repair, and resulted in normal or below-normal metabolic burdens and oxidative damage. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide physical evidence that sleep loss causes cell damage, and in a manner expected to predispose to replication errors and metabolic abnormalities; thereby providing linkage between sleep loss and disease risk observed in epidemiological findings. Properties of recovery sleep include biochemical and molecular events that restore balance and decrease cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Everson
- Department of Neurology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aniko Szabo
- Department of Population Health, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Neil Hogg
- Department of Biophysics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Saadati H, Sheibani V, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Darvishzadeh-Mahani F, Mazhari S. Prior regular exercise reverses the decreased effects of sleep deprivation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the hippocampus of ovariectomized female rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 194-195:11-5. [PMID: 25450575 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the main candidate to mediate the beneficial effects of exercise on cognitive function in sleep deprived male rats. In addition, our previous findings demonstrate that female rats are more vulnerable to the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance and synaptic plasticity. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise and/or sleep deprivation (SD) on the levels of BDNF mRNA and protein in the hippocampus of female rats. Intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female Wistar rats were used in the present experiment. The exercise protocol was four weeks treadmill running and sleep deprivation was accomplished using the multiple platform method. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblot analysis were used to evaluate the level of BDNF mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus respectively. Our results showed that protein and mRNA expression of BDNF was significantly (p<0.05) decreased after 72 h SD in OVX rats in compared with other groups. Furthermore, sleep deprived OVX rats under exercise conditions had a significant (p<0.05) up-regulation of the BDNF protein and mRNA in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that regular exercise can exert a protective effect against hippocampus-related functions and impairments induced by sleep deprivation probably by inducing BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimeh Saadati
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Darvishzadeh-Mahani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Shahrzad Mazhari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Rossi VC, Tiba PA, Moreira KDM, Ferreira TL, Oliveira MGM, Suchecki D. Effects of sleep deprivation on different phases of memory in the rat: dissociation between contextual and tone fear conditioning tasks. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:389. [PMID: 25426040 PMCID: PMC4224127 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies show that sleep deprivation (SD) impacts negatively on cognitive processes, including learning and memory. Memory formation encompasses distinct phases of which acquisition, consolidation and retrieval are better known. Previous studies with pre-training SD induced by the platform method have shown impairment in fear conditioning tasks. Nonetheless, pre-training manipulations do not allow the distinction between effects on acquisition and/or consolidation, interfering, ultimately, on recall of/performance in the task. In the present study, animals were first trained in contextual and tone fear conditioning (TFC) tasks and then submitted to SD with the purpose to evaluate the effect of this manipulation on different stages of the learning process, e.g., in the uptake of (new) information during learning, its encoding and stabilization, and the recall of stored memories. Besides, we also investigated the effect of SD in the extinction of fear memory and a possible state-dependent learning induced by this manipulation. For each task (contextual or TFC), animals were trained and then distributed into control, not sleep-deprived (CTL) and SD groups, the latter being submitted to the modified multiple platform paradigm for 96 h. Subsets of eight rats in each group/experiment were submitted to the test of the tasks, either immediately or at different time intervals after SD. The results indicated that (a) pre- but not post-training SD impaired recall in the contextual and TFC; (b) this impairment was not state-dependent; and (c) in the contextual fear conditioning (CFC), pre-test SD prevented extinction of the learned task. Overall, these results suggest that SD interferes with acquisition, recall and extinction, but not necessarily with consolidation of emotional memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Contatto Rossi
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Ayako Tiba
- Centro de Matemática, Computação de Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC Santo André, Brazil
| | - Karin Di Monteiro Moreira
- Centro de Matemática, Computação de Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC Santo André, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Lima Ferreira
- Centro de Matemática, Computação de Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC Santo André, Brazil
| | | | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP São Paulo, Brazil
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91
