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Meskini M, Rezghi Rami M, Maroofi P, Ghosh S, Siadat SD, Sheikhpour M. An Overview on the Epidemiology and Immunology of COVID-19. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:1284-1298. [PMID: 34420903 PMCID: PMC8336978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and the 2019 novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Currently, there is no analyzed data to examine the outbreak of COVID-19 by continent and no determination of prevalence trends; this article reviews COVID-19 epidemiology and immunology. Original research, reviews, governmental databases, and treatment guidelines are analyzed to present the epidemiology and immunology of COVID-19. Reports from patients who were COVID-19 infected showed typical symptoms of neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and increased systemic inflammatory proteins of IL-6 and C reactive protein (CRP). These observations agree with the results of severe conditions of MERS or lethal cases of SARS, in which there is an increased presence of neutrophils and macrophages in the airways. Additionally, analyzed data showed that Europe (49.37%), the Americas (27.4%), and Eastern Mediterranean (10.07%) had the most cumulative total per 100,000 population confirmed cases, and Africa (6.9%), Western Pacific (3.46%), and South-East Asia (2.72%) had the lowest cumulative total per 100,000 population confirmed cases. In general, the trend lines showed that the number of confirmed cases (cumulative total) and deaths (cumulative total) would decrease eventually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Meskini
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mina Rezghi Rami
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P. O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parang Maroofi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojgan Sheikhpour
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Tripathy S, Verma DK, Thakur M, Patel AR, Srivastav PP, Singh S, Gupta AK, Chávez-González ML, Aguilar CN, Chakravorty N, Verma HK, Utama GL. Curcumin Extraction, Isolation, Quantification and Its Application in Functional Foods: A Review With a Focus on Immune Enhancement Activities and COVID-19. Front Nutr 2021; 8:747956. [PMID: 34621776 PMCID: PMC8490651 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.747956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An entirely unknown species of coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak occurred in December 2019. COVID-19 has already affected more than 180 million people causing ~3.91 million deaths globally till the end of June 2021. During this emergency, the food nutraceuticals can be a potential therapeutic candidate. Curcumin is the natural and safe bioactive compound of the turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) plant and is known to possess potent anti-microbial and immuno-modulatory properties. This review paper covers the various extraction and quantification techniques of curcumin and its usage to produce functional food. The potential of curcumin in boosting the immune system has also been explored. The review will help develop insight and new knowledge about curcumin's role as an immune-booster and therapeutic agent against COVID-19. The manuscript will also encourage and assist the scientists and researchers who have an association with drug development, pharmacology, functional foods, and nutraceuticals to develop curcumin-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soubhagya Tripathy
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Verma
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mamta Thakur
- Department of Food Technology, School of Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ami R. Patel
- Division of Dairy Microbiology, Mansinhbhai Institute of Dairy & Food Technology-MIDFT, Gujarat, India
| | - Prem Prakash Srivastav
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Smita Singh
- Department of Life Sciences (Food Technology), Graphic Era (Deemed to Be) University, Dehradun, India
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alok Kumar Gupta
- Division of Post-Harvest Management, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India), Lucknow, India
| | - Mónica L. Chávez-González
- Bioprocesses Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Cristobal Noe Aguilar
- Bioprocesses Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Nishant Chakravorty
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Department of Immunopathology, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lungs Biology and Disease, Munich, Germany
| | - Gemilang Lara Utama
- Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
- Center for Environment and Sustainability Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Feleke D, Chanie E, Tilaye B, Mesfin D, Birhane B, Bayih W, Tassew S, Asnakew S, Berlie T, Dires T, Dagnaw E, Tadesse T. Knowledge, attitude, and associated factors towards COVID-19 among nurses who work in South Gondar Zone, hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia 2020. A multi-central institution-based cross-sectional study. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 43:100914. [PMID: 34249366 PMCID: PMC8254644 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 is an emerging respiratory disease that is caused by a novel coronavirus and was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The world was affected by the Coronavirus Disease in 2019. In sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, there is no study conducted on the level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Associated Factors towards Coronavirus disease 2019 among Health care workers, specifically Nurses. This study aims to assess the level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Associated Factors towards Coronavirus disease 2019 among Nurses who work in South Gondar Zone, Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020. An Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 166 Nurses in South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, From 1 June to 30 June 2020. For selecting the study participants after proportional allocation of study subjects to each hospital, simple random sampling techniques were to be used. Data were entered into Epi info version 7.2.0.1, and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences window version 24 for analysis. Binary and multivariable logistic regression was used to see the association between dependent and independent variables. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was computed. P-value < 0.05 was used to declare association. Finally, the result is presented in the form of texts, tables, and graphs. Of 166 Nurses, 166 (100% response rate) responded to the online interview questionnaire. Of the participating 166 nurses, 57.2% were females and 42.8% were males; 41.6 % of the respondents were between the ages of 20 and 29 years. About 84.9 % had good knowledge and 63.3% favourable attitude of COVID-19. Wearing general medical masks can prevent one from acquiring infection by the COVID-19 virus. AOR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.005-0.362 were factors of knowledge about COVID-19, whereas, 'I strongly agree' Medical staff were ready to participate in anti-epidemic in the community, AOR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.003-1.76 were factors of attitude about COVID-19. Where factors of attitude about COVID-19. In this study, most of the nurses had good knowledge and a favourable attitude regarding of COVID-19. Wearing general medical masks that can prevent one from acquiring infection by the COVID-19 virus were factors in association with the knowledge of nurses on COVID-19. Similarly, Medical staff were ready to participate in anti-epidemic community factors associated with the attitudes of nurses on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.G. Feleke
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - E.S. Chanie
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - B.A. Tilaye
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - D. Mesfin
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - B.M. Birhane
- Department of Maternity and Neonatal Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - W.A. Bayih
- Department of Maternity and Neonatal Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - S.F. Tassew
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - S. Asnakew
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - T.A. Berlie
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - T. Dires
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - E. Dagnaw
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - T.Y. Tadesse
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, P.O.BOX 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Calvo Fernández E, Zhu LY. Racing to immunity: Journey to a COVID-19 vaccine and lessons for the future. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:3408-3424. [PMID: 33289156 PMCID: PMC7753785 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the novel coronavirus behind the COVID-19 pandemic. Since its emergence, the global scientific community has mobilized to study this virus, and an overwhelming effort to identify COVID-19 treatments is currently ongoing for a variety of therapeutics and prophylactics. To better understand these efforts, we compiled a list of all COVID-19 vaccines undergoing preclinical and clinical testing using the WHO and ClinicalTrials.gov database, with details surrounding trial design and location. The most advanced vaccines are discussed in more detail, with a focus on their technology, advantages and disadvantages, as well as any available recent clinical findings. We also cover some of the primary challenges, safety concerns and public responses to COVID-19 vaccine trials, and consider what this can mean for the future. By compiling this information, we aim to facilitate a more thorough understanding of the extensive COVID-19 clinical testing vaccine landscape as it unfolds, and better highlight some of the complexities and challenges being faced by the joint effort of the scientific community in finding a prophylactic against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Calvo Fernández
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Lucie Y. Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
