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Zhou Y, Rui L. Lipocalin 13 regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in obesity. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2013; 91:369-83. [PMID: 23374724 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407766-9.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin (LCN) family members are small secreted proteins that bind to small hydrophobic molecules via their characteristic central β-barrels. A couple of LCN family members, including major urinary protein 1, retinol-binding protein 4, LCN2, and LCN13, have been reported to regulate insulin sensitivity and nutrient metabolism. LCN13 is expressed by multiple tissues, including the liver, pancreas, epididymis, and skeletal muscle, and is secreted into the bloodstream in mice. Obesity is associated with a downregulation of LCN13 expression and lower levels of circulating LCN13. LCN13 therapies overcome LCN13 deficiency in mice with either genetic or dietary obesity, leading to an improvement in hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis. In hepatocytes, LCN13 directly suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis but increases fatty acid β oxidation. LCN13 also enhances insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. The potential mechanisms of the antidiabetes and antisteatosis actions of LCN13 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjiang Zhou
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Garénaux A, Houle S, Folch B, Dallaire G, Truesdell M, Lépine F, Doucet N, Dozois CM. Avian lipocalin expression in chickens following Escherichia coli infection and inhibition of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli growth by Ex-FABP. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 152:156-67. [PMID: 23102565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes respiratory disease and sepsis in poultry. To persist in its host, E. coli requires essential nutrients including iron. Since iron is limited in extra-intestinal tissues, E. coli produces siderophores, small molecules with high affinity for ferric iron, to sequester this essential nutrient. To counter bacterial siderophore systems, mammalian hosts secrete siderocalin (also called lipocalin 2 or NGAL), which binds ferric-siderophore complexes rendering them unavailable to bacteria. In humans and mice, siderocalin is known to play a role in primary defense against bacterial infections. In poultry, 4 proteins display homology to the human NGAL (CALβ, CALγ, Ggal-C8GC and Ex-FABP). The function and expression of the genes coding for these 4 proteins during infection by APEC is still unknown. Expression levels of these genes were determined by quantitative RT-PCR using RNA extracted from lungs, livers and spleens of healthy 3-week-old chickens and chickens infected with APEC. The gene coding for Ex-FABP was overexpressed in all organs tested. It was significantly more overexpressed in the lungs and liver than in the spleen (37.3 and 27.3 times versus 11.5 times, respectively). The genes coding for Calβ and Calγ were also found significantly overexpressed in the liver (27 and 8.2 times, respectively). To confirm the function of Ex-FABP as a siderocalin, the gene coding for this protein was cloned in an expression vector and the protein was purified. In vitro growth inhibition of E. coli strains by Ex-FABP was assayed in parallel with growth inhibition caused by human siderocalin. Purified Ex-FABP inhibited growth of E. coli K-12, which only produces the siderophore enterobactin. However, E. coli strains producing pathogen-associated siderophores including salmochelins (glucosylated enterobactin), aerobactin and yersiniabactin grew normally in the presence of Ex-FABP. These results indicate that Ex-FABP is an avian siderocalin with a siderophore-binding activity similar to that of human siderocalin and that pathogen-specific siderophores are required by APEC to overcome this innate defense protein in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Garénaux
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada
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Olsson MG, Allhorn M, Bülow L, Hansson SR, Ley D, Olsson ML, Schmidtchen A, Akerström B. Pathological conditions involving extracellular hemoglobin: molecular mechanisms, clinical significance, and novel therapeutic opportunities for α(1)-microglobulin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:813-46. [PMID: 22324321 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) is the major oxygen (O(2))-carrying system of the blood but has many potentially dangerous side effects due to oxidation and reduction reactions of the heme-bound iron and O(2). Extracellular Hb, resulting from hemolysis or exogenous infusion, is shown to be an important pathogenic factor in a growing number of diseases. This review briefly outlines the oxidative/reductive toxic reactions of Hb and its metabolites. It also describes physiological protection mechanisms that have evolved against extracellular Hb, with a focus on the most recently discovered: the heme- and radical-binding protein α(1)-microglobulin (A1M). This protein is found in all vertebrates, including man, and operates by rapidly clearing cytosols and extravascular fluids of heme groups and free radicals released from Hb. Five groups of pathological conditions with high concentrations of extracellular Hb are described: hemolytic anemias and transfusion reactions, the pregnancy complication pre-eclampsia, cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage of premature infants, chronic inflammatory leg ulcers, and infusion of Hb-based O(2) carriers as blood substitutes. Finally, possible treatments of these conditions are discussed, giving a special attention to the described protective effects of A1M.
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Acute phase proteins in ruminants. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4207-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Eberini I, Sensi C, Bovi M, Molinari H, Galliano M, Bonomi F, Iametti S, Gianazza E. Wards in the keyway: amino acids with anomalous pK(a)s in calycins. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2457-68. [PMID: 22643844 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a follow-up to our recent analysis of the electrostatics of bovine β-lactoglobulin (Eberini et al. in Amino Acids 42:2019-2030, 2011), we investigated whether the occurrence in the native structure of calycins-the superfamily to which β-lactoglobulin belongs-of amino acids with anomalous pK (a)s is an infrequent or, on the contrary, a common occurrence, and whether or not a general pattern may be recognized. To this aim, we randomly selected four calycins we had either purified from natural sources or prepared with recombinant DNA technologies during our previous and current structural and functional studies on this family. Their pIs vary over several pH units and their known functions are as diverse as carriers, enzymes, immunomodulators and/or extracellular chaperones. In our survey, we used both in silico prediction methods and in vitro procedures, such as isoelectric focusing, electrophoretic titration curves and spectroscopic techniques. By comparing the results under native conditions (no exposure of the proteins to chaotropic agents) to those after protein unfolding (in the presence of 8 M urea), a shift is observed in the pK (a) of at least one amino acid per protein, which results in a measurable change in pI. Three types of amino acids are involved: Cys, Glu, and His, their position varies along the calycin sequence. Although no common mechanism may thus be recognized, we hypothesize that the 'normalization' of anomalous pK (a)s may be the phenomenon that accompanies, and favors, structural rearrangements such as those involved in ligand binding by these proteins. An interesting, if anecdotal, validation to this view comes from the behavior of human retinol binding protein, for which the pI of the folded and liganded protein is intermediate between those of the folded and unliganded and of the unfolded protein forms. Likewise, both solid (from crystallography) and solution state (from CD spectroscopy) data confirm that the protein undergoes structural rearrangement upon retinol binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Eberini
- Gruppo di Studio per la Proteomica e la Struttura delle Proteine, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Pereiro P, Balseiro P, Romero A, Dios S, Forn-Cuni G, Fuste B, Planas JV, Beltran S, Novoa B, Figueras A. High-throughput sequence analysis of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) transcriptome using 454-pyrosequencing for the discovery of antiviral immune genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35369. [PMID: 22629298 PMCID: PMC3356354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) is an important aquacultural resource both in Europe and Asia. However, there is little information on gene sequences available in public databases. Currently, one of the main problems affecting the culture of this flatfish is mortality due to several pathogens, especially viral diseases which are not treatable. In order to identify new genes involved in immune defense, we conducted 454-pyrosequencing of the turbot transcriptome after different immune stimulations. Methodology/Principal Findings Turbot were injected with viral stimuli to increase the expression level of immune-related genes. High-throughput deep sequencing using 454-pyrosequencing technology yielded 915,256 high-quality reads. These sequences were assembled into 55,404 contigs that were subjected to annotation steps. Intriguingly, 55.16% of the deduced protein was not significantly similar to any sequences in the databases used for the annotation and only 0.85% of the BLASTx top-hits matched S. maximus protein sequences. This relatively low level of annotation is possibly due to the limited information for this specie and other flatfish in the database. These results suggest the identification of a large number of new genes in turbot and in fish in general. A more detailed analysis showed the presence of putative members of several innate and specific immune pathways. Conclusions/Significance To our knowledge, this study is the first transcriptome analysis using 454-pyrosequencing for turbot. Previously, there were only 12,471 EST and less of 1,500 nucleotide sequences for S. maximus in NCBI database. Our results provide a rich source of data (55,404 contigs and 181,845 singletons) for discovering and identifying new genes, which will serve as a basis for microarray construction, gene expression characterization and for identification of genetic markers to be used in several applications. Immune stimulation in turbot was very effective, obtaining an enormous variety of sequences belonging to genes involved in the defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Balseiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM, CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Dios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM, CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Berta Fuste
