51
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Perri RL, Di Russo F. Executive Functions and Performance Variability Measured by Event-Related Potentials to Understand the Neural Bases of Perceptual Decision-Making. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:556. [PMID: 29187818 PMCID: PMC5694828 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo L Perri
- Department Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, Rome, Italy.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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52
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Ortu D, Vaidya M. The Challenges of Integrating Behavioral and Neural Data: Bridging and Breaking Boundaries Across Levels of Analysis. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2017; 40:209-224. [PMID: 31976984 PMCID: PMC6701461 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-016-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe here two approaches introduced by Abrahamsen (1987) that can be used by behavior analysts to interpret neuroscientific data. The first is a "boundary-bridging" approach aimed at understanding the interdisciplinary interactions between the behavioral and the neural levels of analysis while keeping the two domains independent. When presenting the boundary-bridging approach, we describe neuroplasticity, a perspective that describes how changes at the brain level can be understood by examining behavioral factors. In the second part of the paper, we contrast two "boundary-breaking" perspectives: neuropsychology and behavior analytic neuroscience. In neuropsychology, localized brain activation is used to explain behavior. In behavior analytic neuroscience, brain responses are interpreted as behavior. We discuss the conditions under which brain responses can be considered behavior and propose that including brain responses within a behavioral framework may allow carrying out a more sophisticated and temporally detailed behavior analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Ortu
- Neurobehavioral Laboratory, Department of Behavior analysis, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle Box 310919, Denton, TX 76201 USA
| | - Manish Vaidya
- Neurobehavioral Laboratory, Department of Behavior analysis, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle Box 310919, Denton, TX 76201 USA
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53
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Saremi AA, Shariat SV, Nazari MA, Dolatshahi B. Neuropsychological Functioning in Obsessive-Compulsive Washers: Drug-Naive Without Depressive Symptoms. Basic Clin Neurosci 2017; 8:233-248. [PMID: 28781731 PMCID: PMC5535329 DOI: 10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a complex and heterogeneous neuropsychiatric syndrome. Contamination obsessions and washing/cleaning compulsions are the most frequent clinical OCD subtypes. The current study aimed at examining the neuropsychological impairments in drug-naive obsessive-compulsive (OC) washers without depressive symptoms and their association with the severity of symptoms. METHODS In the current causal-comparative study, 35 patients with diagnostic and statistical mental disorders class (DSM)-IV diagnosed with washing-subtype OCD and 35 healthy subjects were selected by the convenience sampling method and evaluated by computerized neuropsychology battery and clinical tests as Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Go/No-Go Test, Digits Forward (DF), Digits Backward (DB), Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-28. The patients were matched to the comparison group with regard to age, gender, intelligence quotient (IQ), education, and handedness. All the tests were standardized in Iran. SPSS version 20.00 was used for descriptive and analytical data analysis. RESULTS There was no statistically significant different between the OCD washing and the control groups regarding socio-demographic variables or IQ. There were significant differences between the OC washer and the healthy control groups on the neuropsychological functioning. The obtained results suggested that OC washers performed significantly worse on neuropsychological measures than the controls. There was no significant association between the severity of OC symptoms and the neuropsychological functions in the OCD washing group. CONCLUSION It was concluded that executive function impairment, which is a core feature in OC washers was trait-like in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Saremi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Vahid Shariat
- Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, School of Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Nazari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrooz Dolatshahi
- Department of Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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54
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Anokhin AP, Golosheykin S, Grant JD, Heath AC. Heritability of brain activity related to response inhibition: A longitudinal genetic study in adolescent twins. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 115:112-124. [PMID: 28300615 PMCID: PMC5454802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to inhibit prepotent but context- or goal-inappropriate responses is essential for adaptive self-regulation of behavior. Deficits in response inhibition, a key component of impulsivity, have been implicated as a core dysfunction in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD and addictions. Identification of genetically transmitted variation in the neural underpinnings of response inhibition can help to elucidate etiological pathways to these disorders and establish the links between genes, brain, and behavior. However, little is known about genetic influences on the neural mechanisms of response inhibition during adolescence, a developmental period characterized by weak self-regulation of behavior. Here we investigated heritability of ERPs elicited in a Go/No-Go task in a large sample of adolescent twins assessed longitudinally at ages 12, 14, and 16. Genetic analyses showed significant heritability of inhibition-related frontal N2 and P3 components at all three ages, with 50 to 60% of inter-individual variability being attributable to genetic factors. These genetic influences included both common genetic factors active at different ages and novel genetic influences emerging during development. Finally, individual differences in the rate of developmental changes from age 12 to age 16 were significantly influenced by genetic factors. In conclusion, the present study provides the first evidence for genetic influences on neural correlates of response inhibition during adolescence and suggests that ERPs elicited in the Go/No-Go task can serve as intermediate neurophysiological phenotypes (endophenotypes) for the study of disinhibition and impulse control disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia D Grant
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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55
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Kolijn L, Euser S, van den Bulk BG, Huffmeijer R, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Which neural mechanisms mediate the effects of a parenting intervention program on parenting behavior: design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychol 2017; 5:9. [PMID: 28320473 PMCID: PMC5359954 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-017-0177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD) has proven effective in increasing parental sensitivity. However, the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. In a randomized controlled trial we examine parental neurocognitive factors that may mediate the intervention effects on parenting behavior. Our aims are to (1) examine whether the intervention influences parents' neural processing of children's emotional expressions and the neural precursors of response inhibition and to (2) test whether neural changes mediate intervention effects on parenting behavior. METHODS We will test 100 mothers of 4-6 year old same-sex twins. A random half of the mothers will receive the VIPP-SD Twins (i.e. VIPP-SD adapted for twin families), consisting of 5 home visits in a 3-months period; the other half will receive a dummy intervention. Neurocognitive measures are acquired approximately 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after the intervention. Mothers' electroencephalographic (EEG) activity is measured while performing a stop signal task and in response to children's facial expressions. To obtain a complementary behavioral measure, mothers also perform an emotion recognition task. Parenting behavior will be assessed during parent-child interactions at pre and post intervention lab visits. DISCUSSION Our results will shed light on the neurocognitive factors underlying changes in parenting behavior after a parenting support program, which may benefit the development of such programs. TRIAL REGISTRATION Dutch Trial Register: NTR5312 ; Date registered: January 3, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kolijn
