1
|
Hao T, Feng K, Jin H, Li J, Zhou C, Liu X, Zhao W, Yu F, Li T. Acceptor-Reactivity-Controlled Stereoconvergent Synthesis and Immunological Activity of a Unique Pentasaccharide from the Cell Wall Polysaccharide of Cutibacterium acnes C7. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405297. [PMID: 38651620 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial cell-surface polysaccharides are involved in various biological processes and have attracted widespread attention as potential targets for developing carbohydrate-based drugs. However, the accessibility of structurally well-defined polysaccharide or related active oligosaccharide domains remains challenging. Herein, we describe an efficiently stereocontrolled approach for the first total synthesis of a unique pentasaccharide repeating unit containing four difficult-to-construct 1,2-cis-glycosidic linkages from the cell wall polysaccharide of Cutibacterium acnes C7. The features of our approach include: 1) acceptor-reactivity-controlled glycosylation to stereoselectively construct two challenging rare 1,2-cis-ManA2,3(NAc)2 (β-2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxymannuronic acid) linkages, 2) combination use of 6-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (6-O-TBDPS)-mediated steric shielding effect and ether solvent effect to stereoselectively install a 1,2-cis-glucosidic linkage, 3) bulky 4,6-di-O-tert-butylsilylene (DTBS)-directed glycosylation to stereospecifically construct a 1,2-cis-galactosidic linkage, 4) stereoconvergent [2+2+1] and one-pot chemoselective glycosylation to rapidly assemble the target pentasaccharide. Immunological activity tests suggest that the pentasaccharide can induce the production of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Hao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, 201203, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Ke Feng
- Nankai University, College of Pharmacy, 300350, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Hongzhen Jin
- University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, 266113, Qingdao, CHINA
| | - Jiawei Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, 201203, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Chenkai Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, 201203, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Xingbang Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, 201203, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Nankai University, College of Pharmacy, 300350, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Fan Yu
- University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, 266113, Qingdao, CHINA
| | - Tiehai Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, 201203, Shanghai, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo Z, Wang L, Haq SU, Wang L, Guo W, Luo Y, Ijaz N. In-vitro evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of sulphation-modified total ginsenosides derivative-3. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1068315. [PMID: 36761888 PMCID: PMC9907730 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1068315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng has been used in biomedicine to prevent and treat decreased physical and mental capacities. Total ginsenosides (TG) from ginseng root which have antitumor and immune-enhancing properties, are the principal active components of Panax ginseng, while the sulphation-modified TG derivative-3 (SMTG-d3) was expected to enhance the anticancer activity in conventional medicinal treatments. Methods The chlorosulphonic acid-pyridine technique, used for the sulfation modification of TG to improve their biological activity, and the infrared spectroscopic characteristics of TG and SMTG-d3 were investigated, and the effects of SMTG-d3 on immunocytes and cytokines relevant to tumor treatment were assessed. The MTT assay was used to assess the effect of TG and SMTG-d3 on the cytotoxicity and T-lymphocytic proliferation against mouse splenocytes. The LDH method was employed to evaluate NK activity induced by TG or SMTG-d3. The production levels of splenocytes-secreted IL-2 and IFN-γ and peritoneal macrophages-secreted TNF-α were determined using mouse ELISA kits. Results and discussion It showed that the ideal conditions for the sulfation modification of TG: the volume ratio of chlorosulfonic acid to pyridine lower than 1:2.5; controlled amount of chlorosulfonic acid; and a yield of 51.5% SMTG-d3 (2 h, < 45°C). SMTG-d3 showed two characteristic absorption peaks at 1,230 cm-1 and 810 cm-1, indicating the formation of sulfuric acid esters and the presence of sulfuric acid groups. SMTG-d3 exhibited higher antitumor immunological activity than TG by promoting the proliferation of T lymphocytes and the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, thus enhancing NK cell activity, and reducing cytotoxicity. The findings imply sulfated modification represents an effective method of enhancing the immunomodulatory activities of TG and could be used as the basis for developing new drug target compounds; SMTG-d3 can serve as an antitumor immunomodulator and can be considered an effective and prospective herbal formulation in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Guo
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,*Correspondence: Ling Wang ✉
| | - Shahbaz Ul Haq
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for the Development and Utilization of Southwest Characteristic Medicine Biological Resources, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenzhu Guo
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongjiang Luo