- Centros Científicos y Tecnológicos de la UB, CCiT-UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Edifici Clúster, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep V. Planas
- Departament de Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona i Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, IBUB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Beltran
- Centros Científicos y Tecnológicos de la UB, CCiT-UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Edifici Clúster, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM, CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM, CSIC, Vigo, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Zhang J, Wu X, Shi L, Liang Y, Xie Z, Yang Y, Li Z, Liu C, Yang F. Diagnostic serum proteomic analysis in patients with active tuberculosis. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:883-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Vigneron A, Charif D, Vincent-Monégat C, Vallier A, Gavory F, Wincker P, Heddi A. Host gene response to endosymbiont and pathogen in the cereal weevil Sitophilus oryzae. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12 Suppl 1:S14. [PMID: 22375912 PMCID: PMC3287511 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-s1-s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insects thriving on nutritionally poor habitats have integrated mutualistic intracellular symbiotic bacteria (endosymbionts) in a bacteria-bearing tissue (the bacteriome) that isolates the endosymbionts and protects them against a host systemic immune response. Whilst the metabolic and physiological features of long-term insect associations have been investigated in detail over the past decades, cellular and immune regulations that determine the host response to endosymbionts and pathogens have attracted interest more recently. Results To investigate bacteriome cellular specificities and weevil immune responses to bacteria, we have constructed and sequenced 7 cDNA libraries from Sitophilus oryzae whole larvae and bacteriomes. Bioinformatic analysis of 26,886 ESTs led to the generation of 8,941 weevil unigenes. Based on in silico analysis and on the examination of genes involved in the cellular pathways of potential interest to intracellular symbiosis (i.e. cell growth and apoptosis, autophagy, immunity), we have selected and analyzed 29 genes using qRT-PCR, taking into consideration bacteriome specificity and symbiosis impact on the host response to pathogens. We show that the bacteriome tissue accumulates transcripts from genes involved in cellular development and survival, such as the apoptotic inhibitors iap2 and iap3, and endosomal fusion and trafficking, such as Rab7, Hrs, and SNARE. As regards our investigation into immunity, we first strengthen the bacteriome immunomodulation previously reported in S. zeamais. We show that the sarcotoxin, the c-type lysozyme, and the wpgrp2 genes are downregulated in the S. oryzae bacteriome, when compared to aposymbiotic insects and insects challenged with E. coli. Secondly, transcript level comparison between symbiotic and aposymbiotic larvae provides evidence that the immune systemic response to pathogens is decreased in symbiotic insects, as shown by the relatively high expression of wpgrp2, wpgrp3, coleoptericin-B, diptericin, and sarcotoxin genes in aposymbiotic insects. Conclusions Library sequencing significantly increased the number of unigenes, allowing for improved functional and genetic investigations in the cereal weevil S. oryzae. Transcriptomic analyses support selective and local immune gene expression in the bacteriome tissue and uncover cellular pathways that are of potential interest to bacteriocyte survival and homeostasis. Bacterial challenge experiments have revealed that the systemic immune response would be less induced in a symbiotic insect, thus highlighting new perspectives on host immunity in long-term invertebrate co-evolutionary associations.
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Sohn DH, Sokolove J, Sharpe O, Erhart JC, Chandra PE, Lahey LJ, Lindstrom TM, Hwang I, Boyer KA, Andriacchi TP, Robinson WH. Plasma proteins present in osteoarthritic synovial fluid can stimulate cytokine production via Toll-like receptor 4. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R7. [PMID: 22225630 PMCID: PMC3392793 DOI: 10.1186/ar3555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterized by cartilage breakdown in the synovial joints. The presence of low-grade inflammation in OA joints is receiving increasing attention, with synovitis shown to be present even in the early stages of the disease. How the synovial inflammation arises is unclear, but proteins in the synovial fluid of affected joints could conceivably contribute. We therefore surveyed the proteins present in OA synovial fluid and assessed their immunostimulatory properties. Methods We used mass spectrometry to survey the proteins present in the synovial fluid of patients with knee OA. We used a multiplex bead-based immunoassay to measure levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum and synovial fluid from patients with knee OA and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as in sera from healthy individuals. Significant differences in cytokine levels between groups were determined by significance analysis of microarrays, and relations were determined by unsupervised hierarchic clustering. To assess the immunostimulatory properties of a subset of the identified proteins, we tested the proteins' ability to induce the production of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. For proteins found to be stimulatory, the macrophage stimulation assays were repeated by using Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient macrophages. Results We identified 108 proteins in OA synovial fluid, including plasma proteins, serine protease inhibitors, proteins indicative of cartilage turnover, and proteins involved in inflammation and immunity. Multiplex cytokine analysis revealed that levels of several inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in OA sera than in normal sera, and levels of inflammatory cytokines in synovial fluid and serum were, as expected, higher in RA samples than in OA samples. As much as 36% of the proteins identified in OA synovial fluid were plasma proteins. Testing a subset of these plasma proteins in macrophage stimulation assays, we found that Gc-globulin, α1-microglobulin, and α2-macroglobulin can signal via TLR4 to induce macrophage production of inflammatory cytokines implicated in OA. Conclusions Our findings suggest that plasma proteins present in OA synovial fluid, whether through exudation from plasma or production by synovial tissues, could contribute to low-grade inflammation in OA by functioning as so-called damage-associated molecular patterns in the synovial joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Sohn
- GRECC, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave,, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Abstract
Lipocalins are a family of diverse low molecular weight proteins that act extracellularly. They use multiple recognition properties that include 1) ligand binding to small hydrophobic molecules, 2) macromolecular complexation with other soluble macromolecules, and 3) binding to specific cell surface receptors to deliver cargo. Tear lipocalin (TLC) is a major protein in tears and has a large ligand-binding cavity that allows the lipocalin to bind an extensive and diverse set of lipophilic molecules. TLC can also bind to macromolecules, including the tear proteins lactoferin and lysozyme. The receptor to which TLC binds is termed tear lipocalin-interacting membrane receptor (LIMR). LIMR appears to work by endocytosis. TLC has a variety of suggested functions in tears, including regulation of tear viscosity, binding and release of lipids, endonuclease inactivation of viral DNA, binding of microbial siderophores (iron chelators used to deliver essential iron to bacteria), serving as a biomarker for dry eye, and possessing anti-inflammatory activity. Additional research is warranted to determine the actual functions of TLC in tears and the presence of its receptor on the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Immunolocalization of glycodelin in human adenocarcinoma of the lung, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and lung metastases of colonic adenocarcinoma. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:798-802. [PMID: 21168900 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycodelin (Gd), which is localized in cells of bronchial epithelium, type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages in rats and humans, plays an important role in the pulmonary immune response in asthmatic inflammation. In this study, sections of paraffin-embedded tumor adjacent lung tissue and sections of adenocarcinoma of the lung, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and metastases of colonic adenocarcinoma were investigated for the distribution and expression of Gd using a polyclonal anti-Gd antibody. Glycodelin protein is located in the cytoplasm of bronchial epithelial cells, pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, Gd is expressed in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung as well as in lung metastases of colonic adenocarcinoma. Densitometric analyses showed a significantly increased expression of glycodelin protein in cancer tissue compared to tumor adjacent lung tissue. The Gd protein level was 1.7-2.6-fold increased in lung carcinoma compared to tumor adjacent lung tissue. The Gd protein level did not differ from each other between the investigated types of cancer tissue. Because these data validate the recent findings of Gd mRNA expression, it may be concluded that glycodelin plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer and lung metastases.
