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Zhang JW, Yan R, Tang YS, Guo YZ, Chang Y, Jing L, Wang YL, Zhang JZ. Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced autophagy and apoptosis with downregulation of hairy enhancer of split 1/5 in cortical neurons in mice. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 30:371-382. [PMID: 29171783 PMCID: PMC5806807 DOI: 10.1177/0394632017740061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about brain histomorphology, neuronal organelles, and hairy enhancer of split (hes) expression under HHcy. In this study, non-HHcy and HHcy induced by high-methionine diet in apolipoprotein E–deficient (Apo E−/−) mice were comparatively investigated. The histomorphology, ultrastructure, autophagosomes, apoptosis, and expression of proteins, HES1, HES5 and P62, were designed to assess the effects of HHcy on brain. The results showed that compared to the non-HHcy mice, the HHcy group had an increase in autophagosomes, vacuolization in mitochondria, and neuron apoptosis; treatment with folate and vitamin B12 reduced the extent of these lesions. However, the elementary histomorphology, the numbers of cortical neurons, and Nissl bodies had no significant difference between the HHcy and the non-HHcy groups or the group treated with folate and vitamin B12. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence demonstrated a decrease in HES1- or HES5-positive neurons in the HHcy group when compared to the non-HHcy groups, wild-type, and Apo E−/− controls, or the HHcy mice with folate and vitamin B12 supplement. Western blots showed that HHcy induced a decreased expression of HES1 and HES5, or P62, in which the expression of HES1 and P62 was elevated by treating with folate and vitamin B12 supplement. These results suggest that HHcy-enhanced brain damage is associated with increased autophagy and neuronal apoptosis in Apo E−/− mice, in which downregulation of hes1 and hes5 is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Zhang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Immunopathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,2 School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases-Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ru Yan
- 2 School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases-Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,3 Heart Centre, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Tang
- 2 School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases-Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yong-Zhen Guo
- 2 School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases-Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yue Chang
- 2 School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases-Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Li Jing
- 2 School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases-Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yi-Li Wang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Immunopathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Zhang
- 2 School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases-Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,4 Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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52
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Rong R, Zhou Q, Lin J, Huang N, Li W, Qiu Y, Yu X, Mao H. Maintained Folic Acid Supplementation Reduces the Risk of Mortality in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Blood Purif 2017; 45:28-35. [PMID: 29161705 DOI: 10.1159/000480222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between folic acid (FA) supplementation and mortality in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients is unclear. METHODS FA exposure was calculated as a percentage of cumulative duration of drug usage to total follow-up duration (FA%). A total of 1,358 patients were classified by a cutoff value of FA%. The association of FA with mortality was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS The cutoff value of FA% for predicting mortality was <34% at a median follow-up of 40.7 months. FA ≥34% was associated with decreased risk for all-cause (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] 95% CI 0.64 [0.48-0.85] and cardiovascular mortality 0.67 (95% CI 0.47-0.97). Moreover, the adjusted HRs per 10% higher FA for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were 0.925 (95% CI 0.879-0.973) and 0.926 (95% CI 0.869-0.988), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Longer period of FA supplementation led to a reduction in risk of both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in CAPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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53
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Liu G, Bin P, Wang T, Ren W, Zhong J, Liang J, Hu CAA, Zeng Z, Yin Y. DNA Methylation and the Potential Role of Methyl-Containing Nutrients in Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1670815. [PMID: 29348786 PMCID: PMC5733941 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1670815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) experience a low quality of life and increase pressure on healthcare systems both nationally and globally. DNA methylation, which refers to the pathway by which DNA methyltransferase facilitates the addition of a methyl group to DNA, is of critical importance in this respect primarily because the epigenetic modification is implicated in a range of serious conditions including atherosclerosis, CVDs, and cancer. Research findings indicate that the number of epigenetic alterations can be elicited (both in utero and in adults) through the administration of certain nutritional supplements, including folic acid and methionine; this is partly attributable to the effect employed by methyl-containing nutrients in DNA methylation. Thus, for the purpose of illuminating viable therapeutic measures and preventive strategies for CVDs, research should continue to explore the intricate associations that exist between epigenetic regulation and CVD pathogenesis. This review centers on an exposition of the mechanism by which DNA methylation takes place, the impact it has on a range of conditions, and the potential clinical value of nutrition, driven mainly by the observation that nutritional supplements such as folic acid can affect DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Peng Bin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Liang
- College of Packaging and Printing Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Chien-An Andy Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC08 4670, Fitz 258, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Zhaoying Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan 410125, China
- Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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54
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Mandaviya PR, Aïssi D, Dekkers KF, Joehanes R, Kasela S, Truong V, Stolk L, Heemst DV, Ikram MA, Lindemans J, Slagboom PE, Trégouët DA, Uitterlinden AG, Wei C, Wells P, Gagnon F, van Greevenbroek MM, Heijmans BT, Milani L, Morange PE, van Meurs JB, Heil SG. Homocysteine levels associate with subtle changes in leukocyte DNA methylation: an epigenome-wide analysis. Epigenomics 2017; 9:1403-1422. [PMID: 28990796 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sensitive marker of one-carbon metabolism. Higher Hcy levels have been associated with global DNA hypomethylation. We investigated the association between plasma Hcy and epigenome-wide DNA methylation in leukocytes. METHODS Methylation was measured using Illumina 450 k arrays in 2035 individuals from six cohorts. Hcy-associated differentially methylated positions and regions were identified using meta-analysis. RESULTS Three differentially methylated positions cg21607669 (SLC27A1), cg26382848 (AJUBA) and cg10701000 (KCNMA1) at chromosome 19, 14 and 10, respectively, were significantly associated with Hcy. In addition, we identified 68 Hcy-associated differentially methylated regions, the most significant of which was a 1.8-kb spanning domain (TNXB/ATF6B) at chromosome 6. CONCLUSION We identified novel epigenetic loci associated with Hcy levels, of which specific role needs to be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja R Mandaviya
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan Aïssi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France.,ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism & Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Koen F Dekkers
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Department of Medical Statistics & Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roby Joehanes
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silva Kasela
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vinh Truong
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology & Geriatrics Section, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Lindemans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Department of Medical Statistics & Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France.,ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism & Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chen Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Phil Wells
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - France Gagnon
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marleen Mj van Greevenbroek
- Department of Internal Medicine & School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan T Heijmans
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Department of Medical Statistics & Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Morange
- Laboratory of Haematology, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France.,Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMR_S) 1062, Nutrition Obesity & Risk of Thrombosis, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Joyce Bj van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra G Heil
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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55
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A computational method using the random walk with restart algorithm for identifying novel epigenetic factors. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 293:293-301. [PMID: 28932904 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation has long been recognized as a significant factor in various biological processes, such as development, transcriptional regulation, spermatogenesis, and chromosome stabilization. Epigenetic alterations lead to many human diseases, including cancer, depression, autism, and immune system defects. Although efforts have been made to identify epigenetic regulators, it remains a challenge to systematically uncover all the components of the epigenetic regulation in the genome level using experimental approaches. The advances of constructing protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks provide an excellent opportunity to identify novel epigenetic factors computationally in the genome level. In this study, we identified potential epigenetic factors by using a computational method that applied the random walk with restart (RWR) algorithm on a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using reported epigenetic factors as seed nodes. False positives were identified by their specific roles in the PPI network or by a low-confidence interaction and a weak functional relationship with epigenetic regulators. After filtering out the false positives, 26 candidate epigenetic factors were finally accessed. According to previous studies, 22 of these are thought to be involved in epigenetic regulation, suggesting the robustness of our method. Our study provides a novel computational approach which successfully identified 26 potential epigenetic factors, paving the way on deepening our understandings on the epigenetic mechanism.
