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Bartos A, Fialová L, Soukupová J, Kukal J, Malbohan I, Pit'ha J. Elevated intrathecal antibodies against the medium neurofilament subunit in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2007; 254:20-5. [PMID: 17508137 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurofilaments are cytoskeletal proteins localized within axons, which may interact with the immune system during and following tissue destruction in multiple sclerosis (MS). Antibodies against the medium neurofilament subunit synthesized intrathecally may reflect axonal damage in MS patients. Both immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) responses against the purified native medium subunit of neurofilaments (NFM) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were determined in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained from 49 MS patients, 16 normal controls (CN), 21 control patients with miscellaneous diseases (CD) and 14 patients with neurodegenerative disorders (CDEG). Intrathecal production of IgM and IgG antibodies to NFM were elevated in MS patients compared with the CN or CD groups (p<0.04 for IgM, p<0.01 for IgG). The increase was present in all the MS courses (relapsing-remitting, primary and secondary progressive). Similar local anti-NFM IgG and IgM synthesis occurred in the MS and CDEG groups. MS patients with short and long disease duration did not differ in terms of their anti-NFM IgM and IgG responses. Repeated examinations showed stable intrathecal anti-NFM production. Intrathecal IgG and IgM antibodies against NFM were increased in MS patients and may serve as a potential marker for axonal pathology. The extent of anti-NFM levels did not correspond to any individualized clinical profiles of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Bartos
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Neurology, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Srobárova 50, 100 34, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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52
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53
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Lim MJ, Beake J, Bible E, Curran TM, Ramirez-Montealegre D, Pearce DA, Cooper JD. Distinct patterns of serum immunoreactivity as evidence for multiple brain-directed autoantibodies in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2006; 32:469-82. [PMID: 16972881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) have been reported in sera from the Cln3(-/-) mouse model of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL), and in individuals with this fatal paediatric neurodegenerative disorder. To investigate the existence of other circulating autoreactive antibodies, we used sera from patients with JNCL and other forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) as primary antisera to stain rat and human central nervous system sections. JNCL sera displayed characteristic patterns of IgG, but not IgA, IgE or IgM immunoreactivity that was distinct from the other forms of NCL. Immunoreactivity of JNCL sera was not confined to GAD65-positive (GABAergic) neurons, but also stained multiple other cell populations. Preadsorption of JNCL sera with recombinant GAD65 reduced the intensity of the immunoreactivity, but did not significantly change its staining pattern. Moreover, sera from Stiff Person Syndrome and Type I Diabetes, disorders in which GAD65 autoantibodies are present, stained with profiles that were markedly different from JNCL sera. Collectively, these studies provide evidence of the presence of autoreactive antibodies within multiple forms of NCL, and are not exclusively directed towards GAD65.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lim
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Department of Neuroscience, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
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54
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Polosukhina DI, Kanyshkova TG, Doronin BM, Tyshkevich OB, Buneva VN, Boiko AN, Gusev EI, Favorova OO, Nevinsky GA. Hydrolysis of myelin basic protein by polyclonal catalytic IgGs from the sera of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2005; 8:359-68. [PMID: 15491511 PMCID: PMC6740116 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various catalytic antibodies or abzymes have been detected recently in the sera of patients with several autoimmune pathologies, where their presence is most probably associated with autoimmunization. Recently we have shown that DNase, RNase, and polysaccharide-hydrolyzing activities are associated with IgGs from the sera of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we present evidence demonstrating that highly purified MS IgGs (but not Igs from the sera of healthy individuals) catalyze specifically hydrolysis of human myelin basic protein (hMBP). In contrast to many known proteases, IgGs do not hydrolyze many other different proteins. Specific inhibitors of acidic and thiol proteases have no remarkable effect on proteolytic activity of IgGs. However, specific inhibitor of serine (PMSF, AEBSF, and benzamidin) and metal-dependent (EDTA) proteases significantly inhibit activity of proteolytic abzymes. Interestingly, the ratio of serine-like and metal-dependent activities of MS IgGs varied very much from patient to patient. The findings speak in favor of the generation by the immune systems of individual MS patients of a variety of polyclonal anti-MBP IgGs with different catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya I Polosukhina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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55
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Skoda D, Kranda K, Bojar M, Glosová L, Bäurle J, Kenney J, Romportl D, Pelichovská M, Cvachovec K. Antibody formation against beta-tubulin class III in response to brain trauma. Brain Res Bull 2005; 68:213-6. [PMID: 16377426 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain trauma typically leads to neuronal damage and loss. Assuming a transient autoimmune response to debris of the damaged neurones, we have monitored serum titres of IgG and IgM antibodies to beta-tubulin class III (betaTcIII), which is almost exclusively found in neuronal cytoskeletons. In 15 out of 18 patients, the peak of the IgG or IgM antibody titre appeared in the serum within 3 weeks of a brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Skoda
