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Lee JH, Oh IH, Lim HK. Stem Cell Therapy: A Prospective Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:583-589. [PMID: 27909447 PMCID: PMC5128344 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.6.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) without cure remains as a serious health issue in the modern society. The major neuropathological alterations in AD are characterized by chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal loss due to neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau, plaques of β-amyloid (Aβ) and various metabolic dysfunctions. Due to the multifaceted nature of AD pathology and our limited understanding on its etiology, AD is difficult to be treated with currently available pharmaceuticals. This unmet need, however, could be met with stem cell technology that can be engineered to replace neuronal loss in AD patients. Although stem cell therapy for AD is only in its development stages, it has vast potential uses ranging from replacement therapy to disease modelling and drug development. Current progress with stem cells in animal model studies offers promising results for the new prospective treatment for AD. This review will discuss the characteristics of AD, current progress in stem cell therapy and remaining challenges and promises in its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Han Lee
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- The Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kang H, Han KA, Won SY, Kim HM, Lee YH, Ko J, Um JW. Slitrk Missense Mutations Associated with Neuropsychiatric Disorders Distinctively Impair Slitrk Trafficking and Synapse Formation. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:104. [PMID: 27812321 PMCID: PMC5071332 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit- and Trk-like (Slitrks) are a six-member family of synapse organizers that control excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation by forming trans-synaptic adhesions with LAR receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Intriguingly, genetic mutations of Slitrks have been associated with a multitude of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, nothing is known about the neuronal and synaptic consequences of these mutations. Here, we report the structural and functional effects on synapses of various rare de novo mutations identified in patients with schizophrenia or Tourette syndrome. A number of single amino acid substitutions in Slitrk1 (N400I or T418S) or Slitrk4 (V206I or I578V) reduced their surface expression levels. These substitutions impaired glycosylation of Slitrks expressed in HEK293T cells, caused retention of Slitrks in the endoplasmic reticulum and cis-Golgi compartment in COS-7 cells and neurons, and abolished Slitrk binding to PTPδ. Furthermore, these substitutions eliminated the synapse-inducing activity of Slitrks, abolishing their functional effects on synapse density in cultured neurons. Strikingly, a valine-to-methionine mutation in Slitrk2 (V89M) compromised synapse formation activity in cultured neuron, without affecting surface transport, expression, or synapse-inducing activity in coculture assays. Similar deleterious effects were observed upon introduction of the corresponding valine-to-methionine mutation into Slitrk1 (V85M), suggesting that this conserved valine residue plays a key role in maintaining the synaptic functions of Slitrks. Collectively, these data indicate that inactivation of distinct cellular mechanisms caused by specific Slitrk dysfunctions may underlie Slitrk-associated neuropsychiatric disorders in humans, and provide a robust cellular readout for the development of knowledge-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyeon Kang
- Department of Physiology and BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Han
- Department of Physiology and BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
| | - Seoung Youn Won
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology and BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaewon Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Um
- Department of Physiology and BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
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53
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Transcriptomic Profiling Discloses Molecular and Cellular Events Related to Neuronal Differentiation in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:665-682. [PMID: 27422411 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells are widely utilized in in vitro studies to dissect out pathogenetic mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders. These cells are considered as neuronal precursors and differentiate into more mature neuronal phenotypes under selected growth conditions. In this study, in order to decipher the pathways and cellular processes underlying neuroblastoma cell differentiation in vitro, we performed systematic transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and bioinformatic analysis of SH-SY5Y cells differentiated according to a two-step paradigm: retinoic acid treatment followed by enriched neurobasal medium. Categorization of 1989 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in differentiated cells functionally linked them to changes in cell morphology including remodelling of plasma membrane and cytoskeleton, and neuritogenesis. Seventy-three DEGs were assigned to axonal guidance signalling pathway, and the expression of selected gene products such as neurotrophin receptors, the functionally related SLITRK6, and semaphorins, was validated by immunoblotting. Along with these findings, the differentiated cells exhibited an ability to elongate longer axonal process as assessed by the neuronal cytoskeletal markers biochemical characterization and morphometric evaluation. Recognition of molecular events occurring in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells is critical to accurately interpret the cellular responses to specific stimuli in studies on disease pathogenesis.