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56
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Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Sotgiu E, Assaretti S, Baralla A, Mangoni AA, Satta AE, Carru C. Cholesterol lowering treatment restores blood global DNA methylation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:822-829. [PMID: 28755807 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by increased oxidative stress (OS). In consideration of the well-known link between OS and DNA methylation we assessed DNA methylcytosine (mCyt) concentrations in CKD patients at baseline and during cholesterol lowering treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS DNA methylation and OS indices (malonyldialdehyde, MDA; allantoin/uric acid ratio, All/UA) were measured in 30 CKD patients randomized to three cholesterol lowering regimens for 12 months (simvastatin 40 mg/day, ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/20 mg/day, or ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/40 mg/day) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. DNA methylation was significantly lower in CKD patients vs. controls (4.06 ± 0.20% vs. 4.27 ± 0.17% mCyt, p = 0.0001). Treatment significantly increased mCyt DNA concentrations in all patients (4.06 ± 0.04% at baseline; 4.12 ± 0.03% at 4 months; 4.17 ± 0.03% at 8 months; and 4.20 ± 0.02% at 12 months, p = 0.0001 for trend). A trend for a greater effect on DNA methylation was observed with combined treatment ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/40 mg/day (+5.2% after one year treatment). The treatment-associated mCyt increase was significantly correlated with the concomitant reduction in MDA concentrations and All/AU ratios. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that CKD patients have a lower degree of DNA methylation and that cholesterol lowering treatment restores mCyt DNA concentrations to levels similar to healthy controls. The treatment-associated increase in DNA methylation is correlated with a concomitant reduction in OS markers. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00861731).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - S Sotgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - E Sotgiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - S Assaretti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - A Baralla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - A A Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - A E Satta
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - C Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Quality Control Unit, University Hospital Sassari (AOU), Sassari, Italy
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Virzì GM, Clementi A, Brocca A, de Cal M, Ronco C. Epigenetics: a potential key mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of cardiorenal syndromes. J Nephrol 2017; 31:333-341. [PMID: 28780716 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-017-0425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is defined as the heritable changes in gene expression patterns which are not directly encoded by modifications in the nucleotide DNA sequence of the genome, including higher order chromatin organization, DNA methylation, cytosine modifications, covalent histone tail modifications, and short non-coding RNA molecules. Recently, much attention has been paid to the role and the function of epigenetics and epimutations in the cellular and subcellular pathways and in the regulation of genes in the setting of both kidney and cardiovascular disease. Indeed, deregulation of histone alterations has been highlighted in a large spectrum of renal and cardiac disease, including chronic and acute renal injury, renal and cardiac fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy and failure, kidney congenital anomalies, renal hypoxia, and diabetic renal complications. Nevertheless, the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndromes is currently underexplored. Given the significant clinical relevance of heart-kidney crosstalk, efforts in the research for new action mechanisms concurrently operating in both pathologies are thus of maximum interest. This review focuses on epigenetic mechanisms involved in heart and kidney disease, and their possible role in the setting of cardiorenal syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maria Virzì
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100, Vicenza, Italy. .,IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.
| | - Anna Clementi
- IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Agrigento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Brocca
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100, Vicenza, Italy.,IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo de Cal
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100, Vicenza, Italy.,IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100, Vicenza, Italy.,IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
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Yuan X, Zhang J, Xie F, Tan W, Wang S, Huang L, Tao L, Xing Q, Yuan Q. Loss of the Protein Cystathionine β-Synthase During Kidney Injury Promotes Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:428-443. [PMID: 28750410 DOI: 10.1159/000479295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) is the common pathway of progressive chronic kidney disease. Inflammation has been widely accepted as the major driving force of TIF. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the transsulfuration pathway. CBS is considered to play protective role in liver and pulmonary fibrosis, but its role in TIF remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role and mechanism of CBS in renal inflammation and TIF. METHODS Renal function, tubulointerstitium damage index score, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and the expressions of collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, CD3, CD68, IL-1β, TNF-α were measured in sham operation and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rats. Proteomics and gene array analysis were performed to screen differentially expressed molecules in the development of renal inflammation and TIF in UUO rats. The expression of CBS was detected in patients with obstructive nephropathy and UUO rats. We confirmed the expression of CBS using western blot and real-time PCR in HK-2 cells. Overexpression plasmid and siRNA were transfected specifically to study the possible function of CBS in HK-2 cells. RESULTS Abundant expression of CBS, localized in renal tubular epithelial cells, was revealed in human and rat renal tissue, which correlated negatively with the progression of fibrotic disease. Expression of CBS was dramatically decreased in the obstructed kidney from UUO rats as compared with the sham group (SHM). In addition, knocking down CBS exacerbated extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, whereas CBS overexpression attenuated TGF-β1-induced ECM deposition in vitro. Inflammatory and chemotactic factors were also increased in CBS knockdown HK-2 cells stimulated by IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish CBS as a novel inhibitor in renal fibrosis and as a new therapeutic target in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Yuan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Feifei Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqing Tan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lijian Tao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qiqi Xing
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiongjing Yuan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
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59
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Current epigenetic aspects the clinical kidney researcher should embrace. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1649-1667. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting 10–12% of the world’s adult population, is associated with a considerably elevated risk of serious comorbidities, in particular, premature vascular disease and death. Although a wide spectrum of causative factors has been identified and/or suggested, there is still a large gap of knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms and the complexity of the CKD phenotype. Epigenetic factors, which calibrate the genetic code, are emerging as important players in the CKD-associated pathophysiology. In this article, we review some of the current knowledge on epigenetic modifications and aspects on their role in the perturbed uraemic milieu, as well as the prospect of applying epigenotype-based diagnostics and preventive and therapeutic tools of clinical relevance to CKD patients. The practical realization of such a paradigm will require that researchers apply a holistic approach, including the full spectrum of the epigenetic landscape as well as the variability between and within tissues in the uraemic milieu.
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60
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Helm S, Blayney M, Whited T, Noroozi M, Lin S, Kern S, Green D, Salehi A. Deleterious Effects of Chronic Folate Deficiency in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28649192 PMCID: PMC5465284 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate is an important B vitamin naturally found in the human diet and plays a critical role in methylation of nucleic acids. Indeed, abnormalities in this major epigenetic mechanism play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficit and intellectual disability in humans. The most common cause of cognitive dysfunction in children is Down syndrome (DS). Since folate deficiency is very common among the pediatric population, we questioned whether chronic folate deficiency (CFD) exacerbates cognitive dysfunction in a mouse model of DS. To test this, adult Ts65Dn mice and their disomic littermates were chronically fed a diet free of folic acid while preventing endogenous production of folate in the digestive tract for a period of 8 weeks. Our results show that the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS was significantly more vulnerable to CFD in terms of plasma homocysteine and N5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) levels. Importantly, these changes were linked to degenerative alterations in hippocampal dendritic morphology and impaired nest building behavior in Ts65Dn mice. Based on our results, a rigorous examination of folate intake and its metabolism in individuals with DS is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Helm
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine UniversityMalibu, CA, United States
| | - Morgan Blayney
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine UniversityMalibu, CA, United States
| | - Taylor Whited
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine UniversityMalibu, CA, United States
| | - Mahjabin Noroozi
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS)Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of MedicinePalo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Sen Lin
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine UniversityMalibu, CA, United States
| | - Semira Kern
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine UniversityMalibu, CA, United States
| | - David Green
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine UniversityMalibu, CA, United States
| | - Ahmad Salehi
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS)Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of MedicinePalo Alto, CA, United States
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DNA hypermethylation of sFRP5 contributes to indoxyl sulfate-induced renal fibrosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:601-613. [PMID: 28508124 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the most common outcome of chronic kidney disease (CKD), while the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis is not fully understood. In this study, we first showed that the progress of renal fibrosis was positively related to serum levels of indoxyl sulfate, a typical protein-bound toxin, and that there was a close correlation between serum indoxyl sulfate levels and β-catenin expression in the kidneys (r = 0.908, p < 0.001) of CKD patients. We then demonstrated that intraperitoneal injections of indoxyl sulfate (100 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks in uninephrectomized mice explicitly induced renal fibrosis, which was accompanied by a significant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In vitro investigations in human renal tubular HK-2 cells revealed that indoxyl sulfate exhibited a potent ability to induce Wnt/β-catenin activation through the downregulation of sFRP5, a gene that codes for an extracellular antagonist of Wnt signaling, by increasing the DNA methylation level of its promoter CpG islands. The increased expression of DNA methyltransferases following the activation of ROS/ERK1/2 signaling was responsible for the DNA hypermethylation of sFRP5 induced by indoxyl sulfate. Conversely, treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases, significantly reduced indoxyl sulfate-induced sFRP5 downregulation and Wnt/β-catenin activation. In vivo, intraperitoneal injections of recombinant sFRP5 protein or 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine substantially alleviated renal fibrosis in indoxyl sulfate-treated uninephrectomized mice. Our results suggest that indoxyl sulfate promotes renal fibrosis through the induction of DNA hypermethylation of sFRP5, and thereafter the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis in CKD patients. KEY MESSAGES IS induces renal fibrosis by increasing ß-catenin expression in CKD mice. IS-induced Wnt signaling activation is due to sFRP5 hypermethylation in HK-2 cells. ROS/ERK1/2 signaling activation is involved in IS-induced sFRP5 hypermethylation. sFRP5 upregulation attenuates IS-induced renal fibrosis by inhibiting Wnt signaling.