- Neurology Department, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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56
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Mor F, Izak M, Cohen IR. Identification of Aldolase as a Target Antigen in Alzheimer’s Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3439-45. [PMID: 16116239 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common human neurodegenerative disease, leading to progressive cognitive decline and eventually death. The prevailing paradigm on the pathogenesis of AD is that abnormally folded proteins accumulate in specific brain areas and lead to neuronal loss via apoptosis. In recent years it has become evident that an inflammatory and possibly autoimmune component exists in AD. Moreover, recent data demonstrate that immunization with amyloid-beta peptide is therapeutically effective in AD. The nature of CNS Ags that are the target of immune attack in AD is unknown. To identify potential autoantigens in AD, we tested sera IgG Abs of AD patients in immunoblots against brain and other tissue lysates. We identified a 42-kDa band in brain lysates that was detected with >50% of 45 AD sera. The band was identified by mass spectrometry to be aldolase A. Western blotting with aldolase using patient sera demonstrated a band of identical size. The Ab reactivity was verified with ELISAs using aldolase. One of 25 elderly control patients and 3 of 30 multiple sclerosis patients showed similar reactivity (p < 0.002). In enzymatic assays, anti-aldolase positive sera were found to inhibit the enzyme's activity, and the presence of the substrate (fructose 1,6-diphosphate) enhanced Ab binding. Immunization of rats and mice with aldolase in complete Freund's adjuvant was not pathogenic. These findings reveal an autoimmune component in AD, point at aldolase as a common autoantigen in this disease, and suggest a new target for potential immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mor
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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57
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Hafler DA, Slavik JM, Anderson DE, O'Connor KC, De Jager P, Baecher-Allan C. Multiple sclerosis. Immunol Rev 2005; 204:208-31. [PMID: 15790361 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex genetic disease associated with inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) white matter and is thought to be mediated by autoimmune processes. Clonal expansion of B cells, their antibody products, and T cells, hallmarks of inflammation in the CNS, are found in MS. The association of the disease with major histocompatibility complex genes, the inflammatory white matter infiltrates, similarities with animal models, and the observation that MS can be treated with immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies support the hypothesis that autoimmunity plays a major role in the disease pathology. This review discusses the immunopathology of MS with particular focus given to regulatory T cells and the role of B cells and antibodies, immunomodulatory therapeutics, and finally new directions in MS research, particularly new methods to define the molecular pathology of human disease with high-throughput examination of germline DNA haplotypes, RNA expression, and protein structures that will allow the generation of a new series of hypotheses that can be tested to develop better understandings and therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hafler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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58
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Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004; 17:146-57. [PMID: 15312278 DOI: 10.1177/0891988704267465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia manifested by vivid, often frightening dreams associated with simple or complex motor behavior during REM sleep. Patients appear to "act out their dreams," in which the exhibited behaviors mirror the content of the dreams. Management of RBD involves counseling about safety measures in the sleep environment; in those at risk for injury, clonazepam and/or melatonin is usually effective. In this article, the authors present a detailed review of the clinical and polysomnographic features, differential diagnosis, diagnostic criteria, management strategies, and pathophysiologic mechanisms of RBD. They then review the literature and their institutional experience of RBD associated with neurodegenerative disease, particularly Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The evolving data suggests that RBD may have clinical diagnostic and pathophysiologic significance in isolation and when associated with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley F Boeve
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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59
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Bergamaschini L, Rossi E, Storini C, Pizzimenti S, Distaso M, Perego C, De Luigi A, Vergani C, De Simoni MG. Peripheral treatment with enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin, reduces plaques and beta-amyloid accumulation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2004; 24:4181-6. [PMID: 15115813 PMCID: PMC6729286 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0550-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of long-term, peripheral treatment with enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin, in transgenic mice overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein(751). Enoxaparin (6 IU per mouse intraperitoneally, three times a week for 6 months) significantly lowered the number and the area occupied by cortical beta-amyloid deposits and the total beta-amyloid (1-40) cortical concentration. Immunocytochemical analysis of glial fibrillary acid protein-positive cells showed that enoxaparin markedly reduced the number of activated astrocytes surrounding beta-amyloid deposits. In vitro, the drug dose-dependently attenuated the toxic effect of beta-amyloid on neuronal cells. Enoxaparin dose-dependently reduced the ability of beta-amyloid to activate complement and contact systems, two powerful effectors of inflammatory response in AD brain. By reducing the beta-amyloid load and cytotoxicity and proinflammatory activity, enoxaparin offers promise as a tool for slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bergamaschini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Maggiore, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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60
