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Erdmann J, Kessler T, Munoz Venegas L, Schunkert H. A decade of genome-wide association studies for coronary artery disease: the challenges ahead. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:1241-1257. [PMID: 29617720 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the genetics of coronary artery disease, based on 10 years of genome-wide association studies. The discoveries began with individual studies using 200K single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and progressed to large-scale collaborative efforts, involving more than a 100 000 people and up to 40 Mio genetic variants. We discuss the challenges ahead, including those involved in identifying causal genes and deciphering the links between risk variants and disease pathology. We also describe novel insights into disease biology based on the findings of genome-wide association studies. Moreover, we discuss the potential for discovery of novel treatment targets through the integration of different layers of 'omics' data and the application of systems genetics approaches. Finally, we provide a brief outlook on the potential for precision medicine to be enhanced by genome-wide association study findings in the cardiovascular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Geoppert-Str. 1, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany.,University Heart Center Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kessler
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstraβe 36, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) e.V., Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Loreto Munoz Venegas
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Geoppert-Str. 1, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany.,University Heart Center Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstraβe 36, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) e.V., Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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52
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Khramtsova EA, Davis LK, Stranger BE. The role of sex in the genomics of human complex traits. Nat Rev Genet 2019; 20:173-190. [PMID: 30581192 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-018-0083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all human complex traits and disease phenotypes exhibit some degree of sex differences, including differences in prevalence, age of onset, severity or disease progression. Until recently, the underlying genetic mechanisms of such sex differences have been largely unexplored. Advances in genomic technologies and analytical approaches are now enabling a deeper investigation into the effect of sex on human health traits. In this Review, we discuss recent insights into the genetic models and mechanisms that lead to sex differences in complex traits. This knowledge is critical for developing deeper insight into the fundamental biology of sex differences and disease processes, thus facilitating precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Khramtsova
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lea K Davis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Barbara E Stranger
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Center for Data Intensive Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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53
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Khan SI, Andrews KL, Jennings GL, Sampson AK, Chin-Dusting JPF. Y Chromosome, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Is Inflammation the Answer? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122892. [PMID: 31200567 PMCID: PMC6627840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now becomingly increasingly evident that the functions of the mammalian Y chromosome are not circumscribed to the induction of male sex. While animal studies have shown variations in the Y are strongly accountable for blood pressure (BP), this is yet to be confirmed in humans. We have recently shown modulation of adaptive immunity to be a significant mechanism underpinning Y-chromosome-dependent differences in BP in consomic strains. This is paralleled by studies in man showing Y chromosome haplogroup is a significant predictor for coronary artery disease through influencing pathways of immunity. Furthermore, recent studies in mice and humans have shown that Y chromosome lineage determines susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Here we review the evidence in animals and humans that Y chromosome lineage influences hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk, with a novel focus on pathways of immunity as a significant pathway involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzana I Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Karen L Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Garry L Jennings
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Amanda K Sampson
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Jaye P F Chin-Dusting
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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54
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Cañadas-Garre M, Anderson K, Cappa R, Skelly R, Smyth LJ, McKnight AJ, Maxwell AP. Genetic Susceptibility to Chronic Kidney Disease - Some More Pieces for the Heritability Puzzle. Front Genet 2019; 10:453. [PMID: 31214239 PMCID: PMC6554557 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health problem with an increasing prevalence partly driven by aging population structure. Both genomic and environmental factors contribute to this complex heterogeneous disease. CKD heritability is estimated to be high (30-75%). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and GWAS meta-analyses have identified several genetic loci associated with CKD, including variants in UMOD, SHROOM3, solute carriers, and E3 ubiquitin ligases. However, these genetic markers do not account for all the susceptibility to CKD, and the causal pathways remain incompletely understood; other factors must be contributing to the missing heritability. Less investigated biological factors such as telomere length; mitochondrial proteins, encoded by nuclear genes or specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded genes; structural variants, such as copy number variants (CNVs), insertions, deletions, inversions and translocations are poorly covered and may explain some of the missing heritability. The sex chromosomes, often excluded from GWAS studies, may also help explain gender imbalances in CKD. In this review, we outline recent findings on molecular biomarkers for CKD (telomeres, CNVs, mtDNA variants, sex chromosomes) that typically have received less attention than gene polymorphisms. Shorter telomere length has been associated with renal dysfunction and CKD progression, however, most publications report small numbers of subjects with conflicting findings. CNVs have been linked to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, posterior urethral valves, nephronophthisis and immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Information on mtDNA biomarkers for CKD comes primarily from case reports, therefore the data are scarce and diverse. The most consistent finding is the A3243G mutation in the MT-TL1 gene, mainly associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Only one GWAS has found associations between X-chromosome and renal function (rs12845465 and rs5987107). No loci in the Y-chromosome have reached genome-wide significance. In conclusion, despite the efforts to find the genetic basis of CKD, it remains challenging to explain all of the heritability with currently available methods and datasets. Although additional biomarkers have been investigated in less common suspects such as telomeres, CNVs, mtDNA and sex chromosomes, hidden heritability in CKD remains elusive, and more comprehensive approaches, particularly through the integration of multiple -"omics" data, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Cañadas-Garre
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Anderson
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ruaidhri Cappa
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Skelly
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jane Smyth
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Jayne McKnight
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Peter Maxwell
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Regional Nephrology Unit, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
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55
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Adeoye AM, Ovbiagele B, Akinyemi JO, Ogah OS, Akinyemi R, Gebregziabher M, Wahab K, Fakunle AG, Akintunde A, Adebayo O, Aje A, Tiwari HK, Arnett D, Agyekum F, Appiah LT, Amusa G, Olunuga TO, Onoja A, Sarfo FS, Akpalu A, Jenkins C, Lackland D, Owolabi L, Komolafe M, Faniyan MM, Arulogun O, Obiako R, Owolabi M. Echocardiographic Abnormalities and Determinants of 1-Month Outcome of Stroke Among West Africans in the SIREN Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e010814. [PMID: 31142178 PMCID: PMC6585359 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known about the relationship between echocardiographic abnormalities and outcome among patients with acute stroke. We investigated the pattern and association of baseline echocardiographic variables with 1‐month disability and mortality among patients with stroke in the SIREN (Stroke Investigative Research and Education Network) study. Methods and Results We enrolled and followed up consecutive 1020 adult patients with acute stroke with baseline transthoracic echocardiography from west Africa. To explore the relationship between echocardiographic variables and 1‐month disability (using modified Rankin scale >3) and fatality, regression models were fitted. Relative risks were computed with 95% CIs. The participants comprised 60% men with a mean age of 59.2±14.6 years. Ischemic stroke was associated with smaller aortic root diameter (30.2 versus 32.5, P=0.018) and septal (16.8 versus 19.1, P<0.001) and posterior wall thickness at systole (18.9 versus 21.5, P=0.004). Over 90% of patients with stroke had abnormal left ventricular (LV) geometry with eccentric hypertrophy predominating (56.1%). Of 13 candidate variables investigated, only baseline abnormal LV geometry (concentric hypertrophy) was weakly associated with 1‐month disability (unadjusted relative risk, 1.80; 95% CI, 0.97–5.73). Severe LV systolic dysfunction was significantly associated with increased 1‐month mortality (unadjusted relative risk, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.36–6.83). Conclusions Nine of 10 patients with acute stroke had abnormal LV geometry and a third had systolic dysfunction. Severe LV systolic dysfunction was significantly associated with 1 month mortality. Larger studies are required to establish the independent effect and unravel predictive accuracy of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun M Adeoye
- 1 Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Bruce Ovbiagele
- 2 Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mayowa Owolabi
- 1 Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
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56
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Ayatollahi H, Gholamhosseini L, Salehi M. Predicting coronary artery disease: a comparison between two data mining algorithms. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:448. [PMID: 31035958 PMCID: PMC6489351 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CADs) are the first leading cause of death across the world. World Health Organization has estimated that morality rate caused by heart diseases will mount to 23 million cases by 2030. Hence, the use of data mining algorithms could be useful in predicting coronary artery diseases. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the positive predictive value (PPV) of CAD using artificial neural network (ANN) and SVM algorithms and their distinction in terms of predicting CAD in the selected hospitals. METHODS The present study was conducted by using data mining techniques. The research sample was the medical records of the patients with coronary artery disease who were hospitalized in three hospitals affiliated to AJA University of Medical Sciences between March 2016 and March 2017 (n = 1324). The dataset and the predicting variables used in this study was the same for both data mining techniques. Totally, 25 variables affecting CAD were selected and related data were extracted. After normalizing and cleaning the data, they were entered into SPSS (V23.0) and Excel 2013. Then, R 3.3.2 was used for statistical computing. RESULTS The SVM model had lower MAPE (112.03), higher Hosmer-Lemeshow test's result (16.71), and higher sensitivity (92.23). Moreover, variables affecting CAD (74.42) yielded better goodness of fit in SVM model and provided more accurate result than the ANN model. On the other hand, since the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve in the SVM algorithm was more than this area in ANN model, it could be concluded that SVM model had higher accuracy than the ANN model. CONCLUSION According to the results, the SVM algorithm presented higher accuracy and better performance than the ANN model and was characterized with higher power and sensitivity. Overall, it provided a better classification for the prediction of CAD. The use of other data mining algorithms are suggested to improve the positive predictive value of the disease prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Ayatollahi