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Yang J, Fang P, Yu D, Zhang L, Zhang D, Jiang X, Yang WY, Bottiglieri T, Kunapuli SP, Yu J, Choi ET, Ji Y, Yang X, Wang H. Chronic Kidney Disease Induces Inflammatory CD40+ Monocyte Differentiation via Homocysteine Elevation and DNA Hypomethylation. Circ Res 2017; 119:1226-1241. [PMID: 27992360 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develop hyperhomocysteinemia and have a higher cardiovascular mortality than those without hyperhomocysteinemia by 10-fold. OBJECTIVE We investigated monocyte differentiation in human CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS AND RESULTS We identified CD40 as a CKD-related monocyte activation gene using CKD-monocyte -mRNA array analysis and classified CD40 monocyte (CD40+CD14+) as a stronger inflammatory subset than the intermediate monocyte (CD14++CD16+) subset. We recruited 27 patients with CVD/CKD and 14 healthy subjects and found that CD40/CD40 classical/CD40 intermediate monocyte (CD40+CD14+/CD40+CD14++CD16-/CD40+CD14++CD16+), plasma homocysteine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and S-adenosylmethionine levels were higher in CVD and further elevated in CVD+CKD. CD40 and CD40 intermediate subsets were positively correlated with plasma/cellular homocysteine levels, S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine but negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. Hyperhomocysteinemia was established as a likely mediator for CKD-induced CD40 intermediate monocyte, and reduced S-adenosylhomocysteine/S-adenosylmethionine was established for CKD-induced CD40/CD40 intermediate monocyte. Soluble CD40 ligand, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interleukin (IL)-6/interferon (IFN)-γ levels were elevated in CVD/CKD. CKD serum/homocysteine/CD40L/increased TNF-α/IL-6/IFN-γ-induced CD40/CD40 intermediate monocyte in peripheral blood monocyte. Homocysteine and CKD serum-induced CD40 monocyte were prevented by neutralizing antibodies against CD40L/TNF-α/IL-6. DNA hypomethylation was found on nuclear factor-κB consensus element in CD40 promoter in white blood cells from patients with CKD with lower S-adenosylmethionine / S-adenosylhomocysteine ratios. Finally, homocysteine inhibited DNA methyltransferase-1 activity and promoted CD40 intermediate monocyte differentiation, which was reversed by folic acid in peripheral blood monocyte. CONCLUSIONS CD40 monocyte is a novel inflammatory monocyte subset that appears to be a biomarker for CKD severity. Hyperhomocysteinemia mediates CD40 monocyte differentiation via soluble CD40 ligand induction and CD40 DNA hypomethylation in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Yang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Pu Fang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Daohai Yu
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Lixiao Zhang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Daqing Zhang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - William Y Yang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Jun Yu
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Eric T Choi
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Yong Ji
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.).
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.)
| | - Hong Wang
- From the Centers for Metabolic Disease Research (J.Y.Y., P.F., L.Z., X.J., W.Y.Y., J.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Cardiovascular Research (J.Y.Y., D.Y., X.Y., H.W.), Department of Clinical Sciences, and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research (J.Y.Y., S.P.K., X.Y., H.W.), Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology and Surgery (J.Y., E.T.C., H.W.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Liaoning, P. R. China (D.Z.); and Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX (T.B.).
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Barroso M, Handy DE, Castro R. The Link Between Hyperhomocysteinemia and Hypomethylation. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409817698994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Barroso
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diane E. Handy
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rita Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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64
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Epigenetic regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in lipopolysaccharide -stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from broilers. Immunobiology 2017; 222:308-315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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65
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Epigenetic modifications at DMRs of placental genes are subjected to variations in normal gestation, pathological conditions and folate supplementation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40774. [PMID: 28098215 PMCID: PMC5241688 DOI: 10.1038/srep40774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive placentation and cancer development shares many similar molecular and epigenetic pathways. Paternally expressed, growth promoting genes (SNRPN, PEG10 and MEST) which are known to play crucial role in tumorogenesis, are not well studied during placentation. This study reports for the first time of the impact of gestational-age, pathological conditions and folic acid supplementation on dynamic nature of DNA and histone methylation present at their differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Here, we reported the association between low DNA methylation/H3K27me3 and higher expression of SNRPN, PEG10 and MEST in highly proliferating normal early gestational placenta. Molar and preeclamptic placental villi, exhibited aberrant changes in methylation levels at DMRs of these genes, leading to higher and lower expression of these genes, respectively, in reference to their respective control groups. Moreover, folate supplementation could induce gene specific changes in mRNA expression in placental cell lines. Further, MEST and SNRPN DMRs were observed to show the potential to act as novel fetal DNA markers in maternal plasma. Thus, variation in methylation levels at these DMRs regulate normal placentation and placental disorders. Additionally, the methylation at these DMRs might also be susceptible to folic acid supplementation and has the potential to be utilized in clinical diagnosis.