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC Netherlands
| | - Saskia Euser
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC Netherlands
| | - Bianca G. van den Bulk
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC Netherlands
| | - Renske Huffmeijer
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC Netherlands
| | - Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC Netherlands
| | - Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, Leiden, 2300 RB Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC Netherlands
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56
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Hemispheric asymmetries in the transition from action preparation to execution. Neuroimage 2017; 148:390-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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57
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Erb CD, Moher J, Song JH, Sobel DM. Reach tracking reveals dissociable processes underlying inhibitory control in 5- to 10-year-olds and adults. Dev Sci 2017; 21. [PMID: 28233397 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have proposed that two processes featuring distinct types of inhibition support inhibitory control: a response threshold adjustment process involving the global inhibition of motor output and a conflict resolution process involving competitive inhibition among co-active response alternatives. To target the development of these processes, we measured the reaching behavior of 5- to 10-year-olds (Experiment 1) and adults (Experiment 2) as they performed an Eriksen flanker task. This method provided two key measures: initiation time (the time elapsed between stimulus onset and movement onset) and reach curvature (the degree to which a movement deviates from a direct path to the selected target). We suggest that initiation time reflects the response threshold adjustment process by indexing the degree of motoric stopping experienced before a movement is started, while reach curvature reflects the conflict resolution process by indexing the degree of co-activation between response alternatives over the course of a movement. Our results support this claim, revealing different patterns effects in initiation time and curvature, and divergent developmental trajectories between childhood and adulthood. These findings provide behavioral evidence for the dissociation between global and competitive inhibition, and offer new insight into the development of inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Erb
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeff Moher
- Psychology Department, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Joo-Hyun Song
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Rhode Island, USA
| | - David M Sobel
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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58
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Perri RL, Spinelli D, Di Russo F. Missing the Target: the Neural Processing Underlying the Omission Error. Brain Topogr 2017; 30:352-363. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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59
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Inhibiting prepotent responses in the elderly: Distraction and disinhibition. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:124-34. [PMID: 26369924 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to examine whether older adults, relative to younger adults, suffer from generic inhibition, selective inhibition, and/or distraction deficits, as assessed by behavioral and electrophysiological measures in a go/no-go task paradigm that included manipulations of no-go stimulus type (irrelevant vs. conflict) and no-go probability. A total of 96 individuals were recruited; each of three experiments included 32 participants (16 adults above and 16 adults below 60 years of age). The older adults performed more poorly than the younger adults in our behavioral test; however, the event-related potential results showed that irrelevant and conflict no-go stimuli incurred different processes that were differentially impacted by aging, as was reflected in the N2 and P3. That is, the older adults' inhibition deficits might be due to different underlying mechanisms: disproportionate processing of irrelevant no-go stimuli, and disproportionate suppression of conflicting information when executing or withholding a response to conflict no-go stimuli. The present results therefore support the theories of age-related selective inhibition and distraction deficits.
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60
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Vuillier L, Bryce D, Szücs D, Whitebread D. The Maturation of Interference Suppression and Response Inhibition: ERP Analysis of a Cued Go/Nogo Task. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165697. [PMID: 27814356 PMCID: PMC5096696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control is a core function that allows us to resist interference from our surroundings and to stop an ongoing action. To date, it is not clear whether inhibitory control is a single process or whether it is composed of different processes. Further, whether these processes are separate or clustered in childhood is under debate. In this study, we investigated the existence and development of two hypothesized component processes of inhibitory control–interference suppression and response inhibition–using a single task and event related potential components. Twenty 8-year-old children and seventeen adults performed a spatially cued Go/Nogo task while their brain activity was recorded using electroencephalography. Mean N2 amplitudes confirmed the expected pattern for response inhibition with both the children and the adults showing more negative N2 for Nogo vs. Go trials. The interference suppression N2 effect was only present in adults and appeared as a more negative N2 in response to Go trials with a congruent cue than Go trials with an incongruent cue. Contrary to previous findings, there was no evidence that the interference suppression N2 effect was later occurring than the response inhibition N2 effect. Overall, response inhibition was present in both the children and the adults whereas interference suppression was only present in the adults. These results provide evidence of distinct maturational processes for both component processes of inhibitory control, with interference suppression probably continuing to develop into late childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vuillier
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Donna Bryce
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Denes Szücs
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Whitebread
- Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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61
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Elchlepp H, Verbruggen F. How to withhold or replace a prepotent response: An analysis of the underlying control processes and their temporal dynamics. Biol Psychol 2016; 123:250-268. [PMID: 27756580 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study isolated and compared ERP components associated with flexible behavior in two action-control tasks. The 'withhold' groups had to withhold all responses when a signal appeared. The 'change' groups had to replace a prepotent go response with a different response on signal trials. We proposed that the same chain of processes determined the effectiveness of action control in both tasks. Consistent with this idea, lateral (Experiment 1) and central (Experiment 2) signal presentation elicited the same perceptual and response-related components in both tasks with similar latencies. Thus, completely withholding a response and replacing a response required a similar chain of processes. Furthermore, latency analyses revealed intra-individual differences: When the signal occurred in the periphery, differences between fast and slow change trials arose at early perceptual stages; by contrast, differences arose at later processing stages when signal detection was easy but stimulus discrimination and response selection were harder.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Elchlepp
- University of Exeter, School of Psychology, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.
| | - F Verbruggen
- University of Exeter, School of Psychology, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK; Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent, Belgium.