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Nabeel Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adjir K, Sekkal-Rahal M, Springborg M. DFT evaluation of structural, electronic and variation properties for complex carbohydrates with biological interest. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35838154 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2099975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic bicyclic bis(hemiacetals) compounds 1,5-pyranose-9,7-pyranoses, with a structural analogy to the bicyclic monosaccharide Bradyrhizose, have been described here based on a theoretical approach, using DFT calculations with the B3LYP functional combined with the 6-311 + G(d,p) basis set. First, we have performed a geometrical and electronic properties description of (1 R,9S), (1S,9S) and (1S,9R)-1,5-pyranose-9,7-pyranoses. Results analysis indicated that, slight differences in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms lead to an enormous difference in chemical reactivity. Consequently, (1S,9S) and (1S,9R) isomers are predicted to be the most resembling the natural bradyrhizose in structural features. To enhance the performance of these two isomers, a set of modifications through functional groups attached to the reactive sites were determined by local reactivity descriptors. Subsequently, in order to get more information on the obtained derivatives for both isomers, HOMO, LUMO, Egap and four electronic parameters were calculated and compared. The substituted systems show a good performance in chemical reactivity than the unmodified parent compounds.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadidja Adjir
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Chemistry, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Majda Sekkal-Rahal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique de Bio- et Nanosystèmes (LCTBN), Faculty of Excat Sciences, University Djillali Liabes of Sidi Bel Abbès, Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
| | - Michael Springborg
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Liu CY, Zhang TT, Wang J, Zhang XT, Jia XB, Zhao P, Feng L. [Synthesis of seleno-polysaccharides from Lonicerae Japonicae Flos via microwave and its immunological activity]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:3773-3780. [PMID: 35850834 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20220224.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the microwave-assisted method was used to synthesize seleno-polysaccharides from Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, and the optimal process conditions were optimized.Meanwhile, the immunological activity of seleno-polysaccharides from Lonicerae Japonicae Flos was investigated.The results showed that under the conditions of nitric acid concentration of 0.512%, reaction temperature of 70.0 ℃, microwave power of 600 W, reaction time of 44.0 min, and m(Na_2SeO_3)∶m(polysaccharides)=1.0, the selenium content of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos seleno-polysaccharides was 3.89 mg·g~(-1).The results of in vitro immunoassay showed that polysaccharides and seleno-polysaccharides from Lonicerae Japonicae Flos could promote the proliferation of mouse RAW264.7 macrophages as compared with the conditions in the normal group.Compared with Lonicerae Japonicae Flos polysaccharides, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos seleno-polysaccharides could significantly facilitate the proliferation of mouse RAW264.7 macrophages and promote the production of IL-1β and TNF-α at the concentration of 20-160 μg·mL~(-1).This study provided references for broadening the application of polysaccharides from Lonicerae Japonicae Flos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Chong-Ying Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Xue-Tao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Liang Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu SM, Zhao P, Zhang TT, Li J, Zhu MM, Liu CY, Yang YJ, Jia XB, Feng L. [Synthesis, characterization, and immunological activity of Rehmannia glutinosa seleno-polysaccharides]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:2938-2946. [PMID: 35718515 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20220224.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the optimum synthesis process of Rehmannia glutinosa seleno-polysaccharides with acetic acid as a catalyst, characterized the structure of R. glutinosa seleno-polysaccharides by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), thermogravimetry(TG), and atomic force microscopy(AFM), and preliminarily investigated the immunological activity of R. glutinosa seleno-polysaccharides. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the synthesis of R. glutinosa seleno-polysaccharides included m(acetic acid)∶m(R. glutinosa polysaccharides)=0.80, m(Na_2SeO_3)∶m(R. glutinosa polysaccharides)=1.25, reaction temperature of 80.0 ℃, and reaction time of 7.0 h. Under these conditions, the selenium content of R. glutinosa seleno-polysaccharides was 2.239 mg·g~(-1). The acetic acid catalysis method was milder than the nitric acid method, without affecting the structure of polysaccharides. The results of IR, SEM, TG, and AFM showed that R. glutinosa seleno-polysaccharides were properly prepared. The results of immunological activity showed that compared with the control group, R. glutinosa seleno-polysaccharides could significantly promote the phagocytic capacity of mouse monocyte macrophages and improve the spleen index and thymus index of mice. In the concentration range of 15-240 μg·mL~(-1), the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes of mice was strengthened, and the IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion by Th1 cytokines was promoted. This study can provide references for the further development and application of R. glutinosa polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Mei Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy Foundation and New Drug Research,College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy Foundation and New Drug Research,College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy Foundation and New Drug