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Kainz KP, Virtbauer J, Kählig H, Arion V, Donath O, Reznicek G, Huber W, Marian B, Krenn L. Two Unusual Methylidenecyclopropane Glucosides from Metaxya rostrata C.Presl. Helv Chim Acta 2012; 95:1531-1537. [PMID: 23446492 PMCID: PMC3569612 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two new natural compounds, (1R,2E)-2-(6-hydroxyhexylidene)cyclopropyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and (6E)-6-[(2R)-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)cyclopropylidene]hexanoic acid (2), glucosides of a very rare methylidenecyclopropane alcohol, as well as two known glycosides of phenolic acids, namely 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeic acid (3) and (E)-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcoumaric acid (4), and methyl α-fructofuranoside (5) were isolated for the first time from the rhizomes of the tree fern Metaxya rostrata C.Presl. The structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic data analysis, and the structure of 1 was additionally confirmed by X-ray crystal-structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin P Kainz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna Althanstr. 14, AT-1090 Vienna
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Muhammad A, Guerrero-Analco JA, Martineau LC, Musallam L, Madiraju P, Nachar A, Saleem A, Haddad PS, Arnason JT. Antidiabetic compounds from Sarracenia purpurea used traditionally by the Eeyou Istchee Cree First Nation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1284-8. [PMID: 22738356 DOI: 10.1021/np3001317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Through ethnobotanical surveys, the CIHR Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines identified 17 boreal forest plants stemming from the pharmacopeia of the Cree First Nations of Eeyou Istchee (James Bay region of Northern Quebec) that were used traditionally against diabetes symptoms. The leaves of Sarracenia purpurea (pitcher plant), one of the identified Cree plants, exhibited marked antidiabetic activity in vitro by stimulating glucose uptake in C2C12 mouse muscle cells and by reducing glucose production in H4IIE rat liver cells. Fractionation guided by glucose uptake in C2C12 cells resulted in the isolation of 11 compounds from this plant extract, including a new phenolic glycoside, flavonoid glycosides, and iridoids. Compounds 6 (isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside), 8 [kaempferol-3-O-(6″-caffeoylglucoside], and 11 (quercetin-3-O-galactoside) potentiated glucose uptake in vitro, which suggests they represent active principles of S. purpurea (EC(50) values of 18.5, 13.8, and 60.5 μM, respectively). This is the first report of potentiation of glucose uptake by compounds 6 and 8, while compound 11 (isolated from Vaccinium vitis) was previously shown to enhance glucose uptake. Treatment of H4IIE liver cells with the new compound 1, 6'-O-caffeoylgoodyeroside, decreased hepatic glucose production by reducing glucose-6-phosphatase enzymatic activity (IC(50) = 13.6 μM), which would contribute to lowering glycemia and to the antidiabetic potential of S. purpurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Muhammad
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , 20 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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Hancock KR, Collette V, Fraser K, Greig M, Xue H, Richardson K, Jones C, Rasmussen S. Expression of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor TaMYB14 from Trifolium arvense activates proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the legumes Trifolium repens and Medicago sativa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1204-20. [PMID: 22566493 PMCID: PMC3387705 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are oligomeric flavonoids and one group of end products of the phenylpropanoid pathway. PAs have been reported to be beneficial for human and animal health and are particularly important in pastoral agricultural systems for improved animal production and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. However, the main forage legumes grown in these systems, such as Trifolium repens and Medicago sativa, do not contain any substantial amounts of PAs in leaves. We have identified from the foliar PA-accumulating legume Trifolium arvense an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, TaMYB14, and provide evidence that this transcription factor is involved in the regulation of PA biosynthesis in legumes. TaMYB14 expression is necessary and sufficient to up-regulate late steps of the phenylpropanoid pathway and to induce PA biosynthesis. RNA interference silencing of TaMYB14 resulted in almost complete cessation of PA biosynthesis in T. arvense, whereas Nicotiana tabacum, M. sativa, and T. repens plants constitutively expressing TaMYB14 synthesized and accumulated PAs in leaves up to 1.8% dry matter. Targeted liquid chromatography-multistage tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified foliar PAs up to degree of polymerization 6 in leaf extracts. Hence, genetically modified M. sativa and T. repens plants expressing TaMYB14 provide a viable option for improving animal health and mitigating the negative environmental impacts of pastoral animal production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vern Collette
- AgResearch, Ltd., Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- AgResearch, Ltd., Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Hong Xue
- AgResearch, Ltd., Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Chris Jones
- AgResearch, Ltd., Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Wang K, Wang YY, Gao X, Chen XQ, Peng LY, Li Y, Xu G, Zhao QS. Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols and Cytotoxic Constituents of Hypericum androsaemum. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:1213-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hsu FL, Huang WJ, Wu TH, Lee MH, Chen LC, Lu HJ, Hou WC, Lin MH. Evaluation of antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacities of polyphenolics from pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6073-6088. [PMID: 22754350 PMCID: PMC3382783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13056073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirteen polyphenolics were isolated from fresh pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima using various methods of column chromatography. The structures of these polyphenolics were elucidated as gallic acid (1), methyl gallate (2), 6-O-galloyl-d-glucoside (3), methyl 6-O-galloyl-β-d-glucoside (4), methyl 3,6-di-O-galloyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (5), gentisic acid 5-O-α-d-(6'-O-galloyl)glucopyranoside (6), guaiacylglycerol 4-O-β-d-(6'-O-galloyl)glucopyranoside (7), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol 1-O-β-d-(6'-O-galloyl) glucopyranoside (8), (+)-gallocatechin (9), (+)-catechin (10), (+)-gallocatechin 3-O-gallate (11), myricetin 3-rhamnoside (12), and ampelopsin (13). All isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant activities in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, and peroxynitrite radicals scavenging assays. Among those compounds, 11, 12, and 2 exhibited the best DPPH-, hydroxyl-, and peroxynitrite radical-scavenging activities, respectively. Compound 7 is a new compound, and possesses better scavenging activities towards DPPH but has equivalent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity when compared to BHT. The paper is the first report on free radical scavenging properties of components of the fresh pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. The results obtained from the current study indicate that the free radical scavenging property of fresh pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima may be one of the mechanisms by which this herbal medicine is effective in several free radical mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lin Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (F.-L.H.); (W.-J.H.); (M.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (W.-C.H.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (F.-L.H.); (W.-J.H.); (M.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Tzu-Hua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (T.-H.W.); (L.-C.C.)