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62
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Cunillera T, Brignani D, Cucurell D, Fuentemilla L, Miniussi C. The right inferior frontal cortex in response inhibition: A tDCS–ERP co-registration study. Neuroimage 2016; 140:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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63
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N2 and P3 modulation during partial inhibition in a modified go/nogo task. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 107:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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64
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Burle B, van den Wildenberg WPM, Spieser L, Ridderinkhof KR. Preventing (impulsive) errors: Electrophysiological evidence for online inhibitory control over incorrect responses. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1008-19. [PMID: 27005956 PMCID: PMC4949675 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In a rich environment, with multiple action affordances, selective action inhibition is critical in preventing the execution of inappropriate responses. Here, we studied the origin and the dynamics of incorrect response inhibition and how it can be modulated by task demands. We used EEG in a conflict task where the probability of compatible and incompatible trials was varied. This allowed us to modulate the strength of the prepotent response, and hence to increase the risk of errors, while keeping the probability of the two responses equal. The correct response activation and execution was not affected by compatibility or by probability. In contrast, incorrect response inhibition in the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to the correct response was more pronounced on incompatible trials, especially in the condition where most of the trials were compatible, indicating a modulation of inhibitory strength within the course of the action. Two prefrontal activities, one medial and one lateral, were also observed before the response, and their potential links with the observed inhibitory pattern observed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borís Burle
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Wery P M van den Wildenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laure Spieser
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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65
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Janssen TWP, Bink M, Geladé K, van Mourik R, Maras A, Oosterlaan J. A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of Neurofeedback, Methylphenidate, and Physical Activity on Event-Related Potentials in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2016; 26:344-53. [PMID: 26771913 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback (NF) is considered a nonpharmacological alternative for medication in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Comparisons of the behavioral efficacy of NF and medication have produced inconsistent results. EEG measures can provide insight into treatment mechanisms, but have received little consideration. In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), effects of NF were compared with methylphenidate (MPH), and physical activity (PA) in children with ADHD on event-related potential (ERP) indices of response inhibition, which are involved in ADHD psychopathology. METHODS Using a multicenter three way parallel group RCT design, 112 children with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association 1994 ) diagnosis of ADHD, between 7 and 13 years of age, were initially included. NF training consisted of 30 sessions of theta/beta training at Cz over a 10 week period. PA training was a semiactive control group, matched in frequency and duration. MPH was titrated using a double-blind placebo controlled procedure in 6 weeks, followed by a stable dose for 4 weeks. ERP measures of response inhibition, N2 and P3, were available for 81 children at pre- and postintervention (n = 32 NF, n = 25 MPH, n = 24 PA). RESULTS Only the medication group showed a specific increase in P3 amplitude compared with NF (partial eta-squared [ηp(2) ] = 0.121) and PA (ηp(2) = 0.283), which was related to improved response inhibition. Source localization of medication effects on P3 amplitude indicated increased activation primarily in thalamic and striatal nuclei. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that simultaneously compared NF with stimulant treatment and a semiactive control group. Only stimulant treatment demonstrated specific improvements in brain function related to response inhibition. These results are in line with recent doubts on the efficacy and specificity of NF as treatment for ADHD. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION Train Your Brain? Exercise and Neurofeedback Intervention for ADHD, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01363544 , Ref. No. NCT01363544.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marleen Bink
- 1 Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- 1 Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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66
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Kropotov J, Ponomarev V, Tereshchenko EP, Müller A, Jäncke L. Effect of Aging on ERP Components of Cognitive Control. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:69. [PMID: 27092074 PMCID: PMC4821853 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As people age, their performance on tasks requiring cognitive control often declines. Such a decline is frequently explained as either a general or specific decline in cognitive functioning with age. In the context of hypotheses suggesting a general decline, it is often proposed that processing speed generally declines with age. A further hypothesis is that an age-related compensation mechanism is associated with a specific cognitive decline. One prominent theory is the compensation hypothesis, which proposes that deteriorated functions are compensated for by higher performing functions. In this study, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) in the context of a GO/NOGO task to examine the age-related changes observed during cognitive control in a large group of healthy subjects aged between 18 and 84 years. The main question we attempted to answer was whether we could find neurophysiological support for either a general decline in processing speed or a compensation strategy. The subjects performed a relatively demanding cued GO/NOGO task with similar omissions and reaction times across the five age groups. The ERP waves of cognitive control, such as N2, P3cue and CNV, were decomposed into latent components by means of a blind source separation method. Based on this decomposition, it was possible to more precisely delineate the different neurophysiological and psychological processes involved in cognitive control. These data support the processing speed hypothesis because the latencies of all cognitive control ERP components increased with age, by 8 ms per decade for the early components (<200 ms) and by 20 ms per decade for the late components. At the same time, the compensatory hypothesis of aging was also supported, as the amplitudes of the components localized in posterior brain areas decreased with age, while those localized in the prefrontal cortical areas increased with age in order to maintain performance on this simple task at a relatively stable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Kropotov
- Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway; Department of Neuropsychology, Andrzej Frycz-Modrzewski Krakow UniversityKrakow, Poland; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Action Programming, N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valery Ponomarev
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Action Programming, N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P Tereshchenko
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Action Programming, N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Lutz Jäncke
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuropsychology, University of ZurichChur, Switzerland; International Normal Aging and Plasticity Research Centre (INAPIC) ZurichChur, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of ZurichChur, Switzerland
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67
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Hsieh S, Wu M, Tang CH. Adaptive Strategies for the Elderly in Inhibiting Irrelevant and Conflict No-Go Trials while Performing the Go/No-Go Task. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 7:243. [PMID: 26779012 PMCID: PMC4701916 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to differentiate whether or not older adults are more prone to distraction or conflict, as induced by irrelevant and conflict no-go stimuli (irNOGO and cfNOGO), respectively. This study also aimed to determine whether or not older adults would devote more effort to withholding a no-go trial in the higher-control demand condition (20% no-go trials' probability) as compared to the lower-control demand condition (50 and 80% no-go trials' probability). A total of 96 individuals were recruited, and each of the three no-go trials' probability conditions included 32 participants (16 younger adults and 16 older adults). Both behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data were measured. The behavioral results showed that the older adults performed more poorly than the younger adults for the go trials, as reflected by slower reaction times (RTs) and higher numbers of omission errors in the go trials. In contrast, in the no-go trials, the older adults counter-intuitively exhibited similar behavioral performance (i.e., equivalent commission errors) as compared to the younger adults. The ERP data further showed that the older adults (but not the younger adults) exhibited larger P3 peak amplitudes for the irNOGO than cfNOGO trials. Yet, on the other hand, the older adults performed more poorly (i.e., had more commission errors) in the cfNOGO than irNOGO trials. These results seem to suggest that the older adults recruited more control processes in order to conquer the commitment of responses in the no-go trials, especially in the irNOGO trials. This age-related compensatory response of recruiting more control processes was specifically seen in the 20% no-go trial probability condition. This study therefore provides a deeper understanding into how older adults adopt strategies for performing the go/no-go task such as devoting more control processes to inhibiting the irNOGO trials compared to the cfNOGO trials in order to cope with their deficient inhibition ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Hsieh
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Mengyao Wu
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and ManagementKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Tang
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
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68
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Senderecka M. Threatening visual stimuli influence response inhibition and error monitoring: An event-related potential study. Biol Psychol 2016; 113:24-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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69
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Albares M, Lio G, Boulinguez P. Tracking markers of response inhibition in electroencephalographic data: why should we and how can we go beyond the N2 component? Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:461-78. [PMID: 25915079 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Response inhibition is a pivotal component of executive control, which is especially difficult to assess. Indeed, it is a substantial challenge to gauge brain-behavior relationships because this function is precisely intended to suppress overt measurable behaviors. A further complication is that no single neuroimaging method has been found that can disentangle the accurate time-course of concurrent excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. Here, we argue that this objective can be achieved with electroencephalography (EEG) on some conditions. Based on a systematic review, we emphasize that the standard event-related potential N2 (N200) is not an appropriate marker of prepotent response inhibition. We provide guidelines for assessing the cortical brain dynamics of response inhibition with EEG. This includes the combined use of inseparable data processing steps (source separation, source localization, and single-trial and time-frequency analyses) as well as the amendment of the classical experimental designs to enable the recording of different kinds of electrophysiological activity predicted by different models of response inhibition. We conclude with an illustration based on recent findings of how fruitful this approach can be.