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66
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Richard E, Brasil S, Leal F, Navarrete R, Vega A, Ecay MJ, Desviat LR, Pérez-Cerda C, Ugarte M, Merinero B, Pérez B. Isolated and Combined Remethylation Disorders. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409816685732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Richard
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Brasil
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Leal
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Navarrete
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Vega
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Ecay
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes R. Desviat
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Pérez-Cerda
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Ugarte
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Merinero
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Bioinformatic analysis can not only accelerate drug target identification and drug candidate screening and refinement, but also facilitate characterization of side effects and predict drug resistance. High-throughput data such as genomic, epigenetic, genome architecture, cistromic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and ribosome profiling data have all made significant contribution to mechanismbased drug discovery and drug repurposing. Accumulation of protein and RNA structures, as well as development of homology modeling and protein structure simulation, coupled with large structure databases of small molecules and metabolites, paved the way for more realistic protein-ligand docking experiments and more informative virtual screening. I present the conceptual framework that drives the collection of these high-throughput data, summarize the utility and potential of mining these data in drug discovery, outline a few inherent limitations in data and software mining these data, point out news ways to refine analysis of these diverse types of data, and highlight commonly used software and databases relevant to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Xia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
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Abstract
The plasma concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, is the resultant of many processes at cellular and organ levels. Post-translational methylation of arginine residues of pro teins plays a crucial role in the regulation of their functions, which include processes such as transcription, translation and RNA splicing. Because protein methylation is irreversible, the methylation signal can be turned off only by proteolysis of the entire protein. Consequently, most methylated proteins have high turnover rates. Free ADMA, which is formed during proteolysis, is actively degraded by the intracellular enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). Some ADMA escapes degradation and leaves the cell via cationic amino acid transporters. These trans porters also mediate uptake of ADMA by neighboring cells or distant organs, thereby facilitating active interorgan transport. Clearance of ADMA from the plasma occurs in small part by urinary excretion, but the bulk of ADMA is degraded by intracellular DDAH, after uptake from the circulation. This review discusses the various processes involved in ADMA metabolism: protein methylation, proteolysis of methylated proteins, metabolism by DDAH, and interorgan transport. In addition, the role of the kidney and the liver in the clearance of ADMA is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Teerlink
- 1Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical
Center, Amsterdam, The Netherland
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Boer K, de Wit LEA, Peters FS, Hesselink DA, Hofland LJ, Betjes MGH, Looman CWN, Baan CC. Variations in DNA methylation of interferon gamma and programmed death 1 in allograft rejection after kidney transplantation. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:116. [PMID: 27891189 PMCID: PMC5112717 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of DNA methylation in the regulation of the anti-donor-directed immune response after organ transplantation is unknown. Here, we studied the methylation of two mediators of the immune response: the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon γ (IFNγ) and the inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD1) in naïve and memory CD8+ T cell subsets in kidney transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive medication. Both recipients experiencing an episode of acute allograft rejection (rejectors) as well as recipients without rejection (non-rejectors) were included. Results CpGs in the promoter regions of both IFNγ and PD1 were significantly (p < 0.001) higher methylated in the naïve CD8+ T cells compared to the memory T cell subsets. The methylation status of both IFNγ and PD1 inversely correlated with the percentage of IFNγ or PD1-producing cells. Before transplantation, the methylation status of both IFNγ and PD1 was not significantly different from healthy donors. At 3 months after transplantation, irrespective of rejection and subsequent anti-rejection therapy, the IFNy methylation was significantly higher in the differentiated effector memory CD45RA+ (EMRA) CD8+ T cells (p = 0.01) whereas the PD1 methylation was significantly higher in all memory CD8+ T cell subsets (CD27+ memory; p = 0.02: CD27− memory; p = 0.02: EMRA; p = 0.002). Comparing the increase in methylation in the first 3 months after transplantation between rejectors and non-rejectors demonstrated a significantly more prominent increase in the PD1 methylation in the CD27− memory CD8+ T cells in rejectors (increase in rejectors 14%, increase in non-rejectors 1.9%, p = 0.04). The increase in DNA methylation in the other memory CD8+ T cells was not significantly different between rejectors and non-rejectors. At 12 months after transplantation, the methylation of both IFNγ and PD1 returned to baseline levels. Conclusions The DNA methylation of both IFNγ and PD1 increases the first 3 months after transplantation in memory CD8+ T cells in kidney transplant recipients. This increase was irrespective of a rejection episode indicating that general factors of the kidney transplantation procedure, including the use of immunosuppressive medication, contribute to these variations in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Room Na520, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Elly A de Wit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Room Na520, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur S Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Room Na520, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Room Na520, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel G H Betjes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Room Na520, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caspar W N Looman
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Room Na520, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Uwaezuoke SN, Okafor HU, Muoneke VN, Odetunde OI, Odimegwu CL. Chronic kidney disease in children and the role of epigenetics: Future therapeutic trajectories. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:660-664. [PMID: 28105334 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Global differences in the observed causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children are well documented and are attributed to dissimilarities in clime, race, hereditary, and ancestry. Thus, familial clustering and disparities in CKD prevalence rates across ethnic and racial groups indicate that the progression of renal disease has a strong genetic component. Mammalian studies have demonstrated a feasible nexus between nutrition and non-genetic exposure (around the time of conception and in epigenetic changes) in the expression of major genes identified in renal organogenesis. The major consequence is a reduction in the number of nephrons, with subsequent predisposition to hypertension and CKD. Identifying these epigenetic changes is crucial (due to their potentially reversible nature), as they may serve as future therapeutic targets to prevent kidney fibrosis and CKD. Despite progress in the field of epigenetics in oncology, research in other subspecialties of medicine is largely experimental with few existing studies regarding the clinical implication of epigenetics in renal disease. Therapeutic trajectories for CKD in children based on the influence of epigenetics may eventually revolutionize the management of this disease. The aim of the current narrative review is to appraise the role of epigenetics in CKD, and highlight the potential future therapeutic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Uwaezuoke
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu 400001, Nigeria
| | - Henrietta U Okafor
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu 400001, Nigeria
| | - Vivian N Muoneke
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu 400001, Nigeria
| | - Odutola I Odetunde
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu 400001, Nigeria
| | - Chioma L Odimegwu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu 400001, Nigeria
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71
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Cao C, Zhang H, Zhao L, Zhou L, Zhang M, Xu H, Han X, Li G, Yang X, Jiang Y. miR-125b targets DNMT3b and mediates p53 DNA methylation involving in the vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation induced by homocysteine. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:95-104. [PMID: 27426728 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA and play crucial roles in a wide array of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Our previous studies found that homocysteine(Hcy) can stimulate the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), however, the underlying mechanisms were not fully elucidated. Here, we found proliferation of VSMCs induced by Hcy was of correspondence to the miR-125b expression reduced both in vitro and in the ApoE knockout mice, the hypermethylation of p53, its decreased expression, and DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) up-regulated. And, we found DNMT3b is a target of miR-125b, which was verified by the Dual-Luciferase reporter assay and western blotting. Besides, the siRNA interference for DNMT3b significantly decreased the methylation level of p53, which unveiled the causative role of DNMT3b in p53 hypermethylation. miR-125b transfection further confirmed its regulative roles on p53 gene methylation status and the VSMCs proliferation. Our data suggested that a miR-125b-DNMT3b-p53 signal pathway may exist in the VSMCs proliferation induced by Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChengJian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - HuiPing Zhang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Longxia Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Minghao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Department of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Department of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xuebo Han
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guizhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Department of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Department of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - YiDeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Department of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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72
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Abularrage CJ, Sidawy AN, White PW, Aidinian G, Dezee KJ, Weiswasser JM, Arora S. Effect of Folic Acid and Vitamins B6 and B12 on Microcirculatory Vasoreactivity in Patients With Hyperhomocysteinemia. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2016; 41:339-45. [PMID: 17704338 DOI: 10.1177/1538574407301692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been identified as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. The effect of high-dose folic acid or combination vitamin therapy for the treatment of HHcy on the microcirculation is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a combination of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 on endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasoreactivity in patientswith HHcy. Methods: Baseline cutaneous microvascular vasoreactivity was measured in 20 patients with HHcy and 18 patients with normohomocysteinemia (NHcy). Laser Doppler scan imaging before and after iontophoresis of 1% acetylcholine chloride (endothelium-dependent response) and 1% sodium nitroprusside (endothelium-independent response) was performed for the measurement of forearm skin vasodilatation. Patients were then treated with 10 mg folic acid, 100 mg vitamin B6, and 1 mg vitamin B12 orally once a day for 6 months. Follow-up fasting serum homocysteine and cutaneous Laser Doppler scan imaging before and after iontophoresis were performed at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test, paired t test, and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test, with significance set at P < .05. Results: The HHcy group was older than the NHcy group (70.89 ± 1.95 vs 61.78 ± 2.73 years, P = .02). Otherwise the groups were similar in terms of race, tobacco use, comorbid diseases, and serum lipoproteins. Over the 6-month period, fasting serum homocysteine levels decreased significantly in both the NHcy group (10.40 ± 0.59 µmol/L vs 8.97 ± 0.84 µmol/L, P = .01) and the HHcy group (19.80 ± 1.06 µmol/L vs 13.40 ± 0.86 µmol/L, P = .0002). There were no statistically significant changes in endothelium-independent vasoreactivity (voltage change from baseline) in either group. Endothelium-independent vasore activity decreased over the 6-month period in the HHcy group (0.20 ± 0.04 V vs 0.11 ± 0.03 V, P = .03). Subanalysis of HHcy with diabetes or age greater than 65 years both showed worsening trends in endothelium-independent vasoreactivity ( P = .05 for both groups). There were no statistically significant changes in endothelium-independent vasoreactivity in the NHcy group. Conclusions: High doses of folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 lower fasting serum homocysteine levels in patients with HHcy. Older and diabetic patients with HHcy tend to do worse possibly because of long-term fixed microvascular insult secondary to multiple sustained comorbidities.