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Beaubien F, Raja R, Kennedy TE, Fournier AE, Cloutier JF. Slitrk1 is localized to excitatory synapses and promotes their development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27343. [PMID: 27273464 PMCID: PMC4895136 DOI: 10.1038/srep27343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the migration of the axonal growth cone to its target area, the initial axo-dendritic contact needs to be transformed into a functional synapse. This multi-step process relies on overlapping but distinct combinations of molecules that confer synaptic identity. Slitrk molecules are transmembrane proteins that are highly expressed in the central nervous system. We found that two members of the Slitrk family, Slitrk1 and Slitrk2, can regulate synapse formation between hippocampal neurons. Slitrk1 is enriched in postsynaptic fractions and is localized to excitatory synapses. Overexpression of Slitrk1 and Slitrk2 in hippocampal neurons increased the number of synaptic contacts on these neurons. Furthermore, decreased expression of Slitrk1 in hippocampal neurons led to a reduction in the number of excitatory, but not inhibitory, synapses formed in hippocampal neuron cultures. In addition, we demonstrate that different leucine rich repeat domains of the extracellular region of Slitrk1 are necessary to mediate interactions with Slitrk binding partners of the LAR receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase family, and to promote dimerization of Slitrk1. Altogether, our results demonstrate that Slitrk family proteins regulate synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Beaubien
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Canada
| | - Reesha Raja
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Canada
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Canada
| | - Alyson E Fournier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Canada
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Canada
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55
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Burnett RM, Craven KE, Krishnamurthy P, Goswami CP, Badve S, Crooks P, Mathews WP, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Nakshatri H. Organ-specific adaptive signaling pathway activation in metastatic breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12682-96. [PMID: 25926557 PMCID: PMC4494966 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer metastasizes to bone, visceral organs, and/or brain depending on the subtype, which may involve activation of a host organ-specific signaling network in metastatic cells. To test this possibility, we determined gene expression patterns in MDA-MB-231 cells and its mammary fat pad tumor (TMD-231), lung-metastasis (LMD-231), bone-metastasis (BMD-231), adrenal-metastasis (ADMD-231) and brain-metastasis (231-BR) variants. When gene expression between metastases was compared, 231-BR cells showed the highest gene expression difference followed by ADMD-231, LMD-231, and BMD-231 cells. Neuronal transmembrane proteins SLITRK2, TMEM47, and LYPD1 were specifically overexpressed in 231-BR cells. Pathway-analyses revealed activation of signaling networks that would enable cancer cells to adapt to organs of metastasis such as drug detoxification/oxidative stress response/semaphorin neuronal pathway in 231-BR, Notch/orphan nuclear receptor signals involved in steroidogenesis in ADMD-231, acute phase response in LMD-231, and cytokine/hematopoietic stem cell signaling in BMD-231 cells. Only NF-κB signaling pathway activation was common to all except BMD-231 cells. We confirmed NF-κB activation in 231-BR and in a brain metastatic variant of 4T1 cells (4T1-BR). Dimethylaminoparthenolide inhibited NF-κB activity, LYPD1 expression, and proliferation of 231-BR and 4T1-BR cells. Thus, transcriptome change enabling adaptation to host organs is likely one of the mechanisms associated with organ-specific metastasis and could potentially be targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riesa M Burnett
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kelly E Craven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Purna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chirayu P Goswami
- Department of Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sunil Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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56
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Morrison K, Challita-Eid PM, Raitano A, An Z, Yang P, Abad JD, Liu W, Lortie DR, Snyder JT, Capo L, Verlinsky A, Aviña H, Doñate F, Joseph IB, Pereira DS, Morrison K, Stover DR. Development of ASG-15ME, a Novel Antibody–Drug Conjugate Targeting SLITRK6, a New Urothelial Cancer Biomarker. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1301-10. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Han KA, Jeon S, Um JW, Ko J. Emergent Synapse Organizers: LAR-RPTPs and Their Companions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:39-65. [PMID: 27017006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte common antigen-related receptor tyrosine phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs) have emerged as key players that organize various aspects of neuronal development, including axon guidance, neurite extension, and synapse formation and function. Recent research has highlighted the roles of LAR-RPTPs at neuronal synapses in mediating distinct synaptic adhesion pathways through interactions with a host of extracellular ligands and in governing a variety of intracellular signaling cascades through binding to various scaffolds and signaling proteins. In this chapter, we review and update current research progress on the extracellular ligands of LAR-RPTPs, regulation of their extracellular interactions by alternative splicing and heparan sulfates, and their intracellular signaling machineries. In particular, we review structural insights on complexes of LAR-RPTPs with their various ligands. These studies lend support to general molecular mechanisms underlying LAR-RPTP-mediated synaptic adhesion and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Han
- Department of Physiology and BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J W Um
- Department of Physiology and BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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58