| | - Mei-Hsien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (F.-L.H.); (W.-J.H.); (M.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Lih-Chi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (T.-H.W.); (L.-C.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei City Hospital, No.145, Zhengzhou Rd., Taipei 10341, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Jen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (F.-L.H.); (W.-J.H.); (M.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Wen-Chi Hou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (F.-L.H.); (W.-J.H.); (M.-H.L.); (H.-J.L.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Mei-Hsiang Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mails: (T.-H.W.); (L.-C.C.)
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Manir MM, Kim JK, Lee BG, Moon SS. Tea catechins and flavonoids from the leaves of Camellia sinensis inhibit yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2376-81. [PMID: 22377672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four new quercetin acylglycosides, designated camelliquercetisides A-D, quercetin 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→3)][2-O″-(E)-p-coumaroyl][β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucoside (17), quercetin 3-O-[2-O″-(E)-p-coumaroyl][β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucoside (18), quercetin 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→3)][2-O″-(E)-p-coumaroyl][α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-d-glucoside (19), and quercetin 3-O-[2-O″-(E)-p-coumaroyl][α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucoside (20), together with caffeine and known catechins, and flavonoids (1-16) were isolated from the leaves of Camellia sinensis. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR, IR, and HR-TOF-MS) and chemical methods. The catechins and flavonoidal glycosides exhibited yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitory activities in the range of IC(50) 8.0-70.3μM, and radical scavenging activities in the range of IC(50) 1.5-43.8 μM, measured by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Maniruzzaman Manir
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
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Phytochemical and antioxidant-related investigations on bark of Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach. from Nepal. Molecules 2012; 17:1686-97. [PMID: 22318324 PMCID: PMC6268527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17021686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bark of several coniferous species, a waste product of the timber industry, contains significant amounts of natural antioxidants. In our ongoing studies of Nepalese medicinal plants, we examined the bark from Abies spectabilis as the starting material for extracting antioxidant compounds. In vitro antioxidant activity evaluated by means of three antioxidant methods, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction (BR) and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) and total phenol contents with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent; the ferrous iron chelating capacity was also assessed. The methanol extract of A. spectabilis showed significant antioxidant activity and polyphenol contents (IC50 4.13 µg/mL, 0.20 μg/mL eq. resorcinol, 4.22 mM eq. Trolox, 3.9 µg/g eq. gallic Acid in the DPPH, BR, TEAC and Folin-Ciocalteau tests, respectively) and weak Fe2+ chelating capacity. Phytochemical studies were also carried out with 1D- and 2D NMR experiments and DI-ESI-MS, HPLC-DAD and LC-MSn measurements. Oligomeric C-type proanthocyanidins, mainly trimeric gallocatechin derivatives, were the most abundant compounds (16% of extract expressed as procyanindin B1). Gallocatechin oligomers (up to six units) and prodelphynidin-gallocatechin polymers were also identified in the extract. Prodelphynidin B4, cyclograndisolide and trans-docosanil ferulate were also isolated and characterized by NMR and MS spectroscopy.