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Gholamhosseini
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Paramedical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Salehi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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57
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Westergaard D, Moseley P, Sørup FKH, Baldi P, Brunak S. Population-wide analysis of differences in disease progression patterns in men and women. Nat Commun 2019; 10:666. [PMID: 30737381 PMCID: PMC6368599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-stratified medicine is a fundamentally important, yet understudied, facet of modern medical care. A data-driven model for how to systematically analyze population-wide, longitudinal differences in hospital admissions between men and women is needed. Here, we demonstrate a systematic analysis of all diseases and disease co-occurrences in the complete Danish population using the ICD-10 and Global Burden of Disease terminologies. Incidence rates of single diagnoses are different for men and women in most cases. The age at first diagnosis is typically lower for men, compared to women. Men and women share many disease co-occurrences. However, many sex-associated incongruities not linked directly to anatomical or genomic differences are also found. Analysis of multi-step trajectories uncover differences in longitudinal patterns, for example concerning injuries and substance abuse, cancer, and osteoporosis. The results point towards the need for an increased focus on sex-stratified medicine to elucidate the origins of the socio-economic and ethological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Westergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pope Moseley
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Freja Karuna Hemmingsen Sørup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Roskilde University Hospital, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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58
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Wang M, Wang Z, He G, Liu J, Wang S, Qian X, Lang M, Li J, Xie M, Li C, Hou Y. Developmental validation of a custom panel including 165 Y-SNPs for Chinese Y-chromosomal haplogroups dissection using the ion S5 XL system. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 38:70-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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59
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Female predisposition to TLR7-driven autoimmunity: gene dosage and the escape from X chromosome inactivation. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 41:153-164. [PMID: 30276444 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Women develop stronger immune responses than men, with positive effects on the resistance to viral or bacterial infections but magnifying also the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In SLE, the dosage of the endosomal Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is crucial. Murine models have shown that TLR7 overexpression suffices to induce spontaneous lupus-like disease. Conversely, suppressing TLR7 in lupus-prone mice abolishes SLE development. TLR7 is encoded by a gene on the X chromosome gene, denoted TLR7 in humans and Tlr7 in the mouse, and expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), monocytes/macrophages, and B cells. The receptor recognizes single-stranded RNA, and its engagement promotes B cell maturation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antibodies. In female mammals, each cell randomly inactivates one of its two X chromosomes to equalize gene dosage with XY males. However, 15 to 23% of X-linked human genes escape X chromosome inactivation so that both alleles can be expressed simultaneously. It has been hypothesized that biallelic expression of X-linked genes could occur in female immune cells, hence fostering harmful autoreactive and inflammatory responses. We review here the current knowledge of the role of TLR7 in SLE, and recent evidence demonstrating that TLR7 escapes from X chromosome inactivation in pDCs, monocytes, and B lymphocytes from women and Klinefelter syndrome men. Female B cells where TLR7 is thus biallelically expressed display higher TLR7-driven functional responses, connecting the presence of two X chromosomes with the enhanced immunity of women and their increased susceptibility to TLR7-dependent autoimmune syndromes.
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60
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Zhang Q, Cong M, Wang N, Li X, Zhang H, Zhang K, Jin M, Wu N, Qiu C, Li J. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene polymorphism and enzymatic activity with essential hypertension in different gender: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12917. [PMID: 30335025 PMCID: PMC6211892 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays an important role in the development of essential hypertension (EH). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of ACE2 gene polymorphisms and enzymatic activity with EH in the northeastern Chinese Han population. 34 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci of ACE2 were detected in 1024 EH patients and 956 normotensive (NT) controls by Sequenom Mass-ARRAY RS1000. Five SNPs (rs1514283, rs4646155, rs4646176, rs2285666, and rs879922) in ACE2 gene were determined to significantly associate with EH in female participants, while no SNP locus was linked to male group. Specifically, it was the first time to report that rs4646155 was significantly associated with EH in females. Furthermore, the correlation between ACE2 activity and clinical parameters were performed by Pearson correlation analysis in EH patients. We found that the ACE2 activity level was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), DBP, and pulse pressure, and significantly positively with ACE2 concentration, blood glucose and estrogen level in female EH patients. These results demonstrated that the genetic variants of ACE2 played vital roles in the development of EH. And the serum ACE2 activity can predict the development of cardiac dysfunction in EH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Mingyu Cong
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Ningning Wang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Xueyan Li
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Keyong Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Ming Jin
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Nan Wu
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Changchun Qiu
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Li
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province
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61
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Cross TWL, Kasahara K, Rey FE. Sexual dimorphism of cardiometabolic dysfunction: Gut microbiome in the play? Mol Metab 2018; 15:70-81. [PMID: 29887245 PMCID: PMC6066746 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex is one of the most powerful modifiers of disease development. Clear sexual dimorphism exists in cardiometabolic health susceptibility, likely due to differences in sex steroid hormones. Changes in the gut microbiome have been linked with the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis; however, the impact of microbes in sex-biased cardiometabolic disorders remains unclear. The gut microbiome is critical for maintaining a normal estrous cycle, testosterone levels, and reproductive function. Gut microbes modulate the enterohepatic recirculation of estrogens and androgens, affecting local and systemic levels of sex steroid hormones. Gut bacteria can also generate androgens from glucocorticoids. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes current knowledge of the complex interplay between sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic disease and the gut microbiome. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Emerging evidence suggests the role of gut microbiome as a modifier of disease susceptibility due to sex; however, the impact on cardiometabolic disease in this complex interplay is lacking. Elucidating the role of gut microbiome on sex-biased susceptibility in cardiometabolic disease is of high relevance to public health given its high prevalence and significant financial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen L Cross
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
| | - Kazuyuki Kasahara
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
| | - Federico E Rey
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
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62
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Syrett CM, Sierra I, Berry CL, Beiting D, Anguera MC. Sex-Specific Gene Expression Differences Are Evident in Human Embryonic Stem Cells and During In Vitro Differentiation of Human Placental Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1360-1375. [PMID: 29993333 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a short-lived tissue required for embryonic growth and survival, and it is fetal derived. Fetal sex influences gestation, and many sexual dimorphic diseases have origins in utero. There is sex-biased gene expression in third-trimester human placentas, yet the origin of sex-specific expression is unknown. Here, we used an in vitro differentiation model to convert human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into trophoblastic progenitor cells of the first-trimester placenta, which will eventually become mature extravillous trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. We observed significant sex differences in transcriptomic profiles of hESCs and trophoblastic progenitors, and also with the differentiation process itself. Male cells had higher dosage of X/Y gene pairs relative to female samples, supporting functions for Y-linked genes beyond spermatogenesis in the hESCs and in the early placenta. Female-specific differentiation altered the expression of several thousand genes compared with male cells, and female cells specifically upregulated numerous autosomal genes with known roles in trophoblast function. Sex-biased upregulation of cellular pathways during trophoblast differentiation was also evident. This study is the first to identify sex differences in trophoblastic progenitor cells of the first-trimester human placenta, and reveal early origins for sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Syrett
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabel Sierra
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Corbett L Berry
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Beiting
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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63
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Vilne B, Schunkert H. Integrating Genes Affecting Coronary Artery Disease in Functional Networks by Multi-OMICs Approach. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:89. [PMID: 30065929 PMCID: PMC6056735 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) remain among the leading causes of mortality worldwide, urgently demanding a better understanding of disease etiology, and more efficient therapeutic strategies. Genetic predisposition as well as the environment and lifestyle are thought to contribute to disease risk. It is likely that non-linear and complex interactions occur between these multiple factors, involving simultaneous pathological changes in diverse cell types, tissues, and organs, at multiple molecular levels. Recent technological advances have exponentially expanded the breadth of available -omics data, from genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome to even the microbiome. Integration of multiple layers of information across several -omics domains, i.e., the so-called multi-omics approach, currently holds the promise as a path toward precision medicine. Indeed, a more meaningful interpretation of genotype-phenotype relationships and the development of successful therapeutics tailored to individual patients are urgently needed. In this review, we will summarize recent findings and applications of integrative multi-omics in elucidating the etiology of CAD/MI; with a special focus on established disease susceptibility loci sequentially identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) over the last 10 years. Moreover, in addition to the autosomal genome, we will also consider the genetic variation in our “second genome”—the mitochondrial genome. Finally, we will summarize the current challenges in the field and point to future research directions required in order to successfully and effectively apply these approaches for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba Vilne