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Monteiro P, Feng G. Learning From Animal Models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:7-16. [PMID: 26037910 PMCID: PMC4633402 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects 2%-3% of the population worldwide and can cause significant distress and disability. Substantial challenges remain in the field of OCD research and therapeutics. Approved interventions alleviate symptoms only partially, with 30%-40% of patients being resistant to treatment. Although the etiology of OCD is still unknown, research evidence points toward the involvement of cortico-striato-thalamocortical circuitry. This review focuses on the most recent behavioral, genetics, and neurophysiologic findings from animal models of OCD. Based on evidence from these models and parallels with human studies, we discuss the circuit hyperactivity hypothesis for OCD, a potential circuitry dysfunction of action termination, and the involvement of candidate genes. Adding a more biologically valid framework to OCD will help researchers define and test new hypotheses and facilitate the development of targeted therapies based on disease-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Monteiro
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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59
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Sanford T, Porten S, Meng MV. Molecular Analysis of Upper Tract and Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma: Results from a Microarray Comparison. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137141. [PMID: 26317352 PMCID: PMC4552875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prior studies have shown genetic similarities between upper tract and bladder urothelial carcinoma. However, upper tract urothelial carcinoma tends to be higher grade than bladder urothelial carcinoma and tends to form in patients with certain familial conditions (e.g. Lynch Syndrome), indicating there may be unique biologic processes in these tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in gene expression between upper tract and bladder urothelial carcinoma using microarray data. Design, Setting, Participants A search of publicly available microarray datasets identified a clinically annotated dataset of 12 upper tract and 20 bladder urothelial carcinoma specimens. Gene expression analysis of data derived from the Affymetrix HGU133Plus2 chip was performed. Bioconductor packages were used to evaluate clustering, differential gene expression, pathways relevant to oncology, and a basal/luminal signature in upper tract versus bladder urothelial carcinoma. Results When separated by pathologic T stage, there was evidence of differential clustering among pT3 tumors and significant gene expression differences in 81 genes. Pathway analysis revealed differences in HGF and TNF signaling pathways. Upper tract tumors tended to have high expression of genes associated with a luminal subtype. One of the genes most highly expressed in upper tract tumors, SLITRK6, is the target of an antibody drug conjugate (AGS15E) currently in phase I clinical trials. Conclusions This study provides evidence for molecular differences between upper tract and bladder urothelial carcinoma, some of which contribute to oncologic-relevant pathways. Upper tract tumors tended to express genes consistent with a luminal subtype. We also identify a marker, SLITRK6, as a potential target for patients with advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sanford
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sima Porten
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maxwell V Meng
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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60
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Sandberg CJ, Vik-Mo EO, Behnan J, Helseth E, Langmoen IA. Transcriptional profiling of adult neural stem-like cells from the human brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114739. [PMID: 25514637 PMCID: PMC4267785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a great potential for the development of new cell replacement strategies based on adult human neural stem-like cells. However, little is known about the hierarchy of cells and the unique molecular properties of stem- and progenitor cells of the nervous system. Stem cells from the adult human brain can be propagated and expanded in vitro as free floating neurospheres that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into all three cell types of the central nervous system. Here we report the first global gene expression study of adult human neural stem-like cells originating from five human subventricular zone biopsies (mean age 42, range 33–60). Compared to adult human brain tissue, we identified 1,189 genes that were significantly up- and down-regulated in adult human neural stem-like cells (1% false discovery rate). We found that adult human neural stem-like cells express stem cell markers and have reduced levels of markers that are typical of the mature cells in the nervous system. We report that the genes being highly expressed in adult human neural stem-like cells are associated with developmental processes and the extracellular region of the cell. The calcium signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions are enriched among the most differentially regulated genes between adult human neural stem-like cells and adult human brain tissue. We confirmed the expression of 10 of the most up-regulated genes in adult human neural stem-like cells in an additional sample set that included adult human neural stem-like cells (n = 6), foetal human neural stem cells (n = 1) and human brain tissues (n = 12). The NGFR, SLITRK6 and KCNS3 receptors were further investigated by immunofluorescence and shown to be heterogeneously expressed in spheres. These receptors could potentially serve as new markers for the identification and characterisation of neural stem- and progenitor cells or as targets for manipulation of cellular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Jonsgar Sandberg
- Vilhelm Magnus Lab, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Einar O. Vik-Mo
- Vilhelm Magnus Lab, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jinan Behnan
- Vilhelm Magnus Lab, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Helseth
- Vilhelm Magnus Lab, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iver A. Langmoen
- Vilhelm Magnus Lab, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Center (CAST), Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Stem Cell Center, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive disorder commonly occur together. Family studies indicate shared genetic risk factors. SLITRK5, one of a family of six SLITRK genes, has been suggested as a possible candidate gene contributing towards obsessive-compulsive disorder on the basis of the mouse knockout model that shows excessive grooming behaviours that are alleviated with fluoxetine. In this study, we tested the SLITRK5 gene as a candidate for TS in a family-based sample with 377 affected children. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms tagging the gene, we did not find any evidence supporting the association of TS and SLITRK5.