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70
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Electrophysiological evidence for the involvement of proactive and reactive control in a rewarded stop-signal task. Neuroimage 2015; 121:115-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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71
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Hughes ME, Fulham WR, Michie PT. Electrophysiological signatures of the race model in human primary motor cortex. Psychophysiology 2015; 53:229-36. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Hughes
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Centre; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute; Sydney Australia
| | - W. Ross Fulham
- Schizophrenia Research Institute; Sydney Australia
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health; University of Newcastle; Callaghan Australia
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology; University of Newcastle; Callaghan Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute; Newcastle Australia
| | - Patricia T. Michie
- Schizophrenia Research Institute; Sydney Australia
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health; University of Newcastle; Callaghan Australia
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology; University of Newcastle; Callaghan Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute; Newcastle Australia
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72
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Schevernels H, Bombeke K, Krebs RM, Boehler CN. Preparing for (valenced) action: The role of differential effort in the orthogonalized go/no-go task. Psychophysiology 2015; 53:186-97. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Schevernels
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Klaas Bombeke
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Ruth M. Krebs
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - C. Nico Boehler
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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73
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Quan S, Li M. The effect of positive affect on conflict resolution: Modulated by approach-motivational intensity. Cogn Emot 2015; 31:69-82. [PMID: 26357903 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1081874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, and Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, and Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Sixiang Quan
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, and Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Li
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, and Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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74
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Nicholls C, Bruno R, Matthews A. Chronic cannabis use and ERP correlates of visual selective attention during the performance of a flanker go/nogo task. Biol Psychol 2015; 110:115-25. [PMID: 26232619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between chronic cannabis use and visual selective attention by examining event-related potentials (ERPs) during the performance of a flanker go/nogo task. Male participants were 15 chronic cannabis users (minimum two years use, at least once per week) and 15 drug naive controls. Cannabis users showed longer reaction times compared to controls with equivalent accuracy. Cannabis users also showed a reduction in the N2 'nogo effect' at frontal sites, particularly for incongruent stimuli, and particularly in the right hemisphere. This suggests differences between chronic cannabis users and controls in terms of inhibitory processing within the executive control network, and may implicate the right inferior frontal cortex. There was also preliminary evidence for differences in early selective attention, with controls but not cannabis users showing modulation of N1 amplitude by flanker congruency. Further investigation is required to examine the potential reversibility of these residual effects after long-term abstinence and to examine the role of early selective attention mechanisms in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Nicholls
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Allison Matthews
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
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75
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Sosnik R, Chaim E, Flash T. Stopping is not an option: the evolution of unstoppable motion elements (primitives). J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:846-56. [PMID: 26041827 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00341.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stopping performance is known to depend on low-level motion features, such as movement velocity. It is not known, however, whether it is also subject to high-level motion constraints. Here, we report results of 15 subjects instructed to connect four target points depicted on a digitizing tablet and stop "as rapidly as possible" upon hearing a "stop" cue (tone). Four subjects connected target points with straight paths, whereas 11 subjects generated movements corresponding to coarticulation between adjacent movement components. For the noncoarticulating and coarticulating subjects, stopping performance was not correlated or only weakly correlated with motion velocity, respectively. The generation of a straight, point-to-point movement or a smooth, curved trajectory was not disturbed by the occurrence of a stop cue. Overall, the results indicate that stopping performance is subject to high-level motion constraints, such as the completion of a geometrical plan, and that globally planned movements, once started, must run to completion, providing evidence for the definition of a motion primitive as an unstoppable motion element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Sosnik
- Faculty of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, Israel; and
| | - Eliyahu Chaim
- Faculty of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, Israel; and
| | - Tamar Flash
- Department of Applied Math and Computer Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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76
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Lei H, Zhu X, Fan J, Dong J, Zhou C, Zhang X, Zhong M. Is impaired response inhibition independent of symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder? Evidence from ERPs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10413. [PMID: 25990063 PMCID: PMC4438428 DOI: 10.1038/srep10413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired response inhibition has been consistently reported in patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This clinically heterogeneous disorder is characterized by several symptom dimensions that may have distinct, but partially overlapping, neural correlates. The present study examined whether alterations in response inhibition may be related to symptom severity and symptom dimensions. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a group of 42 medication-free OCD patients as well as 42 healthy controls during a stop-signal task. Symptom dimension scores were obtained using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale symptom checklist. OCD patients showed longer stop-signal reaction times (SSRT, p < 0.01) and larger stop-N2 amplitudes (p < 0.01) compared to healthy controls. Neither the longer SSRT nor the larger stop-N2 scores were significantly correlated with symptom severity or present or lifetime OCD symptoms in OCD patients. These results indicate that deficient response inhibition is a common occurrence in OCD patients that is independent of global symptom severity and symptom dimensions. These data support the notion that impaired response inhibition may be a general attribute of patients with OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lei
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- 1] Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P.R. China [2] National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jie Fan
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Dong
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaocui Zhang
- 1] Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P.R. China [2] National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Mingtian Zhong
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P.R. China
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77
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Perri RL, Berchicci M, Lucci G, Spinelli D, Di Russo F. Why do we make mistakes? Neurocognitive processes during the preparation-perception-action cycle and error-detection. Neuroimage 2015; 113:320-8. [PMID: 25812715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The event-related potential (ERP) literature described two error-related brain activities: the error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) and the error positivity (Pe), peaking immediately after the erroneous response. ERP studies on error processing adopted a response-locked approach, thus, the question about the activities preceding the error is still open. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the activities preceding the false alarms (FA) are different from those occurring in the correct (responded or inhibited) trials. To this aim, we studied a sample of 36 Go/No-go performers, adopting a stimulus-locked segmentation also including the pre-motor brain activities. Present results showed that neither pre-stimulus nor perceptual activities explain why we commit FA. In contrast, we observed condition-related differences in two pre-response components: the fronto-central N2 and the prefrontal positivity (pP), respectively peaking at 250 ms and 310 ms after the stimulus onset. The N2 amplitude of FA was identical to that recorded in No-go trials, and larger than Hits. Because the new findings challenge the previous interpretations on the N2, a new perspective is discussed. On the other hand, the pP in the FA trials was larger than No-go and smaller than Go, suggesting an erroneous processing at the stimulus-response mapping level: because this stage triggers the response execution, we concluded that the neural processes underlying the pP were mainly responsible for the subsequent error commission. Finally, sLORETA source analyses of the post-error potentials extended previous findings indicating, for the first time in the ERP literature, the right anterior insula as Pe generator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Livio Perri