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, Germany
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64
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Mecoli CA, Shah AA, Boin F, Wigley FM, Hummers LK. Vascular complications in systemic sclerosis: a prospective cohort study. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37:2429-2437. [PMID: 29804150 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two major complications in scleroderma patients that cause substantial morbidity and mortality are ischemic digital lesions (DL) and pulmonary hypertension (PH). The clinician's ability to predict which patients will develop these complications is imperfect. We conducted a prospective observational cohort study of 300 patients with scleroderma who were followed for at least a 5-year period. At baseline, patients lacked evidence of PH and were without a current DL. At each 6-month visit, the patient was examined for signs/symptoms of PH and/or a DL. The primary outcomes were (1) PH defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 25 mmHg by right heart catheterization and (2) ≥ 1 DL defined as new onset of severe vascular compromise. Thirty patients (10%) developed PH (11 group 1/PAH, 4 group II, 15 group III) and 69 developed DL. The average time from enrollment until diagnosis of PH was 3.2 ± 2 years. In multivariable analyses, patients who developed PH were more likely to have diffuse disease (HR 3.2, p = 0.004), a forced vital capacity (FVC)/diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) ratio > 1.6 (HR 1.7, p = 0.008), and elevated RVSP (HR = 1.07, p = 0.007). Patients who developed PAH were more likely to have a FVC/DLCO ratio > 1.6 (HR = 5.8, p = 0.014), and patients who developed group III PH were less likely to have an elevated FVC (HR = 0.92, p = 0.001). Patients were more likely to develop a DL if they had a history of prior DL (HR = 7.0, p < 0.001), or were men (HR = 2.3, p = 0.007). In a prevalent cohort of scleroderma patients, individuals who develop PH or DL have simple to measure clinical features that can predict these complications years before they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Mecoli
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Ave, MFL Bldg, Center Tower, Suite 4100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ami A Shah
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Ave, MFL Bldg, Center Tower, Suite 4100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Francesco Boin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fredrick M Wigley
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Ave, MFL Bldg, Center Tower, Suite 4100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Laura K Hummers
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Ave, MFL Bldg, Center Tower, Suite 4100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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65
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O'Keeffe LM, Howe LD, Fraser A, Hughes AD, Wade KH, Anderson EL, Lawlor DA, Erzurumluoglu AM, Davey-Smith G, Rodriguez S, Stergiakouli E. Associations of Y chromosomal haplogroups with cardiometabolic risk factors and subclinical vascular measures in males during childhood and adolescence. Atherosclerosis 2018; 274:94-103. [PMID: 29753233 PMCID: PMC6013646 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims Males have greater cardiometabolic risk than females, though the reasons for this are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the association between common Y chromosomal haplogroups and cardiometabolic risk during early life. Methods In a British birth cohort, we examined the association of Y chromosomal haplogroups with trajectories of cardiometabolic risk factors from birth to 18 years and with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, carotid intima media thickness and left ventricular mass index at age 18. Haplogroups were grouped according to their phylogenetic relatedness into categories of R, I, E, J, G and all other haplogroups combined (T, Q, H, L, C, N and O). Risk factors included BMI, fat and lean mass, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), non-HDL-c and c-reactive protein. Analyses were performed using multilevel models and linear regression, as appropriate. Results Y chromosomal haplogroups were not associated with any cardiometabolic risk factors from birth to 18 years. For example, at age 18, the difference in SBP comparing each haplogroup with haplogroup R was −0.39 mmHg (95% Confidence Interval (CI): −0.75, 1.54) for haplogroup I, 2.56 mmHg (95% CI: −0.76, 5.89) for haplogroup E, −0.02 mmHg (95% CI: −2.87, 2.83) for haplogroup J, 1.28 mmHg (95% CI: −4.70, 2.13) for haplogroup G and −2.75 mmHg (95% CI: −6.38, 0.88) for all other haplogroups combined. Conclusions Common Y chromosomal haplogroups are not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors during childhood and adolescence or with subclinical cardiovascular measures at age 18. Common Y chromosomal haplogroups are not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors from birth to age 18. Common Y chromosomal haplogroups are not associated with cardiovascular structure and function at age 18. Common Y chromosomal haplogroups are not associated with cardiometabolic risk in males during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M O'Keeffe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK.
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
| | - Abigail Fraser
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- MRC Unit of Lifelong Health & Aging at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK
| | - Kaitlin H Wade
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
| | - Emma L Anderson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
| | - A Mesut Erzurumluoglu
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Centre for Medicine, University Road, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - George Davey-Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
| | - Santiago Rodriguez
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS82BN, UK; School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
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66
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Erzurumluoglu AM, Baird D, Richardson TG, Timpson NJ, Rodriguez S. Using Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups in Genetic Association Studies and Suggested Implications. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E45. [PMID: 29361760 PMCID: PMC5793196 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Y-chromosomal (Y-DNA) haplogroups are more widely used in population genetics than in genetic epidemiology, although associations between Y-DNA haplogroups and several traits, including cardiometabolic traits, have been reported. In apparently homogeneous populations defined by principal component analyses, there is still Y-DNA haplogroup variation which will result from population history. Therefore, hidden stratification and/or differential phenotypic effects by Y-DNA haplogroups could exist. To test this, we hypothesised that stratifying individuals according to their Y-DNA haplogroups before testing for associations between autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotypes will yield difference in association. For proof of concept, we derived Y-DNA haplogroups from 6537 males from two epidemiological cohorts, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (n = 5080; 816 Y-DNA SNPs) and the 1958 Birth Cohort (n = 1457; 1849 Y-DNA SNPs), and studied the robust associations between 32 SNPs and body mass index (BMI), including SNPs in or near Fat Mass and Obesity-associated protein (FTO) which yield the strongest effects. Overall, no association was replicated in both cohorts when Y-DNA haplogroups were considered and this suggests that, for BMI at least, there is little evidence of differences in phenotype or SNP association by Y-DNA structure. Further studies using other traits, phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS), other haplogroups and/or autosomal SNPs are required to test the generalisability and utility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mesut Erzurumluoglu
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Denis Baird
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Tom G Richardson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Santiago Rodriguez
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
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Li Y, Jiang Q, Ding Z, Liu G, Yu P, Jiang G, Yu Z, Yang C, Qian J, Jiang H, Zou Y. Identification of a Common Different Gene Expression Signature in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010056. [PMID: 29361784 PMCID: PMC5793207 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) remain poorly understood. Gene expression profiling is helpful to discover the molecular changes taking place in ICM. The aim of this study was to identify the genes that are significantly changed during the development of heart failure caused by ICM. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from 162 control samples and 227 ICM patients. PANTHER was used to perform gene ontology (GO), and Reactome for pathway enrichment analysis. A protein–protein interaction network was established using STRING and Cytoscape. A further validation was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 255 common DEGs was found. Gene ontology, pathway enrichment, and protein–protein interaction analysis showed that nucleic acid-binding proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors accounted for a great part of the DEGs, while immune system signaling and cytokine signaling displayed the most significant changes. Furthermore, seven hub genes and nine transcription factors were identified. Interestingly, the top five upregulated DEGs were located on chromosome Y, and four of the top five downregulated DEGs were involved in immune and inflammation signaling. Further, the top DEGs were validated by RT-PCR in human samples. Our study explored the possible molecular mechanisms of heart failure caused by ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Li
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Qiu Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhiwen Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Guijian Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Peng Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Guoliang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ziqing Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Chunjie Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Juying Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of clinical bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Vascular dysfunction in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat is dependent on constrictor prostanoid activity and Y chromosome lineage. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:131-143. [PMID: 29162746 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction is a hallmark of hypertension and the strongest risk factor to date for coronary artery disease. As Y chromosome lineage has emerged as one of the strongest genetic predictors of cardiovascular disease risk to date, we investigated if Y chromosome lineage modulated this important facet in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) using consomic strains. Here, we show that vascular dysfunction in the SHRSP is attributable to differential cyclooxygenase (COX) activity with nitric oxide (NO) levels playing a less significant role. Measurement of prostacyclin, the most abundant product of COX in the vasculature, confirmed the augmented COX activity in the SHRSP aorta. This was accompanied by functional impairment of the vasodilatory prostacyclin (IP) receptor, while inhibition of the thromboxane (TP) receptor significantly ameliorated vascular dysfunction in the SHRSP, suggesting this is the downstream target responsible for constrictor prostanoid activity. Importantly, Y chromosome lineage was shown to modulate vascular function in the SHRSP through influencing COX activity, prostacyclin levels and IP dysfunction. Vascular dysfunction in the renal and intrarenal arteries was also found to be prostanoid and Y chromosome dependent. Interestingly, despite no apparent differences in agonist-stimulated NO levels, basal NO levels were compromised in the SHRSP aorta, which was also Y chromosome dependent. Thus, in contrast with the widely held view that COX inhibition is deleterious for the vasculature due to inhibition of the vasodilator prostacyclin, we show that COX inhibition abolishes vascular dysfunction in three distinct vascular beds, with IP dysfunction likely being a key mechanism underlying this effect. We also delineate a novel role for Y chromosome lineage in regulating vascular function through modulation of COX and basal NO levels.