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Kicel A, Wolbiś M. Study on the phenolic constituents of the flowers and leaves of Trifolium repens L. Nat Prod Res 2011; 26:2050-4. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.637217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kicel
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Maria Wolbiś
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Antioxidant activity of the halophyte Limonium tetragonum and its major active components. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Promoting the effect of chemical constituents from the flowers of Poacynum hendersonii on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. J Nat Med 2011; 66:39-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abeynayake SW, Panter S, Mouradov A, Spangenberg G. A high-resolution method for the localization of proanthocyanidins in plant tissues. PLANT METHODS 2011; 7:13. [PMID: 21595992 PMCID: PMC3117829 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histochemical staining of plant tissues with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) or vanillin-HCl is widely used to characterize spatial patterns of proanthocyanidin accumulation in plant tissues. These methods are limited in their ability to allow high-resolution imaging of proanthocyanidin deposits. RESULTS Tissue embedding techniques were used in combination with DMACA staining to analyze the accumulation of proanthocyanidins in Lotus corniculatus (L.) and Trifolium repens (L.) tissues. Embedding of plant tissues in LR White or paraffin matrices, with or without DMACA staining, preserved the physical integrity of the plant tissues, allowing high-resolution imaging that facilitated cell-specific localization of proanthocyanidins. A brown coloration was seen in proanthocyanidin-producing cells when plant tissues were embedded without DMACA staining and this was likely to have been due to non-enzymatic oxidation of proanthocyanidins and the formation of colored semiquinones and quinones. CONCLUSIONS This paper presents a simple, high-resolution method for analysis of proanthocyanidin accumulation in organs, tissues and cells of two plant species with different patterns of proanthocyanidin accumulation, namely Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil) and Trifolium repens (white clover). This technique was used to characterize cell type-specific patterns of proanthocyanidin accumulation in white clover flowers at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila W Abeynayake
- Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Co-operative Research Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Stephen Panter
- Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Co-operative Research Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Co-operative Research Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - German Spangenberg
- Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Co-operative Research Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
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Lin B, Johnson BJ, Rubin RA, Malanoski AP, Ligler FS. Iron chelation by cranberry juice and its impact on Escherichia coli growth. Biofactors 2011; 37:121-30. [PMID: 20806417 DOI: 10.1002/biof.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The various health benefits of Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) are well documented and have been attributed mainly to its antioxidant capacity and anti-adhesive activity. Several different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the possible role of cranberries, cranberry juice, and cranberry extracts in inhibiting bacterial growth. These mechanisms of action (i.e., inhibition of the microbial growth) have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we took advantage of current advances in microarray technology and used GeneChip® Escherichia coli genome 2.0 arrays to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the impact of cranberry juice on the properties of E. coli growth. The inclusion of cranberry juice in bacterial growth media was found to significantly impact the doubling time of E. coli. The gene expression results revealed altered expression of genes associated with iron transport and essential metabolic enzymes as well as with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and fumarate hydratase in these cultures. The altered expression of genes associated with iron transport was consistent with the strong iron chelating capability of proanthocyanidins, a major constituent of cranberry juice. The iron depletion effect was confirmed by adding exogenous iron to the growth media. This addition partially reversed the inhibitory effect on bacterial growth observed in the presence of cranberry juice/extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochuan Lin
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, USA.
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Gea A, Stringano E, Brown RH, Mueller-Harvey I. In situ analysis and structural elucidation of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) tannins for high-throughput germplasm screening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:495-503. [PMID: 21175139 DOI: 10.1021/jf103609p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A rapid thiolytic degradation and cleanup procedure was developed for analyzing tannins directly in chlorophyll-containing sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia ) plants. The technique proved suitable for complex tannin mixtures containing catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin flavan-3-ol units. The reaction time was standardized at 60 min to minimize the loss of structural information as a result of epimerization and degradation of terminal flavan-3-ol units. The results were evaluated by separate analysis of extractable and unextractable tannins, which accounted for 63.6-113.7% of the in situ plant tannins. It is of note that 70% aqueous acetone extracted tannins with a lower mean degree of polymerization (mDP) than was found for tannins analyzed in situ. Extractable tannins had between 4 and 29 lower mDP values. The method was validated by comparing results from individual and mixed sample sets. The tannin composition of different sainfoin accessions covered a range of mDP values from 16 to 83, procyanidin/prodelphinidin (PC/PD) ratios from 19.2/80.8 to 45.6/54.4, and cis/trans ratios from 74.1/25.9 to 88.0/12.0. This is the first high-throughput screening method that is suitable for analyzing condensed tannin contents and structural composition directly in green plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Gea
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, 1 Earley Gate, Post Office Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
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Kicel A, Wolbis M, Kalemba D, Wajs A. Identification of Volatile Constituents in Flowers and Leaves ofTrifolium repensL. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2010.9700417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Anti-adhesive activities of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins in the interaction of group A-streptococci and human epithelial cells. Molecules 2010; 15:7139-52. [PMID: 20953158 PMCID: PMC6259466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells is a key step in infections, allowing subsequent colonization, invasion and internalization of pathogens into tissues. Anti-adhesive agents are therefore potential prophylactic tools against bacterial infections. The range of anti-adhesive compounds is largely confined to carbohydrate analogues. Tannins are generously recognized as potent antimicrobials, but little data exist on their anti-adherence potency. Using a model for mucosal pathogenesis with labeled group A-streptococci (GAS) and human laryngeal HEp-2 cells, a series of flavan-3-ols (epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate) and highly purified and chemically characterized proanthocyanidin samples including procyanidins based on epicatechin, catechin or ‘mixed’ constituent flavanyl units, prodelphinidins made up of (epi)gallocatechin monomeric unts as well as oligomers possessing A-type units in their molecules was evaluated for anti-adhesive effects. Reduced microbial adherence was observed exclusively for prodelphinidins, suggesting that pyrogallol-type elements, i.e., (epi)gallocatechin units are important structural features. This is the first report on structure-activity relationships regarding the anti-adhesive potency of proanthocyanidins. In addition, the structures of the first chemically defined proanthocyanidins from Pelargonium sidoides are disclosed.