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62
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Terekhanova NV, Logacheva MD, Penin AA, Neretina TV, Barmintseva AE, Bazykin GA, Kondrashov AS, Mugue NS. Fast evolution from precast bricks: genomics of young freshwater populations of threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004696. [PMID: 25299485 PMCID: PMC4191950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation is driven by natural selection; however, many adaptations are caused by weak selection acting over large timescales, complicating its study. Therefore, it is rarely possible to study selection comprehensively in natural environments. The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a well-studied model organism with a short generation time, small genome size, and many genetic and genomic tools available. Within this originally marine species, populations have recurrently adapted to freshwater all over its range. This evolution involved extensive parallelism: pre-existing alleles that adapt sticklebacks to freshwater habitats, but are also present at low frequencies in marine populations, have been recruited repeatedly. While a number of genomic regions responsible for this adaptation have been identified, the details of selection remain poorly understood. Using whole-genome resequencing, we compare pooled genomic samples from marine and freshwater populations of the White Sea basin, and identify 19 short genomic regions that are highly divergent between them, including three known inversions. 17 of these regions overlap protein-coding genes, including a number of genes with predicted functions that are relevant for adaptation to the freshwater environment. We then analyze four additional independently derived young freshwater populations of known ages, two natural and two artificially established, and use the observed shifts of allelic frequencies to estimate the strength of positive selection. Adaptation turns out to be quite rapid, indicating strong selection acting simultaneously at multiple regions of the genome, with selection coefficients of up to 0.27. High divergence between marine and freshwater genotypes, lack of reduction in polymorphism in regions responsible for adaptation, and high frequencies of freshwater alleles observed even in young freshwater populations are all consistent with rapid assembly of G. aculeatus freshwater genotypes from pre-existing genomic regions of adaptive variation, with strong selection that favors this assembly acting simultaneously at multiple loci. Adaptation to novel environments is a keystone of evolution. There is only a handful of natural and experimental systems in which the process of adaptation has been studied in detail, and each studied system brings its own surprises with regard to the number of loci involved, dynamics of adaptation, extent of interactions between loci and of parallelism between different adapting populations. The threespine stickleback is an excellent model organism for evolutionary studies. Marine-derived freshwater populations of this species have consistently acquired a specific set of morphological, physiological and behavioral traits allowing them to reside in freshwater for their whole lifespan. Previous studies identified several genomic regions responsible for this adaptation. Here, using whole-genome sequencing, we compare the allele frequencies at such regions in four derived freshwater populations of known ages: two natural, and two artificially established in 1978. Knowledge of population ages allows us to infer the strength of selection that acted at these loci. Adaptation of threespine stickleback to freshwater is typically fast, and is driven by strong selection favoring pre-existing alleles that are likely present in the ancestral marine population at low frequencies; however, some of the adaptation may also be due to young population-specific alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda V. Terekhanova
- Department of Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (NVT); (NSM)
| | - Maria D. Logacheva
- Department of Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey A. Penin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Biological faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Neretina
- Department of Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- White Sea Biological Station, Biological faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna E. Barmintseva
- Laboratory of Molecular genetics, Russian Institute of Fisheries and Oceanology, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgii A. Bazykin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Sector for Molecular Evolution, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the RAS (Kharkevich Institute), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Kondrashov
- Department of Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nikolai S. Mugue
- Laboratory of Molecular genetics, Russian Institute of Fisheries and Oceanology, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow, Russia
- N. K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (NVT); (NSM)
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Larsen K, Momeni J, Farajzadeh L, Bendixen C. Porcine SLITRK1: Molecular cloning and characterization. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:872-8. [PMID: 25379384 PMCID: PMC4215120 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular cloning of the porcine SLITRK1 gene is reported. A SLITRK1 transcript variant encoding a truncated protein was identified. The SLITRK1 transcript was exclusively expressed in brain tissues. There was low methylation of both the SLITRK1 gene body and its promoter. SLITRK1 was mapped to pig chromosome 11.
The membrane protein SLITRK1 functions as a developmentally regulated stimulator of neurite outgrowth and variants in this gene have been implicated in Tourette syndrome. In the current study we have cloned and characterized the porcine SLITRK1 gene. The genomic organization of SLITRK1 lacks introns, as does its human and mouse counterparts. RT-PCR cloning revealed two SLITRK1 transcripts: a full-length mRNA and a transcript variant that results in a truncated protein. The encoded SLITRK1 protein, consisting of 695 amino acids, displays a very high homology to human SLITRK1 (99%). The porcine SLITRK1 gene is expressed exclusively in brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knud Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Jamal Momeni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Leila Farajzadeh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Christian Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Chen B, Brinkmann K, Chen Z, Pak CW, Liao Y, Shi S, Henry L, Grishin NV, Bogdan S, Rosen MK. The WAVE regulatory complex links diverse receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Cell 2014; 156:195-207. [PMID: 24439376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) controls actin cytoskeletal dynamics throughout the cell by stimulating the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex at distinct membrane sites. However, the factors that recruit the WRC to specific locations remain poorly understood. Here, we have identified a large family of potential WRC ligands, consisting of ∼120 diverse membrane proteins, including protocadherins, ROBOs, netrin receptors, neuroligins, GPCRs, and channels. Structural, biochemical, and cellular studies reveal that a sequence motif that defines these ligands binds to a highly conserved interaction surface of the WRC formed by the Sra and Abi subunits. Mutating this binding surface in flies resulted in defects in actin cytoskeletal organization and egg morphology during oogenesis, leading to female sterility. Our findings directly link diverse membrane proteins to the WRC and actin cytoskeleton and have broad physiological and pathological ramifications in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Klaus Brinkmann
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Zhucheng Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chi W Pak
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuxing Liao
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shuoyong Shi
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lisa Henry
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Michael K Rosen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related conditions (trichotillomania, pathological skin-picking, pathological nail-biting) are common and disabling. Current treatment approaches fail to help a significant proportion of patients. Multiple tiers of evidence link these conditions with underlying dysregulation of particular cortico-subcortical circuitry and monoamine systems, which represent targets for treatment. Animal models designed to capture aspects of these conditions are critical for several reasons. First, they help in furthering our understanding of neuroanatomical and neurochemical underpinnings of the obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum. Second, they help to account for the brain mechanisms by which existing treatments (pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, deep brain stimulation) exert their beneficial effects on patients. Third, they inform the search for novel treatments. This article provides a critique of key animal models for selected OC spectrum disorders, beginning with initial work relating to anxiety, but moving on to recent developments in domains of genetic, pharmacological, cognitive, and ethological models. We find that there is a burgeoning literature in these areas with important ramifications, which are considered, along with salient future lines of research.