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73
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Desai A, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV. The metabolic basis for developmental disorders due to defective folate transport. Biochimie 2016; 126:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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74
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Complex genetic findings in a female patient with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency: Null mutations in the PDHX gene associated with unusual expression of the testis-specific PDHA2 gene in her somatic cells. Gene 2016; 591:417-24. [PMID: 27343776 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes a key step in the generation of cellular energy and is composed by three catalytic elements (E1, E2, E3), one structural subunit (E3-binding protein), and specific regulatory elements, phosphatases and kinases (PDKs, PDPs). The E1α subunit exists as two isoforms encoded by different genes: PDHA1 located on Xp22.1 and expressed in somatic tissues, and the intronless PDHA2 located on chromosome 4 and only detected in human spermatocytes and spermatids. We report on a young adult female patient who has PDC deficiency associated with a compound heterozygosity in PDHX encoding the E3-binding protein. Additionally, in the patient and in all members of her immediate family, a full-length testis-specific PDHA2 mRNA and a 5'UTR-truncated PDHA1 mRNA were detected in circulating lymphocytes and cultured fibroblasts, being both mRNAs translated into full-length PDHA2 and PDHA1 proteins, resulting in the co-existence of both PDHA isoforms in somatic cells. Moreover, we observed that DNA hypomethylation of a CpG island in the coding region of PDHA2 gene is associated with the somatic activation of this gene transcription in these individuals. This study represents the first natural model of the de-repression of the testis-specific PDHA2 gene in human somatic cells, and raises some questions related to the somatic activation of this gene as a potential therapeutic approach for most forms of PDC deficiency.
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75
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Qian YY, Huang XL, Liang H, Zhang ZF, Xu JH, Chen JP, Yuan W, He L, Wang L, Miao MH, Du J, Li DK. Effects of maternal folic acid supplementation on gene methylation and being small for gestational age. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 29:643-51. [PMID: 27230729 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being small for gestational age (SGA), a foetal growth abnormality, has a long-lasting impact on childhood health. Its aetiology and underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Underlying epigenetic changes of imprinted genes have emerged as a potential pathological pathway because they may be associated with growth, including SGA. As a common methyl donor, folic acid (FA) is essential for DNA methylation, synthesis and repair, and FA supplementation is widely recommended for women planning pregnancy. The present study aimed to investigate the inter-relationships among methylation levels of two imprinted genes [H19 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and MEST DMRs], maternal FA supplementation and SGA. METHODS We conducted a case-control study. Umbilical cord blood was taken from 39 SGA infants and 49 controls whose birth weights are appropriate for gestational age (AGA). DNA methylation levels of H19 and MEST DMRs were determined by an analysis of mass array quantitative methylation. RESULTS Statistically significantly higher methylation levels were observed at sites 7.8, 9 and 17.18 of H19 (P = 0.030, 0.016 and 0.050, respectively) in the SGA infants compared to the AGA group. In addition, the association was stronger in male births where the mothers took FA around conception at six H19 sites (P = 0.004, 0.005, 0.048, 0.002, 0.021 and 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Methylation levels at H19 DMRs were higher in SGA infants compared to AGA controls. It appears that the association may be influenced by maternal peri-conception FA supplementation and also be sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Qian
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X-L Huang
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - H Liang
- Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z-F Zhang
- Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J-H Xu
- Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J-P Chen
- Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - W Yuan
- Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - L He
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - M-H Miao
- Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - J Du
- Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - D-K Li
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
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Jiang S, Li J, Zhang Y, Venners SA, Tang G, Wang Y, Li Z, Xu X, Wang B, Huo Y. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism, hypertension and risk of stroke: a prospective, nested case-control study. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:253-260. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1183126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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77
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Long Y, Nie J. Homocysteine in Renal Injury. KIDNEY DISEASES 2016; 2:80-7. [PMID: 27536696 DOI: 10.1159/000444900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate of methionine metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) can result from a deficiency in the enzymes or vitamin cofactors required for Hcy metabolism. Patients with renal disease tend to be hyperhomocysteinemic, particularly as renal function declines, although the underlying cause of HHcy in renal disease is not entirely understood. SUMMARY HHcy is considered a risk or pathogenic factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as the cardiovascular complications. KEY MESSAGES In this review, we summarize both clinical and experimental findings that reveal the contribution of Hcy as a pathogenic factor to the development of CKD. In addition, we discuss several important mechanisms mediating the pathogenic action of Hcy in the kidney, such as local oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and hypomethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guiyang, PR China; Division of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Institute of Nephritic and Urinary Disease, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guiyang, PR China
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78
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Maternal folic acid supplementation modulates DNA methylation and gene expression in the rat offspring in a gestation period-dependent and organ-specific manner. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 33:103-10. [PMID: 27152636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maternal folic acid supplementation can alter DNA methylation and gene expression in the developing fetus, which may confer disease susceptibility later in life. We determined which gestation period and organ were most sensitive to the modifying effect of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy on DNA methylation and gene expression in the offspring. Pregnant rats were randomized to a control diet throughout pregnancy; folic acid supplementation at 2.5× the control during the 1st, 2nd or 3rd week of gestation only; or folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy. The brain, liver, kidney and colon from newborn pups were analyzed for folate concentrations, global DNA methylation and gene expression of the Igf2, Er-α, Gr, Ppar-α and Ppar-γ genes. Folic acid supplementation during the 2nd or 3rd week gestation or throughout pregnancy significantly increased brain folate concentrations (P<.001), while only folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy significantly increased liver folate concentrations (P=.005), in newborn pups. Brain global DNA methylation incrementally decreased from early to late gestational folic acid supplementation and was the lowest with folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy (P=.026). Folic acid supplementation in late gestation or throughout pregnancy significantly decreased Er-α, Gr and Ppar-α gene expression in the liver (P<.05). The kidney and colon were resistant to the effect of folic acid supplementation. Maternal folic acid supplementation affects tissue folate concentrations, DNA methylation and gene expression in the offspring in a gestation-period-dependent and organ-specific manner.