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Moraes DA, Venancio DP, Suchecki D. Sleep deprivation alters energy homeostasis through non-compensatory alterations in hypothalamic insulin receptors in Wistar rats. Horm Behav 2014; 66:705-12. [PMID: 25304978 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown a gradual reduction of sleep time in the general population, accompanied by increased food intake, representing a risk for developing obesity, type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Rats subjected to paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) exhibit feeding and metabolic alterations, both of which are regulated by the communication between peripheral signals and the hypothalamus. This study aimed to investigate the daily change of 96 h of PSD-induced food intake, body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin and leptin concentrations and the expression of their receptors in the hypothalamus of Wistar rats. Food intake was assessed during the light and dark phases and was progressively increased in sleep-deprived animals, during the light phase. PSD produced body weight loss, particularly on the first day, and decreased plasma insulin and leptin levels, without change in blood glucose levels. Reduced leptin levels were compensated by increased expression of leptin receptors in the hypothalamus, whereas no compensations occurred in insulin receptors. The present results on body weight loss and increased food intake replicate previous studies from our group. The fact that reduced insulin levels did not lead to compensatory changes in hypothalamic insulin receptors, suggests that this hormone may be, at least in part, responsible for PSD-induced dysregulation in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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92
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Diogo LN, Monteiro EC. The efficacy of antihypertensive drugs in chronic intermittent hypoxia conditions. Front Physiol 2014; 5:361. [PMID: 25295010 PMCID: PMC4170135 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep apnea/hypopnea disorders include centrally originated diseases and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This last condition is renowned as a frequent secondary cause of hypertension (HT). The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HT can be summarized in relation to two main pathways: sympathetic nervous system stimulation mediated mainly by activation of carotid body (CB) chemoreflexes and/or asphyxia, and, by no means the least important, the systemic effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). The use of animal models has revealed that CIH is the critical stimulus underlying sympathetic activity and hypertension, and that this effect requires the presence of functional arterial chemoreceptors, which are hyperactive in CIH. These models of CIH mimic the HT observed in humans and allow the study of CIH independently without the mechanical obstruction component. The effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), the gold standard treatment for OSA patients, to reduce blood pressure seems to be modest and concomitant antihypertensive therapy is still required. We focus this review on the efficacy of pharmacological interventions to revert HT associated with CIH conditions in both animal models and humans. First, we explore the experimental animal models, developed to mimic HT related to CIH, which have been used to investigate the effect of antihypertensive drugs (AHDs). Second, we review what is known about drug efficacy to reverse HT induced by CIH in animals. Moreover, findings in humans with OSA are cited to demonstrate the lack of strong evidence for the establishment of a first-line antihypertensive regimen for these patients. Indeed, specific therapeutic guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of HT in these patients are still lacking. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives concerning the non-pharmacological and pharmacological management of this particular type of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilia N Diogo
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
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93
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Ma C, Wu G, Wang Z, Wang P, Wu L, Zhu G, Zhao H. Effects of chronic sleep deprivation on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in the temporomandibular joint of rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107544. [PMID: 25226519 PMCID: PMC4167193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine the possible involvement and regulatory mechanisms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of rats subjected to chronic sleep deprivation (CSD). Methods Rats were subjected to CSD using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM). The serum levels of corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were tested and histomorphology and ultrastructure of the TMJ were observed. The ERK and phospho-ERK (p-ERK) expression levels were detected by Western blot analysis, and the MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 expression levels were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. Results The elevated serum CORT and ACTH levels confirmed that the rats were under CSD stress. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed pathological alterations in the TMJ following CSD; furthermore, the p-ERK was activated and the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 were upregulated after CSD. In the rats administered with the selective ERK inhibitor U0126, decreased tissue destruction was observed. Phospho-ERK activation was visibly blocked and the MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 mRNA and protein levels were lower than the corresponding levels in the CSD without U0126 group. Conclusion These findings indicate that CSD activates the ERK pathway and upregulates the MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 mRNA and protein levels in the TMJ of rats. Thus, CSD induces ERK pathway activation and causes pathological alterations in the TMJ. ERK may be associated with TMJ destruction by promoting the expression of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- College of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gaoyi Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhaoling Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peihuan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Longmei Wu
- cardiovascular medicine, He Bei medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guoxiong Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huaqiang Zhao