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Winther M, Walmod PS. Neural cell adhesion molecules belonging to the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:315-95. [PMID: 25300143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) are motifs that form protein-ligand interaction domains. There are approximately 140 human genes encoding proteins with extracellular LRRs. These encode cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), proteoglycans, G-protein-coupled receptors, and other types of receptors. Here we give a brief description of 36 proteins with extracellular LRRs that all can be characterized as CAMs or putative CAMs expressed in the nervous system. The proteins are involved in multiple biological processes in the nervous system including the proliferation and survival of cells, neuritogenesis, axon guidance, fasciculation, myelination, and the formation and maintenance of synapses. Moreover, the proteins are functionally implicated in multiple diseases including cancer, hearing impairment, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Thus, LRR-containing CAMs constitute a large group of proteins of pivotal importance for the development, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system.
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Morlet T, Rabinowitz MR, Looney LR, Riegner T, Greenwood LA, Sherman EA, Achilly N, Zhu A, Yoo E, O'Reilly RC, Jinks RN, Puffenberger EG, Heaps A, Morton H, Strauss KA. A homozygous SLITRK6 nonsense mutation is associated with progressive auditory neuropathy in humans. Laryngoscope 2013; 124:E95-103. [PMID: 23946138 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS SLITRK family proteins control neurite outgrowth and regulate synaptic development. In mice, Slitrk6 plays a role in the survival and innervation of sensory neurons in the inner ear, vestibular apparatus, and retina, and also influences axial eye length. We provide the first detailed description of the auditory phenotype in humans with recessive SLITRK6 deficiency. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational case study. METHODS Nine closely related Amish subjects from an endogamous Amish community of Pennsylvania underwent audiologic and vestibular testing. Single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays were used to map the chromosome locus, and Sanger sequencing or high-resolution melt analysis were used to confirm the allelic variant. RESULTS All nine subjects were homozygous for a novel nonsense variant of SLITRK6 (c.1240C>T, p.Gln414Ter). Adult patients had high myopia. The 4 oldest SLITRK6 c.1240C>T homozygotes had absent ipsilateral middle ear muscle reflexes (MEMRs). Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were absent in all ears tested and the cochlear microphonic (CM) was increased in amplitude and duration in young patients and absent in the two oldest subjects. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were dys-synchronised bilaterally with no reproducible waves I, III, or V at high intensities. Hearing loss and speech reception thresholds deteriorated symmetrically with age, which resulted in severe-to-profound hearing impairment by early adulthood. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were normal in three ears and absent in one. CONCLUSION Homozygous SLITRK6 c.1240C>T (p.Gln414Ter) nonsense mutations are associated with high myopia, cochlear dysfunction attributed to outer hair cell disease, and progressive auditory neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Morlet
- Auditory Physiology and Psychoacoustics Research Laboratory, duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A
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68
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Davidson B, Abeler VM, Førsund M, Holth A, Yang Y, Kobayashi Y, Chen L, Kristensen GB, Shih IM, Wang TL. Gene expression signatures of primary and metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma. Hum Pathol 2013; 45:691-700. [PMID: 24485798 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is the most common uterine sarcoma. Although the disease is relatively rare, it is responsible for considerable mortality due to frequent metastasis and chemoresistance. The molecular events related to LMS metastasis are unknown to date. The present study compared the global gene expression patterns of primary uterine LMSs and LMS metastases. Gene expression profiles of 13 primary and 15 metastatic uterine LMSs were analyzed using the HumanRef-8 BeadChip from Illumina. Differentially expressed candidate genes were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. To identify differently expressed genes between primary and metastatic tumors, we performed one-way analysis of variance with Benjamini-Hochberg correction. This led to identification of 203 unique probes that were significantly differentially expressed in the 2 tumor groups by greater than 1.58-fold with P < .01, of which 94 and 109 were overexpressed in primary and metastatic LMSs, respectively. Genes overexpressed in primary uterine LMSs included OSTN, NLGN4X, NLGN1, SLITRK4, MASP1, XRN2, ASS1, RORB, HRASLS, and TSPAN7. Genes overexpressed in LMS metastases included TNNT1, FOLR3, TDO2, CRYM, GJA1, TSPAN10, THBS1, SGK1, SHMT1, EGR2, and AGT. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed significant anatomical site-related differences in FOLR3, OSTN, and NLGN4X levels; and immunohistochemistry showed significant differences in TDO2 expression. Gene expression profiling differentiates primary uterine LMSs from LMS metastases. The molecular signatures unique to primary and metastatic LMSs may aid in understanding tumor progression in this cancer and in providing a molecular basis for prognostic studies and therapeutic target discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; The Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vera Maria Abeler
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Førsund
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Holth
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yanqin Yang
- Genomic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Departments of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Lily Chen