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Haitjema S, Kofink D, van Setten J, van der Laan SW, Schoneveld AH, Eales J, Tomaszewski M, de Jager SCA, Pasterkamp G, Asselbergs FW, den Ruijter HM. Loss of Y Chromosome in Blood Is Associated With Major Cardiovascular Events During Follow-Up in Men After Carotid Endarterectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:e001544. [PMID: 28768751 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies found an immune regulatory role for Y chromosome and a relationship between loss of Y chromosome (LOY) in blood cells and a higher risk of cancer and mortality. Given involvement of immune cells in atherosclerosis, we hypothesized that LOY is associated with the severity of atherosclerotic plaque characteristics and outcome in men undergoing carotid endarterectomy. METHODS AND RESULTS LOY was quantified in blood and plaque from raw intensity genotyping data in men within the Athero-Express biobank study. Plaques were dissected, and the culprit lesions used for histology and the measurement of inflammatory proteins. We tested LOY for association with (inflammatory) atherosclerotic plaque phenotypes and cytokines and assessed the association of LOY with secondary events during 3-year follow-up. Of 366 patients with carotid endarterectomy, 61 exhibited some degree of LOY in blood. LOY was also present in atherosclerotic plaque lesions (n=8/242, 3%). LOY in blood was negatively associated with age (β=-0.03/10 y; r2=0.07; P=1.6×10-7) but not with cardiovascular disease severity at baseline. LOY in blood was associated with a larger atheroma size (odds ratio, 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-4.76; P=0.04); however, this association was not significant after correction for multiple testing. LOY was independently associated with secondary major cardiovascular events (hazard ratio=2.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-4.67; P=0.02) in blood when corrected for confounders. CONCLUSIONS In this hypothesis-generating study, LOY in blood is independently associated with secondary major cardiovascular events in a severely atherosclerotic population. Our data could indicate that LOY affects secondary outcome via other mechanisms than inflammation in the atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Haitjema
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Daniel Kofink
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Jessica van Setten
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Arjan H Schoneveld
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - James Eales
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.)
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (S.H., J.v.S., S.W.v.d.L., A.H.S., S.C.A.d.J., G.P., H.M.d.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Center of Molecular Medicine (D.K.), Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (G.P.), and Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs (F.W.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (J.E., M.T.); Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom (M.T.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht (F.W.A.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.).
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Khan SI, Andrews KL, Jackson KL, Memon B, Jefferis A, Lee MKS, Diep H, Wei Z, Drummond GR, Head GA, Jennings GL, Murphy AJ, Vinh A, Sampson AK, Chin‐Dusting JPF. Y‐chromosome lineage determines cardiovascular organ T‐cell infiltration in the stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. FASEB J 2018; 32:2747-2756. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700933rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanzana I. Khan
- Department of Pharmacology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of Medicine Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Karen L. Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | | | - Basimah Memon
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Ann‐Maree Jefferis
- Department of Pharmacology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Man K. S. Lee
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Henry Diep
- Department of Pharmacology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Zihui Wei
- Department of Pharmacology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | | | - Garry L. Jennings
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Antony Vinh
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | | | - Jaye P. F. Chin‐Dusting
- Department of Pharmacology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of Medicine Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
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71
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Cunningham CM, Eghbali M. An Introduction to Epigenetics in Cardiovascular Development, Disease, and Sexualization. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1065:31-47. [PMID: 30051375 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is integral to cell differentiation, development, and disease. Modes of epigenetic regulation-including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ncRNA-based regulation-alter chromatin structure, promotor accessibility, and contribute to posttranscriptional modifications. In the cardiovascular system, epigenetic regulation is necessary for proper cardiovascular development and homeostasis, while epigenetic dysfunction is associated with improper cardiac development and disease.Early sexualization of tissues, including X-inactivation in females and maternal and paternal imprinting, is also orchestrated through epigenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, sex chromosomes encode various sex-specific genes involved in epigenetic regulation, while sex hormones can act as regulatory cofactors that may predispose or protect males and females against developing diseases with a marked sex bias.The following book chapter summarizes the field of epigenetics in the context of cardiovascular development and disease while also highlighting the role of epigenetic regulation as a powerful source of sex differences within the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Cunningham
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mansoureh Eghbali
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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72
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Molina E, Chew GS, Myers SA, Clarence EM, Eales JM, Tomaszewski M, Charchar FJ. A Novel Y-Specific Long Non-Coding RNA Associated with Cellular Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 cells and Atherosclerosis-related Genes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16710. [PMID: 29196750 PMCID: PMC5711902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing appreciation for the role of the human Y chromosome in phenotypic differences between the sexes in health and disease. Previous studies have shown that genetic variation within the Y chromosome is associated with cholesterol levels, which is an established risk factor for atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the exact mechanism and potential genes implicated are still unidentified. To date, Y chromosome-linked long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are poorly characterized and the potential link between these new regulatory RNA molecules and hepatic function in men has not been investigated. Advanced technologies of lncRNA subcellular localization and silencing were used to identify a novel intergenic Y-linked lncRNA, named lnc-KDM5D-4, and investigate its role in fatty liver-associated atherosclerosis. We found that lnc-KDM5D-4 is retained within the nucleus in hepatocytes. Its knockdown leads to changes in genes leading to increased lipid droplets formation in hepatocytes resulting in a downstream effect contributing to the chronic inflammatory process that underpin CAD. Our findings provide the first evidence for the implication of lnc-KDM5D-4 in key processes related to fatty liver and cellular inflammation associated with atherosclerosis and CAD in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Molina
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Mount Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Guat S Chew
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Mount Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen A Myers
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Newnham Campus, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Elyse M Clarence
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Mount Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - James M Eales
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Mount Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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73
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de Souza Santos R, Frank AP, Clegg DJ. The impact of sex and sex hormones on cell function. Steroids 2017; 128:72-74. [PMID: 29104097 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of sex on cellular function and metabolism is often ill defined in many human and animal studies. The National Institute of Health (NIH) recognized this gap in scientific knowledge and mandated that sex be factored into the design and data analysis of all cell culture and animal studies. Therefore, it is critical to understand how to incorporate sex in pre-clinical and clinical research. Here, we discuss how the sexual identify of cells influences experimental responses in cell culture and we highlight the importance of the culture media and its constituents to the function of cells. We further discuss the importance of understanding the influence and interactions between sex hormones and sex chromosomes. A deeper understanding of how sex chromosomes and sex hormones function as variables in complex biological systems may lead to better, more personalized medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta de Souza Santos
- Biomedical Research Department, Diabetes and Obesity Research Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Aaron P Frank
- Biomedical Research Department, Diabetes and Obesity Research Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Biomedical Research Department, Diabetes and Obesity Research Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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74
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Margaglione M. Family history of VTE: An easy tool to score the individual risk. Thromb Haemost 2017; 109:361-2. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-01-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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75
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Y Chromosome, Mitochondrial DNA and Childhood Behavioural Traits. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11655. [PMID: 28912458 PMCID: PMC5599552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many psychiatric traits are sexually dimorphic in terms of prevalence, age of onset, progression and prognosis; sex chromosomes could play a role in these differences. In this study we evaluated the association between Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups with sexually-dimorphic behavioural and psychiatric traits. The study sample included 4,211 males and 4,009 females with mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and 4,788 males with Y chromosome haplogroups who are part of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) based in the United Kingdom. Different subsets of these populations were assessed using measures of behavioural and psychiatric traits with logistic regression being used to measure the association between haplogroups and the traits. The majority of behavioural traits in our cohort differed between males and females; however Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups were not associated with any of the variables. These findings suggest that if there is common variation on the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA associated with behavioural and psychiatric trait variation, it has a small effect.