Research,College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Jin Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy Foundation and New Drug Research,College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Mao-Mao Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chong-Ying Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy Foundation and New Drug Research,College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Yan-Jun Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liang Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tripathy S, Verma DK, Thakur M, Patel AR, Srivastav PP, Singh S, Gupta AK, Chávez-González ML, Aguilar CN, Chakravorty N, Verma HK, Utama GL. Curcumin Extraction, Isolation, Quantification and Its Application in Functional Foods: A Review With a Focus on Immune Enhancement Activities and COVID-19. Front Nutr 2021; 8:747956. [PMID: 34621776 PMCID: PMC8490651 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.747956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An entirely unknown species of coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak occurred in December 2019. COVID-19 has already affected more than 180 million people causing ~3.91 million deaths globally till the end of June 2021. During this emergency, the food nutraceuticals can be a potential therapeutic candidate. Curcumin is the natural and safe bioactive compound of the turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) plant and is known to possess potent anti-microbial and immuno-modulatory properties. This review paper covers the various extraction and quantification techniques of curcumin and its usage to produce functional food. The potential of curcumin in boosting the immune system has also been explored. The review will help develop insight and new knowledge about curcumin's role as an immune-booster and therapeutic agent against COVID-19. The manuscript will also encourage and assist the scientists and researchers who have an association with drug development, pharmacology, functional foods, and nutraceuticals to develop curcumin-based formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soubhagya Tripathy
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Verma
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mamta Thakur
- Department of Food Technology, School of Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ami R. Patel
- Division of Dairy Microbiology, Mansinhbhai Institute of Dairy & Food Technology-MIDFT, Gujarat, India
| | - Prem Prakash Srivastav
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Smita Singh
- Department of Life Sciences (Food Technology), Graphic Era (Deemed to Be) University, Dehradun, India
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alok Kumar Gupta
- Division of Post-Harvest Management, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India), Lucknow, India
| | - Mónica L. Chávez-González
- Bioprocesses Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Cristobal Noe Aguilar
- Bioprocesses Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Nishant Chakravorty
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Department of Immunopathology, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lungs Biology and Disease, Munich, Germany
| | - Gemilang Lara Utama
- Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
- Center for Environment and Sustainability Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang W, Hu Y, He J, Guo D, Zhao J, Li P. Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide From Lycopi Herba. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:691995. [PMID: 34248640 PMCID: PMC8267152 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.691995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopi Herba has been broadly used as a traditional medicinal herb in Asia due to its ability to strengthen immunity. However, it is still obscure for its material basis and underlying mechanisms. Polysaccharide, as one of the most important components of most natural herbs, usually contributes to the immunomodulatory ability of herbs. Here, we aimed to detect polysaccharides from Lycopi Herba and examine their potential immunomodulatory activity. A novel polysaccharide (LHPW) was extracted from Lycopi Herba and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography and G-100 sephadex. According to physicochemical methods and monosaccharide composition analysis, LHPW was mainly composed of galactose, glucose, fructose, and arabinose. NMR and methylation analyses indicated that LHPW was a neutral polysaccharide with a backbone containing →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, with the branches of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→. Immunological tests indicated that LHPW could activate macrophage RAW264.7 and promote splenocyte proliferation. This study discovered a novel polysaccharide from Lycopi Herba and showed it was a potential immunomodulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuxia Zhang
- Department of Basic Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yihua Hu
- Department of Basic Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jiaqi He
- Department of Basic Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Dongdong Guo