- Departments of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Gunnar B Kristensen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute for Medical Informatics, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Departments of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Departments of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Round J, Ross B, Angel M, Shields K, Lom B. Slitrk gene duplication and expression in the developing zebrafish nervous system. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:339-49. [PMID: 24123428 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Slitrk family of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) transmembrane proteins bears structural similarity to the Slits and the Trk receptor families, which exert well-established roles in directing nervous system development. Slitrks are less well understood, although they are highly expressed in the developing vertebrate nervous system. Moreover, slitrk variants are associated with several sensory and neuropsychiatric disorders, including myopia, deafness, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome. Loss-of-function studies in mice show that Slitrks modulate neurite outgrowth and inhibitory synapse formation, although the molecular mechanisms of Slitrk function remain poorly characterized. RESULTS As a prelude to examining the functional roles of Slitrks, we identified eight slitrk orthologs in zebrafish and observed that seven of the eight orthologs were actively transcribed in the nervous system at embryonic, larval, and adult stages. Similar to previous findings in mice and humans, zebrafish slitrks exhibited unique but overlapping spatial and temporal expression patterns in the developing brain, retina, and spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS Zebrafish express Slitrks in the developing central nervous system at times and locations important to neuronal morphogenesis and synaptogenesis. Future studies will use zebrafish as a convenient, cost-effective model organism to characterize the functional roles of Slitrks in nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Round
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina
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Lleras RA, Smith RV, Adrien LR, Schlecht NF, Burk RD, Harris TM, Childs G, Prystowsky MB, Belbin TJ. Unique DNA methylation loci distinguish anatomic site and HPV status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5444-55. [PMID: 23894057 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have used a genome-wide approach to identify novel differentially methylated CpG dinucleotides that are seen in different anatomic sites of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), as well as those that might be related to HPV status in the oropharynx. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of primary tumor samples and corresponding adjacent mucosa from 118 HNSCC patients undergoing treatment at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, using the Illumina HumanMethylation27 beadchip. For each matched tissue set, we measured differentially methylated CpG loci using a change in methylation level (M-value). RESULTS When datasets were individually analyzed by anatomic site of the primary tumor, we identified 293 differentially methylated CpG loci in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 219 differentially methylated CpG loci in laryngeal SCC, and 460 differentially methylated in oropharyngeal SCC. A subset of these differentially methylated CpG loci was common across all anatomic sites of HNSCC. Stratification by HPV status revealed a significantly higher number of differentially methylated CpG loci in HPV+ patients. CONCLUSION Novel epigenetic biomarkers derived from clinical HNSCC specimens can be used as molecular classifiers of this disease, revealing many new avenues of investigation for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Lleras
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pathology; Epidemiology & Population Health; Pediatrics, Microbiology & Immunology; Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Medical Arts Pavilion, Bronx, New York
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71
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Chambers RA, McClintick JN, Sentir AM, Berg SA, Runyan M, Choi KH, Edenberg HJ. Cortical-striatal gene expression in neonatal hippocampal lesion (NVHL)-amplified cocaine sensitization. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:564-75. [PMID: 23682998 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cortical-striatal circuit dysfunction in mental illness may enhance addiction vulnerability. Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) model this dual diagnosis causality by producing a schizophrenia syndrome with enhanced responsiveness to addictive drugs. Rat genome-wide microarrays containing >24 000 probesets were used to examine separate and co-occurring effects of NVHLs and cocaine sensitization (15 mg/kg/day × 5 days) on gene expression within medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), and caudate-putamen (CAPU). Two weeks after NVHLs robustly amplified cocaine behavioral sensitization, brains were harvested for genes of interest defined as those altered at P < 0.001 by NVHL or cocaine effects or interactions. Among 135 genes so impacted, NVHLs altered twofold more than cocaine, with half of all changes in the NAC. Although no genes were changed in the same direction by both NVHL and cocaine history, the anatomy and directionality of significant changes suggested synergy on the neural circuit level generative of compounded behavioral phenotypes: NVHL predominantly downregulated expression in MPFC and NAC while NVHL and cocaine history mostly upregulated CAPU expression. From 75 named genes altered by NVHL or cocaine, 27 had expression levels that correlated significantly with degree of behavioral sensitization, including 11 downregulated by NVHL in MPFC/NAC, and 10 upregulated by NVHL or cocaine in CAPU. These findings suggest that structural and functional impoverishment of prefrontal-cortical-accumbens circuits in mental illness is associated with abnormal striatal plasticity compounding with that in addictive disease. Polygenetic interactions impacting neuronal signaling and morphology within these networks likely contribute to addiction vulnerability in mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Chambers