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Yang F, Wang MR, Ma YG, Ma WM, Yang WJ. Prawn lipocalin: characterization of a color shift induced by gene knockdown and ligand binding assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 315:562-71. [PMID: 21905240 DOI: 10.1002/jez.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The lipocalin family of proteins functions in the transport of steroids, carotenoids, retinoids, and other small hydrophobic molecules. Recently, a lipocalin (MrLC) was isolated from the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its expression varied with the molting cycle. In this study, knockdown of the MrLC gene by RNA interference (RNAi) was performed and resulted in a shift in body color from blue to orangish red over the entire carapace. By immune-gold electron microscopy, MrLC was found to co-localize with the lipid droplets in subepidermal adiose tissue that were found to be decreased dramatically in MrLC knockdown prawns, in which a reduction in relative fat content was also quantified. Furthermore, MrLC was found to specifically bind astaxanthin and molt hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone) in both in vitro ligand binding assay and in vivo native ligand detection. These results suggested that MrLC plays roles in the regulation of coloration through its association with astaxanthin and may also be involved in the regulation of molting in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Scirè A, Baldassarre M, Lupidi G, Tanfani F. Importance of pH and disulfide bridges on the structural and binding properties of human α₁-acid glycoprotein. Biochimie 2011; 93:1529-36. [PMID: 21621584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human α(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an acute phase plasma glycoprotein containing two disulfide bridges. As a member of the lipocalin superfamily, it binds and transports several basic and neutral ligands, but a number of other activities have also been described. Thanks to its binding properties, AGP is also a good candidate for the development of biosensors and affinity chromatography media, and in this context detailed structural information is needed. The structural properties of AGP at different p(2)Hs and under reducing conditions were analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The obtained data indicate that AGP, when denatured, does not aggregate at neutral or basic p(2)Hs whilst it does at acidic p(2)Hs. Under reducing conditions the protein is remarkably less thermostable than its oxidized counterpart and presents an enhanced tendency to aggregate, even at neutral p(2)H. A heat-induced molten globule-like state (MG) was detected at 55 °C at p(2)H 7.4 and 5.5. At p(2)H 4.5 the MG occurred at 45 °C with an onset of formation at 40 °C. The MG was not observed under reducing conditions. A lower affinity of chlorpromazine and progesterone for the MG formed at p(2)H 4.5 and 40 °C was observed, suggesting that ligand(s) may be released near the negative surfaces of biological membranes. Furthermore, the reduced AGP displays an enhanced affinity for progesterone, indicating the importance of disulfide bonds for the binding capacity of AGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scirè
- Dipartimento di Biochimica Biologia e Genetica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Xin X, Fan B, Flammer J, Miller NR, Jaggi GP, Killer HE, Meyer P, Neutzner A. Meningothelial cells react to elevated pressure and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20142. [PMID: 21611150 PMCID: PMC3096659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningothelial cells (MECs) are the cellular components of the meninges enveloping the brain. Although MECs are not fully understood, several functions of these cells have been described. The presence of desmosomes and tight junctions between MECs hints towards a barrier function protecting the brain. In addition, MECs perform endocytosis and, by the secretion of cytokines, are involved in immunological processes in the brain. However, little is known about the influence of pathological conditions on MEC function; e.g., during diseases associated with elevated intracranial pressure, hypoxia or increased oxidative stress. METHODS We studied the effect of elevated pressure, hypoxia, and oxidative stress on immortalized human as well as primary porcine MECs. We used MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) bioreduction assays to assess the proliferation of MECs in response to treatment and compared to untreated control cells. To assess endocytotic activity, the uptake of fluorescently labeled latex beads was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We found that exposure of MECs to elevated pressure caused significant cellular proliferation and a dramatic decrease in endocytotic activity. In addition, mild oxidative stress severely inhibited endocytosis. CONCLUSION Elevated pressure and oxidative stress impact MEC physiology and might therefore influence the microenvironment of the subarachnoid space and thus the cerebrospinal fluid within this compartment with potential negative impact on neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Xin
- Department of Biomedicine, Ocular Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Biomedicine, Ocular Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef Flammer
- Department of Biomedicine, Ocular Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil R. Miller
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregor P. Jaggi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Meyer
- Department of Biomedicine, Ocular Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Albert Neutzner
- Department of Biomedicine, Ocular Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Peng Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Liu Q, Guo C, Zhang Y, Lin D. Solution structure of the protein lipocalin 12 from rat epididymis. Proteins 2011; 79:2316-20. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Oba Y, Yamauchi A, Hashiguchi Y, Satone H, Miki S, Nassef M, Shimasaki Y, Kitano T, Nakao M, Kawabata SI, Honjo T, Oshima Y. Purification and characterization of tributyltin-binding protein of tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 153:17-23. [PMID: 20696274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We successfully purified Trub.TBT-bpα, a tributyltin (TBT) binding protein (bp) of the tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes. Tiger puffer was injected intraperitoneally with TBT (1.0mg/kg body weight) and Trub.TBT-bpα was purified from serum by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis revealed that the Trub.TBT-bpα has a molecular mass of approximately 48.5kDa and contains at least 40% N-glycan. The deduced 212 amino acid sequence of the protein showed the highest identity (41%, 212 amino acid overlap and E-value: 9e-42) with TBT-binding protein type 1 (TBT-bp1) of Paralichthys olivaceus (Japanese flounder). Analysis of the gene structure of Trub.TBT-bpα suggests that this protein belongs to the lipocalin superfamily, which may be important in the accumulation and elimination of TBT. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that functionalization of TBT-bps has occurred during evolution, and that the functions of this group of proteins might be important for fish survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Oba
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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Peng Y, Liu J, Liu Q, Yao Y, Guo C, Zhang Y, Lin D. Conformational and biochemical characterization of a rat epididymis-specific lipocalin 12 expressed in Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:2102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hohlbaum AM, Skerra A. Anticalins: the lipocalin family as a novel protein scaffold for the development of next-generation immunotherapies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 3:491-501. [PMID: 20477155 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.4.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anticalins are engineered ligand-binding proteins based on the human lipocalin scaffold. Their architecture is characterized by a rigid beta-barrel that supports four structurally hypervariable loops. Similar to antibodies, these loops form the natural ligand-binding site, usually for vitamins, hormones or secondary metabolites. Anticalins with novel specificities can be engineered by reshaping this loop region, using targeted random mutagenesis in combination with functional display and guided selection. Several drug candidates with specificities for exogenous low-molecular-weight substances, peptides and even protein targets (e.g., several disease-related cell surface receptors) have been obtained in this way. Owing to their exquisite specificity and high affinity, Anticalins are particularly attractive as antagonists for the manipulation of immune mechanisms, leading to either inhibitory or stimulatory effects. Compared with antibodies, Anticalins offer several practical advantages as they are much smaller, consist of a single polypeptide chain and can be produced easily in microbial expression systems.