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Yang S, Li Y, Dai L, Wang J, He P, Li C, Fang X, Wang C, Zhao X, Huang E, Wu C, Zhong Z, Wang F, Duan X, Tian S, Wu L, Liu Y, Luo Y, Chen Z, Li F, Li J, Yu X, Ren H, Liu L, Meng S, Yan J, Hu Z, Gao L, Gao GF. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant tandem-repeat dimeric RBD-based protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) against COVID-19 in adults: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:1107-1119. [PMID: 33773111 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.20.20248602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several COVID-19 vaccines have been developed so far, they will not be sufficient to meet the global demand. Development of a wider range of vaccines, with different mechanisms of action, could help control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 globally. We developed a protein subunit vaccine against COVID-19 using a dimeric form of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as the antigen. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine, ZF2001, and determine the appropriate dose and schedule for an efficacy study. METHODS We did two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and phase 2 trials. Phase 1 was done at two university hospitals in Chongqing and Beijing, China, and phase 2 was done at the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Xiangtan, China. Healthy adults aged 18-59 years, without a history of SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 infection, an RT-PCR-positive test result for SARS-CoV-2, a history of contact with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 cases, and severe allergies to any component of the vaccine were eligible for enrolment. In phase 1, participants were randomly assigned (2:2:1) to receive three doses of the vaccine (25 μg or 50 μg) or placebo intramuscularly, 30 days apart. In phase 2, participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1:1:1) to receive the vaccine (25 μg or 50 μg) or placebo intramuscularly, 30 days apart, in either a two-dose schedule or a three-dose schedule. Investigators, participants, and the laboratory team were masked to group allocation. For phase 1, the primary outcome was safety, measured by the occurrence of adverse events and serious adverse events. For phase 2, the primary outcome was safety and immunogenicity (the seroconversion rate and the magnitude, in geometric mean titres [GMTs], of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising antibodies). Analyses were done on an intention-to-treat and per-protocol basis. These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04445194 and NCT04466085) and participant follow-up is ongoing. FINDINGS Between June 22 and July 3, 2020, 50 participants were enrolled into the phase 1 trial and randomly assigned to receive three doses of placebo (n=10), the 25 μg vaccine (n=20), or the 50 μg vaccine (n=20). The mean age of participants was 32·6 (SD 9·4) years. Between July 12 and July 17, 2020, 900 participants were enrolled into the phase 2 trial and randomly assigned to receive two doses of placebo (n=150), 25 μg vaccine (n=150), or 50 μg vaccine (n=150), or three doses of placebo (n=150), 25 μg vaccine (n=150), or 50 μg vaccine (n=150). The mean age of participants was 43·5 (SD 9·2) years. In both phase 1 and phase 2, adverse events reported within 30 days after vaccination were mild or moderate (grade 1 or 2) in most cases (phase 1: six [60%] of ten participants in the placebo group, 14 [70%] of 20 in the 25 μg group, and 18 [90%] of 20 in the 50 μg group; phase 2: 37 [25%] of 150 in the two-dose placebo group, 43 [29%] of 150 in the two-dose 25 μg group, 50 [33%] of 150 in the two-dose 50 μg group, 47 [31%] of 150 in the three-dose placebo group, 72 [48%] of 150 in the three-dose 25 μg group, and 65 [43%] of 150 in the three-dose 50 μg group). In phase 1, two (10%) grade 3 or worse adverse events were reported in the 50 μg group. In phase 2, grade 3 or worse adverse events were reported by 18 participants (four [3%] in the two-dose 25 μg vaccine group, two [1%] in the two-dose 50 μg vaccine group, two [1%] in the three-dose placebo group, four [3%] in the three-dose 25 μg vaccine group, and six [4%] in the three-dose 50 μg vaccine group), and 11 were considered vaccine related (two [1%] in the two-dose 25 μg vaccine group, one [1%] in the two-dose 50 μg vaccine group, one [1%] in the three-dose placebo group, two [1%] in the three-dose 25 μg vaccine group, and five [3%] in the three-dose 50 μg vaccine group); seven participants reported serious adverse events (one [1%] in the two-dose 25 μg vaccine group, one [1%] in the two-dose 50 μg vaccine group, two [1%] in the three-dose placebo group, one [1%] in the three-dose 25 μg vaccine group, and two [1%] in the three-dose 50 μg vaccine group), but none was considered vaccine related. In phase 2, on the two-dose schedule, seroconversion rates of neutralising antibodies 14 days after the second dose were 76% (114 of 150 participants) in the 25 μg group and 72% (108 of 150) in the 50 μg group; on the three-dose schedule, seroconversion rates of neutralising antibodies 14 days after the third dose were 97% (143 of 148 participants) in the 25 μg group and 93% (138 of 148) in the 50 μg group. In the two-dose groups in phase 2, the SARS-CoV-2-neutralising GMTs 14 days after the second dose were 17·7 (95% CI 13·6-23·1) in the 25 μg group and 14·1 (10·8-18·3) in the 50 μg group. In the three-dose groups in phase 2, the SARS-CoV-2-neutralising GMTs 14 days after the third dose were 102·5 (95% CI 81·8-128·5) in the 25 μg group and 69·1 (53·0-90·0) in the 50 μg group. INTERPRETATION The protein subunit vaccine ZF2001 appears to be well tolerated and immunogenic. The safety and immunogenicity data from the phase 1 and 2 trials support the use of the 25 μg dose in a three-dose schedule in an ongoing phase 3 trial for large-scale evaluation of ZF2001's safety and efficacy. FUNDING National Program on Key Research Project of China, National Science and Technology Major Projects of Drug Discovery, Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical. TRANSLATION For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Yang
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Peng He
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chenfei Wang
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Enqi Huang
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China
| | - Changwei Wu
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China
| | - Zaixin Zhong
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei, China
| | - Fengze Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Chongqing Medleader Bio-Pharm, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangjun Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Xian Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shufang Meng
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyu Hu
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lidong Gao
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China.
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Chen Q, Leaman R, Allot A, Luo L, Wei CH, Yan S, Lu Z. Artificial Intelligence in Action: Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic with Natural Language Processing. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2021; 4:313-339. [PMID: 34465169 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-021821-061045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic has had a significant impact on society, both because of the serious health effects of COVID-19 and because of public health measures implemented to slow its spread. Many of these difficulties are fundamentally information needs; attempts to address these needs have caused an information overload for both researchers and the public. Natural language processing (NLP)-the branch of artificial intelligence that interprets human language-can be applied to address many of the information needs made urgent by the COVID-19 pandemic. This review surveys approximately 150 NLP studies and more than 50 systems and datasets addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. We detail work on four core NLP tasks: information retrieval, named entity recognition, literature-based discovery, and question answering. We also describe work that directly addresses aspects of the pandemic through four additional tasks: topic modeling, sentiment and emotion analysis, caseload forecasting, and misinformation detection. We conclude by discussing observable trends and remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Chen
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA;
| | - Robert Leaman
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA;
| | - Alexis Allot
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA;
| | - Ling Luo
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA;
| | - Chih-Hsuan Wei
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA;
| | - Shankai Yan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA;
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA;
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Dutheil F, Mondillon L, Navel V. PTSD as the second tsunami of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1773-1774. [PMID: 32326997 PMCID: PMC7198460 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720001336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the first cases, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) rapidly spread around the world, with hundred-thousand cases and thousands of deaths. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common consequence of major disasters. Exceptional epidemic situations also promoted PTSD in the past. Considering that humanity is undergoing the most severe pandemic since Spanish Influenza, the actual pandemic of COVID-19 is very likely to promote PTSD. Moreover, COVID-19 was renamed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2). With a poor understanding of viruses and spreading mechanisms, the evocation of SARS is generating a great anxiety contributing to promote PTSD. Quarantine of infected patients evolved to quarantine of 'infected' towns or popular districts, and then of entire countries. In the families of cases, the brutal death of family members involved a spread of fear and a loss of certainty, promoting PTSD. In the context of disaster medicine with a lack of human and technical resources, healthcare workers could also develop acute stress disorders, potentially degenerating into chronic PTSD. Globally, WHO estimates 30-50% of the population affected by a disaster suffered from diverse psychological distress. PTSD individuals are more at-risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and deaths by suicide - considering that healthcare workers are already at-risk occupations. We draw attention towards PTSD as a secondary effect of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, both for general population, patients, and healthcare workers. Healthcare policies need to take into account preventive strategy of PTSD, and the related risk of suicide, in forthcoming months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dutheil
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Witty Fit, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurie Mondillon
- Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valentin Navel
- Ophthalmology, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD, Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Molecular mechanism of interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells and interventional therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:233. [PMID: 34117216 PMCID: PMC8193598 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in an unprecedented setback for global economy and health. SARS-CoV-2 has an exceptionally high level of transmissibility and extremely broad tissue tropism. However, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for sustaining this degree of virulence remains largely unexplored. In this article, we review the current knowledge and crucial information about how SARS-CoV-2 attaches on the surface of host cells through a variety of receptors, such as ACE2, neuropilin-1, AXL, and antibody-FcγR complexes. We further explain how its spike (S) protein undergoes conformational transition from prefusion to postfusion with the help of proteases like furin, TMPRSS2, and cathepsins. We then review the ongoing experimental studies and clinical trials of antibodies, peptides, or small-molecule compounds with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and discuss how these antiviral therapies targeting host-pathogen interaction could potentially suppress viral attachment, reduce the exposure of fusion peptide to curtail membrane fusion and block the formation of six-helix bundle (6-HB) fusion core. Finally, the specter of rapidly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants deserves a serious review of broad-spectrum drugs or vaccines for long-term prevention and control of COVID-19 in the future.