- Lab for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis & Development, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Tekin M, Chioza BA, Matsumoto Y, Diaz-Horta O, Cross HE, Duman D, Kokotas H, Moore-Barton HL, Sakoori K, Ota M, Odaka YS, Foster J, Cengiz FB, Tokgoz-Yilmaz S, Tekeli O, Grigoriadou M, Petersen MB, Sreekantan-Nair A, Gurtz K, Xia XJ, Pandya A, Patton MA, Young JI, Aruga J, Crosby AH. SLITRK6 mutations cause myopia and deafness in humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2094-102. [PMID: 23543054 DOI: 10.1172/jci65853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is by far the most common human eye disorder that is known to have a clear, albeit poorly defined, heritable component. In this study, we describe an autosomal-recessive syndrome characterized by high myopia and sensorineural deafness. Our molecular investigation in 3 families led to the identification of 3 homozygous nonsense mutations (p.R181X, p.S297X, and p.Q414X) in SLIT and NTRK-like family, member 6 (SLITRK6), a leucine-rich repeat domain transmembrane protein. All 3 mutant SLITRK6 proteins displayed defective cell surface localization. High-resolution MRI of WT and Slitrk6-deficient mouse eyes revealed axial length increase in the mutant (the endophenotype of myopia). Additionally, mutant mice exhibited auditory function deficits that mirrored the human phenotype. Histological investigation of WT and Slitrk6-deficient mouse retinas in postnatal development indicated a delay in synaptogenesis in Slitrk6-deficient animals. Taken together, our results showed that SLITRK6 plays a crucial role in the development of normal hearing as well as vision in humans and in mice and that its disruption leads to a syndrome characterized by severe myopia and deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Tekin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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Yim YS, Kwon Y, Nam J, Yoon HI, Lee K, Kim DG, Kim E, Kim CH, Ko J. Slitrks control excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation with LAR receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4057-62. [PMID: 23345436 PMCID: PMC3593915 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209881110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, which is governed by multiple synapse organizers, controls neural circuit functions and behaviors. Slit- and Trk-like proteins (Slitrks) are a family of synapse organizers, whose emerging synaptic roles are incompletely understood. Here, we report that Slitrks are enriched in postsynaptic densities in rat brains. Overexpression of Slitrks promoted synapse formation, whereas RNAi-mediated knockdown of Slitrks decreased synapse density. Intriguingly, Slitrks were required for both excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation in an isoform-dependent manner. Moreover, Slitrks required distinct members of the leukocyte antigen-related receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (LAR-RPTP) family to trigger synapse formation. Protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ), in particular, was specifically required for excitatory synaptic differentiation by Slitrks, whereas PTPδ was necessary for inhibitory synapse differentiation. Taken together, these data suggest that combinatorial interactions of Slitrks with LAR-RPTP family members maintain synapse formation to coordinate excitatory-inhibitory balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Shin Yim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Younghee Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea; and
| | - Jungyong Nam
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Hong In Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Kangduk Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea; and
| | - Dong Goo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Jaewon Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea; and
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Ko J. The leucine-rich repeat superfamily of synaptic adhesion molecules: LRRTMs and Slitrks. Mol Cells 2012; 34:335-40. [PMID: 22767246 PMCID: PMC3887770 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are asymmetric intercellular junctions connected by multiple synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Synaptic CAMs function in various stages of synaptogenesis - the process of synapse creation - encompassing synapse formation, maturation, refinement, plasticity, and elimination. The list of synaptic CAMs has rapidly grown, although their precise functions of most CAMs at synapses remain incomplete. Members of an emerging class of transmembrane proteins containing leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains have received considerable recent research attention. In this minireview, I discuss recent findings on LRR-containing synaptic CAMs that impact synapse development and circuit formation, focusing on two families of LRR synaptic CAMs: leucine-rich transmembrane proteins (LRRTMs) and Slit and Trk-like family (Slitrks). Their basic biochemical properties, proposed functions at synapses, physiological significances, and open questions are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
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75
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N-Myc and GCN5 regulate significantly overlapping transcriptional programs in neural stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39456. [PMID: 22745758 PMCID: PMC3383708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we examine the functions of the Myc cofactor and histone acetyltransferase, GCN5/KAT2A, in neural stem and precursor cells (NSC) using a conditional knockout approach driven by nestin-cre. Mice with GCN5-deficient NSC exhibit a 25% reduction in brain mass with a microcephaly phenotype similar to that observed in nestin-cre driven knockouts of c- or N-myc. In addition, the loss of GCN5 inhibits precursor cell proliferation and reduces their populations in vivo, as does loss of N-myc. Gene expression analysis indicates that about one-sixth of genes whose expression is affected by loss of GCN5 are also affected in the same manner by loss of N-myc. These findings strongly support the notion that GCN5 protein is a key N-Myc transcriptional cofactor in NSC, but are also consistent with recruitment of GCN5 by other transcription factors and the use by N-Myc of other histone acetyltransferases. Putative N-Myc/GCN5 coregulated transcriptional pathways include cell metabolism, cell cycle, chromatin, and neuron projection morphogenesis genes. GCN5 is also required for maintenance of histone acetylation both at its putative specific target genes and at Myc targets. Thus, we have defined an important role for GCN5 in NSC and provided evidence that GCN5 is an important Myc transcriptional cofactor in vivo.