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76
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Maan AA, Eales J, Akbarov A, Rowland J, Xu X, Jobling MA, Charchar FJ, Tomaszewski M. The Y chromosome: a blueprint for men's health? Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:1181-1188. [PMID: 28853720 PMCID: PMC5643963 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Y chromosome has long been considered a 'genetic wasteland' on a trajectory to completely disappear from the human genome. The perception of its physiological function was restricted to sex determination and spermatogenesis. These views have been challenged in recent times with the identification of multiple ubiquitously expressed Y-chromosome genes and the discovery of several unexpected associations between the Y chromosome, immune system and complex polygenic traits. The collected evidence suggests that the Y chromosome influences immune and inflammatory responses in men, translating into genetically programmed susceptibility to diseases with a strong immune component. Phylogenetic studies reveal that carriers of a common European lineage of the Y chromosome (haplogroup I) possess increased risk of coronary artery disease. This occurs amidst upregulation of inflammation and suppression of adaptive immunity in this Y lineage, as well as inferior outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus infection. From structural analysis and experimental data, the UTY (Ubiquitously Transcribed Tetratricopeptide Repeat Containing, Y-Linked) gene is emerging as a promising candidate underlying the associations between Y-chromosome variants and the immunity-driven susceptibility to complex disease. This review synthesises the recent structural, experimental and clinical insights into the human Y chromosome in the context of men's susceptibility to disease (with a particular emphasis on cardiovascular disease) and provides an overview of the paradigm shift in the perception of the Y chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Maan
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James Eales
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Artur Akbarov
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joshua Rowland
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark A Jobling
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Mount Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci That Determine Plasma Total-Cholesterol and Triglyceride Concentrations in DDD/Sgn and C57BL/6J Inbred Mice. CHOLESTEROL 2017. [PMID: 28642824 PMCID: PMC5469984 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3178204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DDD/Sgn mice have significantly higher plasma lipid concentrations than C57BL/6J mice. In the present study, we performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for plasma total-cholesterol (CHO) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations in reciprocal F2 male intercross populations between the two strains. By single-QTL scans, we identified four significant QTL on chromosomes (Chrs) 1, 5, 17, and 19 for CHO and two significant QTL on Chrs 1 and 12 for TG. By including cross direction as an interactive covariate, we identified separate significant QTL on Chr 17 for CHO but none for TG. When the large phenotypic effect of QTL on Chr 1 was controlled by composite interval mapping, we identified three additional significant QTL on Chrs 3, 4, and 9 for CHO but none for TG. QTL on Chr 19 was a novel QTL for CHO and the allelic effect of this QTL significantly differed between males and females. Whole-exome sequence analysis in DDD/Sgn mice suggested that Apoa2 and Acads were the plausible candidate genes underlying CHO QTL on Chrs 1 and 5, respectively. Thus, we identified a multifactorial basis for plasma lipid concentrations in male mice. These findings will provide insight into the genetic mechanisms of plasma lipid metabolism.
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Abstract
The properties of the human Y chromosome - namely, male specificity, haploidy and escape from crossing over - make it an unusual component of the genome, and have led to its genetic variation becoming a key part of studies of human evolution, population history, genealogy, forensics and male medical genetics. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have driven recent progress in these areas. In particular, NGS has yielded direct estimates of mutation rates, and an unbiased and calibrated molecular phylogeny that has unprecedented detail. Moreover, the availability of direct-to-consumer NGS services is fuelling a rise of 'citizen scientists', whose interest in resequencing their own Y chromosomes is generating a wealth of new data.
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Kaiwar C, McAllister TM, Lazaridis KN, Klee EW. Preemptive sequencing in the genomic medicine era. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1322898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tomaszkiewicz M, Medvedev P, Makova KD. Y and W Chromosome Assemblies: Approaches and Discoveries. Trends Genet 2017; 33:266-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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81
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Voskarides K. Y chromosome and cardiovascular risk: What are we missing? Atherosclerosis 2017; 259:97-98. [PMID: 28279402 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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82
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Regitz-Zagrosek V, Kararigas G. Mechanistic Pathways of Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1-37. [PMID: 27807199 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major differences between men and women exist in epidemiology, manifestation, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as coronary artery disease, pressure overload, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Corresponding sex differences have been studied in a number of animal models, and mechanistic investigations have been undertaken to analyze the observed sex differences. We summarize the biological mechanisms of sex differences in CVD focusing on three main areas, i.e., genetic mechanisms, epigenetic mechanisms, as well as sex hormones and their receptors. We discuss relevant subtypes of sex hormone receptors, as well as genomic and nongenomic, activational and organizational effects of sex hormones. We describe the interaction of sex hormones with intracellular signaling relevant for cardiovascular cells and the cardiovascular system. Sex, sex hormones, and their receptors may affect a number of cellular processes by their synergistic action on multiple targets. We discuss in detail sex differences in organelle function and in biological processes. We conclude that there is a need for a more detailed understanding of sex differences and their underlying mechanisms, which holds the potential to design new drugs that target sex-specific cardiovascular mechanisms and affect phenotypes. The comparison of both sexes may lead to the identification of protective or maladaptive mechanisms in one sex that could serve as a novel therapeutic target in one sex or in both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
- Institute of Gender in Medicine & Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charite University Hospital, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgios Kararigas
- Institute of Gender in Medicine & Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charite University Hospital, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
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83
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Arnold AP, Cassis LA, Eghbali M, Reue K, Sandberg K. Sex Hormones and Sex Chromosomes Cause Sex Differences in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:746-756. [PMID: 28279969 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent evidence concerning hormonal and sex chromosome effects in obesity, atherosclerosis, aneurysms, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and hypertension. Cardiovascular diseases occur and progress differently in the 2 sexes, because biological factors differing between the sexes have sex-specific protective and harmful effects. By comparing the 2 sexes directly, and breaking down sex into its component parts, one can discover sex-biasing protective mechanisms that might be targeted in the clinic. Gonadal hormones, especially estrogens and androgens, have long been found to account for some sex differences in cardiovascular diseases, and molecular mechanisms mediating these effects have recently been elucidated. More recently, the inherent sexual inequalities in effects of sex chromosome genes have also been implicated as contributors in animal models of cardiovascular diseases, especially a deleterious effect of the second X chromosome found in females but not in males. Hormonal and sex chromosome mechanisms interact in the sex-specific control of certain diseases, sometimes by opposing the action of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur P Arnold
- From the Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington (L.A.C.); Department of Anesthesiology (M.E.) and Department of Human Genetics (K.R.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.).