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Schrödl D, Kahlenberg F, Peter-Zimmer K, Hermann W, Kühn HJ, Mothes T. Intrathecal synthesis of autoantibodies against tissue transglutaminase. J Autoimmun 2004; 22:335-40. [PMID: 15120757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Revised: 01/28/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies (AtTGA) are typically found in serum of patients with untreated coeliac disease (CD). tTG catalyses crosslinking of peptides an activity supposed to be important in neurological disorders. tTG occurs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its assay in CSF was suggested to be diagnostically useful. However, nothing is known about AtTGA in CSF. Therefore, in 129 unselected CSF-serum pairs IgA- and IgG-AtTGA were assayed by ELISA using human recombinant tTG. For comparison, IgA- and IgG-anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA), typically coexisting with AtTGA were measured. Albumin, total IgA and IgG and further parameters were determined according to routine programme recommended by the European CSF consensus group. AtTGA were detected in 27 (IgA) and in 63 (IgG) CSF samples. Antibody indices (AI) could be calculated for AtTGA from 21 (IgA) and from 61 (IgG) sample pairs. AI for AtTGA was >2 in 11 (IgA) and in 22 (IgG) sample pairs, hinting to intrathecal antibody synthesis. AI for AGA was >2 only for 1 (IgA) and 2 (IgG) sample pairs. Patients with normal routine findings had significantly higher AI for IgA-AtTGA than patients with abnormal findings. This is the first demonstration of AtTGA in CSF and their intrathecal synthesis. The pathogenetic relevance of this new autoantibody species remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schrödl
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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61
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Rajasalu T, Teesalu K, Janmey PA, Uibo R. Demonstration of natural autoantibodies against the neurofilament protein α-internexin in sera of patients with endocrine autoimmunity and healthy individuals. Immunol Lett 2004; 94:153-60. [PMID: 15234547 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2004] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 05/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serum anti-pituitary antibodies (APAs) to cytosolic antigens have been found in association with autoimmune hypophysitis, idiopathic hypopituitarism, and other autoimmune endocrinopathies. Here, an immunoblot method was used to search for serum autoantibody (AAb) reactivities against pituitary antigens, including nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins, in six patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism, 60 patients with type 1 diabetes, nine patients with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) type 1, and in 74 healthy controls. Frequent patient serum IgG reactivity was observed against a 60 kDa human pituitary antigen, and the cross-reactive 62 kDa protein from rat brain was identified as alpha-internexin (alpha-INX) by proteomic methods. IgG and IgM AAbs to this neuron-specific type IV intermediate filament (IF) protein were found in most sera of patients with endocrine autoimmunity as well as healthy subjects with no significant differences in frequencies between the groups, but the levels of IgM alpha-INX AAbs were higher in patients with hypopituitarism as compared to healthy controls (P = 0.032, Mann-Whitney U-test). These findings suggest that alpha-INX AAbs are not specifically related to autoimmune endocrine diseases and most probably are a part of the natural AAb repertoire. This is the first demonstration of alpha-INX AAbs as one of the predominant neuronal IF AAbs in human sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarvo Rajasalu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, Tartu 51014, Estonia
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62
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Gorczyca WA, Ejma M, Witkowska D, Misiuk-Hojło M, Kuropatwa M, Mulak M, Szymaniec S. Retinal antigens are recognized by antibodies present in sera of patients with multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmic Res 2004; 36:120-3. [PMID: 15017109 DOI: 10.1159/000076892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is frequently accompanied by visual symptoms including those related to retinal disorders. Since they may be a consequence of an autoimmune reaction, we examined whether sera of patients with diagnosed MS and changes in visual-evoked potentials contain antibodies against retinal antigens (retAgs). Immunoblot analysis revealed that MS sera recognized mainly a 46-kD antigen, a 41-kD antigen, retinal arrestin, to a smaller extent also 70-, 56-, 43-, and 36-kD proteins. Patients whose sera showed the highest reactivity with 41- and 46-kD antigens had deficiencies in visual acuity, visual fields, ophthalmoscopy, and electroretinograms. Our observation suggests that antibodies to these retAgs may play a role in the origin of ophthalmologic impairment in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech A Gorczyca
- L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
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63
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Briani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy.