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 15 Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 00135, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", 78 Via dei Marsi, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 15 Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", 78 Via dei Marsi, 00185, Rome, Italy; Unit of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 306 Via Ardeatina, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Spinelli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 15 Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 00135, Rome, Italy; Unit of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 306 Via Ardeatina, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 15 Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 00135, Rome, Italy; Unit of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 306 Via Ardeatina, 00179 Rome, Italy
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78
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How to stop or change a motor response: Laplacian and independent component analysis approach. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 97:233-44. [PMID: 25660306 PMCID: PMC4529397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Response inhibition is an essential control function necessary to adapt one's behavior. This key cognitive capacity is assumed to be dependent on the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. It is unresolved whether varying inhibitory demands engage different control mechanisms or whether a single motor inhibitory mechanism is involved in any situation. We addressed this question by comparing electrophysiological activity in conditions that require stopping a response to conditions that require switching to an alternate response. Analyses of electrophysiological data obtained from stop-signal tasks are complicated by overlapping stimulus-related activity that is distributed over frontal and parietal cortical recording sites. Here, we applied Laplacian transformation and independent component analysis (ICA) to overcome these difficulties. Participants were faster in switching compared to stopping a response, but we did not observe differences in neural activity between these conditions. Both stop- and change-trials Laplacian transformed ERPs revealed a comparable bilateral parieto-occipital negativity around 180 ms and a frontocentral negativity around 220 ms. ICA results suggested an inhibition-related frontocentral component which was characterized by a negativity around 200 ms with a likely source in anterior cingulate cortex. The data provide support for the importance of posterior mediofrontal areas in inhibitory response control and are consistent with a common neural pathway underlying stopping and changing of a motor response. The methodological approach proved useful to distinguish frontal and parietal sources despite similar timing and the ICA approach allowed assessment of single-trial data with respect to behavioral data.
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79
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Stevens T, Brevers D, Chambers CD, Lavric A, McLaren IPL, Mertens M, Noël X, Verbruggen F. How does response inhibition influence decision making when gambling? J Exp Psychol Appl 2015; 21:15-36. [PMID: 25559481 PMCID: PMC4353260 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that response inhibition training can alter impulsive and compulsive behavior. When stop signals are introduced in a gambling task, people not only become more cautious when executing their choice responses, they also prefer lower bets when gambling. Here, we examined how stopping motor responses influences gambling. Experiment 1 showed that the reduced betting in stop-signal blocks was not caused by changes in information sampling styles or changes in arousal. In Experiments 2a and 2b, people preferred lower bets when they occasionally had to stop their response in a secondary decision-making task but not when they were instructed to respond as accurately as possible. Experiment 3 showed that merely introducing trials on which subjects could not gamble did not influence gambling preferences. Experiment 4 demonstrated that the effect of stopping on gambling generalized to different populations. Further, 2 combined analyses suggested that the effect of stopping on gambling preferences was reliable but small. Finally, Experiment 5 showed that the effect of stopping on gambling generalized to a different task. On the basis of our findings and earlier research, we propose that the presence of stop signals influences gambling by reducing approach behavior and altering the motivational value of the gambling outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Brevers
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles
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80
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Event-Related Brain Potentials in the Study of Inhibition: Cognitive Control, Source Localization and Age-Related Modulations. Neuropsychol Rev 2014; 24:461-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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81
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Suchotzki K, Verschuere B, Peth J, Crombez G, Gamer M. Manipulating item proportion and deception reveals crucial dissociation between behavioral, autonomic, and neural indices of concealed information. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:427-39. [PMID: 25277495 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Developed as an alternative to traditional deception detection methods, the concealed information test (CIT) assesses recognition of critical (e.g., crime-relevant) "probes." Most often, recognition has been measured as enhanced skin conductance responses (SCRs) to probes compared to irrelevant foils (CIT effect). More recently, also differentially enlarged reaction times (RTs) and increased neural activity in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, the right middle frontal gyrus, and the right temporo-parietal junction have been observed. The aims of the current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study were to (1) investigate the boundary conditions of the CIT effects in all three measures and thereby (2) gain more insight into the relative contribution of two mechanisms underlying enhanced responding to concealed information (i.e., orienting versus response inhibition). Therefore, we manipulated the proportion of probe versus irrelevant items, and whether suspects were instructed to actively deny recognition of probe knowledge (i.e., deceive) during the test. Results revealed that whereas overt deception was not necessary for the SCR CIT effect, it was crucial for the RT and the fMRI-based CIT effects. The proportion manipulation enhanced the CIT effect in all three measures. The results indicate that different mental processes might underlie the response pattern in the CIT. While skin conductance responding to concealed information may best be explained by orienting theory, it seems that response inhibition drives RT and blood oxygen level dependent responding to concealed information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Suchotzki
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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82
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Perri RL, Berchicci M, Spinelli D, Di Russo F. Individual differences in response speed and accuracy are associated to specific brain activities of two interacting systems. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:251. [PMID: 25100961 PMCID: PMC4106455 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigates the neurocognitive stages involved in the speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT). Contrary to previous approach, we did not manipulate speed and accuracy instructions: participants were required to be fast and accurate in a go/no-go task, and we selected post-hoc the groups based on the subjects' spontaneous behavioral tendency. Based on the reaction times, we selected the fast and slow groups (Speed-groups), and based on the percentage of false alarms, we selected the accurate and inaccurate groups (Accuracy-groups). The two Speed-groups were accuracy-matched, and the two Accuracy-groups were speed-matched. High density electroencephalographic (EEG) and stimulus-locked analyses allowed us to observe group differences both before and after the stimulus onset. Long before the stimulus appearance, the two Speed-groups showed different amplitude of the Bereitschaftspotential (BP), reflecting the activity of the supplementary motor area (SMA); by contrast, the two Accuracy-groups showed different amplitude of the prefrontal negativity (pN), reflecting the activity of the right prefrontal cortex (rPFC). In addition, the post-stimulus event-related potential (ERP) components showed differences between groups: the P1 component was larger in accurate than inaccurate group; the N1 and N2 components were larger in the fast than slow group; the P3 component started earlier and was larger in the fast than slow group. The go minus no-go subtractive wave enhancing go-related processing revealed a differential prefrontal positivity (dpP) that peaked at about 330 ms; the latency and the amplitude of this peak were associated with the speed of the decision process and the efficiency of the stimulus-response mapping, respectively. Overall, data are consistent with the view that speed and accuracy are processed by two interacting but separate neurocognitive systems, with different features in both the anticipation and the response execution phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Livio Perri