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- From the Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington (L.A.C.); Department of Anesthesiology (M.E.) and Department of Human Genetics (K.R.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.)
| | - Mansoureh Eghbali
- From the Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington (L.A.C.); Department of Anesthesiology (M.E.) and Department of Human Genetics (K.R.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.)
| | - Karen Reue
- From the Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington (L.A.C.); Department of Anesthesiology (M.E.) and Department of Human Genetics (K.R.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.)
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- From the Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles (A.P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington (L.A.C.); Department of Anesthesiology (M.E.) and Department of Human Genetics (K.R.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (K.S.)
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84
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Haitjema S, van Setten J, Eales J, van der Laan SW, Gandin I, de Vries JPPM, de Borst GJ, Pasterkamp G, Asselbergs FW, Charchar FJ, Wilson JF, de Jager SCA, Tomaszewski M, den Ruijter HM. Genetic variation within the Y chromosome is not associated with histological characteristics of the atherosclerotic carotid artery or aneurysmal wall. Atherosclerosis 2017; 259:114-119. [PMID: 28238413 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Haplogroup I, a common European paternal lineage of the Y chromosome, is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease in British men. It is unclear whether this haplogroup or any other haplogroup on the Y chromosome is associated with histological characteristics of the diseased vessel wall in other vascular manifestations of cardiovascular diseases showing a male preponderance. METHODS We examined Dutch men undergoing either carotid endarterectomy from the Athero-Express biobank (AE, n = 1217) or open aneurysm repair from the Aneurysm-Express biobank (AAA, n = 393). Upon resolving the Y chromosome phylogeny, each man was assigned to one of the paternal lineages based on combinations of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome. We examined the associations between the Y chromosome and the histological characteristics of the carotid plaque and aneurysm wall, including lipid content, leukocyte infiltration and intraplaque haemorrhage, in all men. RESULTS A majority of men were carriers of either haplogroup I (AE: 28% AAA: 24%) or haplogroup R (AE: 59% AAA: 61%). We found no association between Y chromosomal haplogroups and histological characteristics of plaque collected from carotid arteries or tissue specimens of aneurysms. Moreover, the distribution of frequency for all Y chromosomal haplogroups in both cohorts was similar to that of a general population of Dutch men. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that genetic variation on the Y chromosome is not associated with histological characteristics of the plaques from carotid arteries or specimens of aneurysms in men of Dutch origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Haitjema
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James Eales
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jean-Paul P M de Vries
- Department of Vascular Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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85
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Smart A, Bolnick DA, Tutton R. Health and genetic ancestry testing: time to bridge the gap. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:3. [PMID: 28069037 PMCID: PMC5223458 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is becoming increasingly difficult to keep information about genetic ancestry separate from information about health, and consumers of genetic ancestry tests are becoming more aware of the potential health risks associated with particular ancestral lineages. Because some of the proposed associations have received little attention from oversight agencies and professional genetic associations, scientific developments are currently outpacing governance regimes for consumer genetic testing. MAIN TEXT We highlight the recent and unremarked upon emergence of biomedical studies linking markers of genetic ancestry to disease risks, and show that this body of scientific research is becoming part of public discourse connecting ancestry and health. For instance, data on genome-wide ancestry informative markers are being used to assess health risks, and we document over 100 biomedical research articles that propose associations between mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome markers of genetic ancestry and a wide variety of disease risks. Taking as an example an association between coronary heart disease and British men belonging to Y chromosome haplogroup I, we show how this science was translated into mainstream and online media, and how it circulates among consumers of genetic tests for ancestry. We find wide variations in how the science is interpreted, which suggests the potential for confusion or misunderstanding. CONCLUSION We recommend that stakeholders involved in creating and using estimates of genetic ancestry reconsider their policies for communicating with each other and with the public about the health implications of ancestry information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Smart
- Department of Sociology, Bath Spa University, Newton Park, Bath, BA2 9BN UK
| | - Deborah A. Bolnick
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway, Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712-1723 USA
| | - Richard Tutton
- Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Bowland North, Bailrigg, LA1 4YN UK
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86
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de Souza Santos R, Frank AP, Nelson MD, Garcia MM, Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Sex, Gender, and Transgender: Metabolic Impact of Cross Hormone Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:611-627. [PMID: 29224113 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most preclinical and clinical, animal, and human research has been biased with respect to sex and even more so with respect to gender. In fact, little is known about the impact of sex and even less about the influence of gender on overall metabolic processes. The National Institutes of Health has recognized this gap in scientific knowledge and now mandates that studies be conducted in both sexes and to include gender as variables influencing physiological processes such as metabolism. It is therefore critical to understand and appreciate how to incorporate sex and gender in preclinical and clinical research in order to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which metabolic processes differ by sex and gender. In this chapter, we define sex and gender and discuss when sex and gender are not aligned, such as that which occurs in transgender individuals, and how this impacts metabolic processes. We discuss the importance of understanding the influence and interactions between sex hormones and sex chromosomes rather than focusing on their relative contributions to metabolism in isolation. This knowledge will optimize therapies specific for individuals which need to encompass sex and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta de Souza Santos
- Biomedical Research Department, Diabetes and Obesity Research Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron P Frank
- Biomedical Research Department, Diabetes and Obesity Research Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Douglas Nelson
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Lab, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA.,Kinesiology, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA.,Bioengineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Maurice M Garcia
- Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Transgender Surgery and Health Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Biff F Palmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Biomedical Research Department, Diabetes and Obesity Research Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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87
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Alsiraj Y, Thatcher SE, Charnigo R, Chen K, Blalock E, Daugherty A, Cassis LA. Female Mice With an XY Sex Chromosome Complement Develop Severe Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Circulation 2016; 135:379-391. [PMID: 27815372 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a deadly pathology with strong sexual dimorphism. Similar to humans, female mice exhibit far lower incidences of angiotensin II-induced AAAs than males. In addition to sex hormones, the X and Y sex chromosomes, and their unique complements of genes, may contribute to sexually dimorphic AAA pathology. Here, we defined the effect of female (XX) versus male (XY) sex chromosome complement on angiotensin II-induced AAA formation and rupture in phenotypically female mice. METHODS Female low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) deficient mice with an XX or XY sex chromosome complement were infused with angiotensin II for 28 days to induce AAAs. Abdominal aortic lumen diameters were quantified by ultrasound, whereas AAA diameters were quantified at study end point. DNA microarrays were performed on abdominal aortas. To mimic males, female mice were administered a single dose of testosterone as neonates or as adults before angiotensin II infusions. RESULTS Female Ldlr-/- deficient mice with an XX and XY sex chromosome complement had similar sex organ weights and low serum testosterone concentrations. Abdominal aortas from female XY mice selectively expressed Y chromosome genes, whereas genes known to escape X inactivation were higher in XX females. The majority of aortic gene differences in XY versus XX females fell within inflammatory pathways. AAA incidences doubled and aneurysms ruptured in XY females. AAAs from XY females exhibited inflammation, and plasma interleukin-1β concentrations were increased in XY females. Moreover, aortas from XY females had augmented matrix metalloproteinase activity and increased oxidative stress. Last, testosterone exposure applied chronically, or as a single bolus at postnatal day 1, markedly worsened AAA outcomes in XY in comparison with XX adult females. CONCLUSIONS An XY sex chromosome complement in phenotypic females profoundly influenced aortic gene expression profiles and promoted AAA severity. When XY females were exposed to testosterone, aneurysm rupture rates were striking. Mechanisms for augmented AAA severity in XY females include increased inflammation, augmented matrix metalloproteineases, and oxidative stress. Our results demonstrate that genes on the sex chromosomes regulate aortic vascular biology and contribute to sexual dimorphism of AAAs. Sex chromosome genes may serve as novel targets for sex-specific AAA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Alsiraj
- From Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (Y.A., S.E.T., K.C., E.B., L.A.C.), Department of Biostatistics (R.C.), Department of Physiology and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sean E Thatcher
- From Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (Y.A., S.E.T., K.C., E.B., L.A.C.), Department of Biostatistics (R.C.), Department of Physiology and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Richard Charnigo
- From Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (Y.A., S.E.T., K.C., E.B., L.A.C.), Department of Biostatistics (R.C.), Department of Physiology and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kuey Chen
- From Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (Y.A., S.E.T., K.C., E.B., L.A.C.), Department of Biostatistics (R.C.), Department of Physiology and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Eric Blalock
- From Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (Y.A., S.E.T., K.C., E.B., L.A.C.), Department of Biostatistics (R.C.), Department of Physiology and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (Y.A., S.E.T., K.C., E.B., L.A.C.), Department of Biostatistics (R.C.), Department of Physiology and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- From Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (Y.A., S.E.T., K.C., E.B., L.A.C.), Department of Biostatistics (R.C.), Department of Physiology and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
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88
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Preservation Analysis of Macrophage Gene Coexpression Between Human and Mouse Identifies PARK2 as a Genetically Controlled Master Regulator of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Humans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:3361-3371. [PMID: 27558669 PMCID: PMC5068955 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.033894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key players involved in numerous pathophysiological pathways and an in-depth characterization of their gene regulatory networks can help in better understanding how their dysfunction may impact on human diseases. We here conducted a cross-species network analysis of macrophage gene expression data between human and mouse to identify conserved networks across both species, and assessed whether such networks could reveal new disease-associated regulatory mechanisms. From a sample of 684 individuals processed for genome-wide macrophage gene expression profiling, we identified 27 groups of coexpressed genes (modules). Six modules were found preserved (P < 10−4) in macrophages from 86 mice of the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel. One of these modules was significantly [false discovery rate (FDR) = 8.9 × 10−11] enriched for genes belonging to the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. This pathway was also found significantly (FDR < 10−4) enriched in susceptibility genes for Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases. We further conducted an expression quantitative trait loci analysis to identify SNP that could regulate macrophage OXPHOS gene expression in humans. This analysis identified the PARK2 rs192804963 as a trans-acting variant influencing (minimal P-value = 4.3 × 10−8) the expression of most OXPHOS genes in humans. Further experimental work demonstrated that PARK2 knockdown expression was associated with increased OXPHOS gene expression in THP1 human macrophages. This work provided strong new evidence that PARK2 participates to the regulatory networks associated with oxidative phosphorylation and suggested that PARK2 genetic variations could act as a trans regulator of OXPHOS gene macrophage expression in humans.