- Department of Basic Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- Department of Basic Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Basic Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tripathy S, Verma DK, Thakur M, Patel AR, Srivastav PP, Singh S, Chávez-González ML, Aguilar CN. Encapsulated Food Products as a Strategy to Strengthen Immunity Against COVID-19. Front Nutr 2021; 8:673174. [PMID: 34095193 PMCID: PMC8175800 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.673174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-a novel coronavirus was identified which was quickly distributed to more than 100 countries around the world. There are currently no approved treatments available but only a few preventive measures are available. Among them, maintaining strong immunity through the intake of functional foods is a sustainable solution to resist the virus attack. For this, bioactive compounds (BACs) are delivered safely inside the body through encapsulated food items. Encapsulated food products have benefits such as high stability and bioavailability, sustained release of functional compounds; inhibit the undesired interaction, and high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Several BACs such as ω-3 fatty acid, curcumin, vitamins, essential oils, antimicrobials, and probiotic bacteria can be encapsulated which exhibit immunological activity through different mechanisms. These encapsulated compounds can be recommended for use by various researchers, scientists, and industrial peoples to develop functional foods that can improve immunity to withstand the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the future. Encapsulated BACs, upon incorporation into food, offer increased functionality and facilitate their potential use as an immunity booster. This review paper aims to target various encapsulated food products and their role in improving the immunity system. The bioactive components like antioxidants, minerals, vitamins, polyphenols, omega (ω)-3 fatty acids, lycopene, probiotics, etc. which boost the immunity and may be a potential measure to prevent COVID-19 outbreak were comprehensively discussed. This article also highlights the potential mechanisms; a BAC undergoes, to improve the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soubhagya Tripathy
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Verma
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mamta Thakur
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, India
| | - Ami R. Patel
- Division of Dairy and Food Microbiology, Mansinhbhai Institute of Dairy and Food Technology, Mehsana, India
| | - Prem Prakash Srivastav
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Smita Singh
- Department of Life Sciences (Food Technology), Graphic Era (Deemed to Be) University, Dehradun, India
| | - Mónica L. Chávez-González
- Bioprocesses Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Cristobal N. Aguilar
- Bioprocesses Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang H, Yang SQ, Chakka VP, Qian WW, Wei XY, Zhu Q, Zhou T. Purification and Biological Activities of Enzymatically Degraded Sargassum fusiforme Polysaccharides. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000930. [PMID: 33471368 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysate of the crude polysaccharide (SFP) extracted from Sargassum fusiforme was purified by column DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 to yield four components, namely, ESFP1, ESFP2, ESFP3 and ESFP4. These components were characterized by chemical composition assay, GC/MS, HPGPC, UV and FT-IR techniques. The in vitro antioxidant activities of the four purified fractions were investigated by measuring their radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The results suggested that all the four components possess good antioxidant activities. Among them, ESFP1 was found to possess the strongest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, and the greatest ferric reducing power. The immunomodulatory effect of these four polysaccharides was demonstrated by their ability to promote proliferation, and to enhance both phagocytic activity and NO release in a macrophage RAW264.7 model. The results revealed that the bioactivities of the polysaccharides are related to their molecular weight, and the uronic acid and sulfate contents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xiasha, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Si-Qi Yang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xiasha, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Vara Prasad Chakka
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xiasha, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Qian
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xiasha, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wei
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Hospitality Management, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai, 200235, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Xiasha, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Z, Yu D, Li L, Liu X, Zhang H, Sun W, Lin CC, Chen J, Chen Z, Wang W, Jia W. Three-Phase Partitioning for the Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides from the Immunomodulatory Medicinal Mushroom Inonotus obliquus. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030403. [PMID: 30678319 PMCID: PMC6384551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides from the immunomodulatory medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus (IOPS) were extracted and purified using three-phase partitioning (TPP), which is an efficient, fast, safe, and green purification technique. An optimal extraction procedure that gave a good 2.2% isolated yield was identified, using the following protocol: a solid-liquid ratio of 1 g to 12 mL; mass fraction of (NH4)2SO4 20% (w/v); 11 mL t-butanol; pH 8.0; temperature 30 °C; and extraction time 30 min. The purified IOPS was shown to be a proteoglycan of 40 kDa molecular weight comprising of d-galactose, d-glucose, d-xylose, and d-mannose in a molar ratio of 2.0:3.5:1.0:1.5. The purified IOPS displayed strong free-radical scavenging abilities, antioxidant activities, and immunological activity in vitro. IOPS’ Trolox antioxidant equivalent capacity and ferric-reducing ability of plasma were 251.2 μmol Trolox/g sample and 1040.5 μmol Fe2+/g sample, respectively, with the activity of its immunomodulatory behavior shown to be gradient dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Liu
- Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China.