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Chudzinski-Tavassi AM, Carrijo-Carvalho LC, Waismam K, Farsky SH, Ramos OH, Reis CV. A lipocalin sequence signature modulates cell survival. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2896-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dubey VP, Pal B, Srikantan S, Pottabathini S, De PK, Sankaranarayanan R. Cloning, overexpression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a female-specific lipocalin (FLP) expressed in the lacrimal glands of Syrian hamsters. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:509-12. [PMID: 20445246 PMCID: PMC2864679 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110008237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the lipocalin superfamily are usually secretory proteins of molecular mass approximately 20 kDa with a hydrophobic pocket for the binding and transport of diverse small ligands. Various lipocalins have been associated with many biological processes, e.g. immunomodulation, odorant transport, pheromonal activity, retinoid transport, cancer-cell interactions etc. However, the exact functions of many lipocalins and the ligands bound by them are unclear. Previously, the cDNA of a 20 kDa lipocalin (FLP) which is female-specifically expressed in the lacrimal glands of Syrian (golden) hamsters and secreted in the tears of females has been identified and cloned. His-tagged recombinant FLP (rFLP) has now been cloned, overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a soluble protein and purified to homogeneity using Ni-affinity followed by size-exclusion chromatography. Purified rFLP was crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. The crystals tested belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) and diffracted to beyond 1.86 A resolution. Solvent-content analysis indicated the presence of one monomer in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash Dubey
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Biswajit Pal
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Subramanya Srikantan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Sambhavi Pottabathini
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Prabir Kumar De
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Rajan Sankaranarayanan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Law IK, Xu A, Lam KS, Berger T, Mak TW, Vanhoutte PM, Liu JT, Sweeney G, Zhou M, Yang B, Wang Y. Lipocalin-2 deficiency attenuates insulin resistance associated with aging and obesity. Diabetes 2010; 59:872-82. [PMID: 20068130 PMCID: PMC2844835 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The proinflammatory cytokines/adipokines produced from adipose tissue act in an autocrine and/or endocrine manner to perpetuate local inflammation and to induce peripheral insulin resistance. The present study investigates whether lipocalin-2 deficiency or replenishment with this adipokine has any impact on systemic insulin sensitivity and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Under conditions of aging or dietary-/genetic-induced obesity, lipocalin-2 knockout (Lcn2-KO) mice show significantly decreased fasting glucose and insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity compared with their wild-type littermates. Despite enlarged fat mass, inflammation and the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products are significantly attenuated in the adipose tissues of Lcn2-KO mice. Adipose fatty acid composition of these mice varies significantly from that in wild-type animals. The amounts of arachidonic acid (C20:4 n6) are elevated by aging and obesity and are paradoxically further increased in adipose tissue, but not skeletal muscle and liver of Lcn2-KO mice. On the other hand, the expression and activity of 12-lipoxygenase, an enzyme responsible for metabolizing arachidonic acid, and the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a critical insulin resistance-inducing factor, are largely inhibited by lipocalin-2 deficiency. Lipocalin-2 stimulates the expression and activity of 12-lipoxygenase and TNF-alpha production in fat tissues. Cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-cyanocinnamate (CDC), an arachidonate lipoxygenase inhibitor, prevents TNF-alpha expression induced by lipocalin-2. Moreover, treatment with TNF-alpha neutralization antibody or CDC significantly attenuated the differences of insulin sensitivity between wild-type and Lcn2-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Lipocalin-2 deficiency protects mice from developing aging- and obesity-induced insulin resistance largely by modulating 12-lipoxygenase and TNF-alpha levels in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy K.M. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen S.L. Lam
- Department of Medicine and Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thorsten Berger
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul M. Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky T.C. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mingyan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding author: Yu Wang,
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Christiansen MS, Hommel E, Friberg L, Mølvig J, Magid E, Feldt-Rasmussen B. Increased urinary orosomucoid excretion is not related to impaired renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2010; 24:28-36. [PMID: 18818101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased urinary orosomucoid excretion rate (UOER) independently predicted cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes at 5-years of follow-up. To further explore UOER in relation to local renal physiological phenomena, we studied renal glomerular and tubular functions in patients with type 2 diabetes and normal or increased UOER. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 40 patients with type 2 diabetes (normal UOER, n=16; increased UOER, n=24) who displayed no signs of cardiovascular disease and 21 healthy control persons. The renal clearance values of [(51)Cr]ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ([(51)Cr]EDTA), lithium, orosomucoid, albumin, and sodium were measured. RESULTS Patients with type 2 diabetes had normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured by [(51)Cr]EDTA clearance. The clearance value of orosomucoid was highly increased in patients with increased UOER. The clearance values of albumin were similar in patients with increased UOER and in healthy controls. Investigations of renal tubular function revealed normal and similar levels of lithium clearance and proximal and distal reabsorption of sodium and water. Serum values of orosomucoid were higher in patients with increased UOER than in healthy controls (P<.001), but were still within reference limits, suggesting chronic low-grade inflammation. UOER was associated with increasing values of orosomucoid clearance (P<.0001) independently of serum orosomucoid. CONCLUSIONS Patients with type 2 diabetes and increased UOER had normal GFR and showed no signs of renal glomerular or tubular dysfunction. We therefore hypothesize that increased levels of UOER may be caused by local renal production of orosomucoid due to chronic low-grade inflammation.
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Meade KG, O'Gorman GM, Hill EW, Narciandi F, Agaba M, Kemp SJ, O'Farrelly C, MacHugh DE. Divergent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and acute phase protein (APP) responses to Trypanosoma congolense infection in trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:196-204. [PMID: 19889461 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is endemic across Sub-Saharan African and is a major constraint to livestock production. The ability of certain cattle breeds to remain productive despite infection is known as trypanotolerance; however, the underlying immune mechanisms contributing to this trait remain poorly understood. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and acute phase proteins (APPs) are evolutionarily conserved effector molecules of the innate immune system that have important roles in the resolution of infection and activation of the adaptive immune response. Expression levels of AMP genes (TAP, LAP, BNBD4, DEFB1, DEFB5 and LEAP2) and APP genes (HP, CP, AGP, LBP, SAA3 and CRP) were investigated using real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from two breeds of African cattle (trypanotolerant N'Dama and trypanosusceptible Boran), experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A (SAA) were also measured in plasma using quantitative protein assays. Results demonstrated that tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) gene expression increased by 32-fold in Boran, compared to only 3-fold in N'Dama, by 14 days post-infection (dpi) and rising to 136-fold at 29 dpi in Boran, compared to 47-fold in N'Dama (P<0.05). Protein expression levels of SAA are elevated in N'Dama, rising to 163 microg/ml at 14 dpi compared with 72 microg/ml in Boran. The SAA expression profile mirrors the wave of parasitaemia detected in N'Dama. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the promoter regions of the SAA3 and SAA4 genes, which are predicted to affect transcription factor binding and thereby contributing to the differential patterns of expression detected between the breeds. Whereas elevated TAP expression is a conserved component of the innate immune response to infection in both breeds, higher SAA expression levels may contribute toward trypanotolerance in N'Dama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran G Meade
- Animal Bioscience Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
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Killer HE, Jaggi GP, Miller NR. Papilledema revisited: is its pathophysiology really understood? Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 37:444-7. [PMID: 19624339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.02059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The term 'papilledema' is used to describe swelling of the optic disc that is thought or known to be associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) transmitted to the subarachnoid space (SAS) surrounding the optic nerve (ON). In most cases, the diagnosis of increased ICP is confirmed by lumbar puncture, the results of which are believed to represent the pressure in all of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces. Until recently, all CSF spaces were thought to communicate freely and that CSF pressure and composition in one location were the same throughout the central nervous system (CNS) unless there was an acquired structural disturbance. However, the concept of continuous CSF flow and pressure throughout the CNS does not explain why some patients with elevated ICP do not develop papilledema, why some patients have highly asymmetrical papilledema, or why some patients with papilledema have normal ICP during 24-hour monitoring. In addition, CSF sampling during lumbar puncture and during ON sheath fenestration demonstrates an increased concentration of lipocalin-like prostaglandin D synthase, a substance toxic to astrocytes, in the SAS of the ON compared with that in the lumbar CSF space, and also a difference in CSF dynamics between the lumbar and ON SAS in some patients with papilledema. We therefore suggest that papilledema does not result from raised ICP alone but in some cases by compartmentation of the SAS of the ON, leading to a toxic milieu around the nerve.