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79
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Zawada AM, Schneider JS, Michel AI, Rogacev KS, Hummel B, Krezdorn N, Müller S, Rotter B, Winter P, Obeid R, Geisel J, Fliser D, Heine GH. DNA methylation profiling reveals differences in the 3 human monocyte subsets and identifies uremia to induce DNA methylation changes during differentiation. Epigenetics 2016; 11:259-72. [PMID: 27018948 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1158363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monocytes are a heterogeneous cell population consisting of 3 subsets: classical CD14++CD16-, intermediate CD14++CD16+ and nonclassical CD14+CD16++ monocytes. Via poorly characterized mechanisms, intermediate monocyte counts rise in chronic inflammatory diseases, among which chronic kidney disease is of particular epidemiologic importance. DNA methylation is a central epigenetic feature that controls hematopoiesis. By applying next-generation Methyl-Sequencing we now tested how far the 3 monocyte subsets differ in their DNA methylome and whether uremia induces DNA methylation changes in differentiating monocytes. We found that each monocyte subset displays a unique phenotype with regards to DNA methylation. Genes with differentially methylated promoter regions in intermediate monocytes were linked to distinct immunological processes, which is in line with results from recent gene expression analyses. In vitro, uremia induced dysregulation of DNA methylation in differentiating monocytes, which affected several transcription regulators important for monocyte differentiation (e.g., FLT3, HDAC1, MNT) and led to enhanced generation of intermediate monocytes. As potential mediator, the uremic toxin and methylation inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine induced shifts in monocyte subsets in vitro, and associated with monocyte subset counts in vivo. Our data support the concept of monocyte trichotomy and the distinct role of intermediate monocytes in human immunity. The shift in monocyte subsets that occurs in chronic kidney disease, a proinflammatory condition of substantial epidemiological impact, may be induced by accumulation of uremic toxins that mediate epigenetic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Zawada
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Jenny S Schneider
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Anne I Michel
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Kyrill S Rogacev
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany.,b University Heart Center Luebeck, Medical Clinic II (Cardiology/Angiology/Intensive Care Medicine), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Luebeck , Germany
| | - Björn Hummel
- c Department of Clinical Hemostaseology and Transfusion Medicine , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany.,d Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | | | - Soeren Müller
- e GenXPro GmbH , Frankfurt/Main , Germany.,f Department of Neurological Surgery , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | | | - Rima Obeid
- d Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Jürgen Geisel
- d Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Danilo Fliser
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Gunnar H Heine
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
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80
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Harshman LA, Zepeda-Orozco D. Genetic Considerations in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease. J Pediatr Genet 2016; 5:43-50. [PMID: 27617141 PMCID: PMC4918706 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1557111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children is an irreversible process that, in some cases, may lead to end-stage renal disease. The majority of children with CKD have a congenital disorder of the kidney or urological tract arising from birth. There is strong evidence for both a genetic and epigenetic component to progression of CKD. Utilization of gene-mapping strategies, ranging from genome-wide association studies to single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis, serves to identify potential genetic variants that may lend to disease variation. Genome-wide association studies evaluating population-based data have identified different loci associated with CKD progression. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on an individual level suggests that secondary systemic sequelae of CKD are closely related to dysfunction of the cardiovascular-inflammatory axis and may lead to advanced cardiovascular disease through abnormal vascular calcification and activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Similarly, genetic variants affecting cytokine control, fibrosis, and parenchymal development may modulate CKD through development and acceleration of renal interstitial fibrosis. Epigenetic studies evaluate modification of the genome through DNA methylation, histone modification, or RNA interference, which may be directly influenced by external or environmental factors directing genomic expression. Lastly, improved understanding of the genetic and epigenetic contribution to CKD progression may allow providers to identify a population at accelerated risk for disease progression and apply novel therapies targeted at the genetic mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay A. Harshman
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Abstract
Genetic causes for human disorders are being discovered at an unprecedented pace. A growing subclass of disease-causing mutations involves changes in the epigenome or in the abundance and activity of proteins that regulate chromatin structure. This article focuses on research that has uncovered human diseases that stem from such epigenetic deregulation. Disease may be caused by direct changes in epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, commonly found to affect imprinted gene regulation. Also described are disease-causing genetic mutations in epigenetic modifiers that either affect chromatin in trans or have a cis effect in altering chromatin configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Y Zoghbi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Arthur L Beaudet
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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82
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Barroso M, Kao D, Blom HJ, Tavares de Almeida I, Castro R, Loscalzo J, Handy DE. S-adenosylhomocysteine induces inflammation through NFkB: A possible role for EZH2 in endothelial cell activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1862:82-92. [PMID: 26506125 PMCID: PMC4674364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) can induce endothelial dysfunction and activation, contributing to atherogenesis; however, its role in the activation of the inflammatory mediator NFkB has not been explored. Our aim was to determine the role of NFkB in SAH-induced activation of endothelial cells. Furthermore, we examined whether SAH, as a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases, suppresses the function of EZH2 methyltransferase to contribute to SAH-induced endothelial cell activation. We found that excess SAH increases the expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Importantly, this up-regulation was suppressed in cells expressing a dominant negative form of the NFkB inhibitor, IkB. Moreover, SAH accumulation triggers the activation of both the canonical and non-canonical NFkB pathways, decreases EZH2, and reduces histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation. EZH2 knockdown recapitulated the effects of excess SAH on endothelial activation, i.e., it induced NFkB activation and the subsequent up-regulation of adhesion molecules and cytokines. Our findings suggest that suppression of the epigenetic regulator EZH2 by excess SAH may contribute to NFkB activation and the consequent vascular inflammatory response. These studies unveil new targets of SAH regulation, demonstrating that EZH2 suppression and NFkB activation mediated by SAH accumulation may contribute to its adverse effects in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Barroso
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Derrick Kao
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henk J Blom
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Tavares de Almeida
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane E Handy
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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83
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Perna AF, Ingrosso D. Atherosclerosis determinants in renal disease: how much is homocysteine involved? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:860-3. [PMID: 26687901 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra F Perna
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Ingrosso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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84
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Hariri M, Salehi R, Feizi A, Mirlohi M, Ghiasvand R, Habibi N. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial on probiotic soy milk and soy milk: effects on epigenetics and oxidative stress in patients with type II diabetes. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:52. [PMID: 26577825 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This clinical trial aimed to discover the effects of probiotic soy milk and soy milk on MLH1 and MSH2 promoter methylation, and oxidative stress among type II diabetic patients. Forty patients with type II diabetes mellitus aged 35-68 years were assigned to two groups in this randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Patients in the intervention group consumed 200 ml/day of probiotic soy milk containing Lactobacillus plantarum A7, while those in the control group consumed 200 ml/d of conventional soy milk for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and 24-h dietary recalls were collected at the baseline and at the end of the study, respectively. Probiotic soy milk significantly decreased promoter methylation in proximal and distal MLH1 promoter region (P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001, respectively) compared with the baseline values, while plasma concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) decreased significantly compared with soy milk (P < 0.05). In addition, a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in probiotic soy milk group compared with baseline value (P < 0.01). There were no significant changes from baseline in the promoter methylation of MSH2 within either group (P > 0.05). The consumption of probiotic soy milk improved antioxidant status in type II diabetic patients and may decrease promoter methylation among these patients, indicating that probiotic soy milk is a promising agent for diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Hariri
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Pediatrics Inherited Diseases Research Center, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirlohi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Nahal Habibi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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85
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Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia occurs in chronic- and end-stage kidney disease at the time when dialysis or transplant becomes indispensable for survival. Excessive accumulation of homocysteine (Hcy) aggravates conditions associated with imbalanced homeostasis and cellular redox thereby resulting in severe oxidative stress leading to oxidation of reduced free and protein-bound thiols. Thiol modifications such as N-homocysteinylation, sulfination, cysteinylation, glutathionylation, and sulfhydration control cellular responses that direct complex metabolic pathways. Although cysteinyl modifications are kept low, under Hcy-induced stress, thiol modifications persist thus surpassing cellular proteostasis. Here, we review mechanisms of redox regulation and show how cysteinyl modifications triggered by excess Hcy contribute development and progression of chronic kidney disease. We discuss different signaling events resulting from aberrant cysteinyl modification with a focus on transsulfuration.