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Henan Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Chi-Chung Lin
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
| | - Jiafu Chen
- Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Wenhan Wang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Jiao J, Yang Y, Yang M, Zheng Q. Screening and Identification for Immunological Active Components from Andrographis Herba Using Macrophage Biospecific Extraction Coupled with UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051047. [PMID: 29710865 PMCID: PMC6102597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The method of cell biospecific extraction coupled with UPLC/Q-TOF-MS has been developed as a tool for the screening and identification of potential immunological active components from Andrographis Herba (AH). In our study, a macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) was used to extract cell-combining compounds from the ethanol extract of AH. The cell binding system was then analyzed and identified by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis. Finally, nine compounds, which could combine with macrophages, in an ethanol extract of AH were detected by comparing basic peak intensity (BPI) profiles of macrophages before and after treatment with AH. Then they were identified as Andrographidine E (1), Andrographidine D (2), Neoandrographolide (3), Dehydroandrographolide (4), 5, 7, 2′, 3′-tetramethoxyflavone (5), β-sitosterol (7), 5-hydroxy-7, 2′, 3′-trimethoxyflavone (8) and 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2′, 3′-tetramethoxyflavone (9), which could classified into five flavonoids, three diterpene lactones, and one sterol. Their structures were recognized by their characteristic fragment ions and fragmentations pattern of diterpene lactones and flavonoids. Additionally, the activity of compounds 3, 4, and 7 was tested in vitro. Results showed that these three compounds could decrease the release of NO (p < 0.01) in macrophages remarkably. Moreover, 3, 4, and 7 showed satisfactory dose-effect relationships and their IC50 values were 9.03, 18.18, and 13.76 μg/mL, respectively. This study is the first reported work on the screening of immunological active components from AH. The potential immunological activity of flavonoids from AH has not been reported previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Yuanzhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou Y, Chen X, Yi R, Li G, Sun P, Qian Y, Zhao X. Immunomodulatory Effect of Tremella Polysaccharides against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020239. [PMID: 29370108 PMCID: PMC6017040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are closely associated with immune regulation, but there are different polysaccharide effects from different sources. In this study, the aim was to investigate the effect of tremella polysaccharides (TP) in cyclophosphamide-induced immunodeficient mice. We observed the thymus and spleen index, liver and spleen pathological changes, and the levels of IL-2, IL-12, INF-γ, TGF-β and Ig G in serum, and we also noted the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-12 and TGF-β in liver and spleen. Besides, we also measured the best effects of different doses of TP (Low-TP was 20 mg/kg·BW, Middle-TP was 40 mg/kg·BW, and High-TP was 80 mg/kg·BW) on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. The results were remarkable, and suggested that TP had a significant effect for enhancing immunity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression, and the immune enhancement of High-TP had the best results in TP-treated mice. It could significantly increase the thymus and spleen index, alleviate pathological features of immunosuppression such as the arrangement of liver sinusoid and hepatic plates was disordered, massive inflammatory cells infiltrated and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes in liver, and red pulp and white pulp were intermixed, splenic corpuscles demolished and disappeared, splenic sinusoid extended, and lymphocytes of spleen were reduced in spleen. Besides, it could also up-regulate serum levels of IL-2, IL-12, INF-γ and Ig G, reduce the level of TGF-β in serum, markedly promote mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-12 in liver and spleen, and suppress mRNA expression of TGF-β. Above all, TP showed preventive effect for cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Zhou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Ruokun Yi
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Guijie Li