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Zhang T, Zhu M, Chen X, Bi K. Simultaneous Analysis of Seven Bioactive Compounds inSambucus Chinensis Lindlby HPLC. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003731399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Laghi L, Parpinello GP, Rio DD, Calani L, Mattioli AU, Versari A. Fingerprint of enological tannins by multiple techniques approach. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sayed EA, Martiskainen O, Sinkkonen J, Pihlaja K, Ayoub N, Singab AEN, El-Azizi M. Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Pleiogynium timorense (Anacardiaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2010; 5:1934578X1000500. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (HPLC–PDA-ESI/MS/MS) method was used for the analysis of the phenolic composition of the ethanolic extract obtained from the leaves of Pleiogynium timorense (DC.) Leenh. Twenty compounds were detected and tentatively characterized. In addition, further phytochemical investigations of the extract resulted in the isolation of twelve major phenolic compounds. Evidence of the structures of these compounds was obtained based on the interpretation of the UV, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and DQF-COSY spectral data. The antioxidant effect of the ethanolic extract was examined in vitro using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) and super oxide anion radical scavenging assays. DPPH. radical scavenging activity was observed for the extract, with an IC50 of 21.9 μg/mL, while its super oxide anion scavenging activity was less pronounced, with an IC50 of 123.5 μg/mL The ethanolic extract showed significant hypoglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study suggests that the ethanolic extract of Pleiogynium timorense is a potential source of antioxidant compounds, relatively non-toxic, and have possible beneficial health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Al Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Martiskainen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sinkkonen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kalevi Pihlaja
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Nahla Ayoub
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abd-El Naser Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Azizi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
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71
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Piao XL, Mi XY, Tian YZ, Wu Q, Piao HS, Zeng Z, Wang D, Piao X. Rapid identification and characterization of antioxidants from Ligularia fischeri. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 32:1689-94. [PMID: 20162395 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-2204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the radical-scavenging activity of Ligularia fischeri on oxidative damage by the radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and to rapidly identify the active components using the bioassay-linked fractionation method. The MeOH extract and fractions of CH(2)Cl(2), BuOH, and H(2)O from L. fischeri showed DPPH radical-scavenging effects in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01). In particular, the BuOH fraction had the most effective (p < 0.05) antioxidative capacity. The active constituents from the BuOH fraction of L. fischeri were rapidly isolated by bioassay-linked HPLC method and identified as hyperoside and 2''-acetylhyperoside with potent antioxidant effects against the DPPH radical, with IC(50) values of 1.31 and 7.09 microg/mL, respectively. They have not been reported from L. fischeri yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lan Piao
- Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
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72
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Parveen I, Threadgill MD, Moorby JM, Winters A. Oxidative phenols in forage crops containing polyphenol oxidase enzymes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:1371-82. [PMID: 20078064 DOI: 10.1021/jf9024294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are copper-containing enzymes that catalyze oxidation of endogenous monophenols to ortho-dihydroxyaryl compounds and of ortho-dihydroxyaryl compounds to ortho-quinones. Subsequent nucleophilic addition reactions of phenols, amino acids, and proteins with the electrophilic ortho-quinones form brown-, black-, or red-colored secondary products associated with the undesired discolouration of fruit and vegetables. Several important forage plants also exhibit significant PPO activity, and a link with improved efficiency of ruminant production has been established. In ruminant animals, extensive degradation of forage proteins, following consumption, can result in high rates of excretion of nitrogen, which contributes to point-source and diffuse pollution. Reaction of quinones with forage proteins leads to the formation of protein-phenol complexes that are resistant to proteolytic activity during ensilage and during rumen fermentation. Thus, PPO in red clover (Trifolium pratense) has been shown to improve protein utilization by ruminants. While PPO activity has been demonstrated in a number of forage crops, little work has been carried out to identify substrates of PPO, knowledge of which would be beneficial for characterizing this trait in these forages. In general, a wide range of 1,2-dihydroxyarenes can serve as PPO substrates because these are readily oxidized because of the ortho positioning of the hydroxy groups. Naturally occurring phenols isolated from forage crops with PPO activity are reviewed. A large number of phenols, which may be directly or indirectly oxidized as a consequence of PPO activity, have been identified in several forage grass, legume, cereal, and brassica species; these include hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamates, and flavonoids. In conclusion, a number of compounds are known or postulated to enable PPO activity in important PPO-expressing forage crops. Targeting the matching of these compounds with PPO activity would be a useful plant breeding approach to improve the utilization of feed nitrogen by ruminant livestock and help reduce the environmental impact of livestock agriculture in temperate countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifat Parveen
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
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73
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Saviranta NMM, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Oksanen E, Karjalainen RO. Leaf phenolic compounds in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) induced by exposure to moderately elevated ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:440-446. [PMID: 19766367 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), an important feed crop in many parts of the world, is exposed to elevated ozone over large areas. Plants can limit ozone-induced damages by various defence mechanisms. In this work, changes in the concentrations of antioxidant phenolic compounds induced by slightly elevated levels of ozone were determined in red clover leaves by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 31 different phenolics were identified and the most abundant isoflavones and flavonoids were biochanin A glycoside malonate (G-M), formononetin-G-M and quercetin-G-M. Elevated ozone (mean 32.4 ppb) increased the total phenolic content of leaves and also had minor effects on the concentrations of individual compounds. Elevated ozone increased the net photosynthesis rate of red clover leaves before visible injuries by 21-23%. This study thus suggests that the concentrations of phenolics in red clover leaves change in response to slightly elevated ozone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina M M Saviranta
- University of Kuopio, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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74