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89
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de Haan HG, van Hylckama Vlieg A, van der Gaag KJ, de Knijff P, Rosendaal FR. Male-specific risk of first and recurrent venous thrombosis: a phylogenetic analysis of the Y chromosome. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1971-1977. [PMID: 27495181 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Men have an unexplained higher risk of a first and recurrent venous thrombosis (VT) than women. We studied the role of the major European Y chromosome haplogroups in first and recurrent VT. In contrast to a study on coronary artery disease, haplogroup I was not linked to VT risk. Haplogroup E-carriers may have an increased risk of recurrent VT, but a larger study is needed. SUMMARY Background The risk of venous thrombosis (VT) recurrence is higher in men than in women. When reproductive risk factors are excluded, this sex difference is also apparent for a first VT. The current explanations for this difference are insufficient. Objectives To study the association between chromosome Y haplogroups and the risks of a first and recurrent VT. Methods Y chromosomes of 3742 men (1729 patients; 2013 controls) from the MEGA case-control study were tracked into haplogroups according to the phylogenetic tree. We calculated the risk of a first VT by comparing the major haplogroups with the most frequent haplogroup. For recurrence risk, 1645 patients were followed for a mean of 5 years, during which 350 developed a recurrence (21%; MEGA follow-up study). We calculated recurrence rates for the major haplogroups, and compared groups by calculating hazard ratios. Results We observed 13 haplogroups, of which R1b was the most frequent (59%). The major haplogroups were not associated with a first VT, with odds ratios ranging from 1.01 to 1.15. Haplogroup E carriers had the highest recurrence rate (53.5 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 33.3-86.1), whereas haplogroup R1a carriers had the lowest recurrence rate (24.3 per 1000 person-years, 95% CI 12.6-46.6). As compared with haplogroup R1b carriers, both haplogroups were not significantly associated with recurrence risk. Conclusions In contrast to a study on coronary artery disease, our results do not show a clear predisposing effect of Y haplogroups on first and recurrent VT risk in men. It is therefore unlikely that Y variation can explain the sex difference in VT risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G de Haan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A van Hylckama Vlieg
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K J van der Gaag
- Forensic Laboratory for DNA Research, Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P de Knijff
- Forensic Laboratory for DNA Research, Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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90
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Lu C, Wen Y, Hu W, Lu F, Qin Y, Wang Y, Li S, Yang S, Lin Y, Wang C, Jin L, Shen H, Sha J, Wang X, Hu Z, Xia Y. Y chromosome haplogroups based genome-wide association study pinpoints revelation for interactions on non-obstructive azoospermia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33363. [PMID: 27628680 PMCID: PMC5024297 DOI: 10.1038/srep33363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Y chromosome has high genetic variability with low rates of parallel and back mutations, which make up the most informative haplotyping system. To examine whether Y chromosome haplogroups (Y-hgs) could modify the effects of autosomal variants on non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), based on our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS), we conducted a genetic interaction analysis in GWAS subjects. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a protective effect of Y-hg O3e* on NOA. Then, we explored the potential interaction between Y-hg O3e* and autosomal variants. Our results demonstrated that there was a suggestively significant interaction between Y-hg O3e* and rs11135484 on NOA (Pinter = 9.89 × 10−5). Bioinformatic analysis revealed that genes annotated by significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were mainly enriched in immunological pathways. This is the first study of interactions between Y-hgs and autosomal variants on a genome-wide scale, which addresses the missing heritability in spermatogenic impairment and sheds new light on the pathogenesis of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yang Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahao Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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91
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Johnson SA, Eleazer GP, Rondina MT. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 64:1869-78. [PMID: 27556937 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Older adults have a significantly greater risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, than younger adults. The cause of this greater risk is thought to be multifactorial, including age-related changes in hemostatic factors and greater comorbid conditions and hospitalizations, but is not completely understood. Moreover, VTE remains underrecognized in older adults and may present atypically. Thus, a low index of clinical suspicion is essential when evaluating older adults with possible VTE. Despite this underrecognition in older adults, the diagnostic approach remains similar for all age groups and includes estimation of pretest probability, measurement of the D-dimer, and imaging. Antithrombotic agents are the mainstay of VTE treatment and, when used appropriately, substantially reduce VTE recurrence and complications. The approval of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), including dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban, provide clinicians with new therapeutic options. In some individuals, NOACs may offer advantages over warfarin, including fewer drug interactions, more-predictable anticoagulation, and lower risk of bleeding. Nevertheless, anticoagulation of VTE in older adults should always be performed cautiously, because age is a risk factor for bleeding complications. Identifying modifiable bleeding risk factors and balancing the risks of VTE recurrence with hemorrhage are important considerations when using anticoagulants in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - G Paul Eleazer
- Department of Internal Medicine, George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- Department of Internal Medicine, George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah. .,Molecular Medicine Program, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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92
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Choi JS, Kim RO, Yoon S, Kim WK. Developmental Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles to Zebrafish (Danio rerio): A Transcriptomic Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160763. [PMID: 27504894 PMCID: PMC4978389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are being utilized in an increasing number of fields and commercial applications. While their general toxicity and associated oxidative stress have been extensively studied, the toxicological pathways that they induce in developmental stages are still largely unknown. In this study, the developmental toxicity of ZnO NPs to embryonic/larval zebrafish was investigated. The transcriptional expression profiles induced by ZnO NPs were also investigated to ascertain novel genomic responses related to their specific toxicity pathway. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L ZnO NPs for 96 h post-fertilization. The toxicity of ZnO NPs, based on their Zn concentration, was quite similar to that in embryonic/larval zebrafish exposed to corresponding ZnSO4 concentrations. Pericardial edema and yolk-sac edema were the principal malformations induced by ZnO NPs. Gene-expression profiling using microarrays demonstrated 689 genes that were differentially regulated (fold change >1.5) following exposure to ZnO NPs (498 upregulated, 191 downregulated). Several genes that were differentially regulated following ZnO NP exposure shared similar biological pathways with those observed with ZnSO4 exposure, but six genes (aicda, cyb5d1, edar, intl2, ogfrl2 and tnfsf13b) associated with inflammation and the immune system responded specifically to ZnO NPs (either in the opposite direction or were unchanged in ZnSO4 exposure). Real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed that the responses of these genes to ZnO NPs were significantly different from their response to ZnSO4 exposure. ZnO NPs may affect genes related to inflammation and the immune system, resulting in yolk-sac edema and pericardia edema in embryonic/larval developmental stages. These results will assist in elucidating the mechanisms of toxicity of ZnO NPs during development of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soo Choi
- Future Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 660-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Ok Kim
- System Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- System Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Kim
- System Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
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93
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Morselli E, Frank AP, Santos RS, Fátima LA, Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Sex and Gender: Critical Variables in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Medical Research. Cell Metab 2016; 24:203-9. [PMID: 27508869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this Essay, we discuss the critical need to incorporate sex and gender in pre-clinical and clinical research to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which metabolic processes differ by sex and gender. This knowledge will allow for development of personalized medicine which will optimize therapies specific for individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Morselli
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Aaron P Frank
- Department of Biomedical Research, Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Roberta S Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, e Centro de Pesquisa em Obesidade e Comorbidades, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luciana A Fátima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Biff F Palmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Department of Biomedical Research, Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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94
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Coronary Artery Disease: Why We should Consider the Y Chromosome. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:791-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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95