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Piszczek P, Lewandowska Ż, Radtke A, Jędrzejewski T, Kozak W, Sadowska B, Szubka M, Talik E, Fiori F. Biocompatibility of Titania Nanotube Coatings Enriched with Silver Nanograins by Chemical Vapor Deposition. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2017; 7:nano7090274. [PMID: 28914821 PMCID: PMC5618385 DOI: 10.3390/nano7090274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioactivity investigations of titania nanotube (TNT) coatings enriched with silver nanograins (TNT/Ag) have been carried out. TNT/Ag nanocomposite materials were produced by combining the electrochemical anodization and chemical vapor deposition methods. Fabricated coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. The release effect of silver ions from TNT/Ag composites immersed in bodily fluids, has been studied using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The metabolic activity assay (MTT) was applied to determine the L929 murine fibroblasts adhesion and proliferation on the surface of TNT/Ag coatings. Moreover, the results of immunoassays (using peripheral blood mononuclear cells-PBMCs isolated from rats) allowed the estimation of the immunological activity of TNT/Ag surface materials. Antibacterial activity of TNT/Ag coatings with different morphological and structural features was estimated against two Staphylococcus aureus strains (ATCC 29213 and H9). The TNT/Ag nanocomposite layers produced revealed a good biocompatibility promoting the fibroblast adhesion and proliferation. A desirable anti-biofilm activity against the S. aureus reference strain was mainly noticed for these TiO₂ nanotube coatings, which contain dispersed Ag nanograins deposited on their surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Piszczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
- Nano-implant Ltd., NIP 9562314777, Gagarina 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Żaneta Lewandowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Radtke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
- Nano-implant Ltd., NIP 9562314777, Gagarina 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Wiesław Kozak
- Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Beata Sadowska
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lódź, ul. S. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Szubka
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Ewa Talik
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lódź, ul. S. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Fabrizio Fiori
- Di.S.C.O.-Sezione di Biochimica, Biologia e Fisica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen J, Tian S, Shu X, Du H, Li N, Wang J. Extraction, Characterization and Immunological Activity of Polysaccharides from Rhizoma gastrodiae. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071011. [PMID: 27347944 PMCID: PMC4964387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A response surface and Box-Behnken design approach was applied to augment polysaccharide extraction from the residue of Rhizoma gastrodiae. Statistical analysis revealed that the linear and quadratic terms for three variables during extraction exhibited obvious effects on extraction yield. The optimum conditions were determined to be a liquid-to-solid ratio of 54 mL/g, an extraction temperature of 74 °C, an extraction time of 66 min, and three extractions. These conditions resulted in a maximum Rhizoma gastrodiae polysaccharide (RGP) extraction yield of 6.11% ± 0.13%. Two homogeneous polysaccharides (RGP-1a and RGP-1b) were obtained using DEAE cellulose-52 and Sephadex G-100 columns. The preliminary characterization of RGP-1a and RGP-1b was performed using HPLC-RID, HPGPC, and FTIR. Tests of the immunological activity in vitro showed that the two polysaccharides could significantly stimulate macrophages to release NO and enhance phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, RGP-1b (200 μg/mL) and LPS (2 μg/mL) had almost the same influence on the NO production and phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 macrophages (p > 0.05). All the data obtained indicate that RGP-1a and RGP-1b have the potential to be developed as a health food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shan Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoying Shu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hongtao Du
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Na Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Junru Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou F, Yan S, Chen S, Gong L, Su T, Wang Z. Optimization Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Suillus granulatus and Their Antioxidant and Immunological Activities In vitro. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S277-84. [PMID: 27279720 PMCID: PMC4883092 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.182161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suillus granulatus is an edible and medicinal fungus in China. S. granulatus polysaccharide (SGP) was considered as the main bioactivity compounds in S. granulatus. Therefore, the extraction of SGP and their antioxidant activities were studied in this work. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fruiting bodies of S. granulatus were purchased from a local market (Fushun, China). Response surface methodology was adopted to optimize the extraction conditions of SGP. The antioxidant and immunological activities in vitro were also assayed. RESULTS The extraction of SGP was optimized by a Box-Behnken design. The optimal conditions for the extraction of polysaccharides were as follows: Pre-extraction time, 2 h; extraction temperature, 94°C; ratio of water to raw material, 25; and extraction frequency, 2. Under these conditions, the experimental yield of polysaccharides was 5.38% ±0.15%, which agreed with the predicted yield. The antioxidant assay in vitro showed that SGPs had relatively high scavenging ability for hydroxyl radicals and higher scavenging ability for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. However, the scavenging ability of SGPs for superoxide anion radical and reducing power was relatively low. The polysaccharides also significantly increased splenocyte proliferation in vitro. CONCLUSION SGP possessed good antioxidant and immunological activities in vitro and explored as a novel natural antioxidant or functional food. SUMMARY The predictive model of Suillus granulatus polysaccharide (SGP) extraction is adequate for the extraction processSGP possessed a good antioxidant activity in vitroLymphocyte proliferation in vitro was significantly increased by SGPPictorial abstract (in MS Powerpoint Format) is submitted as a separated file in the online submission system. Abbreviation used: SGP: Suillus granulatus polysaccharides, RSM: Response surface methodology, BBD: Box-Behnken design, Vc: Ascorbic acid, DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, MTT: 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, ConA: Concanavalin A, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, RPMI-1640: Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, P.R. China
| | - Song Yan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, P.R. China
| | - Liying Gong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Su
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, P.R. China
| | - Zhanyong Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li L, Li H, Qian J, He Y, Zheng J, Lu Z, Xu Z, Shi J. Structural and Immunological Activity Characterization of a Polysaccharide Isolated from Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus. Mar Drugs 2015; 14:6. [PMID: 26729136 PMCID: PMC4728503 DOI: 10.3390/md14010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides from marine clams perform various biological activities, whereas information on structure is scarce. Here, a water-soluble polysaccharide MMPX-B2 was isolated from Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus. The proposed structure was deduced through characterization and its immunological activity was investigated. MMPX-B2 consisted of d-glucose and d-galctose residues at a molar ratio of 3.51:1.00. The average molecular weight of MMPX-B2 was 510 kDa. This polysaccharide possessed a main chain of (1→4)-linked-α-d-glucopyranosyl residues, partially substituted at the C-6 position by a few terminal β-d-galactose residues or branched chains consisting of (1→3)-linked β-d-galactose residues. Preliminary immunological tests in vitro showed that MMPX-B2 could stimulate the murine macrophages to release various cytokines, and the structure-activity relationship was then established. The present study demonstrated the potential immunological activity of MMPX-B2, and provided references for studying the active ingredients in M. meretrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Heng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jianying Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yongfeng He
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jialin Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhenming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jinsong Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Q, Dong C, Li W, Bu W, Wu J, Zhao W. Neuropeptide Y protects cerebral cortical neurons by regulating microglial immune function. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:959-67. [PMID: 25206918 PMCID: PMC4146213 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.133140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y has been shown to inhibit the immunological activity of reactive microglia in the rat cerebral cortex, to reduce N-methyl-D-aspartate current (INMDA) in cortical neurons, and protect neurons. In this study, after primary cultured microglia from the cerebral cortex of rats were treated with lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in the cell culture medium increased, and mRNA expression of these cytokines also increased. After primary cultured cortical neurons were incubated with the lipopolysaccharide-treated microglial conditioned medium, peak INMDA in neurons increased. These effects of lipopolysaccharide were suppressed by neuropeptide Y. After addition of the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226, the effects of neuropeptide Y completely disappeared. These results suggest that neuropeptide Y prevents excessive production of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α by inhibiting microglial reactivity. This reduces INMDA in rat cortical neurons, preventing excitotoxicity, thereby protecting neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Li