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Meng D, Wu J, Zhao W. Glycosides from Breynia fruticosa and Breynia rostrata. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:325-331. [PMID: 19883925 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycosides, 3-acetyl-(-)-epicatechin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (1), 3-acetyl-(-)-epicatechin 7-O-(6-isobutanoyloxyl)-beta-glucopyranoside (2), 3-acetyl-(-)-epicatechin 7-O-[6-(2-methyl-butanoyloxyl)]-beta-glucopyranoside (3), (5Z)-6-[5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-3-methylhexa-1,5-dien-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside (4), hydroquinone O-[6-(3-hydroxyisobutanoyl)]-beta-galactopyranoside (5), 4-(4-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-phenoxy)-1-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-1,3-benzenediol (6), 7,8-erythro-dihydroxy-3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl-propane8-O-beta-glucopyranoside (7), 6,7-dimethylbenzofuranol 5-O-beta-xylopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-glucopyranoside (8), along with 30 known glycosides, were isolated from Breynia fruticosa and Breynia rostrata (Euphorbiaceae). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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75
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Wang K, Li MM, Chen XQ, Peng LY, Cheng X, Li Y, Zhao QS. Phenolic Constituents from Brainea insignis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:868-71. [PMID: 20523003 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Ming-Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xuan-Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Li-Yan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Qin-Shi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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76
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Lin HY, Kuo YH, Lin YL, Chiang W. Antioxidative effect and active components from leaves of Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6623-6629. [PMID: 19572539 DOI: 10.1021/jf900950z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The DPPH scavenging effect, the inhibition of human low-density lipoprotein oxidation, and antioxidative contents were employed for the activity-guided purification to identify the antioxidant components of lotus leaves (leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). The methanolic extract of lotus leaves (LLM) was separated into ethyl acetate (LLME), n-butanol (LLMB), and water (LLMW) fractions. LLME and LLMB exhibited greater capacity to scavenge DPPH radical, delayed LDL oxidation, and had higher antioxidative contents than LLMW. Seven flavonoids were isolated from both fractions by column chromatography. On the basis of 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments and MS data analyses, these compounds were identified as catechin (1), quercetin (2), quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (4), quercetin-3-O-galactopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-glucopyranoside (6), and myricetin-3-O-glucopyranoside (7). Quercetin and its glycosides (compounds 2-5) exerted potent inhibition of LDL oxidation, whereas myricetin-3-O-glucopyranoside (7) showed stronger DPPH scavenging activity. These results indicate that the antioxidant capacity of lotus leaves is partially relevant to its flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, Center for Food and Biomolecules, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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77
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Nechepurenko IV, Komarova NI, Gerasimova YV, Koval′ VV, Polovinka MP, Korchagina DV, Salakhutdinov NF. Structure of oligomeric proanthocyanidines from Hedysarum thienum roots studied by thiolysis and MALDI-TOF MS. Chem Nat Compd 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-009-9216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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78
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Sabudak T, Guler N. Trifolium L.--a review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Phytother Res 2009; 23:439-46. [PMID: 19107737 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plants from the genus Trifolium have been used in traditional medicine by many cultures. In Turkish folk medicine, for example, some Trifolium species are used for their expectorant, analgesic, antiseptic properties and also to treat rheumatic aches. Some species are also grown as pasture crops for animals in the Mediterranean. The high quercetin concentration and soyasaponin occurrence make the seeds of some Trifolium species a potential source of health beneficial phytochemicals for use in human nutrition. However, Trifolium pratense has also gained popularity due to research into its use for the treatment for menopausal symptoms. This paper provides an overview of the phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Trifolium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temine Sabudak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Namik Kemal University, 59860, Tekirdag, Turkey.
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80
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Tanaka N, Kashiwada Y, Nakano T, Shibata H, Higuchi T, Sekiya M, Ikeshiro Y, Takaishi Y. Chromone and chromanone glucosides from Hypericum sikokumontanum and their anti-Helicobacter pylori activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:141-146. [PMID: 19121528 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chromone glucosides, takanechromones A-C (1, 2 and 5) and chromanone glucosides, named takanechromanones A and B (3 and 4), were isolated from the methanolic extracts of Hypericumsikokumontanum together with 27 known compounds. Their structures were established based on spectroscopic evidence. The isolated compounds and some chromone derivatives were assayed for antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori and cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naonobu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Shomachi 1-78, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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81
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Sayed HM, Mohamed MH, Farag SF, Mohamed GA, Omobuwajo ORM, Proksch P. Fructose-amino acid conjugate and other constituents from Cyperus rotundus L. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22:1487-97. [PMID: 19023813 DOI: 10.1080/14786410802038556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Further phytochemical study on the aerial parts of Cyperus rotundus L. led to the isolation of a fructose-amino acid conjugate, N-(1-deoxy-alpha-D-fructos-1-yl)-L-tryptophan (16) and its tautomers, in addition to n-butyl-beta-D-fructopyranoside (1), ethyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (2), adenosine (3), (-)-(E)-caffeoylmalic acid (4), vitexin (5), isovitexin (6), orientin (7), epiorientin (8), myricetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside (9), luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside-6''-methyl ester (10), chlorogenic acid (11), luteolin 4'-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside (12), luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside (13), uridine (14) and ellagic acid (15). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. Additionally, antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of some of the isolated phenolic compounds were carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa M Sayed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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82
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83
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Sabudak T, Isik E, Oksuz S. Two new compounds from Trifolium resupinatum var. microcephalum. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2008; 10:1017-1021. [PMID: 19031240 DOI: 10.1080/10286020802278038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of CH(2)Cl(2) and EtOH extracts of Trifolium resupinatum L. var. microcephalum Zoh. has led to the isolation of two new compounds characterized as 4,15-dimethyl-2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-hexadecene (1) and 1-undecene-1-O-beta-2',3',4',6'-tetraacetyl glucopyranoside (2a). Their structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR techniques, and mass spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temine Sabudak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Corlu Engineering Faculty, Namik Kemal University, Corlu, Tekirdag, Turkey.