- College of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Wang L, Song Y, Li F, Liu Y, Ma J, Mao M, Wu F, Wu Y, Li S, Guan B, Liu X. Effects of Wen Dan Tang on insomnia-related anxiety and levels of the brain-gut peptide Ghrelin. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:205-12. [PMID: 25206802 PMCID: PMC4146165 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.125351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a brain-gut peptide that induces anxiety and other abnormal emotions, contributes to the effects of insomnia on emotional behavior. In contrast, the traditional Chinese Medicine remedy Wen Dan Tang reduces insomnia-related anxiety, which may perhaps correspond to changes in the brain-gut axis. This suggests a possible relationship between Wen Dan Tang's pharmacological mechanism and the brain-gut axis. Based on this hypothesis, a sleep-deprived rat model was induced and Wen Dan Tang was administered using oral gavage during model establishment. Wen Dan Tang significantly reduced insomnia-related anxiety and prevented Ghrelin level decreases following sleep deprivation, especially in the hypothalamus. Increased expression of Ghrelin receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus was also observed, suggesting that reduced anxiety may be a result of Wen Dan Tang's regulation of Ghrelin-Ghrelin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Wang
- Nautical Chinese Medicine Key Subject, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehan Song
- Nautical Chinese Medicine Key Subject, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Li
- Nautical Chinese Medicine Key Subject, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Nautical Chinese Medicine Key Subject, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Nautical Chinese Medicine Key Subject, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Mao
- Nautical Chinese Medicine Key Subject, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fengzhi Wu
- Nautical Chinese Medicine Key Subject, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Nautical Chinese Medicine Key Subject, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sinai Li
- Nautical Chinese Medicine Key Subject, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Binghe Guan
- Nautical Chinese Medicine Key Subject, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- Nautical Chinese Medicine Key Subject, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Saadati H, Sheibani V, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Hajali V, Mazhari S. Prior regular exercise prevents synaptic plasticity impairment in sleep deprived female rats. Brain Res Bull 2014; 108:100-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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96
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Increases in mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in the frontal cortex and basal forebrain during chronic sleep restriction in rats: Possible role in initiating allostatic adaptation. Neuroscience 2014; 277:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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97
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Ishikawa H, Yamada K, Pavlides C, Ichitani Y. Sleep deprivation impairs spontaneous object-place but not novel-object recognition in rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 580:114-8. [PMID: 25123440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on one-trial recognition memory were investigated in rats using either a spontaneous novel-object or object-place recognition test. Rats were allowed to explore a field in which two identical objects were presented. After a delay period, they were placed again in the same field in which either: (1) one of the two objects was replaced by another object (novel-object recognition); or (2) one of the sample objects was moved to a different place (object-place recognition), and their exploration behavior to these objects was analyzed. Four hours SD immediately after the sample phase (early SD group) disrupted object-place recognition but not novel-object recognition, while SD 4-8h after the sample phase (delayed SD group) did not affect either paradigm. The results suggest that sleep selectively promotes the consolidation of hippocampal dependent memory, and that this effect is limited to within 4h after learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ishikawa
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Constantine Pavlides
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukio Ichitani
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
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Melatonin attenuates dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis with sleep deprivation: possible mechanism by microarray analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1134-41. [PMID: 24429513 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-3013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. It can be aggravated by stress, like sleep deprivation, and improved by anti-inflammatory agents, like melatonin. We aimed to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation and melatonin on inflammation. We also investigated genes regulated by sleep deprivation and melatonin. METHODS In the 2% DSS induced colitis mice model, sleep deprivation was induced using modified multiple platform water bath. Melatonin was injected after induction of colitis and colitis with sleep deprivation. Also mRNA was isolated from the colon of mice and analyzed via microarray and real-time PCR. RESULTS Sleep deprivation induced reduction of body weight, and it was difficult for half of the mice to survive. Sleep deprivation aggravated, and melatonin attenuated the severity of colitis. In microarrays and real-time PCR of mice colon tissues, mRNA of adiponectin and aquaporin 8 were downregulated by sleep deprivation and upregulated by melatonin. However, mRNA of E2F transcription factor (E2F2) and histocompatibility class II antigen A, beta 1 (H2-Ab1) were upregulated by sleep deprivation and downregulated by melatonin. CONCLUSION Melatonin improves and sleep deprivation aggravates inflammation of colitis in mice. Adiponectin, aquaporin 8, E2F2 and H2-Ab1 may be involved in the inflammatory change aggravated by sleep deprivation and attenuated by melatonin.