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64
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Frank RA, Galasko D, Hampel H, Hardy J, de Leon MJ, Mehta PD, Rogers J, Siemers E, Trojanowski JQ. Biological markers for therapeutic trials in Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the biological markers working group; NIA initiative on neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24:521-36. [PMID: 12714109 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(03)00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Frank
- Pharmacia Corporation, Mailstop 134, Peapack, NJ 07977, USA.
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65
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O'Connor KC, Chitnis T, Griffin DE, Piyasirisilp S, Bar-Or A, Khoury S, Wucherpfennig KW, Hafler DA. Myelin basic protein-reactive autoantibodies in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients are characterized by low-affinity interactions. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 136:140-8. [PMID: 12620653 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies to the immunodominant antigen, myelin basic protein (MBP), in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been poorly characterized. Many studies report detectable levels of autoantibodies to myelin basic protein though other studies, using similar techniques, report their absence. We compared a solution-phase assay that has detected clinically relevant autoantibodies in diabetes and other autoimmune diseases to solid phase assays similar to those used in previous reports. The solution-phase assay consistently measured autoantibodies to MBP in serum from human subjects with Semple rabies vaccine (SRV)-induced demyelinating disease and from MBP-immunized animals. A solid phase assay detected MBP autoantibodies in the serum of a fraction of patients with MS. Autoantibodies capable of binding to MBP in the solution-phase were not detected in the CSF or serum of patients with MS. Additional solution-phase measurements revealed that anti-MBP antibodies from individuals with SRV-induced demyelinating disease demonstrated a binding affinity profile consistent with that of polyclonal antibodies with a range of affinities from low to high. In contrast, antibodies to MBP in the serum of MS patients detected by ELISA did not bind soluble MBP in the same assay. These results indicate that the humoral response in patients with MS does not include moderate- or high-affinity autoantibodies to MBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C O'Connor
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Rm. 780, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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66
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Riederer IM, Pfulg C, Bouras C, Giannakopoulos P, Riederer BM. Human immunoglobulins and Fc fragments promote microtubule assembly via tau proteins and induce conformational changes of neuronal microtubules in vitro. Neuroreport 2003; 14:117-21. [PMID: 12544842 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200301200-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of human immunoglobulins (Ig) in neuronal cytoskeleton stability was studied in vitro. Here we show that human Ig and Fc fragments stimulate animal and human microtubule assembly by binding to microtubules via tau isoforms. In presence of Ig, microtubules show increased aggregation, twisting and rigidity. Non-immune Ig and Fc fragments promote microtubule assembly in temperature-dependent manner and stabilize microtubules at a molecular ratio of 1 Ig per 4 tubulin dimers. These in vitro data provide an experimental support for an immuno-mediated modulation of the cytoskeleton. In conjunction with previous neuropathological data, they suggest that Ig could participate in early stages of neurodegeneration by affecting the microtubule stability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène M Riederer
- Institut de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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67
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Gearhart DA, Toole PF, Warren Beach J. Identification of brain proteins that interact with 2-methylnorharman. An analog of the parkinsonian-inducing toxin, MPP+. Neurosci Res 2002; 44:255-65. [PMID: 12413654 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-Methylated beta-carbolines, including 2-methylnorharman, are structural and functional analogs of the parkinsonian-inducing toxin, MPP+. We are investigating N-methylated beta-carbolines, including 2-methylnorharman, as possible etiologic factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The cellular targets of N-methylated beta-carboline-mediated cytotoxicity are unknown; therefore, we used the T7Select Phage Display System in a novel approach to identify brain proteins that bind to 2-methylnorharman. We incubated (biopanned) immobilized 2-methylnorharman with a phage display cDNA library that expressed a library of human brain proteins on the surface of bacteriophage T7. We washed off unbound phage, amplified the phage that were bound to 2-methylnorharman, and enriched for toxin-interacting phage by repeating the biopanning and amplification steps. The cDNA sequences from the toxin-interacting phage were used to derive the amino acid sequences of the phage-displayed proteins. Five of the six 2-methylnorharman-interacting proteins may have relevance to Parkinson's disease: alpha-tubulin, paraoxonase, dorfin, fatty acid binding protein, and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Dorfin has sequence homology with parkin, which is interesting because mutations in the parkin gene associate with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Our findings are the basis for future studies aimed at determining whether 2-methylnorharman affects the function of these specific proteins in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Gearhart
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2000, USA.