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Wang L, Didelot X, Bi Y, Gao GF. Assessing the extent of community spread caused by mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 variants. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100128. [PMID: 34124706 PMCID: PMC8182980 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has recently been found to have spread from humans to minks and then to have transmitted back to humans. However, it is unknown to what extent the human-to-human transmission caused by the variant has reached. Here, we used publicly available SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences from both humans and minks collected in Denmark and the Netherlands, and combined phylogenetic analysis with Bayesian inference under an epidemiological model, to trace the possibility of person-to-person transmission. The results showed that at least 12.5% of all people being infected with dominated mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 variants in Denmark and the Netherlands were caused by human-to-human transmission, indicating that this “back-to-human” SARS-CoV-2 variant has already caused human-to-human transmission. Our study also indicated the need for monitoring this mink-derived and other animal source “back-to-human” SARS-CoV-2 in future and that prevention and control measures should be tailored to avoid large-scale community transmission caused by the virus jumping between animals and humans. SARS-CoV-2 transmission from human to mink is not lineage specific Mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 variants keep human-to-human transmission At least 12.5% of patients with mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 were caused by human-to-human transmission
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xavier Didelot
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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Cao W, Zhang C, Wang H, Wu Q, Yuan Y, Chen J, Geng S, Zhang X. Ischemic Stroke: An Underestimated Complication of COVID-19. Aging Dis 2021; 12:691-704. [PMID: 34094634 PMCID: PMC8139195 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly as a pandemic around the world. In addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome, more and more studies have focused on the complication of COVID-19, especially ischemic stroke. Here, we propose several pathophysiological processes and possible mechanisms underlying ischemic stroke after COVID-19 for early prevention and better treatment of COVID-19-related stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Cao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yujia Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shuo Geng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Olwill C, Mc Nally D, Douglas L. Psychiatrist experience of remote consultations by telephone in an outpatient psychiatric department during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ir J Psychol Med 2021; 38:132-139. [PMID: 32438945 PMCID: PMC7283108 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2020.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a shift globally from face-to-face consultations to remote consultations. In our department, remote consultations have taken in the form of telephone consultations. In this paper, we set out to study a group of Irish psychiatrists' experience of these consultations. METHODS We identified recurrent themes in the existing literature on doctors' experience of telephone consultations with a view to determining the applicability of these themes to a group of Irish psychiatrists. A questionnaire was developed based on themes in the literature. This was sent to all psychiatrists working in a busy psychiatric service in Dublin. RESULTS The questionnaire response rate was 72% (n = 26/35). Diagnostic challenges, the effect of phone consultation on the therapeutic alliance, challenges associated with the use of technology and ethical concerns were identified as issues. Flexibility in the working day and convenience were identified as possible benefits to telephone consultations. CONCLUSIONS The group that participated in this research study identified a number of challenges to carrying out successful phone consultations. This study highlights the need at our clinical site for interventions to address the issues identified by staff. The findings also highlight the requirement for larger studies with stronger methodologies to determine the generalisability of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Olwill
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Carew House, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D. Mc Nally
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Carew House, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L. Douglas
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Carew House, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Zhang P, Jiang J, Zhang K, Liu W, Tu P, Li J, Song Y, Zheng J, Tang L. Shotgun chemome characterization of Artemisia rupestris L. Using direct infusion-MS/MS ALL. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1176:122735. [PMID: 34020402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In comparison of liquid chromatography, direct infusion is a superior choice to achieve high-throughput measurements. The specificity and selectivity of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) actually result in a so-called MS separation potential when chemical characterization of herbal medicines. Here, a MS/MSALL program was introduced to promote DI-MS/MS to be an eligible tool for shotgun chemome characterization of Artemisia rupestris L. that is currently drawing worldwide interests because of the promising antiviral activity. After MS1 spectral acquisition for the crude extract, the gas phase fractionation concept enabled the precursor ion cohort sequentially entered the collision cell with a stepped unit mass window (step-size as 1 Da) to generate MS2 spectra, thus generating a unique property integrating the advantages of both data-dependent and data-independent acquisition manners. Even though being free of chromatographic separation, spectrometric separations were accomplished for by MS/MSALL program unless the components shared identical nominal molecular weights. Extensive efforts such as the correlations of MS1 signals with MS2 spectra, structural annotations of fragment ion species, information retrieval in some accessible databases, and referring to the literature data, were devoted for chemical characterization, and as a result, 44 compounds, in total, were structurally identified from 50% aqueous methanol exact of A. rupestris, including 8 caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives, 13 flavonoids, 15 monomeric and dimeric sesquiterpenoids, 4 fatty acids, 2 penylpropanoids, along with 2 other compounds. However, isomers were assigned as an isomeric mixture because their precursor ions always co-existed in a single mass window. Above all, DI-MS/MSALL provides an alternative tool for chemome characterization of herbal medicines, in particular when the great measurement workload for a large sample cohort, attributing to the high-throughput advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China) Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China) Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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Meng Q, Tian R, Long H, Wu X, Lai J, Zharkova O, Wang J, Chen X, Rao L. Capturing Cytokines with Advanced Materials: A Potential Strategy to Tackle COVID-19 Cytokine Storm. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100012. [PMID: 33837596 PMCID: PMC8250356 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused great impact on the global economy and people's daily life. In the clinic, most patients with COVID-19 show none or mild symptoms, while approximately 20% of them develop severe pneumonia, multiple organ failure, or septic shock due to infection-induced cytokine release syndrome (the so-called "cytokine storm"). Neutralizing antibodies targeting inflammatory cytokines may potentially curb immunopathology caused by COVID-19; however, the complexity of cytokine interactions and the multiplicity of cytokine targets make attenuating the cytokine storm challenging. Nonspecific in vivo biodistribution and dose-limiting side effects further limit the broad application of those free antibodies. Recent advances in biomaterials and nanotechnology have offered many promising opportunities for infectious and inflammatory diseases. Here, potential mechanisms of COVID-19 cytokine storm are first discussed, and relevant therapeutic strategies and ongoing clinical trials are then reviewed. Furthermore, recent research involving emerging biomaterials for improving antibody-based and broad-spectrum cytokine neutralization is summarized. It is anticipated that this work will provide insights on the development of novel therapeutics toward efficacious management of COVID-19 cytokine storm and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian‐Fang Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and EngineeringShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhen518132China
- School of Physics and TechnologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular DiagnosticsCenter for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
| | - Haiyi Long
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and EngineeringShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhen518132China
- Department of Medical UltrasoundThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Xianjia Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and EngineeringShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhen518132China
- School of Physics and TechnologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Jialin Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and EngineeringShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhen518132China
| | - Olga Zharkova
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research InstituteYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
| | - Jiong‐Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery and Cardiovascular Research InstituteYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic RadiologyChemical and Biomolecular Engineeringand Biomedical EngineeringYong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and EngineeringShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhen518132China
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Agrawal N, Goyal A. Potential Candidates against COVID-19 Targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:396-419. [PMID: 33882805 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210421102513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the extremely contagious nature of SARS-COV-2, it presents a significant threat to humans worldwide. A plethora of studies are going on all over the world to discover the drug to fight SARS-COV-2. One of the most promising targets is RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), responsible for viral RNA replication in host cells. Since RdRp is a viral enzyme with no host cell homologs, it allows the development of selective SARS-COV-2 RdRp inhibitors. A variety of studies used in silico approaches for virtual screening, molecular docking, and repurposing of already existing drugs and phytochemicals against SARS-COV-2 RdRp. This review focuses on collating compounds possessing the potential to inhibit SARS-COV-2 RdRp based on in silico studies to give medicinal chemists food for thought so that the existing drugs can be repurposed for the control and treatment of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic after performing in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406 (U.P.), India
| | - Ahsas Goyal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406 (U.P.), India
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Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant tandem-repeat dimeric RBD-based protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) against COVID-19 in adults: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:1107-1119. [PMID: 33773111 PMCID: PMC7990482 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Although several COVID-19 vaccines have been developed so far, they will not be sufficient to meet the global demand. Development of a wider range of vaccines, with different mechanisms of action, could help control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 globally. We developed a protein subunit vaccine against COVID-19 using a dimeric form of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as the antigen. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine, ZF2001, and determine the appropriate dose and schedule for an efficacy study. Methods We did two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and phase 2 trials. Phase 1 was done at two university hospitals in Chongqing and Beijing, China, and phase 2 was done at the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Xiangtan, China. Healthy adults aged 18–59 years, without a history of SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 infection, an RT-PCR-positive test result for SARS-CoV-2, a history of contact with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 cases, and severe allergies to any component of the vaccine were eligible for enrolment. In phase 1, participants were randomly assigned (2:2:1) to receive three doses of the vaccine (25 μg or 50 μg) or placebo intramuscularly, 30 days apart. In phase 2, participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1:1:1) to receive the vaccine (25 μg or 50 μg) or placebo intramuscularly, 30 days apart, in either a two-dose schedule or a three-dose schedule. Investigators, participants, and the laboratory team were masked to group allocation. For phase 1, the primary outcome was safety, measured by the occurrence of adverse events and serious adverse events. For phase 2, the primary outcome was safety and immunogenicity (the seroconversion rate and the magnitude, in geometric mean titres [GMTs], of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising antibodies). Analyses were done on an intention-to-treat and per-protocol basis. These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04445194 and NCT04466085) and participant follow-up is ongoing. Findings Between June 22 and July 3, 2020, 50 participants were enrolled into the phase 1 trial and randomly assigned to receive three doses of placebo (n=10), the 25 μg vaccine (n=20), or the 50 μg vaccine (n=20). The mean age of participants was 32·6 (SD 9·4) years. Between July 12 and July 17, 2020, 900 participants were enrolled into the phase 2 trial and randomly assigned to receive two doses of placebo (n=150), 25 μg vaccine (n=150), or 50 μg vaccine (n=150), or three doses of placebo (n=150), 25 μg vaccine (n=150), or 50 μg vaccine (n=150). The mean age of participants was 43·5 (SD 9·2) years. In both phase 1 and phase 2, adverse events reported within 30 days after vaccination were mild or moderate (grade 1 or 2) in most cases (phase 1: six [60%] of ten participants in the placebo group, 14 [70%] of 20 in the 25 μg group, and 18 [90%] of 20 in the 50 μg group; phase 2: 37 [25%] of 150 in the two-dose placebo group, 43 [29%] of 150 in the two-dose 25 μg group, 50 [33%] of 150 in the two-dose 50 μg group, 47 [31%] of 150 in the three-dose placebo group, 72 [48%] of 150 in the three-dose 25 μg group, and 65 [43%] of 150 in the three-dose 50 μg group). In phase 1, two (10%) grade 3 or worse adverse events were reported in the 50 μg group. In phase 2, grade 3 or worse adverse events were reported by 18 participants (four [3%] in the two-dose 25 μg vaccine group, two [1%] in the two-dose 50 μg vaccine group, two [1%] in the three-dose placebo group, four [3%] in the three-dose 25 μg vaccine group, and six [4%] in the three-dose 50 μg vaccine group), and 11 were considered vaccine related (two [1%] in the two-dose 25 μg vaccine group, one [1%] in the two-dose 50 μg vaccine group, one [1%] in the three-dose placebo group, two [1%] in the three-dose 25 μg vaccine group, and five [3%] in the three-dose 50 μg vaccine group); seven participants reported serious adverse events (one [1%] in the two-dose 25 μg vaccine group, one [1%] in the two-dose 50 μg vaccine group, two [1%] in the three-dose placebo group, one [1%] in the three-dose 25 μg vaccine group, and two [1%] in the three-dose 50 μg vaccine group), but none was considered vaccine related. In phase 2, on the two-dose schedule, seroconversion rates of neutralising antibodies 14 days after the second dose were 76% (114 of 150 participants) in the 25 μg group and 72% (108 of 150) in the 50 μg group; on the three-dose schedule, seroconversion rates of neutralising antibodies 14 days after the third dose were 97% (143 of 148 participants) in the 25 μg group and 93% (138 of 148) in the 50 μg group. In the two-dose groups in phase 2, the SARS-CoV-2-neutralising GMTs 14 days after the second dose were 17·7 (95% CI 13·6–23·1) in the 25 μg group and 14·1 (10·8–18·3) in the 50 μg group. In the three-dose groups in phase 2, the SARS-CoV-2-neutralising GMTs 14 days after the third dose were 102·5 (95% CI 81·8–128·5) in the 25 μg group and 69·1 (53·0–90·0) in the 50 μg group. Interpretation The protein subunit vaccine ZF2001 appears to be well tolerated and immunogenic. The safety and immunogenicity data from the phase 1 and 2 trials support the use of the 25 μg dose in a three-dose schedule in an ongoing phase 3 trial for large-scale evaluation of ZF2001's safety and efficacy. Funding National Program on Key Research Project of China, National Science and Technology Major Projects of Drug Discovery, Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical. Translation For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Yan FF, Gao F. Comparison of the binding characteristics of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 RBDs to ACE2 at different temperatures by MD simulations. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:1122-1136. [PMID: 33611368 PMCID: PMC7929385 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature plays a significant role in the survival and transmission of SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and SARS-CoV-2. To reveal the binding differences of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domains (RBDs) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) at different temperatures at atomic level, 20 molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 RBD-ACE2 complexes at five selected temperatures, i.e. 200, 250, 273, 300 and 350 K. The analyses on structural flexibility and conformational distribution indicated that the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD was more stable than that of the SARS-CoV RBD at all investigated temperatures. Then, molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area and solvated interaction energy approaches were combined to estimate the differences in binding affinity of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 RBDs to ACE2; it is found that the binding ability of ACE2 to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD was stronger than that to the SARS-CoV RBD at five temperatures, and the main reason for promoting such binding differences is electrostatic and polar interactions between RBDs and ACE2. Finally, the hotspot residues facilitating the binding of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 RBDs to ACE2, the key differential residues contributing to the difference in binding and the interaction mechanism of differential residues that exist at all investigated temperatures were analyzed and compared in depth. The current work would provide a molecular basis for better understanding of the high infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 and offer better theoretical guidance for the design of inhibitors targeting infectious diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Yan
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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Zhou H, Wang X, Xu Q, Wang X, Ma Y, Shi Y, Wu Z, Zhu P, Zhao J, Xu R, Lin C, Xiao N. An Investigation of a Confirmed Imported Case of COVID-19 Infected Abroad - Qingpu District, Shanghai Municipality, China, November 15, 2020. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:207-210. [PMID: 34594850 PMCID: PMC8392976 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY What is already known about this topic? A passenger who was from the United States was taken to the hotel for the required isolation on November 13, 2020. During the quarantine she was diagnosed as the COVID-19 patient on November 15, 2020. Controlling the importation of COVID-19 remains a major challenge. What is added by this report? In this study, an epidemiological investigation was conducted for a confirmed case of COVID-19, including the treatment records in the hospital and 14-day travel trajectory before the onset of disease. What are the implications for public health practice? This study described an epidemiological investigation and management process on an imported case of COVID-19 and analyzed the test results, aiming to provide useful warnings to strengthen the capacity of public health system in response to the importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrang Zhou
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiufang Xu
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Yadong Ma
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiru Shi
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouli Wu
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Peifeng Zhu
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjiang Zhao
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruifang Xu
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Changpo Lin
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Temiz MZ, Dincer MM, Hacibey I, Yazar RO, Celik C, Kucuk SH, Alkurt G, Doganay L, Yuruk E, Muslumanoglu AY. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in semen samples and the effects of COVID-19 on male sexual health by using semen analysis and serum male hormone profile: A cross-sectional, pilot study. Andrologia 2021; 53:e13912. [PMID: 33244788 PMCID: PMC7744846 DOI: 10.1111/and.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study investigated whether there is a male reproductive system coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) phenomenon. Thirty participants who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study between April and May 2020. The participants were assigned in one of the three groups including COVID-19 patients before and after treatment, and controls. Presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within the semen samples was investigated. Additionally, participant's demographics, semen parameters and serum sex hormone levels were compared between the groups. SARS-CoV-2 was not detected within the semen samples. Sperm morphology and serum sex hormone levels were significantly different between the groups. In the post hoc analysis, sperm morphology was significantly lower in the COVID-19 patients. Patients before treatment had significantly lower serum FSH, LH and T levels than controls. However, patients after treatment had similar serum FSH, LH and T levels with controls and patients before treatment. In our opinion, COVID-19 and its treatment had no specific deteriorative effect on male sexual health at a short-time period. In the patients before treatment, decreased serum of T, FSH and LH levels was consistent with acute patient stress due to COVID-19. Similarly, it seems that decreased sperm morphology was associated with the acute fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Zafer Temiz
- Department of UrologyBagcilar Training and Research HospitalBagcilar/IstanbulTurkey
| | | | - Ibrahim Hacibey
- Department of UrologyBagcilar Training and Research HospitalBagcilar/IstanbulTurkey
| | - Ramazan Omer Yazar
- Department of UrologyBagcilar Training and Research HospitalBagcilar/IstanbulTurkey
| | - Cengiz Celik
- Department of UrologyBagcilar Training and Research HospitalBagcilar/IstanbulTurkey
| | - Suat Hayri Kucuk
- Department of BiochemistryBagcilar Training and Research HospitalBagcilar/IstanbulTurkey
| | - Gizem Alkurt
- Genomic Laboratory (GLAB)Umraniye Training and Research HospitalElmalikentTurkey
| | - Levent Doganay
- Genomic Laboratory (GLAB)Umraniye Training and Research HospitalElmalikentTurkey
| | - Emrah Yuruk
- Department of UrologyBHT Clinic Istanbul Tema HospitalKücükcekmece/IstanbulTurkey
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69
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Bhat EA, Khan J, Sajjad N, Ali A, Aldakeel FM, Mateen A, Alqahtani MS, Syed R. SARS-CoV-2: Insight in genome structure, pathogenesis and viral receptor binding analysis - An updated review. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107493. [PMID: 33721758 PMCID: PMC7904465 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a global pandemic outbreak is an emerging new virus accountable for respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, originated in Wuhan city, Hubei province China, urgently calls to adopt prevention and intervention strategies. Several viral epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 to 2003 and H1N1 influenza in 2009 were reported since last two decades. Moreover, the Saudi Arabia was the epicenter for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012. The CoVs are large family with single-stranded RNA viruses (+ssRNA). Genome sequence of 2019-nCoV, shows relatively different homology from other coronavirus subtypes, categorized in betacoronavirus and possibly found from strain of bats. The COVID-19 composed of exposed densely glycosylated spike protein (S) determines virus binding and infiltrate into host cells as well as initiate protective host immune response. Recently published reviews on the emerging SARS-CoV-2 have mainly focused on its structure, development of the outbreak, relevant precautions and management trials. Currently, there is an urgency of pharmacological intervention to combat this deadly infectious disease. Elucidation of molecular mechanism of COVID-19 becomes necessary. Based on the current literature and understanding, the aim of this review is to provide current genome structure, etiology, clinical prognosis as well as to explore the viral receptor binding together functional insight of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) with treatment and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijaz Ahmed Bhat
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nasreena Sajjad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ahmad Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Fahad M Aldakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Mateen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabbani Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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70
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Djukic T, Mladenovic M, Stanic-Vucinic D, Radosavljevic J, Smiljanic K, Sabljic L, Devic M, Cujic D, Vasovic T, Simovic A, Radomirovic M, Cirkovic Velickovic T. Expression, purification and immunological characterization of recombinant nucleocapsid protein fragment from SARS-CoV-2. Virology 2021; 557:15-22. [PMID: 33582454 PMCID: PMC7871913 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Serological testing is important method for diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most abundant virus derived protein and strong immunogen. We aimed to find its efficient, low-cost production. SARS-CoV-2 recombinant fragment of nucleocapsid protein (rfNP; 58-419 aa) was expressed in E. coli in soluble form, purified and characterized biochemically and immunologically. Purified rfNP has secondary structure of full-length recombinant N protein, with high percentage of disordered structure (34.2%) and of β-sheet (40.7%). rfNP was tested in immunoblot using sera of COVID-19 convalescent patients. ELISA was optimized with sera of RT-PCR confirmed positive symptomatic patients and healthy individuals. IgG detection sensitivity was 96% (47/50) and specificity 97% (67/68), while IgM detection was slightly lower (94% and 96.5%, respectively). Cost-effective approach for soluble recombinant N protein fragment production was developed, with reliable IgG and IgM antibodies detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Djukic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Mladenovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Stanic-Vucinic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Radosavljevic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Smiljanic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Sabljic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Devic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Cujic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Vasovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Simovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Radomirovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea; Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent, Belgium; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia.