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Effects of sleep deprivation on pain-related factors in the temporomandibular joint. J Surg Res 2014; 192:103-11. [PMID: 25033706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of experimental sleep deprivation (SD) on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in rats by examining pain-related factors and to determine the possible involvement of estrogen and NF (nuclear factor) κB signaling in the TMJ synovial membrane. METHODS The influence of SD, conducted in rats using the modified multiple platform method, was estimated by observing behavioral manifestations and examining changes in serum hormone levels. The morphologic changes of synovial tissue were observed with light microscopy and the serum levels of estrogen were measured by radioimmunoassay. Activation of NF-κB in the synovial membrane was examined using an immunofluorescence technique, and the expression levels of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, cyclooxygenase 2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase were measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The SD group showed evidence of elevated anxiety and stress, and increased plasma levels of estradiol compared with the control group. The activity of NF-κB was significantly enhanced and translocation of NF-κB p65 was evident in the synovial membrane after SD. The expression of pain-related factors IL-1β, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the synovial membrane significantly increased after SD. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SD increases serum levels of estrogen and induces alterations in pain-related factors in the TMJ. The NF-κB pathway has been associated with the regulation of these inflammatory cytokines and plays an important role in temporomandibular disorders.
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Wu F, Song Y, Li F, He X, Ma J, Feng T, Guan B, Wang L, Li S, Liu X, Liu Y, Mao M, Liu J, Bai S, Song C. Wen-dan decoction improves negative emotions in sleep-deprived rats by regulating orexin-a and leptin expression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2014; 2014:872547. [PMID: 24864160 PMCID: PMC4016855 DOI: 10.1155/2014/872547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wen-Dan Decoction (WDD), a formula of traditional Chinese medicine, has been clinically used for treating insomnia for approximately 800 years. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of WDD remain unclear. Orexin-A plays a key role in the sleep-wake cycle, while leptin function is opposite to orexin-A. Thus, orexin-A and leptin may be important factors in sleep disorders. In this study, 48 rats were divided into control, model, WDD-treated, and diazepam-treated groups. The model of insomnia was produced by sleep deprivation (SD) for 14 days. The expressions of orexin-A, leptin, and their receptors in blood serum, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, and real time PCR. Open field tests showed that SD increased both crossing movement (Cm) and rearing-movement (Rm) times. Orexin-A and leptin levels in blood serum increased after SD but decreased in brain compared to the control group. mRNA expressions of orexin receptor 1 and leptin receptor after SD were decreased in the prefrontal cortex but were increased in hypothalamus. WDD treatment normalized the behavior and upregulated orexin-A, leptin, orexin receptor 1 and leptin receptor in brain. The findings suggest that WDD treatment may regulate SD-induced negative emotions by regulating orexin-A and leptin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Wu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuehan Song
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin He
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Feng
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Liye Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sinai Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meng Mao
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shijing Bai
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cai Song
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University and CMU Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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