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86
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Price RJ, Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC. Folic acid supplementation in vitro induces cell type–specific changes in BRCA1 and BRCA 2 mRNA expression, but does not alter DNA methylation of their promoters or DNA repair. Nutr Res 2015; 35:532-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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87
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Wijnands KPJ, Obermann-Borst SA, Steegers-Theunissen RPM. Early life lipid profile and metabolic programming in very young children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:608-614. [PMID: 25840838 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipid derangements during early postnatal life may induce stable epigenetic changes and alter metabolic programming. We investigated associations between serum lipid profiles in very young children and DNA methylation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and leptin (LEP). Secondly, we explored if the maternal serum lipid profile modifies DNA methylation in the child. METHODS AND RESULTS In 120 healthy children at 17 months of age, DNA methylation of TNFα and LEP was measured in DNA derived from whole blood. Linear mixed models were used to calculate exposure-specific differences and associations. Total cholesterol in children was associated with decreased methylation of TNFα (-5.8%, p = 0.036), and HDL-cholesterol was associated with decreased methylation of both TNFα (-6.9%, p = 0.013) and LEP (-3.4%, p = 0.021). Additional adjustment for gestational age at birth, birth weight, sex, breastfeeding and educational level attenuated the effects, TNFα (-6.1%, p = 0.058) and LEP (-3.1%, p = 0.041). In mothers, HDL-cholesterol only was associated with decreased methylation of TNFα in the child (-8.7%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Our data support the developmental origin of health and disease hypothesis by showing that total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels in very young children are associated with epigenetic metabolic programming, which may affect their vulnerability for developing cardiovascular diseases in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P J Wijnands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S A Obermann-Borst
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R P M Steegers-Theunissen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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88
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Xiong XY, Meng S, Yang X, Wang H. Methylation and Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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89
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Homocysteine thiolactone and N-homocysteinylated protein induce pro-atherogenic changes in gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1319-39. [PMID: 25802182 PMCID: PMC4458266 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic or nutritional deficiencies in homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism lead to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and cause endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of atherosclerosis. In addition to Hcy, related metabolites accumulate in HHcy but their role in endothelial dysfunction is unknown. Here, we examine how Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, and Hcy affect gene expression and molecular pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We used microarray technology, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and bioinformatic analysis with PANTHER, DAVID, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) resources. We identified 47, 113, and 30 mRNAs regulated by N-Hcy-protein, Hcy-thiolactone, and Hcy, respectively, and found that each metabolite induced a unique pattern of gene expression. Top molecular pathways affected by Hcy-thiolactone were chromatin organization, one-carbon metabolism, and lipid-related processes [−log(P value) = 20–31]. Top pathways affected by N-Hcy-protein and Hcy were blood coagulation, sulfur amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism [−log(P value)] = 4–11; also affected by Hcy-thiolactone, [−log(P value) = 8–14]. Top disease related to Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, and Hcy was ‘atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease’ [−log(P value) = 9–16]. Top-scored biological networks affected by Hcy-thiolactone (score = 34–40) were cardiovascular disease and function; those affected by N-Hcy-protein (score = 24–35) were ‘small molecule biochemistry, neurological disease,’ and ‘cardiovascular system development and function’; and those affected by Hcy (score = 25–37) were ‘amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism,’ ‘cellular movement, and cardiovascular and nervous system development and function.’ These results indicate that each Hcy metabolite uniquely modulates gene expression in pathways important for vascular homeostasis and identify new genes and pathways that are linked to HHcy-induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease.
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90
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Hayashi K, Itoh H. Transcription Factors and Epigenetic Modulation: Its Therapeutic Implication in Chronic Kidney Disease. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:193-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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91
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Fang P, Zhang D, Cheng Z, Yan C, Jiang X, Kruger WD, Meng S, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Choi ET, Han Y, Yang XF, Wang H. Hyperhomocysteinemia potentiates hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory monocyte differentiation and atherosclerosis. Diabetes 2014; 63:4275-90. [PMID: 25008174 PMCID: PMC4237991 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with increased diabetic cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of HHcy in atherogenesis associated with hyperglycemia (HG) remains unknown. To examine the role and mechanisms by which HHcy accelerates HG-induced atherosclerosis, we established an atherosclerosis-susceptible HHcy and HG mouse model. HHcy was established in mice deficient in cystathionine β-synthase (Cbs) in which the homocysteine (Hcy) level could be lowered by inducing transgenic human CBS (Tg-hCBS) using Zn supplementation. HG was induced by streptozotocin injection. Atherosclerosis was induced by crossing Tg-hCBS Cbs mice with apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice and feeding them a high-fat diet for 2 weeks. We demonstrated that HHcy and HG accelerated atherosclerosis and increased lesion monocytes (MCs) and macrophages (MØs) and further increased inflammatory MC and MØ levels in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, Hcy-lowering reversed circulating mononuclear cells, MC, and inflammatory MC and MC-derived MØ levels. In addition, inflammatory MC correlated positively with plasma Hcy levels and negatively with plasma s-adenosylmethionine-to-s-adenosylhomocysteine ratios. Finally, l-Hcy and d-glucose promoted inflammatory MC differentiation in primary mouse splenocytes, which was reversed by adenoviral DNA methyltransferase-1. HHcy and HG, individually and synergistically, accelerated atherosclerosis and inflammatory MC and MØ differentiation, at least in part, via DNA hypomethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Fang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daqing Zhang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zhongjian Cheng
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chenghui Yan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Shu Meng
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erland Arning
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Eric T Choi
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yaling Han
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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92
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Mandaviya PR, Stolk L, Heil SG. Homocysteine and DNA methylation: a review of animal and human literature. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 113:243-52. [PMID: 25456744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing non-protein forming amino acid, which is synthesized from methionine as an important intermediate in the one-carbon pathway. High concentrations of Hcy in a condition called hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) are an independent risk factor for several disorders including cardiovascular diseases and osteoporotic fractures. Since Hcy is produced as a byproduct of the methyltransferase reaction, alteration in DNA methylation is studied as one of the underlying mechanisms of HHcy-associated disorders. In animal models, elevated Hcy concentrations are induced either by diet (high methionine, low B-vitamins, or both), gene knockouts (Mthfr, Cbs, Mtrr or Mtr) or combination of both to investigate their effects on DNA methylation or its markers. In humans, most of the literature involves case-control studies concerning patients. The focus of this review is to study existing literature on HHcy and its role in relation to DNA methylation. Apart from this, a few studies investigated the effect of Hcy-lowering trials on restoring DNA methylation patterns, by giving a folic acid or B-vitamin supplemented diet. These studies which were conducted in animal models as well as humans were included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja R Mandaviya
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sandra G Heil
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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93
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Ghigolea AB, Moldovan RA, Gherman-Caprioara M. DNA methylation: hemodialysis versus hemodiafiltration. Ther Apher Dial 2014; 19:119-24. [PMID: 25404498 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is an emerging characteristic of chronic kidney disease including dialysis patients. It appears to be associated to inflammation. We compared the global DNA methylation status in 10 control subjects compared to 80 dialysis patients (N = 40 on-line hemodiafiltration, N = 40 high-flux hemodialysis) in relation to the dialysis technique and inflammation. Whole blood DNA methylation was assessed with a 5-mc DNA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay Kit. Global DNA methylation was higher in hemodialysis (HD) compared to on-line hemodiafiltration (HDF) patients (0.045 vs. 0.039; P < 0.0001) and controls (0.045 vs. 0.0284; P = 0.0002 for HD; 0.039 vs. 0.0284; P = 0.0254 for on-line HDF). To study the influence of the dialysis technique on DNA methylation we divided dialysis patients according to the median value of 5-mC. DNA methylation was highest in inflamed patients on hemodialysis. The dialysis technique was the only independent predictor of global DNA methylation in dialysis patients. On-line HDF could be associated with a favorable DNA methylation profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian-Bogdan Ghigolea
- "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Nephrology, Alba-Iulia, Alba, Romania; Alba-Iulia Nefromed Dialysis Center, Alba-Iulia, Alba, Romania; Alba-Iulia Emergency County Hospital, Alba-Iulia, Alba, Romania
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94