- Department of Human Movement, Social and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy ; Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Human Movement, Social and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Spinelli
- Department of Human Movement, Social and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy ; Neuropsychological Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Human Movement, Social and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy ; Neuropsychological Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
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83
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van de Laar MC, van den Wildenberg WPM, van Boxtel GJM, van der Molen MW. Development of response activation and inhibition in a selective stop-signal task. Biol Psychol 2014; 102:54-67. [PMID: 25014630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To gain more insight into the development of action control, the current brain potential study examined response selection, activation, and selective inhibition during choice- and stop-signal processing in three age groups (8-, 12-, and 21-year-olds). Results revealed that age groups differed in the implementation of proactive control; children slowed their go response and showed reduced cortical motor output compared to adults. On failed inhibition trials, children were less able than adults to suppress muscle output resulting in increased partial-inhibition rates. On invalid stop trials, all age groups initially activated, subsequently inhibited, and then reactivated the go response. Yet, children were less efficient in implementing this strategy. Then, older children recruit motor responses to a greater extent than younger children and adults, which reduced the efficiency of implementing response inhibition and proactive control. The results are discussed in relation to current notions of developmental change in proactive and reactive action control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C van de Laar
- Amsterdam Center for the Study of Adaptive Control in Brain and Behavior (Acacia), Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wery P M van den Wildenberg
- Amsterdam Center for the Study of Adaptive Control in Brain and Behavior (Acacia), Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maurits W van der Molen
- Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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84
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DRD1 and DRD2 genotypes modulate processing modes of goal activation processes during action cascading. J Neurosci 2014; 34:5335-41. [PMID: 24719111 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5140-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine plays an important role in action selection, but little is known about the influence of different dopamine receptor systems on the subprocesses occurring during the cascading of actions. Because action selection and cascading can be accomplished in a serial manner or a parallel manner, we investigated the potential effects of DRD1 (rs4531) and DRD2 (rs6277) receptor polymorphisms on this dimension. We gathered behavioral and neurophysiological data from healthy human subjects (n = 162) and applied mathematical constraints to quantify their action selection strategy on a serial-parallel continuum. The behavioral results show a more serial and more effective action cascading strategy in homozygous DRD1 G allele carriers, who are assumed to have a higher D1 receptor efficiency than carriers of the A allele. In the group of homozygous DRD2 T-allele carriers, who have a higher striatal density of D2 receptors than C-allele carriers, we found a less effective and more parallel action cascading strategy. These findings suggest that, within the same sample, a higher D1 efficiency seems to shift the action cascading strategy toward a more serial processing mode, whereas the D2 receptors seem to promote a shift in the opposite direction by inducing a more parallel processing mode. Furthermore, the neurophysiological analysis shows that the observed differences are not based on attentional differences or basic inhibition. Instead, processes linking stimulus processing and response execution seem to differentiate between more serial and more parallel processing groups.
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85
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Herrera PM, Speranza M, Hampshire A, Bekinschtein TA. Monetary rewards modulate inhibitory control. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:257. [PMID: 24860469 PMCID: PMC4026705 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to override a dominant response, often referred to as behavioral inhibition, is considered a key element of executive cognition. Poor behavioral inhibition is a defining characteristic of several neurological and psychiatric populations. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the motivational dimension of behavioral inhibition, with some experiments incorporating emotional contingencies in classical inhibitory paradigms such as the Go/NoGo and Stop Signal Tasks (SSTs). Several studies have reported a positive modulatory effect of reward on performance in pathological conditions such as substance abuse, pathological gambling, and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). However, experiments that directly investigate the modulatory effects of reward magnitudes on the performance of inhibitory tasks are scarce and little is known about the finer grained relationship between motivation and inhibitory control. Here we probed the effect of reward magnitude and context on behavioral inhibition with three modified versions of the widely used SST. The pilot study compared inhibition performance during six blocks alternating neutral feedback, low, medium, and high monetary rewards. Study One compared increasing vs. decreasing rewards, with low, high rewards, and neutral feedback; whilst Study Two compared low and high reward magnitudes alone also in an increasing and decreasing reward design. The reward magnitude effect was not demonstrated in the pilot study, probably due to a learning effect induced by practice in this lengthy task. The reward effect per se was weak but the context (order of reward) was clearly suggested in Study One, and was particularly strongly confirmed in study two. In addition, these findings revealed a "kick start effect" over global performance measures. Specifically, there was a long lasting improvement in performance throughout the task when participants received the highest reward magnitudes at the beginning of the protocol. These results demonstrate a dynamical behavioral inhibition capacity in humans, as illustrated by the reward magnitude modulation and initial reward history effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M. Herrera
- Laboratoire ECIPSY - EA 4047, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en YvelinesVersailles, France
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Investiga, Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad El BosqueBogotá, Colombia
| | - Mario Speranza
- Laboratoire ECIPSY - EA 4047, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en YvelinesVersailles, France
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Centre Hospitalier de VersaillesVersailles, France
| | - Adam Hampshire
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
- Medical Research Council-Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitCambridge, UK
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86
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Luijten M, Machielsen MW, Veltman DJ, Hester R, de Haan L, Franken IH. Systematic review of ERP and fMRI studies investigating inhibitory control and error processing in people with substance dependence and behavioural addictions. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2014; 39:149-69. [PMID: 24359877 PMCID: PMC3997601 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.130052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several current theories emphasize the role of cognitive control in addiction. The present review evaluates neural deficits in the domains of inhibitory control and error processing in individuals with substance dependence and in those showing excessive addiction-like behaviours. The combined evaluation of event-related potential (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings in the present review offers unique information on neural deficits in addicted individuals. METHODS We selected 19 ERP and 22 fMRI studies using stop-signal, go/no-go or Flanker paradigms based on a search of PubMed and Embase. RESULTS The most consistent findings in addicted individuals relative to healthy controls were lower N2, error-related negativity and error positivity amplitudes as well as hypoactivation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), inferior frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These neural deficits, however, were not always associated with impaired task performance. With regard to behavioural addictions, some evidence has been found for similar neural deficits; however, studies are scarce and results are not yet conclusive. Differences among the major classes of substances of abuse were identified and involve stronger neural responses to errors in individuals with alcohol dependence versus weaker neural responses to errors in other substance-dependent populations. LIMITATIONS Task design and analysis techniques vary across studies, thereby reducing comparability among studies and the potential of clinical use of these measures. CONCLUSION Current addiction theories were supported by identifying consistent abnormalities in prefrontal brain function in individuals with addiction. An integrative model is proposed, suggesting that neural deficits in the dorsal ACC may constitute a hallmark neurocognitive deficit under lying addictive behaviours, such as loss of control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje Luijten