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84
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Abstract
In the present study, the major flavonoids of white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) cv. Sonja were extracted, isolated and identified. The major flavonoids in leaves and stems were the four flavonol glycosides: kaempferol-3- O-{Xyl(1→2)-Gal} (kaempferol-Xyl-Gal), kaempferol-3- O-{Rha(1→6)-[Xyl(1→2)]-Gal} (kaempferol-Rha-Xyl-Gal), quercetin-3- O-{Xyl(1→2)-Gal} (quercetin-Xyl-Gal), and quercetin-3- O-{Rha(1→6)-[Xyl(1→2)]-Gal} (quercetin-Rha-Xyl-Gal). Quercetin-Rha-Xyl-Gal has never been reported before and kaempferol-Rha-Xyl-Gal has not previously been identified in clover aerial parts. Concentrations of those compounds, together with aglyconic flavonoids previously described in white clover, as well as their glycosides, were quantified in leaves/stems and flowers of four white clover cvs Rabani, Klondike, Ramona and Aran using tandem mass spectrometry. There were significant differences in flavonoid concentrations in the two plant parts, with the highest concentrations of most aglycones in flowers and the highest concentrations of most glycosides in leaves/stems. This distribution of compounds may indicate different ways of storage and/or different mechanisms of action of the compounds. The cultivars were selected for genetic diversity, which resulted in distinctly different amounts of flavonoids in the plants. Concentrations of 17 of 24 compounds varied significantly – for some compounds up to a factor of 10 – among cultivars. Total flavonoid concentrations in flowers did not vary greatly among cultivars, at 28.9–35.8 mmol/g dry material (DM). In contrast, in leaves/stems, the cvs Rabani and Klondike had lower concentrations of most flavonoids (total concentrations 10.0 and 12.7 mmol/gDM, respectively) compared to cvs Aran and Ramona (32.3 and 22.1 mmol/gDM, respectively). There is a potential for breeding/selection of cultivars with targeted concentrations of particular flavonoids.
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85
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Pietrovski EF, Magina MDA, Gomig F, Pietrovski CF, Micke GA, Barcellos M, Pizzolatti MG, Cabrini DA, Brighente IMC, Otuki MF. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. (Myrtaceae) leaves. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:479-87. [PMID: 18380921 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.4.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Eugenia brasiliensis Lam., a plant from the south of Brazil, is used in the popular medicine for rheumatism treatment. This study reports that topical application of hydroalcoholic extract, fractions and isolated compounds from E. brasiliensis caused an inhibition of ear oedema in response to topical application of croton oil on the mouse ear. For oedema inhibition, the estimated ID50 values (dose reducing the inflammatory response by 50% relative to the control value) for hydroalcoholic extract and fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane) were 0.17, 0.29, 0.13 and 0.14 mg/ear, respectively, with inhibition of 79+/-7%, 87+/-6%, 88+/-5% and 96+/-2%, respectively. Isolated phenolic compounds (quercetin, catechin and gallocatechin) were also effective in inhibiting the oedema (inhibition of 61+/-5%, 66+/-2% and 37+/-9%, respectively). Moreover, both extract and isolated compounds caused inhibition of polymorphonuclear cells influx (inhibition of 85+/-6%, 81+/-5%, 73+/-6% and 76+/-6%, respectively). The histological analysis of the ear tissue clearly confirmed that the extract and compounds of E. brasiliensis inhibited the influx of polymorphonuclear cells to mouse ear skin after application of croton oil. Furthermore, hydroalcoholic extract was also effective in inhibiting the arachidonic acid-mediated mouse ear oedema (ID50 value was 1.94 mg/ear and inhibition of 60+/-7%). Therefore, these results consistently support the notion that E. brasiliensis possesses topical anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelise Fernandes Pietrovski
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Dor e Febre, Departamento de Farmacologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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86
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Ethnobotany and phytochemistry of plants dominant in salt marshes of the Lower Saxonian Wadden Sea, southern North Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03043865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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87
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Kikuzaki H, Miyajima Y, Nakatani N. Phenolic glycosides from berries of Pimenta dioica. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:861-865. [PMID: 18314960 DOI: 10.1021/np0705615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Four new phenolic glycosides, (2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-allyl)phenyl beta- d-(6-O-E-sinapoyl)glucopyranoside (1), (1' R,5' R)-5-(5-carboxymethyl-2-oxocyclopentyl)-3 Z-pentenyl beta-D-(6-O-galloyl)glucopyranoside (2), (S)-alpha-terpinyl [alpha-L-(2-O-galloyl)arabinofuranosyl]-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), and (R)-alpha-terpinyl [alpha-L-(2-O-galloyl)arabinofuranosyl]-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4), were isolated from the berries of Pimenta dioica together with eight known flavonoids. The structures of 1-4 were elucidated on the basis of MS and NMR data and enzymatic hydrolysis. All four glycosides showed radical-scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Kikuzaki
- Division of Food and Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, Japan.