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71
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Zhou Y, Liu Z, Li S, Xu W, Zhang Q, Silva IT, Li C, Wu Y, Jiang Q, Liu Z, Wang Q, Guo Y, Wu J, Gu C, Cai X, Qu D, Mayer CT, Wang X, Jiang S, Ying T, Yuan Z, Xie Y, Wen Y, Lu L, Wang Q. Enhancement versus neutralization by SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from a convalescent donor associates with distinct epitopes on the RBD. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108699. [PMID: 33485405 PMCID: PMC7802522 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several potent neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus have been identified. However, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) has not been comprehensively studied for SARS-CoV-2, and the relationship between enhancing versus neutralizing activities and antibody epitopes remains unknown. Here, we select a convalescent individual with potent IgG neutralizing activity and characterize his antibody response. Monoclonal antibodies isolated from memory B cells target four groups of five non-overlapping receptor-binding domain (RBD) epitopes. Antibodies to one group of these RBD epitopes mediate ADE of entry in Raji cells via an Fcγ receptor-dependent mechanism. In contrast, antibodies targeting two other distinct epitope groups neutralize SARS-CoV-2 without ADE, while antibodies against the fourth epitope group are poorly neutralizing. One antibody, XG014, potently cross-neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as SARS-CoV-1, with respective IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values as low as 5.1 and 23.7 ng/mL, while not exhibiting ADE. Therefore, neutralization and ADE of human SARS-CoV-2 antibodies correlate with non-overlapping RBD epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Israel T Silva
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Cheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingling Jiang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhenmi Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiujing Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chengjian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Di Qu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Christian T Mayer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yumei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Sun H, Su X, Huang L, Mu D, Qu Y. Research Progress on the Cardiac Injury from ACE2 Targeting in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biomolecules 2021; 11:196. [PMID: 33573324 PMCID: PMC7911115 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic due to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is now a global concern, posing a severe threat to the health of populations. At present, all countries in the world are stepping up the development of vaccines and antiviral agents to prevent the infection and further transmission of SARS-CoV-2. An in-depth investigation of the target organs and pathogenesis regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection will be beneficial for virus therapy. Besides pulmonary injury, SARS-CoV-2 also causes cardiac injury, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. This review summarizes the essential structural characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), describes the cardiac manifestations following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and explores the mechanisms of cardiac injury targeting ACE2 after the viral invasion. We aim to help the timely detection of related symptoms and implementation of therapeutic measures by clinicians for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Lingyi Huang
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
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73
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Lim AYH, Goh JL, Chua MCW, Heng BH, Abisheganaden JA, George PP. Temporal changes of haematological and radiological findings of the COVID-19 infection-a review of literature. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:37. [PMID: 33482780 PMCID: PMC7820529 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a systemic viral infection which mainly targets the human respiratory system with many secondary clinical manifestations especially affecting the hematopoietic system and haemostasis. Few studies have highlighted the prognostic value of blood findings such as lymphopenia, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, LDH, CRP, cardiac troponin, low-density lipoproteins and chest radiographic abnormality. A study of progressions of blood and radiological results may help to identify patients at high risk of severe outcomes. This systematic review aimed to assess the temporal progression of blood and radiology findings of patients with COVID-19. METHODS Comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted on Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases to identify articles published for peripheral blood investigation and radiological results of COVID-19 patients. RESULTS A total of 27 studies were included in this review. The common laboratory features reported include lymphopenia, elevated levels of C-reactive proteins and lactate dehydrogenase. For radiological signs, ground-glass opacifications, consolidations, and crazy paving patterns were frequently reported. There is a correlation between lymphocyte count, neutrophil count and biomarkers such as C-reactive proteins and lactate dehydrogenase; at a later phase of the disease (more than 7 days since onset of symptoms), lymphopenia worsens while neutrophil count, C-reactive protein levels and lactate dehydrogenase levels increase. Frequencies of ground-glass opacifications and ground-glass opacifications with consolidations decrease at a later phase of the disease while that of consolidation and crazy paving pattern rises as the disease progresses. More extensive lung involvement was also seen more frequently in the later phases. CONCLUSION The correlation between temporal progression and the reported blood and radiological results may be helpful to monitor and evaluate disease progression and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Yick Hou Lim
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jun Leng Goh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mae Chui Wei Chua
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bee Hoon Heng
- Health Services and Outcomes Research, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Arputham Abisheganaden
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pradeep Paul George
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Health Services and Outcomes Research, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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74
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Sun H, Li Y, Liu P, Qiao C, Wang X, Wu L, Liu K, Hu Y, Su C, Tan S, Zou S, Wu G, Yan J, Gao GF, Qi J, Wang Q. Structural basis of HCoV-19 fusion core and an effective inhibition peptide against virus entry. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1238-1241. [PMID: 32482145 PMCID: PMC7448930 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1770631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengpeng Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information, Anhui University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kefang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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do Vale B, Lopes AP, Fontes MDC, Silvestre M, Cardoso L, Coelho AC. Bats, pangolins, minks and other animals - villains or victims of SARS-CoV-2? Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:1-19. [PMID: 33464439 PMCID: PMC7813668 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has become unstoppable, spreading rapidly worldwide and, consequently, reaching a pandemic level. This review aims to provide the information available so far on the likely animal origin of SARS-CoV-2 and its possible hosts/reservoirs as well as all natural animal infections and experimental evidence using animal models. Horseshoe bats from the species Rhinolophus affinis seem to be a natural reservoir and pangolins (Manis javanica) appear to be an intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2. Humans remain the most likely spreading source of SARS-CoV-2 to other humans and also to domestic, zoo and farm animals. Indeed, human-to-animal transmission has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, lions, a puma and minks. Animal-to-human transmission is not a sustained pathway, although mink-to-human transmission remains to be elucidated. Through experimental infections, other animals seem also to be susceptible hosts for SARS-CoV-2, namely ferrets, some non-human primate species, hamsters and transgenic mice, while dogs, pigs and poultry are resistant. A One Health perspective must be implemented in order to develop epidemiological surveillance and establish disease control mechanisms to limit zoonotic transmission. Moreover, research in this field is important to better understand SARS-CoV-2 and to obtain the long-awaited vaccine and specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz do Vale
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria da Conceição Fontes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Silvestre
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, ECAV, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
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76
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Egieyeh S, Egieyeh E, Malan S, Christofells A, Fielding B. Computational drug repurposing strategy predicted peptide-based drugs that can potentially inhibit the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with its target (humanACE2). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245258. [PMID: 33417604 PMCID: PMC7793299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing for COVID-19 has several potential benefits including shorter development time, reduced costs and regulatory support for faster time to market for treatment that can alleviate the current pandemic. The current study used molecular docking, molecular dynamics and protein-protein interaction simulations to predict drugs from the Drug Bank that can bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacting surface on the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. The study predicted a number of peptide-based drugs, including Sar9 Met (O2)11-Substance P and BV2, that might bind sufficiently to the hACE2 receptor to modulate the protein-protein interaction required for infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Such drugs could be validated in vitro or in vivo as potential inhibitors of the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) in the airway. Exploration of the proposed and current pharmacological indications of the peptide drugs predicted as potential inhibitors of the interaction between the spike protein and hACE2 receptor revealed that some of the predicted peptide drugs have been investigated for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), viral infection, inflammation and angioedema, and to stimulate the immune system, and potentiate antiviral agents against influenza virus. Furthermore, these predicted drug hits may be used as a basis to design new peptide or peptidomimetic drugs with better affinity and specificity for the hACE2 receptor that may prevent interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and hACE2 that is prerequisite to the infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Egieyeh
- Computational Pharmacology and Cheminformatics Research Group, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Elizabeth Egieyeh
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarel Malan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alan Christofells
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Burtram Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Patel A, Rajendran M, Shah A, Patel H, Pakala SB, Karyala P. Virtual screening of curcumin and its analogs against the spike surface glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5138-5146. [PMID: 33397223 PMCID: PMC7784829 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1868338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, a new pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, was first identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China. The novel corona virus SARS-CoV-2 and the 2002 SARS-CoV have 74% identity and use similar mechanisms to gain entry into the cell. Both the viruses enter the host cell by binding of the viral spike glycoprotein to the host receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Targeting entry of the virus has a better advantage than inhibiting the later stages of the viral life cycle. The crystal structure of the SARS-CoV (6CRV: full length S protein) and SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins (6M0J: Receptor binding domain, RBD) was used to determine potential small molecule inhibitors. Curcumin, a naturally occurring phytochemical in Curcuma longa, is known to have broad pharmacological properties. In the present study, curcumin and its derivatives were docked, using Autodock 4.2, onto the 6CRV and 6M0J to study their capability to act as inhibitors of the spike protein and thereby, viral entry. The curcumin and its derivatives displayed binding energies, ΔG, ranging from −10.98 to −5.12 kcal/mol (6CRV) and −10.01 to −5.33 kcal/mol (6M0J). The least binding energy was seen in bis-demethoxycurcumin with: ΔG = −10.98 kcal/mol (6CRV) and −10.01 kcal/mol (6M0J). A good binding energy, drug likeness and efficient pharmacokinetic parameters suggest the potential of curcumin and few of its derivatives as SARS-CoV-2 spike protein inhibitors. However, further research is necessary to investigate the ability of these compounds as viral entry inhibitors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Malathi Rajendran
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Academy Degree College - Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashish Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Harnisha Patel
- Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Suresh B Pakala
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Mangalam, Karakambadi Road, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Prashanthi Karyala
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Academy Degree College - Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Ladiwala ZFR, Dhillon RA, Zahid I, Irfan O, Khan MS, Awan S, Khan JA. Knowledge, attitude and perception of Pakistanis towards COVID-19; a large cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:21. [PMID: 33402145 PMCID: PMC7783502 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has created havoc globally as countries worldwide struggle to combat this pandemic. Since prevention and social isolation are known to be the only ways to prevent the spread of COVID-19, this has created challenges among the lower-middle income countries (LMIC) including Pakistan, as it battles between an under-resourced healthcare, an economic shutdown, and widespread myths and misconceptions. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and perceptions regarding COVID-19 as public understanding is vital to help facilitate the control of this outbreak. METHODS A pre-validated online questionnaire was distributed among the general population of Pakistan from 1st to 12th June 2020. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS v25. Adequate knowledge was assigned as a score of > 4 (range: 0-8) and good perception as a score of > 3 (range: 0-5). Chi-square test was used to determine the significance of difference in knowledge and perception of COVID-19 with socio-demographic characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was run to identify factors associated with adequate knowledge and perception. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS A total of 1200 respondents participated in this study with a wide range of age groups and education. Majority of the respondents had adequate knowledge (93.3%) with a mean score of 6.59 ± 1.35, and good perception (85.6%) with a mean score of 4.29 ± 0.82. Significant differences in knowledge and perception were observed among genders, age groups, education and between students and employees in the healthcare and non-healthcare department. A multivariate analysis revealed a higher educational status and female gender to be significant predictors of adequate knowledge and perception. CONCLUSIONS Albeit the surge of COVID-19 cases in Pakistan, the participants demonstrated an overall adequate knowledge and good perception towards COVID-19. There is a need to follow the preventive protocols and dissemination of correct information through conducting educational interventions that target safe health practices and provide appropriate information on this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubaid Azhar Dhillon
- Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Zahid
- Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Omar Irfan
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
- Alumni, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | | | - Safia Awan
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Javaid Ahmad Khan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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79
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COVID-19–affected medical image analysis using DenserNet. DATA SCIENCE FOR COVID-19 2021. [PMCID: PMC8137508 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824536-1.00021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The COrona VIrus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak has been announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in mid-February 2020. With the current pandemic situation, the testing and detection of this disease are becoming a challenge in many regions across the globe because of the insufficiency of the suitable testing infrastructure. The shortage of kits to test COVID-19 has led to another crisis owing to worldwide supply-demand mismatch, and thereby, widen up a new research area that deals with the detection of COVID-19 without the test kit. In this paper, we investigate medical images, mostly chest X-ray images and thorax computed tomography (CT) scans to identify the attack of COVID-19. In countries, where the number of medical experts is lesser than the expected as recommended by WHO, this computer-aided system can be useful as it requires minimal human intervention. Consequently, this technology reduces the chances of contagious infection. This study may further help in the early detection of people with some similar symptoms of coronavirus. Early detection and intervention can play a pivotal role in coronavirus treatment. The primary goal of our work is to detect COVID-19–affected cases. However, this work can be extended to detect pneumonia because of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and bacteria-like Streptococcus. In this paper, we employ publicly available medical images obtained from various demographics, and propose a rapid cost-effective test leveraging a deep learning-based framework. Here, we propose a new architecture based on a densely connected convolutional neural network to analyze the COVID-19–affected medical images. We name our proposed architecture as DenserNet, which is an improvisation of DenseNet. Our proposed Denser Net architecture achieved 96.18% and 87.19% accuracies on two publicly available databases containing chest X-ray images and thorax CT scans, respectively, for the task of separating COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 images, which is quite encouraging.