- Correspondence to: M. Luijten, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands;
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87
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Ko YT, Cheng SK, Juan CH. Voluntarily-generated unimanual preparation is associated with stopping success: evidence from LRP and lateralized mu ERD before the stop signal. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 79:249-58. [PMID: 24718558 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
According to the race models of the stop-signal paradigm, stopping success (successful vs. unsuccessful stopping) is attributed to the finishing times of a go and a stop process. In addition to those factors involving processing times, in the present study we sought to use electrophysiological measures to find factors involving activations that could affect stopping success. We hypothesized that voluntarily-generated unimanual preparation would be a factor. To assess voluntarily-generated unimanual preparation in the stop-signal paradigm, we used a selective-stopping task without any precue. The selective-stopping task also allowed us to assess reaction times (RTs) even when stopping was successful. We demonstrated shorter RTs in signal-respond (i.e., unsuccessful stopping) than in signal-inhibit (successful stopping) trials, as is predicted by the race models. More importantly, we also demonstrated different pre-signal lateralized readiness potentials between the two types of trials and larger lateralized mu ERD in signal-respond than in signal-inhibit trials, suggesting that voluntarily-generated unimanual preparation affects stopping success. In addition to what is described in the race models of the stop-signal paradigm, the present results therefore demonstrated measures of pre-signal activations that could influence stopping success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ting Ko
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan,
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88
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Lo YH, Liang WK, Lee HW, Wang CH, Tzeng OJL, Hung DL, Cheng SK, Juan CH. The neural development of response inhibition in 5- and 6-year-old preschoolers: an ERP and EEG study. Dev Neuropsychol 2014; 38:301-16. [PMID: 23862634 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2013.801980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have used event-related potential and neural oscillations to probe the underlying neural mechanisms of inhibitory control in adults, but little has been done in typically developing preschoolers. In this study we tested healthy preschool children between the ages of 5 and 6, and observed better response inhibition in 6-year-olds compared to 5-year-olds. Importantly, this age-related difference could not be explained by the N2 component from event-related potential, but was reflected in an increase in right frontal beta power from electroencephalogram. These results suggest that frontal beta power during the preschool period may reflect neural development of inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Lo
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
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89
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Shen IH, Lee DS, Chen CL. The role of trait impulsivity in response inhibition: Event-related potentials in a stop-signal task. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 91:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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90
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Zamorano F, Billeke P, Hurtado JM, López V, Carrasco X, Ossandón T, Aboitiz F. Temporal constraints of behavioral inhibition: relevance of inter-stimulus interval in a Go-Nogo task. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87232. [PMID: 24489875 PMCID: PMC3906165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to inhibit prepotent and automatic responses is crucial for proper cognitive and social development, and inhibitory impairments have been considered to be key for some neuropsychiatric conditions. One of the most used paradigms to analyze inhibitory processes is the Go-Nogo task (GNG). This task has been widely used in psychophysical and cognitive EEG studies, and more recently in paradigms using fMRI. However, a technical limitation is that the time resolution of fMRI is poorer than that of the EEG technique. In order to compensate for these temporal constraints, it has become common practice in the fMRI field to use longer inter-stimulus intervals (ISI) than those used in EEG protocols. Despite the noticeable temporal differences between these two techniques, it is currently assumed that both approaches assess similar inhibitory processes. We performed an EEG study using a GNG task with both short ISI (fast-condition, FC, as in EEG protocols) and long ISI (slow-condition, SC, as in fMRI protocols). We found that in the FC there was a stronger Nogo-N2 effect than in the SC. Moreover, in the FC, but not in the SC, the number of preceding Go trials correlated positively with the Nogo-P3 amplitude and with the Go trial reaction time; and negatively with commission errors. In addition, we found significant topographical differences for the Go-P3 elicited in FC and SC, which is interpreted in terms of different neurotransmitter dynamics. Taken together, our results provide evidence that frequency of stimulus presentation in the GNG task strongly modulates the behavioral response and the evoked EEG activity. Therefore, it is likely that short-ISI EEG protocols and long-ISI fMRI protocols do not assess equivalent inhibitory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zamorano
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Billeke
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - José M. Hurtado
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Sistemas Complejos de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Vladimir López
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Carrasco
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Servicio de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile
| | - Tomás Ossandón
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aboitiz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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91
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Achtziger A, Alós-Ferrer C, Hügelschäfer S, Steinhauser M. The neural basis of belief updating and rational decision making. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:55-62. [PMID: 22956673 PMCID: PMC3871726 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational decision making under uncertainty requires forming beliefs that integrate prior and new information through Bayes' rule. Human decision makers typically deviate from Bayesian updating by either overweighting the prior (conservatism) or overweighting new information (e.g. the representativeness heuristic). We investigated these deviations through measurements of electrocortical activity in the human brain during incentivized probability-updating tasks and found evidence of extremely early commitment to boundedly rational heuristics. Participants who overweight new information display a lower sensibility to conflict detection, captured by an event-related potential (the N2) observed around 260 ms after the presentation of new information. Conservative decision makers (who overweight prior probabilities) make up their mind before new information is presented, as indicated by the lateralized readiness potential in the brain. That is, they do not inhibit the processing of new information but rather immediately rely on the prior for making a decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Achtziger
- Department of Economics Box 150, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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92
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Martin CD, Strijkers K, Santesteban M, Escera C, Hartsuiker RJ, Costa A. The impact of early bilingualism on controlling a language learned late: an ERP study. Front Psychol 2013; 4:815. [PMID: 24204355 PMCID: PMC3817381 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study asks whether early bilingual speakers who have already developed a language control mechanism to handle two languages control a dominant and a late acquired language in the same way as late bilingual speakers. We therefore, compared event-related potentials in a language switching task in two groups of participants switching between a dominant (L1) and a weak late acquired language (L3). Early bilingual late learners of an L3 showed a different ERP pattern (larger N2 mean amplitude) as late bilingual late learners of an L3. Even though the relative strength of languages was similar in both groups (a dominant and a weak late acquired language), they controlled their language output in a different manner. Moreover, the N2 was similar in two groups of early bilinguals tested in languages of different strength. We conclude that early bilingual learners of an L3 do not control languages in the same way as late bilingual L3 learners –who have not achieved native-like proficiency in their L2– do. This difference might explain some of the advantages early bilinguals have when learning new languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara D Martin
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain ; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao, Spain ; Centre for Brain and Cognition, University Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