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68
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Teunissen CE, de Vente J, Steinbusch HWM, De Bruijn C. Biochemical markers related to Alzheimer's dementia in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Neurobiol Aging 2002; 23:485-508. [PMID: 12009495 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently based on clinical and neuropsychological examination. To date there is no blood test available that can discriminate dementia patients from healthy individuals. In the present paper, an overview of the current state of knowledge on biologic markers in serum (plasma) and CSF is presented. The combination of characteristic plaque markers tau and amyloid bèta may constitute a specific and sensitive CSF marker for AD. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and antibodies in CSF may be a marker for severe neurodegeneration. CSF concentrations of the oxidative stress markers 3-nitrotyrosine, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and isoprostanes are increased in AD patients. Serum 24S-OH-cholesterol may be an early whereas glial fibrillary acidic protein autoantibody level may be a late marker for neurodegeneration. To date, serum alpha(1)-Antichymotripsin concentration is the most convincing marker for CNS inflammation. Increased serum homocysteine concentrations have also been consistently reported in AD. In summary, a large overlap in mean concentrations has been observed in studies comparing AD patients with healthy controls for single markers. These studies together support the theory of testing several serum markers in combination for the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Teunissen
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (Euron), Universiteit Maastricht, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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69
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Klushnik TP, Gratchev VV, Belichenko PV. Brain-directed autoantibodies levels in the serum of Rett syndrome patients. Brain Dev 2001; 23 Suppl 1:S113-7. [PMID: 11738855 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(01)00353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased titer of brain-directed autoantibodies (AAB) may represent a risk for brain development in children with Rett syndrome (RTT). The aims of this work were to study the levels of brain-directed AAB, mainly nerve growth factor (NGF) and S-100 protein AAB, to analyze morphological features of brain labeling by AAB produced in RTT patients, and to correlate with clinical manifestation. The increased titer of anti-NGF AAB, but not of anti-S100 AAB has been determined in the blood of RTT patients. The blood from five RTT girls was investigated repeatedly (two to four times) within 0.5-3 years. In these RTT patients the level of anti-NGF AAB was stable, not depending on the stage of illness, so individual stability of anti-NGF AAB levels have been detected. However, the negative correlation between the level of these AAB and severity of disease has been found: girls with the milder course of illness (with relative preservation of speech and locomotor functions, later disease onset, and later development of regressive symptoms) were characterized by the higher levels of AAB. The study also revealed immunohistochemical labeling of neuronal population with serum from RTT patients. Serum AAB from RTT cases labeled the cytoplasm and apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex and hippocampus, neurons in basal ganglia and brain stem, but not in the cerebellum of rats. Our results show the presence of brain-directed AAB in blood serum of RTT patients, which suggests an autoimmune component in pathogenesis of RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Klushnik
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, National Mental Health Research Center, 115522, Moscow, Russia
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70
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O'Connor KC, Bar-Or A, Hafler DA. The neuroimmunology of multiple sclerosis: possible roles of T and B lymphocytes in immunopathogenesis. J Clin Immunol 2001; 21:81-92. [PMID: 11332657 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011064007686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system white matter. The association of the disease with MHC genes, the inflammatory white matter infiltrates, similarities with animal models, and the observation that MS can be treated with immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies support the hypothesis that autoimmunity plays a major role in the disease pathology. Evidence supports activated CD4+ myelin-reactive T cells as major mediators of the disease. In addition, a renewed interest in the possible contribution of B cells to MS immunopathology has been sparked by nonhuman primate and MS pathological studies. This review focuses on the immunopathology of MS, outlining the hypothetical steps of tolerance breakdown and the molecules that play a role in the migration of autoreactive cells to the CNS. Particular focus is given to autoreactive T cells and cytokines as well as B cells and autoantibodies and their role in CNS pathogenesis in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C O'Connor
- Harvard Medical School, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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71