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Egeberg A, Bruun LE, Mallbris L, Gislason GH, Skov L, Wu JJ, Hansen PR. Family history predicts major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in young adults with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 75:340-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.02.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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96
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Sex bias in paediatric autoimmune disease – Not just about sex hormones? J Autoimmun 2016; 69:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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97
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Prokop JW, Tsaih SW, Faber AB, Boehme S, Underwood AC, Troyer S, Playl L, Milsted A, Turner ME, Ely D, Martins AS, Tutaj M, Lazar J, Dwinell MR, Jacob HJ. The phenotypic impact of the male-specific region of chromosome-Y in inbred mating: the role of genetic variants and gene duplications in multiple inbred rat strains. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:10. [PMID: 26848384 PMCID: PMC4740989 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgound The male-specific region of chromosome-Y (MSY) contributes to phenotypes outside of testis development and has a high rate of evolution between mammalian species. With a lack of genomic crossover, MSY is one of the few genomic areas under similar variation and evolutionary selection in inbred and outbred animal populations, allowing for an assessment of evolutionary mechanisms to translate between the populations. Methods Using next-generation sequencing, MSY consomic strains, molecular characterization, and large-scale phenotyping, we present here regions of MSY that contribute to inbred strain phenotypes. Results We have shown that (1) MSY of rat has nine autosomal gene transposition events with strain-specific selection; (2) sequence variants in MSY occur with a 1.98-fold higher number of variants than other chromosomes in seven sequenced rat strains; (3) Sry, the most studied MSY gene, has undergone extensive gene duplications, driving ubiquitous expression not seen in human or mouse; (4) the expression profile of Sry in the rat is driven by the insertion of the Sry2 copy into an intron of the ubiquitously expressed Kdm5d gene in antisense orientation, but due to several loss of function mutations in the Sry2 protein, nuclear localization and transcriptional control are decreased; (5) expression of Sry copies other than Sry2 in the rat overlaps with the expression profile for human SRY; (6) gene duplications and sequence variants (P76T) of Sry can be selected for phenotypes such as high blood pressure and androgen receptor signaling within inbred mating; and most importantly, (7) per chromosome size, MSY contributes to higher strain-specific phenotypic variation relative to all other chromosomes, with 53 phenotypes showing both a male to female and consomic cross significance. Conclusion The data presented supports a high probability of MSY genetic variation altering a broad range of inbred rat phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0064-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Prokop
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA ; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Allison B Faber
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Shannon Boehme
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Adam C Underwood
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720 USA
| | - Samuel Troyer
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Lauren Playl
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Amy Milsted
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Monte E Turner
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Daniel Ely
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Almir S Martins
- Núcleo de Fisiologia Geral e Genômica Funcional-ICB-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marek Tutaj
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Jozef Lazar
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA ; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Melinda R Dwinell
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Howard J Jacob
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA ; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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Olson CH, Dey S, Kumar V, Monsen KA, Westra BL. Clustering of elderly patient subgroups to identify medication-related readmission risks. Int J Med Inform 2015; 85:43-52. [PMID: 26526277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High Risk Medication Regimen (HRMR) scores are weakly predictive of hospital readmissions for elderly home health care patients. HRMR is composed of three elements related to drug risks: polypharmacy (number of medications); Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIM) known to be harmful to the elderly; and the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI) that weighs drugs by the complexity of their dosing and instructions. In this paper, we hypothesized that HRMR scores are more predictive for demographic subgroups of elderly patients. The study used Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) variables to identify subgroups of patients for whom the HRMR measures appeared more predictive for hospital readmissions. METHODS OASIS and medication data were reused from a study of 911 patients (355 males, 556 females; mean age 78.9) from 15 Medicare-certified home health care agencies that established the relationship between HRMR and hospital readmissions. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering using the Jaccard distance measure and average-link method identified patient subgroups based on the OASIS data. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses evaluated the predictive strength of the HRMR variables for each subgroup. Additional False Discovery Rate (FDR) analyses assessed whether the clustered relationships were chance. RESULTS Clustering of OASIS data for 911 patients identified six subgroups: patients with Good Functional Status (n=382); Females with Moderate to Severe Pain (n=354); patients with poor prognosis needing functional status assistance (n=419); patients with Poor Functional Status (n=287); Males with Adult Children as Caregiver (n=198); adults living alone with spouses as primary caregiver (n=127). ROC results relating these subgroups to HRMR risks were strongest for Males with Adult Children as Caregivers (AUC: polypharmacy, 0.73; PIM, 0.64; MRCI, 0.77). The findings for this subgroup also met the FDR analysis threshold (<=0.20). CONCLUSIONS A risk of medication-related readmissions in elderly men with adult children as caregivers is consistent with research showing problems in medication adherence when seniors are supported by informal caregivers. The results from clustering analysis present a hypothesis for research on HRMR and on the relationship between adult caregivers and their fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Olson
- Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, 330 Diehl Hall, 505 Essex Street SE Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Sanjoy Dey
- Research Assistant, Computer Science and Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department Head, Computer Science and Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Karen A Monsen
- School of Nursing University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Bonnie L Westra
- School of Nursing University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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Abstract
Mammals have the oldest sex chromosome system known: the mammalian X and Y chromosomes evolved from ordinary autosomes beginning at least 180 million years ago. Despite their shared ancestry, mammalian Y chromosomes display enormous variation among species in size, gene content, and structural complexity. Several unique features of the Y chromosome--its lack of a homologous partner for crossing over, its functional specialization for spermatogenesis, and its high degree of sequence amplification--contribute to this extreme variation. However, amid this evolutionary turmoil many commonalities have been revealed that have contributed to our understanding of the selective pressures driving the evolution and biology of the Y chromosome. Two biological themes have defined Y-chromosome research over the past six decades: testis determination and spermatogenesis. A third biological theme begins to emerge from recent insights into the Y chromosome's roles beyond the reproductive tract--a theme that promises to broaden the reach of Y-chromosome research by shedding light on fundamental sex differences in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Hughes
- Whitehead Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142;
| | - David C Page
- Whitehead Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142;
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Prokop JW, Deschepper CF. Chromosome Y genetic variants: impact in animal models and on human disease. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:525-37. [PMID: 26286457 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00074.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome Y (chrY) variation has been associated with many complex diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disorders. Functional roles of chrY genes outside of testes are suggested by the fact that they are broadly expressed in many other tissues and correspond to regulators of basic cellular functions (such as transcription, translation, and protein stability). However, the unique genetic properties of chrY (including the lack of meiotic crossover and the presence of numerous highly repetitive sequences) have made the identification of causal variants very difficult. Despite the prior lack of reliable sequences and/or data on genetic polymorphisms, earlier studies with animal chrY consomic strains have made it possible to narrow down the phenotypic contributions of chrY. Some of the evidence so far indicates that chrY gene variants associate with regulatory changes in the expression of other autosomal genes, in part via epigenetic effects. In humans, a limited number of studies have shown associations between chrY haplotypes and disease traits. However, recent sequencing efforts have made it possible to greatly increase the identification of genetic variants on chrY, which promises that future association of chrY with disease traits will be further refined. Continuing studies (both in humans and in animal models) will be critical to help explain the many sex-biased disease states in human that are contributed to not only by the classical sex steroid hormones, but also by chrY genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Prokop
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama; and
| | - C F Deschepper
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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