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Systemic and in vitro expression of goat α1-acid glycoprotein during Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 131:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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A sentinel function for teat tissues in dairy cows: dominant innate immune response elements define early response to E. coli mastitis. Funct Integr Genomics 2009; 10:21-38. [PMID: 19727872 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-009-0133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli intramammary infection elicits localized and systemic responses, some of which have been characterized in mammary secretory tissue. Our objective was to characterize gene expression patterns that become activated in different regions of the mammary gland during the acute phase of experimentally induced E. coli mastitis. Tissues evaluated were from Fürstenburg's rosette, teat cistern (TC), gland cistern (GC), and lobulo-alveolar (LA) regions of control and infected mammary glands, 12 and 24 h after bacterial (or control) infusions. The main networks activated by E. coli infection pertained to immune and inflammatory response, with marked induction of genes encoding proteins that function in chemotaxis and leukocyte activation and signaling. Genomic response at 12 h post-infection was greatest in tissues of the TC and GC. Only at 24 h post-infection did tissue from the LA region respond, at which time the response was the greatest of all regions. Similar genetic networks were impacted in all regions during early phases of intramammary infection, although regional differences throughout the gland were noted. Data support an important sentinel function for the teat, as these tissues responded rapidly and intensely, with production of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides.
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Christiansen MS, Iversen K, Larsen CT, Goetze JP, Hommel E, Mølvig J, Pedersen BK, Magid E, Feldt-Rasmussen B. Increased urinary orosomucoid excretion: a proposed marker for inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 69:272-81. [PMID: 18972260 DOI: 10.1080/00365510802531100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a previous study, urinary orosomucoid excretion rate (UOER) independently predicted cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to determine whether increased UOER is associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as inflammation, impaired left ventricular function and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 41 patients with type 2 diabetes (17 patients with normal UOER and 24 with increased UOER) with no history of cardiovascular disease and 21 healthy controls. Urinary orosomucoid was measured using a particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM) were measured using ELISA. Endothelial function measured as vasodilatory capacity of the brachial artery and echocardiography were done in all participants. RESULTS Patients with diabetes and increased UOER had subclinically increased serum orosomucoid (p<0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p<0.001), IL-6 (p<0.001), tPA (p<0.003) and sICAM (p<0.003) compared with healthy controls. In patients with type 2 diabetes, UOER was independently associated with increasing values of IL-6 (1.43 (1.06-1.93)) and tPA (1.82 (1.20-2.77)). Measurements by echocardiography showed no signs of cardiac dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes and increased UOER displayed signs of chronic low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. UOER was independently related to markers of proinflammation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. The previously shown relation between increased UOER and cardiovascular mortality is proposed to be caused by chronic low-grade inflammation and early endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Amager Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Extra hepatic expression of the acute phase protein alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in normal bovine tissues. Vet J 2009; 180:256-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jiang H, Guan G, Zhang R, Liu G, Liu H, Hou X, Cheng J. Increased urinary excretion of orosomucoid is a risk predictor of diabetic nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 2009; 14:332-7. [PMID: 19143942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Identification of the risk predictor of diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains a major challenge currently. Thus, proteomic approaches to identify DN-related biomarker were performed. METHODS A comparative proteomic approach of 2-D gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry to identify biomarkers in urine samples from 12 DN patients (six type 1 and six type 2 diabetic patients) and six healthy controls. Then, the urinary level of identified protein biomarker was detected by immunoturbidimetry assay in urine samples from 90 type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with normo-, micro- and macroalbuminuria (n = 30 in each group), and 30 healthy controls. RESULTS A novel DN-related protein, orosomucoid (alpha1-acid glycoprotein), was identified by proteomic method. Its abundance was highly upregulated (>eightfold) in DN patients. The data of immunoturbidimetry assay showed urinary orosomucoid excretion rate (UOER) was gradually increased in the normo-, micro- and macroalbuminuria group versus control (0.71 +/- 0.41, 1.93 +/- 0.68, 2.88 +/- 0.94 vs 0.39 +/- 0.28 ug/min, P < 0.05). The result indicated that UOER increased in early stage of DN and gradually increased with the development of DN. Also, Pearson's correlation analysis indicated UOER was positively correlated with urinary albumin excretion rate, serum creatinine and C-reactive protein (r = 0.830, 0.787 and 0.360, respectively; P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis also showed that increased UOER was an independent risk factor for DN (odds ratio = 3.10, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Urinary orosomucoid is a DN-related biomarker, which is associated with the development and progression of DN. Furthermore, increased UOER is an independent risk factor of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Bujold E, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Erez O, Gotsch F, Chaiworapongsa T, Gomez R, Espinoza J, Vaisbuch E, Mee Kim Y, Edwin S, Pisano M, Allen B, Podust VN, Dalmasso EA, Rutherford J, Rogers W, Moser A, Yoon BH, Barder T. Proteomic profiling of amniotic fluid in preterm labor using two-dimensional liquid separation and mass spectrometry. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 21:697-713. [PMID: 19012186 DOI: 10.1080/14767050802053289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simultaneous analysis of the protein composition of biological fluids is now possible. Such an approach can be used to identify biological markers of disease and to understand the pathophysiology of disorders that have eluded classification, diagnosis, and treatment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in protein composition of the amniotic fluid of patients in preterm labor. STUDY DESIGN Amniotic fluid was obtained by amniocentesis from three groups of women with preterm labor and intact membranes: (1) women without intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI) who delivered at term, (2) women without IAI who delivered a preterm neonate, and (3) women with IAI. Intra-amniotic infection was defined as a positive amniotic fluid culture for microorganisms. Intra-amniotic inflammation was defined as an elevated amniotic fluid interleukin (IL)-6 (> or =2.3 ng/mL). Two-dimensional (2D) chromatography was used for analysis. The first dimension separated proteins by isoelectric point, while the second, by the degree of hydrophobicity. 2D protein maps were generated using different experimental conditions (reducing agents as well as protein concentration). The maps were used to discern subsets of isoelectric point/hydrophobicity containing differentially expressed proteins. Protein identification of differentially expressed fractions was conducted with mass spectrometry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) as well as surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS)-based on-chip antibody capture immunoassays were also used for confirmation of a specific protein that was differentially expressed. RESULTS (1) Amniotic fluid protein composition can be analyzed using a combination of 2D liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the identification of proteins differentially expressed in patients in preterm labor. (2) While total insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) concentration did not change, IGFBP-1 fragments at about 13.5 kDa were present in patients with IAI. (3) Proteins that were over-expressed in group 1 included von Ebner gland protein precursor, IL-7 precursor, apolipoprotein A1, tropomyosin sk1 (TPMsk1) fragment, ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-3, and alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP). (4) Proteins that were over-expressed in group 3 included fibrinopeptide B, transferrin, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 chain-related A antigen fragment, transcription elongation factor A, sex-determining region Y (SRY) box 5 protein, Down syndrome critical region 2 protein (DSCR2), and human peptide 8 (HP8). (5) One protein, retinol-binding protein, was over-expressed in women who delivered preterm, regardless of the presence of IAI. CONCLUSIONS A combination of techniques involving 2D chromatography, mass spectrometry, and immunoassays allows identification of proteins that are differentially regulated in the amniotic fluid of patients with preterm labor. Specifically, the amount of the IGFBP-1 fragments at approximately 13.5 kDa was found to be increased in patients with IAI, while the amount of the intact form of IGFBP-1 was decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bujold