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Sanna G, Piga M, Terryberry JW, Peltz MT, Giagheddu S, Satta L, Ahmed A, Cauli A, Montaldo C, Passiu G, Peter JB, Shoenfeld Y, Mathieu A. Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: cerebral imaging and serological profile in patients with and without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations. Lupus 2001; 9:573-83. [PMID: 11035431 DOI: 10.1191/096120300678828695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate morphological and functional abnormalities by cerebral imaging in a series of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with and without overt central nervous system (CNS) manifestations, and to detect possible relationships with clinical parameters and a large panel of autoantibodies, including those reactive against neurotypic and gliotypic antigens. 68 patients with SLE were investigated in a cross-sectional study which included clinical evaluation of symptoms, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and brain single photon emission tomography (SPECT) analysis, electroencephalography (EEG), and serological tests for antibodies directed against nuclear, cytoplasmic neuronal and glial cell-related antigens. The results of this study showed: (1) a significant positive association of (a) anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) serum antibodies with neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations and (b) anti-serin proteinase 3 (anti-PR3/c-ANCA) serum antibodies with pathological cerebral SPECT; (2) the presence of significantly higher values of (a) SLICC organ damage index in patients with abnormal MRI and (b) SLAM activity index in patients with abnormal SPECT; and (3) the association of (a) abnormal MRI with nonactive NP manifestations and (b) combined abnormality of brain SPECT and MRI with the occurrence of overall overt NP manifestations and with those of the organic/major type. Neuropsychiatric manifestations, namely those of the organic/major type, appeared to be significantly associated to the presence of a serum antibody against GFAP, a gliotypic antigen. There was also evidence of an association between SPECT abnormality and the presence of anti-PR3 (c-ANCA). Furthermore, brain imaging by MRI and SPECT applied to SLE patients appears to express CNS involvement significantly related to specific categories of NP manifestations. The abnormalities detected by the two tests seem to be preferentially associated with different activity phases of the NP disorder or of the lupus disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age of Onset
- Aged
- Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/blood
- Brain/diagnostic imaging
- Brain/pathology
- Depression/epidemiology
- Electroencephalography
- Female
- Humans
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnostic imaging
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/physiopathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/psychology
- Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/diagnostic imaging
- Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/physiopathology
- Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/psychology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sanna
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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72
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Yazici ZA, Behrendt M, Cooper D, Goodfield M, Partridge L, Lindsey NJ. The identification of endothelial cell autoantigens. J Autoimmun 2000; 15:41-9. [PMID: 10936027 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2000.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The identity of many endothelial cell autoantigens remains unclear. This study has used human monoclonal anti-endothelial cell autoantibodies isolated from patients with SLE to identify endothelial autoantigens. Thirteen antibodies reactive with endothelial cell membrane preparations were isolated and cloned, one of which has previously been demonstrated to be pro-inflammatory. Western blotting demonstrates that these antibodies recognize a variety of proteins in endothelial cell membrane preparations. Further characterization of five antibodies by cDNA library screening, immunofluorescence and Western blotting proves that two of these antibodies recognized the cytoskeletal proteins tubulin and vimentin. A further antibody identified a clone derived from human collagenase, an identification supported by Western blotting. The multiple clones selected by other antibodies are not compatible with the molecular weight of the antigen recognized in Western blotting studies. This study has clearly identified two endothelial cell autoantigens present in membrane preparations and provides strong evidence as to the identity of a third.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Yazici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
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73
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Eikelenboom P, Veerhuis R. The importance of inflammatory mechanisms for the development of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 1999; 34:453-61. [PMID: 10433400 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(99)00022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A variety of inflammatory proteins has been identified in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The current data suggest that the inflammatory processes are intimately involved in several crucial events in the pathological cascade. Immunohistochemical studies reveal that those parts of the brain wherein the amyloid-beta deposits are closely associated with a chronic inflammatory response are strongly related to the characteristic symptoms. An inflammation-based approach could also provide a valuable theoretical framework to study the influence of extracerebral factors (such as acute phase reactants) on the clinical course of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eikelenboom
- Graduate School of Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, Department of Psychiatry, Valeriuskliniek, The Netherlands.
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74
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Terryberry JW, Shoenfeld Y, Peter JB. Clinical utility of autoantibodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome and its variants. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 1998; 16:265-73. [PMID: 9773253 DOI: 10.1007/bf02737636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Terryberry
- Specialty Laboratories, Inc., Neurology Group, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
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