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80
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Saleem M, Bakar A, Durrani AK, Manzoor Z. Impact of Perceived Severity of COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2) on Mental Health of University Students of Pakistan: The Mediating Role of Muslim Religiosity. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:560059. [PMID: 34408670 PMCID: PMC8365036 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.560059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Perceived severity of COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2) is known to be associated with mental health of people in general and health professionals in particular in Western societies. However, its association with the mental health of students in Pakistan, which is predominantly a Muslim society, remains unclear so far. Moreover, the role of Muslim religiosity for such an association has not yet been investigated. We aimed to examine the association and report findings on the impact of perceived severity on mental health with a sample of students from all five provinces of Pakistan. Methods: We did a cross-sectional online survey from 1,525 Pakistani students in March 2020 using standardized measurement tools. We then determined the prevalence of perceived severity among students and its impact on their mental health. The strength of associations between these variables was estimated using generalized linear models, with appropriate distribution and link functions. Structural equation modeling through SmartPLS (3.0) software was utilized to analyze the results. Findings: The perceived severity of COVID-19 is significantly associated with mental health of Pakistani students, whereas Muslim religiosity is a strong mediator between perceived severity and mental health of Pakistani students. Conclusions: Though the perceived severity of COVID-19 is associated with mental health, this relationship can be better explained by the role of Muslim religiosity. When tested individually, the perceived severity accounted for only 18% variance in mental health that increased up to 57% by the mediating role of Muslim religiosity. This difference clearly indicates the mediating role of Muslim religiosity in the association between perceived severity and mental health for Pakistani students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Abou Bakar
- Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Areeha Khan Durrani
- Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Manzoor
- Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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81
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Singh SP, Pritam M, Pandey B, Yadav TP. Microstructure, pathophysiology, and potential therapeutics of COVID-19: A comprehensive review. J Med Virol 2021; 93:275-299. [PMID: 32617987 PMCID: PMC7361355 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There have been over seven million cases and almost 413 372 deaths globally due to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) associated disease COVID-19, as of 11 June 2020. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that there is a common source for these infections. The overall sequence similarities between the spike protein of 2019-nCoV and that of SARS-CoV are known to be around 76% to 78% and 73% to 76% for the whole protein and receptor-binding domain (RBD), respectively. Thus, they have the potential to serve as the drug and/or vaccine candidate. However, the individual response against 2019-nCoV differs due to genetic variations in the human population. Understanding the variations in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) that may affect the severity of 2019-nCoV infection could help in identifying individuals at a higher risk from the COVID-19. A number of potential drugs/vaccines as well as antibody/cytokine-based therapeutics are in various developmental stages of preclinical/clinical trials against SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV with substantial cross-reactivity, and may be used against COVID-19. For diagnosis, the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard test for initial diagnosis of COVID-19. A kit based on serological tests are also recommended for investigating the spread of COVID-19 but this is challenging due to the antibodies cross-reactivity. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent reports available regarding the host-pathogen interaction, morphological and genomic structure of the virus, and the diagnostic techniques as well as the available potential therapeutics against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manisha Pritam
- Amity Institute of BiotechnologyAmity University Uttar PradeshLucknowIndia
| | - Brijesh Pandey
- Department of BiotechnologyMahatma Gandhi Central UniversityMotihariIndia
| | - Thakur Prasad Yadav
- Department of Physics, Institute of ScienceBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
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82
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Giordani RCF, Zanoni da Silva M, Muhl C, Giolo SR. Fear of COVID-19 scale: Assessing fear of the coronavirus pandemic in Brazil. J Health Psychol 2020; 27:901-912. [PMID: 33327789 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320982035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the fear of COVID-19 in the Brazilian population, validate the FCV-19S and examine the association of its scores with sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables. A total of 7430 participants were recruited in an online survey. From the factor analysis results, FCV-19S proved to be suitable, indicating a higher level of fear for women and also for those aged 18-29 years. Besides, belonging to a high-risk group and having relatives diagnosed or deceased by COVID-19 showed a positive association with fear. These findings pointed out the most vulnerable groups, which can assist in planning mental health actions.
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83
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Germani A, Buratta L, Delvecchio E, Gizzi G, Mazzeschi C. Anxiety Severity, Perceived Risk of COVID-19 and Individual Functioning in Emerging Adults Facing the Pandemic. Front Psychol 2020; 11:567505. [PMID: 33364996 PMCID: PMC7750437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is showing a strong impact on people in terms of uncertainty and instability it has caused in different areas of daily life. Uncertainty and instability are also emotions that characterize emerging adulthood (EA). They generate worries about the present and the future and are a source of anxiety that impacts negatively on personal and interpersonal functioning. Anxiety seems a central effect of the pandemic and recent studies have suggested that it is linked to COVID-19 risk perception. In the present study, a sample of 1045 Italian emerging adults was collected: (1) to assess anxiety severity and perceived risk related to COVID-19 and their association and (2) to compare general health and protective factors such as attitudes about security, relationships, self-esteem, and self-efficacy across anxiety severity and perceived risk categories. The findings of this study highlighted that anxiety severity categories were distributed homogeneously across the sample and that half of the participants referred to moderate-severe anxiety. A series of analysis of variances and post hoc comparisons showed that general health and all protective factors decreased according to anxiety severity. They were higher in participants with high perceived risk, with the exception of self-efficacy. Given the challenging features of the pandemic and EA, it is crucial to monitor anxiety severity in order to prevent last longing effects on mental and physical health, as well as keeping emerging adults informed about the risks related to the pandemic. Intervention and supportive programs based on improving self-esteem and self-efficacy, as well as confidence in relationships, should be offered to emerging adults over the long term, beyond the current outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisa Delvecchio
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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84
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Wang L, Bi Y, Gao GF. Epidemiological Model Suggests D614G Spike Protein Mutation Accelerates Transmission of COVID-19 - Worldwide, 2020. China CDC Wkly 2020; 2:946-947. [PMID: 34594806 PMCID: PMC8393158 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2020.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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85
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Zidi I. Puzzling out the COVID-19: Therapy targeting HLA-G and HLA-E. Hum Immunol 2020; 81:697-701. [PMID: 33046268 PMCID: PMC7539797 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV2 might conduce to rapid respiratory complications challenging healthcare systems worldwide. Immunological mechanisms associated to SARS-CoV2 infection are complex and not yet clearly elucidated. Arguments are in favour of a well host-adapted virus. Here I draw a systemic immunological representation linking actual SARS-CoV2 infection literature that hopefully might guide healthcare decisions to treat COVID-19. I suggest HLA-G and HLA-E, non classical HLA class I molecules, in the core of COVID-19 complications. These molecules are powerful in immune tolerance and might inhibit/suppress immune cells functions during SARS-CoV2 infection promoting virus subversion. Dosing soluble forms of these molecules in COVID-19 patients' plasma might help the identification of critical cases. I recommend also developing new SARS-CoV2 therapies based on the use of HLA-G and HLA-E or their specific receptors antibodies in combination with FDA approved therapeutics to combat efficiently COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Zidi
- Laboratory Microorganismes and Active Biomolecules, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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86
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Wang S, Trilling M, Sutter K, Dittmer U, Lu M, Zheng X, Yang D, Liu J. A Crowned Killer's Résumé: Genome, Structure, Receptors, and Origin of SARS-CoV-2. Virol Sin 2020; 35:673-684. [PMID: 33068260 PMCID: PMC7568009 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and rapid global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pose an unprecedented medical and socioeconomic crisis, and the disease caused by it, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Chinese scientists and physicians rapidly identified the causative pathogen, which turned out to be a novel betacoronavirus with high sequence similarities to bat and pangolin coronaviruses. The scientific community has ignited tremendous efforts to unravel the biological underpinning of SARS-CoV-2, which constitutes the foundation for therapy and vaccine development strategies. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the genome, structure, receptor, and origin of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichuan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Liu X, Feng J, Zhang Q, Guo D, Zhang L, Suo T, Hu W, Guo M, Wang X, Huang Z, Xiong Y, Chen G, Chen Y, Lan K. Analytical comparisons of SARS-COV-2 detection by qRT-PCR and ddPCR with multiple primer/probe sets. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1175-1179. [PMID: 32448084 PMCID: PMC7448863 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1772679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Different primers/probes sets have been developed all over the world for the nucleic acid detection of SARS-CoV-2 by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) as a standard method. In our recent study, we explored the feasibility of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for clinical SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection compared with qRT-PCR using the same primer/probe sets issued by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) targeting viral ORF1ab or N gene, which showed that ddPCR could largely minimize the false negatives reports resulted by qRT-PCR [Suo T, Liu X, Feng J, et al. ddPCR: a more sensitive and accurate tool for SARS-CoV-2 detection in low viral load specimens. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020;2020.02.29.20029439. Available from: https://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/03/06/2020.02.29.20029439.abstract]. Here, we further stringently compared the performance of qRT-PCR and ddPCR for 8 primer/probe sets with the same clinical samples and conditions. Results showed that none of 8 primer/probe sets used in qRT-PCR could significantly distinguish true negatives and positives with low viral load (10-4 dilution). Moreover, false positive reports of qRT-PCR with UCDC-N1, N2 and CCDC-N primers/probes sets were observed. In contrast, ddPCR showed significantly better performance in general for low viral load samples compared to qRT-PCR. Remarkably, the background readouts of ddPCR are relatively lower, which could efficiently reduce the production of false positive reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangpeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjia Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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88