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHSS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Satone H, Oshima Y, Shimasaki Y, Tawaratsumida T, Oba Y, Takahashi E, Kitano T, Kawabata SI, Kakuta Y, Honjo T. Tributyltin-binding protein type 1 has a distinctive lipocalin-like structure and is involved in the excretion of tributyltin in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 90:292-299. [PMID: 18992946 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin-binding protein type 1 (TBT-bp1) is a newly discovered protein that binds with TBT in the blood of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. We determined the genomic sequence of TBT-bp1 and found that this protein has a conserved exon-intron structure that is common to the lipocalin protein family. The secondary and tertiary structures of TBT-bp1, predicted from amino acid sequence, included at least two alpha-helices and eight beta-sheets that are conserved in all lipocalins and form a barrel structure that may bind with ligands. Analysis of the gene structure, secondary structure, and tertiary structure demonstrated that TBT-bp1 could be classified as a lipocalin. A homology search revealed the presence of TBT-bp1-like proteins in eight species of teleost. When flounder were injected intraperitoneally with TBT-d27 at 11.6mug/fish, TBT-d27 was detected in the blood and in the skin mucus. The concentration of TBT-d27 in mucus was approximately 1/100 of that in the serum. Western blotting analysis revealed that TBT-bp1 was present in the skin mucus. These results suggest that TBT-bp1 in Japanese flounder binds with TBT and is excreted from the body via the mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Satone
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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82
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Kunert-Keil C, Jeschke U, Simms G, Kasper M. Increased expression of glycodelin mRNA and protein in rat lungs during ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 131:383-90. [PMID: 19002700 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease accompanied by airway obstruction and hyper-responsiveness. Asthmatic inflammation is characterized by the expression of multiple genes for inflammatory mediators. Glycodelin is a glycoprotein with several functions in cell recognition and differentiation. There is substantial evidence that glycodelin may be a mediator for immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effects on several human tissues. To determine the potential role of glycodelin in the pulmonary immune response, we examined the distribution of the glycodelin mRNA and protein in an experimental rat model of allergen-induced airway inflammation. The experimental model developed an airway response to inhaled nebulized ovalbumin in adult rats. Two groups of rats (ovalbumin and saline) were challenged for 3 weeks, lungs were fixed and embedded, and sections were studied for expression of glycodelin mRNA by in situ hybridization and protein by immunohistochemistry. Glycodelin is expressed in Clara cells of bronchial epithelium, type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages. Densitometric analyses show a significant increase of the glycodelin mRNA and protein expression in rat lungs after ovalbumin challenge. Induced glycodelin amounts in tissue, particularly in Clara cells and alveolar macrophages were found. The altered expression pattern of glycodelin may contribute to the pulmonary immune response in asthmatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Kunert-Keil
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany.
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83
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Schönfeld DL, Ravelli RBG, Mueller U, Skerra A. The 1.8-A crystal structure of alpha1-acid glycoprotein (Orosomucoid) solved by UV RIP reveals the broad drug-binding activity of this human plasma lipocalin. J Mol Biol 2008; 384:393-405. [PMID: 18823996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an important drug-binding protein in human plasma and, as an acute-phase protein, it has a strong influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many pharmaceuticals. We report the crystal structure of the recombinant unglycosylated human AGP at 1.8 A resolution, which was solved using the new method of UV-radiation-damage-induced phasing (UV RIP). AGP reveals a typical lipocalin fold comprising an eight-stranded beta-barrel. Of the four loops that form the entrance to the ligand-binding site, loop 1, which connects beta-strands A and B, is among the longest observed so far and exhibits two full turns of an alpha-helix. Furthermore, it carries one of the five N-linked glycosylation sites, while a second one occurs underneath the tip of loop 2. The branched, partly hydrophobic, and partly acidic cavity, together with the presumably flexible loop 1 and the two sugar side chains at its entrance, explains the diverse ligand spectrum of AGP, which is known to vary with changes in glycosylation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian L Schönfeld
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, An der Saatzucht 5, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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84
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Rahman MM, Miranda-Ribera A, Lecchi C, Bronzo V, Sartorelli P, Franciosi F, Ceciliani F. Alpha1-acid glycoprotein is contained in bovine neutrophil granules and released after activation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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85
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Cortes-Canteli M, Luna-Medina R, Sanz-Sancristobal M, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Santos A, Perez-Castillo A. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta deficiency provides cerebral protection following excitotoxic injury. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:1224-34. [PMID: 18388310 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.025031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta, also known as CEBPB) was first identified as a regulator of differentiation and inflammatory processes in adipose tissue and liver. Although C/EBPbeta was initially implicated in synaptic plasticity, its function in the brain remains largely unknown. We have previously shown that C/EBPbeta regulates the expression of genes involved in inflammatory processes and brain injury. Here, we have demonstrated that the expression of C/EBPbeta is notably increased in the hippocampus in a murine model of excitotoxicity. Mice lacking C/EBPbeta showed a reduced inflammatory response after kainic acid injection, and exhibited a dramatic reduction in pyramidal cell loss in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. These data reveal an essential function for C/EBPbeta in the pathways leading to excitotoxicity-mediated damage and suggest that inhibitors of this transcription factor should be evaluated as possible neuroprotective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cortes-Canteli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier, 4, Madrid, Spain
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86
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Rinaldi M, Ceciliani F, Lecchi C, Moroni P, Bannerman DD. Differential effects of alpha1-acid glycoprotein on bovine neutrophil respiratory burst activity and IL-8 production. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:199-210. [PMID: 18692908 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During bacterial-mediated diseases, neutrophils (PMNs) play a critical role in defending the host against invading pathogens. PMN production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to the bactericidal capabilities of these cells. ROS are produced intracellularly and can be released extracellularly. The aberrant extracellular release of ROS, however, has been reported to induce injury to host tissues during mastitis and other inflammatory-mediated diseases of cattle. The acute phase response, which occurs shortly after infection or tissue injury, is characterized by the induction of a large number of plasma proteins referred to as acute phase proteins (APP). alpha1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an APP that increases in response to infection or injury in cattle and humans. The precise function of AGP is unknown, but it has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of bovine AGP on PMN pro-inflammatory responses, including respiratory burst activity and cytokine production. Bovine AGP dose-dependently inhibited zymosan-induced PMN extracellular release of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide without affecting the capacity of PMN to engulf and kill Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, AGP exerted its effect on ROS production regardless of whether PMNs were exposed to AGP prior to or after activation. In contrast to respiratory burst activity, AGP enhanced PMN production of IL-8. The precise mechanism by which AGP regulates PMN functions remains unknown, but data presented in this study suggest that AGP may have a complex role by differentially regulating PMN pro-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rinaldi
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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87
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LIPOCALIN-LIKE PROSTAGLANDIN D SYNTHASE IN SUBRETINAL FLUID OF DETACHED RETINAS IN HUMANS. Retina 2008; 28:858-63. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e3181631975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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88
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Nelson AM, Zhao W, Gilliland KL, Zaenglein AL, Liu W, Thiboutot DM. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mediates 13-cis retinoic acid-induced apoptosis of human sebaceous gland cells. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1468-78. [PMID: 18317594 DOI: 10.1172/jci33869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
13-cis retinoic acid (13-cis RA; also known as isotretinoin) is the most potent agent available for treatment of acne. It is known that the drug induces apoptosis in cells cultured from human sebaceous glands, but its mechanism of action has not been determined. In this study, skin biopsies were taken from 7 patients with acne prior to and at 1 week of treatment with 13-cis RA. TUNEL staining confirmed that 13-cis RA induced apoptosis in sebaceous glands. Transcriptional profiling of patient skin and cultured human sebaceous gland cells (SEB-1 sebocytes) indicated that lipocalin 2 was among the genes most highly upregulated by 13-cis RA. Lipocalin 2 encodes neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), which functions in innate immune defense and induces apoptosis of murine B lymphocytes. Increased immunolocalization of NGAL was noted in patients' sebaceous glands following treatment with 13-cis RA, and recombinant NGAL induced apoptosis in SEB-1 sebocytes. Furthermore, apoptosis in response to 13-cis RA was inhibited in the presence of siRNA to lipocalin 2. These data indicate that NGAL mediates the apoptotic effect of 13-cis RA and suggest that agents that selectively induce NGAL expression in sebaceous glands might represent therapeutic alternatives to the use of 13-cis RA to treat individuals with acne.