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93
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Otten M, Jonas KJ. Out of the group, out of control? The brain responds to social exclusion with changes in cognitive control. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 8:789-794. [PMID: 22717384 PMCID: PMC3791068 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of social exclusion are far-reaching, both on an emotional and behavioral level. The present study investigates whether social exclusion also directly influences basic cognitive functions, specifically the ability to exert cognitive control. Participants were either excluded or included while playing an online game. To test whether exclusion altered cognitive control, we measured the electrophysiological responses to a Go/No Go task. In this task participants had to withhold a response (No Go) on a small number of trials while the predominant tendency was to make an overt (Go) response. Compared to Go trials the event-related potential evoked by No Go trials elicited an increased N2, reflecting the detection of the response conflict, followed by an increased P3, reflecting the inhibition of the predominant response. The N2 effect was larger for participants who had experienced exclusion, while the P3 effect was smaller. This indicates that exclusion leads to an increased ability to detect response conflicts, while at the same time exclusion decreases the neural processes that underlie the inhibition of unwanted behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Otten
- Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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94
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Bari A, Robbins TW. Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 108:44-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1193] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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95
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Dynamic and opposing adjustment of movement cancellation and generation in an oculomotor countermanding task. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9975-84. [PMID: 23761893 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2543-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive adjustments of strategies help optimize behavior in a dynamic and uncertain world. Previous studies in the countermanding (or stop-signal) paradigm have detailed how reaction times (RTs) change with trial sequence, demonstrating adaptive control of movement generation. Comparatively little is known about the adaptive control of movement cancellation in the countermanding task, mainly because movement cancellation implies the absence of an outcome and estimates of movement cancellation require hundreds of trials. Here, we exploit a within-trial proxy of movement cancellation based on recordings of neck muscle activity while human subjects attempted to cancel large eye-head gaze shifts. On a subset of successfully cancelled trials where gaze remains stable, small head-only movements to the target are actively braked by a pulse of antagonist neck muscle activity. The timing of such antagonist muscle recruitment relative to the stop signal, termed the "antagonist latency," tended to decrease or increase after trials with or without a stop-signal, respectively. Over multiple time scales, fluctuations in the antagonist latency tended to be the mirror opposite of those occurring contemporaneously with RTs. These results provide new insights into the adaptive control of movement cancellation at an unprecedented resolution, suggesting it can be as prone to dynamic adjustment as movement generation. Adaptive control in the countermanding task appears to be governed by a dynamic balance between movement cancellation and generation: shifting the balance in favor of movement cancellation slows movement generation, whereas shifting the balance in favor of movement generation slows movement cancellation.
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96
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Stock AK, Blaszkewicz M, Beste C. Effects of binge drinking on action cascading processes: an EEG study. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:475-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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97
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Brydges CR, Anderson M, Reid CL, Fox AM. Maturation of cognitive control: delineating response inhibition and interference suppression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69826. [PMID: 23894548 PMCID: PMC3720932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control is integral to the ability to attend to a relevant task whilst suppressing distracting information or inhibiting prepotent responses. The current study examined the development of these two subprocesses by examining electrophysiological indices elicited during each process. Thirteen 18 year-old adults and thirteen children aged 8-11 years (mean=9.77 years) completed a hybrid Go/Nogo flanker task while continuous EEG data were recorded. The N2 topography for both response inhibition and interference suppression changed with increasing age. The neural activation associated with response inhibition became increasingly frontally distributed with age, and showed decreases of both amplitude and peak latency from childhood to adulthood, possibly due to reduced cognitive demands and myelination respectively occurring during this period. Interestingly, a significant N2 effect was apparent in adults, but not observed in children during trials requiring interference suppression. This could be due to more diffuse activation in children, which would require smaller levels of activation over a larger region of the brain than is reported in adults. Overall, these results provide evidence of distinct maturational processes occurring throughout late childhood and adolescence, highlighting the separability of response inhibition and interference suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Brydges
- Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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98
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Mansfield KL, van der Molen MW, Falkenstein M, van Boxtel GJM. Temporal dynamics of interference in Simon and Eriksen tasks considered within the context of a dual-process model. Brain Cogn 2013; 82:353-63. [PMID: 23856129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and brain potential measures were employed to compare interference in Eriksen and Simon tasks. Assuming a dual-process model of interference elicited in speeded response tasks, we hypothesized that only lateralized stimuli in the Simon task induce fast S-R priming via direct unconditional processes, while Eriksen interference effects are induced later via indirect conditional processes. Delays to responses for incongruent trials were indeed larger in the Eriksen than in the Simon task. Only lateralized stimuli in the Simon task elicited early S-R priming, maximal at parietal areas. Incongruent flankers in the Eriksen task elicited interference later, visible as a lateralized N2. Eriksen interference also elicited an additional component (N350), which accounted for the larger behavioral interference effects in the Eriksen task. The findings suggest that interference and its resolution involve different processes for Simon and Eriksen tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Mansfield
- Department of Medical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Postbus 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands.
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99
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Gonzalez-Rosa JJ, Inuggi A, Blasi V, Cursi M, Annovazzi P, Comi G, Falini A, Leocani L. Response competition and response inhibition during different choice-discrimination tasks: Evidence from ERP measured inside MRI scanner. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 89:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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100
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Attentional capture by emotional faces in adolescence. Adv Cogn Psychol 2013; 9:81-91. [PMID: 23826039 PMCID: PMC3699780 DOI: 10.2478/v10053-008-0134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor decision making during adolescence occurs most frequently when situations are emotionally charged. However, relatively few studies have measured the development of cognitive control in response to emotional stimuli in this population. This study used both affective (emotional faces) and non-affective (letter) stimuli in two different flanker tasks to assess the ability to ignore task-irrelevant but distracting information, in 25 adults and 25 adolescents. On the non-emotional (letter) flanker task, the presence of incongruent flanking letters increased the number of errors, and also slowed participants' ability to identify a central letter. Adolescents committed more errors than adults, but there were no age-related differences for the reaction time interference effect in the letter condition. Post-hoc testing revealed that age-related differences on the task were driven by the younger adolescents (11-14 years); adults and older adolescents (15-17 years) were equally accurate in the letter condition. In contrast, on the emotional face flanker task, not only were adolescents less accurate than adults but they were also more distracted by task-irrelevant fearful faces as evidenced by greater reaction time interference effects. Our findings suggest that the ability to self-regulate in adolescents, as evidenced by the ability to suppress irrelevant information on a flanker task, is more difficult when stimuli are affective in nature. The ability to ignore irrelevant flankers appears to mature earlier for non-affective stimuli than for affective stimuli.
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