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Tadesse DB, Gebremeskel GG, Asefa GG, Abay M, Demoz GT. The burden, admission, and outcome of COVID-19 in Africa: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1372-1378. [PMID: 32538295 PMCID: PMC7473325 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1775499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the outbreak of coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared as pandemic and public health emergency that infected more than 5 million people worldwide at the time of writing this protocol. Strong evidence for the burden, admission, and outcome of COVID-19 has not been published in Africa. Therefore, this protocol will be served as a guideline to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, admission, and outcome of COVID-19 in Africa. Methods: Published and unpublished studies on the burden, admission, and outcome of COVID-19 in Africa and written in any language will be included. Databases (PubMed / MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Google, EMBASE, Web of Science, Microsoft Academic, WHO COVID-19 database, Cochran Library, Africa Wide Knowledge, and Africa Index Medicus) from December 2019 to May 2020 will be searched. Two independent reviewers will select, screen, extract data, and assess the risk of bias. The proportion will be measured using a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis will be conducted to manage hetrogeinity. The presence of publication bias will be assessed using Egger's test and visual inspection of the funnel plots. This systematic and meta-analysis review protocol will be reported per the PRISMA-P guidelines. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol will be expected to quantify the burden, admission, and outcome of COVID-19 in Africa. Systematic review registration: This protocol was submitted for registration with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) in March 2020 and accepted with the registration number: CRD42020179321(https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Degena Bahrey Tadesse
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Mebrahtu Abay
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
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89
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Liu Z, Xu W, Xia S, Gu C, Wang X, Wang Q, Zhou J, Wu Y, Cai X, Qu D, Ying T, Xie Y, Lu L, Yuan Z, Jiang S. RBD-Fc-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate induces highly potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody response. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:282. [PMID: 33247109 PMCID: PMC7691975 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed serious threats to global health and economy, thus calling for the development of safe and effective vaccines. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for its binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. It contains multiple dominant neutralizing epitopes and serves as an important antigen for the development of COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we showed that immunization of mice with a candidate subunit vaccine consisting of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and Fc fragment of human IgG, as an immunopotentiator, elicited high titer of RBD-specific antibodies with robust neutralizing activity against both pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV-2 infections. The mouse antisera could also effectively neutralize infection by pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 with several natural mutations in RBD and the IgG extracted from the mouse antisera could also show neutralization against pseudotyped SARS-CoV and SARS-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV). Vaccination of human ACE2 transgenic mice with RBD-Fc could effectively protect mice from the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Fc has good potential to be further developed as an effective and broad-spectrum vaccine to prevent infection of the current SARS-CoV-2 and its mutants, as well as future emerging SARSr-CoVs and re-emerging SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chenjian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Di Qu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and BSL-3 facility, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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90
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Farooq S, Ngaini Z. Natural and Synthetic Drugs as Potential Treatment for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-2019). CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2020. [PMCID: PMC7682129 DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic in a short period, where a tragically large number of human lives being lost. It is an infectious pandemic that recently infected more than two hundred countries in the world. Many potential treatments have been introduced, which are considered potent antiviral drugs and commonly reported as herbal or traditional and medicinal treatments. A variety of bioactive metabolites extracts from natural herbal have been reported for coronaviruses with some effective results. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved numerous drugs to be introduced against COVID-19, which commercially available as antiviral drugs and vaccines. In this study, a comprehensive review is discussed on the potential antiviral remedies based on natural and synthetic drugs. This review highlighted the potential remedies of COVID-19 which successfully applied to patients with high cytopathic inhibition potency for cell-to-cell spread and replication of coronavirus.
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91
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Appraisal of One Health approach amid COVID-19 and zoonotic pandemics: insights for policy decision. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 53:11. [PMID: 33206246 PMCID: PMC7672166 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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92
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Hu Z, Yang Z, Li Q, Zhang A. The COVID-19 Infodemic: Infodemiology Study Analyzing Stigmatizing Search Terms. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e22639. [PMID: 33156807 PMCID: PMC7674145 DOI: 10.2196/22639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of the COVID-19 infodemic, the global profusion of monikers and hashtags for COVID-19 have found their way into daily communication and contributed to a backlash against China and the Chinese people. OBJECTIVE This study examines public engagement in crisis communication about COVID-19 during the early epidemic stage and the practical strategy of social mobilization to mitigate the infodemic. METHODS We retrieved the unbiased values of the top-ranked search phrases between December 30, 2019, and July 15, 2020, which normalized the anonymized, categorized, and aggregated samples from Google Search data. This study illustrates the most-searched terms, including the official COVID-19 terms, the stigmatized terms, and other controls, to measure the collective behavioral propensities to stigmatized terms and to explore the global reaction to the COVID-19 epidemic in the real world. We calculated the ratio of the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases to the regional population as the cumulative rate (R) of a specific country or territory and calculated the Gini coefficient (G) to measure the collective heterogeneity of crowd behavior. RESULTS People around the world are using stigmatizing terms on Google Search, and these terms were used earlier than the official names. Many stigmatized monikers against China (eg, "Wuhan pneumonia," G=0.73; "Wuhan coronavirus," G=0.60; "China pneumonia," G=0.59; "China coronavirus," G=0.52; "Chinese coronavirus," G=0.50) had high collective heterogeneity of crowd behavior between December 30, 2019, and July 15, 2020, while the official terms "COVID-19" (G=0.44) and "SARS-CoV-2" (G=0.42) have not become de facto standard usages. Moreover, the pattern of high consistent usage was observed in 13 territories with low cumulative rates (R) between January 16 and July 15, 2020, out of 58 countries and territories that have reported confirmed cases of COVID-19. In the scientific literature, multifarious naming practices may have provoked unintended negative impacts by stigmatizing Chinese people. The World Health Organization; the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; and the media initiated campaigns for fighting back against the COVID-19 infodemic with the same mission but in diverse voices. CONCLUSIONS Infodemiological analysis can articulate the collective propensities to stigmatized monikers across search behaviors, which may reflect the collective sentiment of backlash against China and Chinese people in the real world. The full-fledged official terms are expected to fight back against the resilience of negative perceptual bias amid the COVID-19 epidemic. Such official naming efforts against the infodemic should be met with a fair share of identification in scientific conventions and sociocultural paradigms. As an integral component of preparedness, appropriate nomenclatures should be duly assigned to the newly identified coronavirus, and social mobilization in a uniform voice is a priority for combating the next infodemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Hu
- School of Computer and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongliang Yang
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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93
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Rao L, Xia S, Xu W, Tian R, Yu G, Gu C, Pan P, Meng QF, Cai X, Qu D, Lu L, Xie Y, Jiang S, Chen X. Decoy nanoparticles protect against COVID-19 by concurrently adsorbing viruses and inflammatory cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27141-27147. [PMID: 33024017 PMCID: PMC7959535 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014352117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has highlighted the urgent need to rapidly develop therapeutic strategies for such emerging viruses without effective vaccines or drugs. Here, we report a decoy nanoparticle against COVID-19 through a powerful two-step neutralization approach: virus neutralization in the first step followed by cytokine neutralization in the second step. The nanodecoy, made by fusing cellular membrane nanovesicles derived from human monocytes and genetically engineered cells stably expressing angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptors, possesses an antigenic exterior the same as source cells. By competing with host cells for virus binding, these nanodecoys effectively protect host cells from the infection of pseudoviruses and authentic SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, relying on abundant cytokine receptors on the surface, the nanodecoys efficiently bind and neutralize inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and significantly suppress immune disorder and lung injury in an acute pneumonia mouse model. Our work presents a simple, safe, and robust antiviral nanotechnology for ongoing COVID-19 and future potential epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Rao
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shuai Xia
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Guocan Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chenjian Gu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Qian-Fang Meng
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Di Qu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China;
| | - Youhua Xie
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China;
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China;
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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94
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Li N, Wang P, Wang X, Geng C, Chen J, Gong Y. Molecular diagnosis of COVID-19: Current situation and trend in China (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:13. [PMID: 32934678 PMCID: PMC7471877 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2) and has become a global public health emergency. Rapid and accurate molecular diagnostic technologies are crucial for the screening, isolation, treatment, prevention and control of COVID-19. Currently, nucleic acid detection-based techniques and rapid diagnostic tests that detect antigens or antibodies specific to 2019-nCoV infections are the primary diagnostic tools. China National Medical Products Administration has opened a special channel for approval of new pharmaceuticals owing to urgent clinical needs, with 18 nucleic acid detection kits, 11 protein detection kits and 1 sequencing-related equipment and supporting software having been approved until April 23, 2020. The current review summarizes the application situation, advantages, disadvantages and associated technology improvement trends of molecular diagnostics for COVID-19 in China, identifies knowledge gaps and indicates future priorities for research in this field. The most effective way to prevent and control COVID-19 is early detection, diagnosis, isolation and treatment. In the clinical application of molecular diagnosis technology, it is necessary to combine pathogenic microbiology, immunology and other associated detection technologies, advocate the combination of multiple technologies, determine how they complement each other, enhance practicability and improve the ability of rapid and accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Pengtao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Chenhao Geng
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Jiale Chen
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Gong
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
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95
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Tadesse D, Gebrewahd G, Demoz G. Knowledge, attitude, practice and psychological response toward COVID-19 among nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak in northern Ethiopia, 2020. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 38:100787. [PMID: 33072339 PMCID: PMC7556253 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is not only a deadly disease outbreak but also affects the mental status of the population, including nurses. Nurses play a vital role in dealing with individuals with COVID-19. Nurses' infection control measures are affected by their knowledge, attitude, practice and psychological responses towards COVID-19. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, practice and psychological response among nurses toward the COVID-19 outbreak in northern Ethiopia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was employed. The data were collected from March to April 2020. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The data were entered into Epi-data manager version 4.2 and exported to SPSS v.23 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was reported to describe the demographic, mean knowledge, attitude practice and psychological response score of nurses. A total of 415 nurses participated in this study, resulting in a 100% response rate. Of the participants, 241 (58.1%) were female. Of the 415 nurses, 307 (74%), 278 (67%), 299 (72%) and 354 (85.3%) had good knowledge, good infection prevention practice, a favourable attitude and disturbed psychological response towards COVID-19, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.B. Tadesse