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88
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Veitch NC, Grayer RJ. Flavonoids and their glycosides, including anthocyanins. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:555-611. [DOI: 10.1039/b718040n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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89
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90
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91
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van Dorland HA, Wettstein HR, Aeschlimann G, Leuenberger H, Kreuzer M. Preference of dairy cows for ryegrass, white clover and red clover, and its effects on nutrient supply and milk quality. Arch Anim Nutr 2007; 61:371-89. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390701565305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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92
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Prati S, Baravelli V, Fabbri D, Schwarzinger C, Brandolini V, Maietti A, Tedeschi P, Benvenuti S, Macchia M, Marotti I, Bonetti A, Catizone P, Dinelli G. Composition and content of seed flavonoids in forage and grain legume crops. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:491-501. [PMID: 17444218 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoid content and composition in 124 accessions of forage and grain legumes was assessed by means of HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS analyses of seed extracts. Excluding soybean, only 7 out of 77 grain legume accessions exhibited a total flavonoid content higher than 0.1 mg/g fresh seed weight (mean content 0.33 +/- 0.31 mg/ g fresh seed weight); while in 38 out of 47 forage legume, the mean flavonoid content was 1.49 +/- 0.89 mg/g fresh seed weight. On the basis of their higher seed flavonoid content and agronomic relevance, two grain and five forage legume accessions were selected for further HPLC-ESI-MS analyses aimed to identify bioactive compounds. Chemical analysis of the selected accessions permitted the identification of several flavonoids with pharmaceutical properties such as vitexin in Vigna angularis and Trigonella foenum-graecum, quercetin in all Trifolium spp and Medicago sativa, taxifolin in Trifolium pratense and Trifolium alexandrinum, myricetin in Trifolium repens, kaempferol in Phaseolus vulgaris and T. repens and luteolin in M. sativa and T. alexandrinum. Since much of literature information is regarding flavonoid content and composition of the green part of legume species, the obtained results contributed to fill the gap in knowledge about flavonoid content at the seed level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Prati
- Inter-departmental Centre for Research in Environmental Sciences (C.I.R.S.A.), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
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Aderogba MA, McGaw LJ, Ogundaini AO, Eloff JN. Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity study of the flavonol glycosides fromBauhinia galpinii. Nat Prod Res 2007; 21:591-9. [PMID: 17613816 DOI: 10.1080/14786410701369557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions obtained from the leaves of Bauhinia galpinii was evaluated in terms of capacity to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. The crude extract and the more polar solvent fractions (ethyl acetate and butanol) showed considerable antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of the extracts, expressed as EC50, ranged between 28.85 +/- 1.28 microg mL(-1)and 118.16 +/- 6.41 microg mL(-1). L-Ascorbic acid was used as a standard (EC50 = 19.79 +/- 0.14 microM). Bioassay guided fractionation of the two active solvent fractions led to the isolation of three flavonoid glycosides, identified as: quercetin-3-O-galactopyranoside (1), myricetin-3-O-galactopyranoside (2), and 2''-O-rhamnosylvitexin (3). These compounds are reported for the first time from this species. The structures of the compounds were determined on the basis of spectral studies (1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS). Their antioxidant potential was evaluated using a DPPH spectrophotometric assay. Compound 2 had higher and 3 had lower antioxidant activity than L-ascorbic acid. No cytotoxic effects were displayed by compounds 1 and 3, but compound 2 was cytotoxic to Vero cells (LC50 = 74.68 microg mL(-1)) and bovine dermis cells (LC50 = 30.69 microg mL(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Aderogba
- Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
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94
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Loizzo MR, Said A, Tundis R, Rashed K, Statti GA, Hufner A, Menichini F. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) by flavonoids isolated from Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb) (Simaroubaceae). Phytother Res 2007; 21:32-6. [PMID: 17072829 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In our screening program for antihypertensive properties of plants, the leaves of Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb), a plant used in Egyptian traditional medicine, were analysed. Chromatographic separation of A. excelsa MeOH extract yielded six flavonoids for the first time from this species, namely apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol-3-O-alpha-arabinopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-beta-galactopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-alpha-arabinopyranoside and luteolin-7-O-beta-glucopyranoside. The in vitro hypotensive activities of the MeOH extract and the isolated compounds were elucidated. All the flavonoids tested exhibited ACE inhibitory activity, in particular the most active compound was kaempferol-3-O-beta-galactopyranoside with an IC(50) value of 260 microm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rosa Loizzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy.