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89
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Imre T, Kremmer T, Héberger K, Molnár-Szöllosi E, Ludányi K, Pócsfalvi G, Malorni A, Drahos L, Vékey K. Mass spectrometric and linear discriminant analysis of N-glycans of human serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in cancer patients and healthy individuals. J Proteomics 2008; 71:186-97. [PMID: 18617146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
N-glycan oligosaccharides of human serum alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) samples isolated from 43 individuals (healthy individuals and patients with lymphoma and with ovarian tumor) were analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and a multivariate statistical method (linear discriminant analysis, LDA). 34 different glycan structures have been identified. From the glycosylation pattern determined by mass spectrometry fucosylation and branching indices have been calculated. These parameters show only small differences between the patient groups studied, but these differences are not sufficiently large to use as a potential biomarker. LDA analysis, on the other hand shows a very good separation between the three groups (with a classification of 88%). Cross-validation indicates that the method has predictive power: Identifying cancerous vs. healthy individuals shows 96% selectivity and 93% specificity; identification of lymphoma vs. the mixed group of healthy and ovarian tumor cases is also promising (72% selectivity and 84% specificity). The pilot study presented here demonstrates that mass spectrometry combined with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) may provide valuable data for identifying and studying the pathophysiology of malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Imre
- Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Pusztaszeri u.59-67, Hungary
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90
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Martìnez Cordero E, Gonzàlez M, Aguilar L, Orozco E, Hernàndez Pando R. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, its local production and immunopathological participation in experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008; 88:203-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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91
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Ochiel DO, Fahey JV, Ghosh M, Haddad SN, Wira CR. Innate Immunity in the Female Reproductive Tract: Role of Sex Hormones in Regulating Uterine Epithelial Cell Protection Against Pathogens. CURRENT WOMEN'S HEALTH REVIEWS 2008; 4:102-117. [PMID: 19644567 PMCID: PMC2717724 DOI: 10.2174/157340408784246395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system in the upper female reproductive tract is uniquely prepared to maintain a balance between the presence of commensal bacteria, sexually transmitted bacterial and viral pathogens, allogeneic spermatozoa, and an immunologically distinct fetus. At the center of this dynamic system are the epithelial cells that line the Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina. Epithelial cells provide a first line of defense that confers continuous protection, by providing a physical barrier as well as secretions containing bactericidal and virucidal agents. In addition to maintaining a state of ongoing protection, these cells have evolved to respond to pathogens, in part through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), to enhance innate immune protection and, when necessary, to contribute to the initiation of an adaptive immune response. Against this backdrop, epithelial cell innate and adaptive immune function is modulated to meet the constraints of procreation. The overall goal of this review is to focus on the dynamic role of epithelial cells in the upper reproductive tract, with special emphasis on the uterus, to define the unique properties of these cells as they maintain homeostasis in preparation for successful fertilization and pregnancy while at the same time confer protection against sexually transmitted infections, which threaten to compromise women's reproductive health and survival. By understanding the nature of this protection and the ways in which innate and adaptive immunity are regulated by sex hormones, these studies provide the opportunity to contribute to the foundation of information essential for ensuring reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Ochiel
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
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92
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Goldfarb MF. Relation of Time of Introduction of Cow Milk Protein to an Infant and Risk of Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:2165-7. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800041d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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93
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Lehane MJ, Gibson W, Lehane SM. Differential expression of fat body genes in Glossina morsitans morsitans following infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:93-101. [PMID: 17697681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To determine which fat body genes were differentially expressed following infection of Glossina morsitans morsitans with Trypanosoma brucei brucei we generated four suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) libraries. We obtained 52 unique gene fragments (SSH clones) of which 30 had a known orthologue at E-05 or less. Overall the characteristics of the orthologues suggest: (i) that trypanosome infection has a considerable effect on metabolism in the tsetse fly; (ii) that self-cured flies are mounting an oxidative stress response; and (iii) that self-cured flies are displaying increased energy usage. The three most consistently differentially expressed genes were further analysed by gene knockdown (RNAi). Knockdown of Glossina transferrin transcripts, which are upregulated in self-cured flies compared with flies infected with trypanosomes, results in a significant increase in the number of trypanosome infections establishing in the fly midgut, suggesting transferrin plays a role in the protection of tsetse flies from trypanosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lehane
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
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94
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Mestriner FLAC, Spiller F, Laure HJ, Souto FO, Tavares-Murta BM, Rosa JC, Basile-Filho A, Ferreira SH, Greene LJ, Cunha FQ. Acute-phase protein alpha-1-acid glycoprotein mediates neutrophil migration failure in sepsis by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19595-600. [PMID: 18048324 PMCID: PMC2148334 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709681104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of circulating neutrophil migration to infection sites is associated with a poor outcome of severe sepsis. alpha-1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) was isolated from the sera of severely septic patients by HPLC and acrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by mass spectrometry. Both the isolated protein and commercial AGP inhibited carrageenin-induced neutrophil migration into the rat peritoneal cavity when administered i.v. at a dose of 4.0 microg per rat (95 pmol per rat). Analysis by intravital microscopy demonstrated that both proteins inhibited the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes in the mesenteric microcirculation. The inhibitory activity was blocked by 50 mg/kg aminoguanidine, s.c., and was not demonstrable in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knockout mice. Incubation of AGP with neutrophils from healthy subjects induced the production of NO and inhibited the neutrophil chemotaxis by an iNOS/NO/cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophosphate-dependent pathway. In addition, AGP induced the l-selectin shedding by neutrophils. The administration of AGP to rats with mild cecal ligation puncture sepsis inhibited neutrophil migration and reduced 7-day survival from approximately 80% to 20%. These data demonstrate that AGP, an acute-phase protein, inhibits neutrophil migration by an NO-dependent process and suggest that AGP also participates in human sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H. J. Laure
- Protein Chemistry Center, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo,14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hemocenter Foundation of Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | | | - B. M. Tavares-Murta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, 38025-180 Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J. C. Rosa
- Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Agents, and
- Protein Chemistry Center, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo,14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hemocenter Foundation of Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | | | | | - L. J. Greene
- Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Agents, and
- Protein Chemistry Center, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo,14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hemocenter Foundation of Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
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95
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Abstract
The acute phase reaction (APR) is a response to potentially pathogenic stimuli. It begins with the release of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α from inflammatory cells. These cytokines induce fever, leucocytosis and release of serum acute phase proteins (APPs). In this review, the characteristics of the feline APR are described. In cats with inflammatory conditions, fever is a common finding, with leucocytosis due to the release of cells from the marginal pool, followed by activation of myelopoiesis. Because excitement frequently causes leucocytosis in cats, a diagnosis of inflammation should therefore be supported by additional findings such as the presence of toxic neutrophils. The major APPs are serum amyloid A and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), which both increase a few hours after the inflammatory stimulus and remain elevated for as long as the inflammation persists. AGP plays an important role in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and may also be useful also in studies of FIP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Paltrinieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Patologia Generale Veterinaria e Parassitologia, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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96
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Ceciliani F, Pocacqua V, Lecchi C, Fortin R, Rebucci R, Avallone G, Bronzo V, Cheli F, Sartorelli P. Differential expression and secretion of α1-acid glycoprotein in bovine milk. J DAIRY RES 2007; 74:374-80. [PMID: 17692138 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029907002646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
α1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a lipocalin that is produced mainly by the liver and secreted into plasma in response to infections and injuries. In this study, we evaluated AGP isoforms that can be detected in bovine milk. We found that milk-AGP content is made up of at least two isoform groups, a low MW group (44 kDa) that is produced in the mammary gland (MG-AGP), and a higher MW group (55–70 kDa), that is produced by somatic cells (SC-AGP). Identical SC-AGP isoforms can be found both in milk and blood PMN cells. Analysis of the mammary tissue cDNA showed that the sequence of the MG-AGP isoform is identical to that of plasma AGP. Each group contains several proteins with different MWs and different isoelectric points, as shown by 2D-electrophoresis. The glycosylation patterns of these isoforms were analysed by means of specific lectin binding, to evaluate the degree of sialylation, fucosylation and branching. The MG-AGP glycan pattern was identical to plasma AGP produced by the liver. Several differences were detected, however, between plasma and SC-AGP isoforms, the most evident being the strong degree of fucosylation and the elevated number of di-antennary glycans in SC-AGP. Immunohistochemistry showed that AGP is found in all tissues that make up the mammary gland, but that it is most likely produced for the main part by the alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan.