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Changzheng Dong
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wenling Li
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wei Bu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China ; Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim NY, Jang MK, Lee DG, Yu KH, Jang H, Kim M, Kim SG, Yoo BH, Lee SH. Comparison of methods for proanthocyanidin extraction from pine (Pinus densiflora) needles and biological activities of the extracts. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:16-22. [PMID: 20198204 PMCID: PMC2830409 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are known to be effective scavengers of free radicals. In particular, proanthocyanidins are flavonoids that possess cardiovascular protection, antioxidative activities, and immunomodulatory activities. Here, we evaluated proanthocyanidin contents in the total polyphenolic compounds of pine needle extracts prepared by hot water, ethanol, hexane, hot water-hexane (HWH), and hot water-ethanol (HWE). Analysis of each extract indicated that the ethanol extract contained the highest proanthocyanidin concentration. The HWH and hexane extracts also contained relatively high concentrations of proanthocyanidin. On the other hand, proanthocyanidin content analyses out of the total polyphenolic compounds indicated that the HWH extract contained the highest content. These results suggest that HWH extraction is a suitable method to obtain an extract with a high level of pure proanthocyanidins and a relatively high yield. The HWH extract possessed superior activity in diverse antioxidative analyses such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferrous ion chelating (FIC), and ferric-ion reducing power (FRAP) assays. In addition, upon assessing the effects of the pine needle extracts on macrophages (Raw 264.7 cell), the HWH extract exhibited the highest activity. In this study, we discerned an efficient extraction method to achieve relatively pure proanthocyanidins from pine needles and evaluated the biological functions of the resulting extract, which could potentially be used for its efficacious components in functional food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Young Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Silla University, San 1-1, Kwaebop-dong, Sasang-gu, Busan 617-736, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Akiyama H, Sakai S, Linhardt RJ, Goda Y, Toida T, Maitani T. Chondroitin sulphate structure affects its immunological activities on murine splenocytes sensitized with ovalbumin. Biochem J 2004; 382:269-78. [PMID: 15147241 PMCID: PMC1133940 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Revised: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan widely distributed in animal tissues, which has anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective properties. We reported previously that chondroitin 4-sulphate (CS-A) up-regulates the antigen-specific Th1 immune response of murine splenocytes sensitized with ovalbumin in vitro, and that CS suppresses the antigen-specific IgE responses. We now demonstrate that a specific sulphation pattern of the CS polysaccharide is required for the Th1-promoted activity, as other polysaccharides such as dextran and dextran sulphate do not significantly induce this activity. While the presence of some O-sulpho groups appear to be essential for activity, CS-A, and synthetically prepared, partially O-sulphonated CS, induce higher Th1-promoted activity than synthetically prepared, fully O-sulphonated CS. CS-A induces an activity greater than chondroitin sulphate B (CS-B) or chondroitin 6-sulphate (CS-C). In addition, chondroitin sulphate E (CS-E) induces greater activity than CS-A or CS-D. These results suggest that the GlcA(beta1-3)GalNAc(4,6-O-disulpho) sequence in CS-E is important for Th1-promoted activity. Furthermore, rat anti-mouse CD62L antibody, an antibody to L-selectin, inhibits the Th1-promoting activity of CS. These results suggest that the Th1-promoted activity could be associated with L-selectin on lymphocytes. These findings describe a new mechanism for the anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective properties of CS that may be useful in designing new therapeutic applications for CS used in the treatment of immediate-type hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Key Words
- chondroitin sulphate (cs)
- immunological activity
- l-selectin
- splenocyte
- th1
- 1d, one-dimensional
- 2d, two-dimensional
- cs, chondroitin sulphate
- ds, dermatan sulphate
- dx, dextran
- dxs, dextran sulphate
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- fsc, forward scatter
- gag, glycosaminoglycan
- idoa, iduronic acid
- ifn, interferon
- il, interleukin
- ova, ovalbumin
- sar, structure–activity relationship
- ssc, side scatter
- tqf, triple quantum filtered
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501 Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|