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Kanherkar RR, Bhatia-Dey N, Csoka AB. Epigenetics across the human lifespan. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:49. [PMID: 25364756 PMCID: PMC4207041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics has the potential to explain various biological phenomena that have heretofore defied complete explication. This review describes the various types of endogenous human developmental milestones such as birth, puberty, and menopause, as well as the diverse exogenous environmental factors that influence human health, in a chronological epigenetic context. We describe the entire course of human life from periconception to death and chronologically note all of the potential internal timepoints and external factors that influence the human epigenome. Ultimately, the environment presents these various factors to the individual that influence the epigenome, and the unique epigenetic and genetic profile of each individual also modulates the specific response to these factors. During the course of human life, we are exposed to an environment that abounds with a potent and dynamic milieu capable of triggering chemical changes that activate or silence genes. There is constant interaction between the external and internal environments that is required for normal development and health maintenance as well as for influencing disease load and resistance. For example, exposure to pharmaceutical and toxic chemicals, diet, stress, exercise, and other environmental factors are capable of eliciting positive or negative epigenetic modifications with lasting effects on development, metabolism and health. These can impact the body so profoundly as to permanently alter the epigenetic profile of an individual. We also present a comprehensive new hypothesis of how these diverse environmental factors cause both direct and indirect epigenetic changes and how this knowledge can ultimately be used to improve personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya R Kanherkar
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University Washington, DC, USA
| | - Naina Bhatia-Dey
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University Washington, DC, USA
| | - Antonei B Csoka
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University Washington, DC, USA
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95
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Iacobazzi V, Infantino V, Castegna A, Andria G. Hyperhomocysteinemia: related genetic diseases and congenital defects, abnormal DNA methylation and newborn screening issues. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 113:27-33. [PMID: 25087163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid derived from the methionine metabolism, is located at the branch point of two pathways of the methionine cycle, i.e. remethylation and transsulfuration. Gene abnormalities in the enzymes catalyzing reactions in both pathways lead to hyperhomocysteinemia. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with increased risk for congenital disorders, including neural tube closure defects, heart defects, cleft lip/palate, Down syndrome, and multi-system abnormalities in adults. Since hyperhomocysteinemia is known to affect the extent of DNA methylation, it is likely that abnormal DNA methylation during embryogenesis, may be a pathogenic factor for these congenital disorders. In this review we highlight the importance of homocysteinemia by describing the genes encoding for enzymes of homocysteine metabolism relevant to the clinical practice, especially cystathionine-β-synthase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutations, and the impairment of related metabolites levels. Moreover, a possible correlation between hyperhomocysteine and congenital disorders through the involvement of abnormal DNA methylation during embryogenesis is discussed. Finally, the relevance of present and future diagnostic tools such as tandem mass spectrometry and next generation sequencing in newborn screening is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Iacobazzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Bari, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandra Castegna
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Generoso Andria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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96
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Luttmer R, Spijkerman AM, Kok RM, Jakobs C, Blom HJ, Serne EH, Dekker JM, Smulders YM. Metabolic syndrome components are associated with DNA hypomethylation. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014; 7:e106-e115. [PMID: 24331772 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances of DNA methylation have been associated with multiple diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer and, as some have suggested, glucometabolic disturbances. Our aim was to assess the association of the metabolic syndrome and its individual components with DNA methylation in a population-based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a human population (n = 738) stratified by age, sex and glucose metabolism, we explored associations of the metabolic syndrome according to National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria and its individual components (fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, waist circumference) with global leukocyte DNA methylation. DNA methylation was measured as the methylcytosine/cytosine ratio in peripheral leukocytes using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Individuals with the metabolic syndrome had relative DNA hypomethylation compared to participants without the syndrome (β = -0.05; p = 0.01). This association was mainly attributable to linear associations of two metabolic syndrome components with DNA methylation: fasting plasma glucose (β = -0.02; p = 0.004) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = 0.07; p = 0.004). People with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose metabolism had DNA hypomethylation compared to normoglycemic individuals (β = -0.05; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS DNA hypomethylation is independently associated with hyperglycemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, both essential components of the metabolic syndrome. The potential implications and direction of possible causality require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roosmarijn Luttmer
- Faculty of Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M Spijkerman
- Center for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Kok
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carel Jakobs
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Blom
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Serne
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Dekker
- Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO Institute), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvo M Smulders
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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97
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Loscalzo J, Handy DE. Epigenetic modifications: basic mechanisms and role in cardiovascular disease (2013 Grover Conference series). Pulm Circ 2014; 4:169-74. [PMID: 25006435 DOI: 10.1086/675979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to heritable traits that are not a consequence of DNA sequence. Three classes of epigenetic regulation exist: DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA action. In the cardiovascular system, epigenetic regulation affects development, differentiation, and disease propensity or expression. Defining the determinants of epigenetic regulation offers opportunities for novel strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane E Handy
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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98
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Campos B, Lee T, Roy-Chaudhury P. Arteriovenous fistula failure: is there a role for epigenetic regulation? Semin Nephrol 2014; 33:400-6. [PMID: 24011582 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that occur without alterations in the DNA sequence. In the past decade, epigenetics has been identified as a key regulator of gene expression and therefore is likely to play a major role in multiple disease processes. More importantly, we now recognize epigenetics to be a sensitive, dynamic, and reversible process that has opened the door to multiple novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies for human diseases. The focus of this review, however, is to explore the potential role of epigenetics in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation. AVF maturation failure is currently the single most important cause of dialysis vascular access dysfunction and most important is the result of a peri-anastomotic stenosis thought to be caused by a combination of neointimal hyperplasia and inadequate outward remodeling. At a pathogenetic level, however, AVF maturation failure is likely the end result of the interaction between hemodynamic stressors (injury) and the vascular response to these stressors; the latter being influenced by uremia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Interestingly, these same factors (hemodynamic shear stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, and uremia) are also important mediators of epigenetic modifications. We therefore believe that epigenetic factors potentially could play an important role in the pathogenesis of AVF maturation failure. The current review therefore tries to unravel some of these critical biological connections, with an emphasis on the future development of epigenetic-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for AVF maturation failure (a clinical problem for which there are currently no effective therapeutic interventions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Campos
- Dialysis Vascular Access Research Group, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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99
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Wing MR, Ramezani A, Gill HS, Devaney JM, Raj DS. Epigenetics of progression of chronic kidney disease: fact or fantasy? Semin Nephrol 2014; 33:363-74. [PMID: 24011578 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are important in the normal functioning of the cell, from regulating dynamic expression of essential genes and associated proteins to repressing those that are unneeded. Epigenetic changes are essential for development and functioning of the kidney, and aberrant methylation, histone modifications, and expression of microRNA could lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here, epigenetic modifications modulate transforming growth factor β signaling, inflammation, profibrotic genes, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, promoting renal fibrosis and progression of CKD. Identification of these epigenetic changes is important because they are potentially reversible and may serve as therapeutic targets in the future to prevent subsequent renal fibrosis and CKD. In this review we discuss the different types of epigenetic control, methods to study epigenetic modifications, and how epigenetics promotes progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Wing
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Zawada AM, Rogacev KS, Hummel B, Berg JT, Friedrich A, Roth HJ, Obeid R, Geisel J, Fliser D, Heine GH. S-adenosylhomocysteine is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and renal function in a cardiovascular low-risk population. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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