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97
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Weinberger B, Vetrano AM, Syed K, Murthy S, Hanna N, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Influence of labor on neonatal neutrophil apoptosis, and inflammatory activity. Pediatr Res 2007; 61:572-7. [PMID: 17413861 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318045be38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil apoptosis is impaired in neonates, and this contributes to prolonged inflammation and tissue injury in infants after infection or trauma. In the present studies, we investigated whether labor generates mediators that further suppress apoptosis. We found that neutrophil apoptosis was reduced in neonates exposed to labor, when compared with infants delivered by cesarean section before labor. This was not due to alterations in caspase-3 or inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 (IAP-2). In contrast, labor primed neutrophils to express tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), suggesting that proinflammatory mediators contribute to reduced apoptosis after labor. Eicosanoids generated via cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and lipoxygenase (Lox) also regulate neutrophil apoptosis. 15-Lox, which generates proapoptotic lipoxins, but not Cox-2, was greater in neutrophils before labor, relative to cells exposed to labor. Anti-inflammatory eicosanoids exert their effects in part via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). Expression of gelatinase-associated lipocalin and catalase, two markers of PPAR-gamma activity, were increased in neonatal neutrophils before labor, relative to cells exposed to labor. These findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory environment is maintained before labor, in part, by eicosanoids. Although increased neutrophil longevity after labor is important for host defense in the immediate newborn period, it may contribute to inflammatory or oxidative injury in susceptible infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Weinberger
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
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98
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Ceciliani F, Pocacqua V, Miranda-Ribera A, Bronzo V, Lecchi C, Sartorelli P. α1-Acid glycoprotein modulates apoptosis in bovine monocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 116:145-52. [PMID: 17321601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
alpha(1)-Acid glycoprotein (AGP, orosomucoid) is a normal constituent of bovine blood. AGP is an immunocalin, a binding protein that can also exert several immunomodulatory functions. In this paper we investigated the effect of bovine alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (boAGP) on spontaneous and staurosporine-induced apoptosis of blood derived monocytes purified using magnetic cell sorting techniques. Bovine AGP was purified from blood following a chromatographic protocol. The homogeneous protein was used to stimulate the cells as well to raise a polyclonal antibody, that was used throughout all the experiments. When monocytes were incubated with high concentrations of boAGP (0.9 mg/ml), similar to those found in bovine plasma during systemic reaction to inflammation, their spontaneous apoptosis rate was suppressed, as determined by caspase-3/7 enzymatic activity assay. Similar results were obtained when apoptosis was induced by adding staurosporine, a potent protein kinase inhibitor. The apoptosis-modulating activity of boAGP was dependent on its concentration, since physiological concentrations of boAGP (0.3 mg/ml) did not exhibit a statistically significative anti-apoptotic activity. We also investigated whether this apoptosis-modulating activity was dependent on the terminal sialic acid residues exposed on the surface of the protein. Enzymatic treatment with neuraminidase, that cleaves terminal sialic acid residues, completely abolished boAGP's anti-apoptotic activity. These results suggest that the protective effect of AGP is likely mediated by its sialic acid terminal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Aigner F, Maier HT, Schwelberger HG, Wallnöfer EA, Amberger A, Obrist P, Berger T, Mak TW, Maglione M, Margreiter R, Schneeberger S, Troppmair J. Lipocalin-2 regulates the inflammatory response during ischemia and reperfusion of the transplanted heart. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:779-88. [PMID: 17391123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion (IR) are known to negatively affect early allograft function following solid organ transplantation. Lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2) has been described as a marker and potential positive modulator of acute inflammation during these processes. Using a heterotopic murine heart transplant model we previously found that IR resulted in a pronounced upregulation of Lcn-2 mRNA in the heart at 12 (22.7-fold increase) and 24 h (9.8-fold increase) of reperfusion. We now confirm this increase at the protein level and provide evidence for infiltrating polymorphonuclear cells as the primary source of Lcn-2 protein. Lcn-2 levels are increased 6.6-fold at 12 h, 11.4-fold at 24 h and 6.4 fold at 48 h after reperfusion. In Lcn-2(-/-) grafts the number of infiltrating granulocytes is reduced by 54% (p < 0.05) at 2 h, 79% (p < 0.01) at 12 h, 72% (p < 0.01) at 24 h and 52% (p < 0.01) at 48 h after reperfusion compared to Lcn-2(+/+) grafts, without any differences in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. These data suggest a function of Lcn-2 in the initiation of the inflammatory response. Moreover, an increase in Lcn-2 is not only restricted to the transplanted heart, but is also observed in the kidney, hinting at a possible involvement of Lcn-2 in the systemic response to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aigner
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery and Daniel-Swarovski-Research Laboratory, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria.
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Sunil VR, Patel KJ, Nilsen-Hamilton M, Heck DE, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Acute endotoxemia is associated with upregulation of lipocalin 24p3/Lcn2 in lung and liver. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:177-87. [PMID: 17490638 PMCID: PMC3954125 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute endotoxemia is associated with production of acute phase proteins which regulate inflammatory responses to tissue injury. Consistent with DNA microarray experiments, we found that acute endotoxemia, induced by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mice (1 mg/kg) or rats (5 mg/kg), resulted in increased expression of the hepatic acute phase protein, lipocalin 24p3, which was evident within 4 h and persisted for 24-48 h. Increases in 24p3 expression were also observed in the lung after LPS administration, as well as in isolated liver and lung macrophages, and Type II alveolar epithelial cells. The actions of LPS are dependent, in part, on Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins. Macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice, which possess a nonfunctional TLR-4, expressed low levels of 24p3 mRNA when compared to cells from control C3H/OuJ mice. Whereas LPS administration increased 24p3 expression in lung and liver macrophages from control C3H/OuJ mice, minimal effects were observed in TLR-4 mutant mice demonstrating that TLR-4 is important in regulating 24p3 expression during acute endotoxemia. Promoters for genes encoding lipocalin proteins including 24p3 contain consensus sequences for transcription factors including NF-kappaB, and C/EBP. Acute endotoxemia resulted in NF-kappaB nuclear binding activity in both alveolar macrophages and Type II cells. In contrast, C/EBP activation was evident only in Type II cells, suggesting differential effects of LPS on these cell types. These data suggest that the acute phase response to acute endotoxemia involves induction of 24p3 in both the lung and liver. This protein may be important in restoring tissue homeostasis following LPS-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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