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - G.T. Gebrewahd
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - G.T. Demoz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
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96
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Negi M, Chawla PA, Faruk A, Chawla V. Role of heterocyclic compounds in SARS and SARS CoV-2 pandemic. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104315. [PMID: 33007742 PMCID: PMC7513919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have led to severe emergencies in the world since the outbreak of SARS CoV in 2002, followed by MERS CoV in 2012. SARS CoV-2, the novel pandemic caused by coronaviruses that began in December 2019 in China has led to a total of 24,066,076 confirmed cases and a death toll of 823,572 as reported by World Health Organisation on 26 August 2020, spreading to 213 countries and territories. However, there are still no vaccines or medications available till date against SARS coronaviruses which is an urgent requirement to control the current pandemic like situations. Since many decades, heterocyclic scaffolds have been explored exhaustively for their anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral and many more treatment capabilities. Therefore, through this review, we have tried to emphasize on the anticipated role of heterocyclic scaffolds in the design and discovery of the much-awaited anti-SARS CoV-2 therapy, by exploring the research articles depicting different heterocyclic moieties as targeting SARS, MERS and SARS CoV-2 coronaviruses. The heterocyclic motifs mentioned in the review can serve as crucial resources for the development of SARS coronaviruses treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pooja A. Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India,Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Abdul Faruk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Viney Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
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97
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Divya M, Vijayakumar S, Chen J, Vaseeharan B, Durán-Lara EF. South Indian medicinal plants can combat deadly viruses along with COVID-19? - A review. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104277. [PMID: 32473390 PMCID: PMC7253980 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a causative agent of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which is considered as a fatal disease for public health apprehension worldwide. This pathogenic virus can present everywhere. As it is a virus it can extend easily and cause severe illness to humans. Hence, an efficient international attentiveness of plan is necessary to cure and prevent. In this review, epidemic outbreak, clinical findings, prevention recommendations of COVID-19 and suggestive medicinal value of south Indian plant sources have been discussed. Though the varieties of improved approaches have been taken in scientific and medicinal concern, we have to pay attention to the medicinal value of the plant-based sources to prevent these types of pandemic diseases. This is one of the suggestive and effective ways to control the spreading of viruses. In the future, it is required to provide medicinal plant-based clinical products (Masks, sanitizers, soap, etc.,) with better techniques by clinicians to contend the scarcity and expose towards the nature-based medicine rather than chemical drugs. This may be a benchmark for the economical clinical trials of specific plant material to treat the viral diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Divya
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sekar Vijayakumar
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India; Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, PR China.
| | - Jingdi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, PR China.
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6th Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Esteban F Durán-Lara
- Bio & NanoMaterials Lab| Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Maule, Chile; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Maule, Chile.
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98
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Aberhe W, Mariye T, Hailay A, Zereabruk K, Mebrahtom G, Gebremedhn G, Haile T, Guesh T. The burden and outcomes of COVID-19 among patients with co-morbid disease in Africa: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 39:100802. [PMID: 33437493 PMCID: PMC7786108 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is now a global public health concern and has had an enormous adverse impact in both developed and developing countries. In Africa, in August 2020, the total number of confirmed cases was 1 022 401 cases, with 704 704 recovered and 22 501 deaths. People with co-morbidities are at increased risk of complications and COVID-19-related death. Evidence on the burden and outcome among patients with co-morbid diseases has not been published in Africa, so this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to quantify these. Observational studies reporting on the burden and outcome of COVD-19 among patients with co-morbid diseases in Africa will be included and a search of online databases PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, HINARI, Cochrane Library, World Health Organization COVID-19 database, Africa Wide Knowledge and Web of Science will be applied. Two independent authors will carry out data extraction and assess the risk of bias using a predetermined and structured method of data collection. Disagreements will be resolved by discussion after mutual consensus with a third reviewer who is an experienced researcher (AH) in meta-analysis studies. We will use random-effects to estimate the overall burden and outcome of COVID-19 among patients with co-morbid diseases in Africa. To assess possible publication bias, funnel plot test and Egger's test methods will be used. This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol will be reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis protocol guidelines. Results will be stratified by the African geographic region, diagnostic methods and co-morbidity. COVID-19 distribution data will be shown by interest variables such as residence/geographic region, diagnostic methods, type of co-morbidity and outcomes of co-morbidity. The findings of this review will notify health-care professionals about the burden and outcome of COVID-19 among patients with co-morbid diseases while providing evidence to bring about the requisite improvements in clinical practice for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Aberhe
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - T Mariye
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - A Hailay
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - K Zereabruk
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - G Mebrahtom
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - G Gebremedhn
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - T Haile
- Department of Maternity and Neonatal Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - T Guesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
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99
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Bedford T, Greninger AL, Roychoudhury P, Starita LM, Famulare M, Huang ML, Nalla A, Pepper G, Reinhardt A, Xie H, Shrestha L, Nguyen TN, Adler A, Brandstetter E, Cho S, Giroux D, Han PD, Fay K, Frazar CD, Ilcisin M, Lacombe K, Lee J, Kiavand A, Richardson M, Sibley TR, Truong M, Wolf CR, Nickerson DA, Rieder MJ, Englund JA, Hadfield J, Hodcroft EB, Huddleston J, Moncla LH, Müller NF, Neher RA, Deng X, Gu W, Federman S, Chiu C, Duchin JS, Gautom R, Melly G, Hiatt B, Dykema P, Lindquist S, Queen K, Tao Y, Uehara A, Tong S, MacCannell D, Armstrong GL, Baird GS, Chu HY, Shendure J, Jerome KR. Cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Washington state. Science 2020; 370:571-575. [PMID: 32913002 PMCID: PMC7810035 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late November or early December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus rapidly spread globally. Genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 allows the reconstruction of its transmission history, although this is contingent on sampling. We analyzed 453 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected between 20 February and 15 March 2020 from infected patients in Washington state in the United States. We find that most SARS-CoV-2 infections sampled during this time derive from a single introduction in late January or early February 2020, which subsequently spread locally before active community surveillance was implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lea M Starita
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Meei-Li Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arun Nalla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory Pepper
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam Reinhardt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lasata Shrestha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Truong N Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda Adler
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Brandstetter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shari Cho
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danielle Giroux
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter D Han
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kairsten Fay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris D Frazar
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Misja Ilcisin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kirsten Lacombe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jover Lee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anahita Kiavand
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Richardson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas R Sibley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melissa Truong
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caitlin R Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark J Rieder
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James Hadfield
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emma B Hodcroft
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Huddleston
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Louise H Moncla
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicola F Müller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard A Neher
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xianding Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scot Federman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Duchin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health - Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Romesh Gautom
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Geoff Melly
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Brian Hiatt
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Philip Dykema
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | | | - Krista Queen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ying Tao
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna Uehara
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Duncan MacCannell
- Office of Advanced Molecular Detection, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory L Armstrong
- Office of Advanced Molecular Detection, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Baird
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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100
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Yuan H, Cao X, Ji X, Du F, He J, Zhou X, Xie Y, Zhu Y. An Updated Understanding of the Current Emerging Respiratory Infection: COVID-19. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6870512. [PMID: 33134384 PMCID: PMC7591962 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6870512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the COVID-19 pandemic has been declared as a priority disease. Some patients with COVID-19 had symptoms of multiple organ failure and death. The published articles on COVID-19 infection were reviewed. The origin of SARS-CoV-2 is still not completely established. Person-to-person transmission via droplets, probable aerosols, or close contact is considered as the main mode of transmission. With increased mortality due to SARS-CoV-2, valuable clinical indicators or treatments should be further identified and summarized. CT scanning plays an important role in the diagnosis and evaluation of COVID-19 in asymptomatic patients or those with initially negative RT-PCR results. No specific antiviral therapy is recommended, except the main supportive treatments, and effective measures should be taken into consideration to protect important organs and prevent the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei 230011, China
| | - Xiaoguang Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei 230011, China
| | - Xiaoqi Ji
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei 230011, China
| | - Fangbing Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei 230011, China
| | - Jiawei He
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei 230011, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei 230011, China
| | - Yanghu Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei 230011, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
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