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95
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Sivakumaran S, Rumball W, Lane GA, Fraser K, Foo LY, Yu M, Meagher LP. Variation of Proanthocyanidins in Lotus Species. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:1797-816. [PMID: 16900433 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The proanthocyanidin (PA) chemistry of 12 Lotus species of previously unknown PA content was examined in comparison with agricultural cultivars of L. pedunculatus, L. corniculatus, and L. tenuis and a "creeping" selection of L. corniculatus. Herbage harvested in winter 2000 and again in spring had extractable PA concentrations, estimations of which varied between 0.2 and 10.9% of dry matter. The four novel Lotus spp. with the highest concentrations were selected for further evaluation together with the agricultural accessions. PA concentrations in herbage were estimated for individual plants harvested in spring 2001 and bulk samples harvested in summer 2002-2003. PA oligomer and polymer fractions were separated by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography from aqueous acetone PA extracts of herbage. The chemical characteristics of the fractions were examined by acid catalyzed degradation with benzyl mercaptan, (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electrospray ionization (ESI), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). A wide variation was found in the chemical composition, mean degree of polymerization (mDP), and polydispersity of PAs from Lotus spp. Fractions from L. americanus, L. corniculatus "creeping selection," and L. pedunculatus consisted predominantly of prodelphinidin (PD) units, whereas PA from L. angustissimus and L. corniculatus consisted predominantly of procyanidin (PC) units. An approximately equal composition in terms of PC and PD units was found in L. parviflorus and L. suaveolens. In L. angustissimus, epicatechin is dominant in both extender and terminal units. In all Lotus PA fractions, the 2,3-cis isomers (epicatechin or epigallocatechin) predominated. Only trace amounts of PA were extracted from L. tenuis. The mDP of the PA fractions ranged from 8 to 97, with high mDP found only for L. pedunculatus and L. americanus. In the ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS of the L. angustissimus PA fraction, ions for homo-PC oligomers were dominant, whereas ions for hetero-oligomers predominated in the other Lotus spp. Ions indicative of A-type linkages were observed in the MS of L. americanus. The results are discussed in terms of possible relationships between the concentration and composition of the PAs of Lotus spp. and ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subathira Sivakumaran
- Food and Health Group, AgResearch Ltd., Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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96
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Leu CH, Li CY, Yao X, Wu TS. Constituents from the Leaves of Phellodendron amurense and Their Antioxidant Activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54:1308-11. [PMID: 16946541 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.54.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three new coumarins, phellodenols F-H (1-3) and a new glutaric acid derivative, phellodendric acid-A (4) were isolated from the leaves of Phellodendron amurense together with twenty-nine known compounds. Extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments and other spectroscopic studies were employed to determine the structures of 1-4. The isolated compounds were screened for their antioxidant activity through DPPH (alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. Compounds quercetin, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-galactoside and kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside demonstrated significant radical scavenging activity comparable to vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsing Leu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
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97
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Antioxidant gallocatechins, dimeric and trimeric proanthocyanidins from sea buckthorn (Hippopha� rhamnoides) pomace. Eur Food Res Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-004-1002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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98
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Arciniegas A, Pérez-Castorena AL, Villaseñor JL, Romo de Vivar A. Chemical constituents of Roldana aschenborniana. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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99
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Wu Q, Wang M, Simon JE. Determination of isoflavones in red clover and related species by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1016:195-209. [PMID: 14601839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography-UV-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric detector (HPLC-UV-ESI-MSD) method for determination of isoflavones in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and related species has been developed. The separated isoflavones including aglycones, glycosides and glycoside malonates, were individually analyzed and identified by their molecular ions and characteristic fragment ion peaks using LC-MSD under MS and MS-MS mode, and in comparison with the standard isoflavones. A total of 31 isoflavones were detected in red clover. Several isoflavones were also identified for the first time in related species, T. repense L. (white clover), T. hybridum L. (alsike clover) and T. campestre Schreber (hop trefoil). Based on reversed phase HPLC, all 10 isoflavone aglycones, daidzein, formononetin, genistein, pseudobaptigenin, glycitein, calycosin, prunetin, biochanin A, irilone and pratensein in acidic hydrolyzed extracts were successfully separated within 40 min and quantified individually by UV and MS detectors. For the 10 target compounds, the investigated concentrations ranged from approximately 24 to approximately 12500 ng/ml for UV detection and approximately 6 to approximately 3125 ng/ml for MS detection, and good linearities (r2 > 0.999 for UV and r2 > 0.99 for MS) for standard curves were achieved for each isoflavone. The accuracy and repeatability (n = 10) were within 15% for these 10 compounds. This is the first method reported that enables the simultaneous quantitation of all 10 isoflavone aglycones in red clover and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Wu
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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100
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Abrahams S, Lee E, Walker AR, Tanner GJ, Larkin PJ, Ashton AR. The Arabidopsis TDS4 gene encodes leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) and is essential for proanthocyanidin synthesis and vacuole development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 35:624-36. [PMID: 12940955 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthetic pathways share common intermediates until leucocyanidin, which may be used by leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) to produce anthocyanin, or the enzyme leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) to produce catechin, a precursor of PA. The Arabidopsis mutant tannin deficient seed 4 (tds4-1) has a reduced PA level and altered pattern PA accumulation. We identified the TDS4 gene as LDOX by complementation of the tds4-1 mutation either with a cosmid encoding LDOX or a 35S:LDOX construct. Independent Arabidopsis lines with a T-DNA insertion in the LDOX gene had a similar phenotype, and one was allelic to tds4-1. The seed phenotype of ban tds4 double mutants showed that LDOX precedes BANYULS (BAN) in the PA pathway, confirming recent biochemical characterisation of BAN as an anthocyanidin reductase. Double mutant analysis was also used to order the other TDS genes. Analysis of the PA intermediates in tds4-1 revealed three dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) reacting compounds that accumulated in extracts from developing seeds. Analysis of Arabidopsis PA and its precursors indicates that Arabidopsis, unlike many other plants, exclusively uses the epicatechin and not the catechin pathway to PA. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the pattern observed when seeds of tds4 were stained with DMACA was a result of the accumulation of PA intermediates in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. Fluorescent marker dyes were used to show that tds4 endothelial cells had multiple small vacuoles, instead of a large central vacuole as observed in the wild types (WT). These results show that in addition to its established role in the formation of anthocyanin, LDOX is also part of the PA biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Abrahams
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
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