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Prenatal diagnosis of partial trisomy 3q resulting from t(3;14) in a fetus with multiple anomalies including vermian hypoplasia. Gene 2012; 498:237-41. [PMID: 22366303 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While genetic origin of Dandy-Walker complex has not yet fully elucidated, the complex has been known to be associated with structural and chromosomal abnormalities. A partial trisomy 3q was also identified in patients with DWC. 3q duplication syndrome is defined as duplications of large parts of 3q, especially 3q21-qter. Most cases with 3q duplication are diagnosed postnatally and the patients show typical features including various facial dysmorphisms, congenital heart defects, genitourinary malformations, and mental and growth retardation. Here we report a 28 year old nulliparous woman who was referred from the infertility clinic at 21 gestational weeks. Fetal ultrasonographic examination showed various abnormal findings including a ventricular septal defect, hydrocephalus, and hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis. Fetal chromosome analysis was initially reported as 46,XY,der(14)(?::p11.2→qter). Array CGH followed by FISH allowed precise characterization of the der(14) chromosome and the initial karyotype of the fetus had been changed to 46,XY,add(14)(p11).ish der(14)t(3;14)(q26.1;p11)(tel3q+).arr 3q26.1q29(166249469-199288361)x3. Though further studies are required, gene clusters rather than a single gene might be responsible for the clinical features of the Dandy-Walker complex.
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77
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Proenca CC, Gao KP, Shmelkov SV, Rafii S, Lee FS. Slitrks as emerging candidate genes involved in neuropsychiatric disorders. Trends Neurosci 2012; 34:143-53. [PMID: 21315458 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Slitrks are a family of structurally related transmembrane proteins belonging to the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) superfamily. Six family members exist (Slitrk1-6) and all are highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Slitrks have been implicated in mediating basic neuronal processes, ranging from neurite outgrowth and dendritic elaboration to neuronal survival. Recent studies in humans and genetic mouse models have led to the identification of Slitrks as candidate genes that might be involved in the development of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. Although these system-level approaches have suggested that Slitrks play prominent roles in CNS development, key questions remain regarding the molecular mechanisms through which they mediate neuronal signaling and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia C Proenca
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Identification of genes involved in the regulation of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide-induced toxicity in T-47D mammary cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:431-44. [PMID: 22101062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide is one of the principle compounds of the medicinal plant, Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study explored the mechanisms of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide-induced toxicity and non-apoptotic cell death in T-47D breast carcinoma cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide exerted its cytotoxic effects by regulating genes that inhibit the cell cycle or promote cell cycle arrest. This compound regulated genes that are known to reduce/inhibit cell proliferation, induce growth arrest and suppress cell growth. The growth suppression activities of this compound were demonstrated by a downregulation of several genes normally found to be over-expressed in cancers. Microscopic analysis revealed positive monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining at 8h, indicating possible autophagosomes. TEM analysis revealed that the treated cells were highly vacuolated, thereby suggesting that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide may cause autophagic morphology in these cells. This morphology may be correlated with the concurrent expression of genes known to affect lysosomal activity, ion transport, protein degradation and vesicle transport. Interestingly, some apoptotic-like bodies were found, and these bodies contained multiple large vacuoles, suggesting that this compound is capable of eliciting a combination of apoptotic and autophagic-like morphological characteristics.
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79
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Poelmans G, Buitelaar JK, Pauls DL, Franke B. A theoretical molecular network for dyslexia: integrating available genetic findings. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:365-82. [PMID: 20956978 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a common specific childhood learning disorder with a strong heritable component. Previous studies using different genetic approaches have identified several genetic loci and candidate genes for dyslexia. In this article, we have integrated the current knowledge on 14 dyslexia candidate genes suggested by cytogenetic findings, linkage and association studies. We found that 10 of the 14 dyslexia candidate genes (ROBO1, KIAA0319, KIAA0319L, S100B, DOCK4, FMR1, DIP2A, GTF2I, DYX1C1 and DCDC2) fit into a theoretical molecular network involved in neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth. Based on this, we also propose three novel dyslexia candidate genes (SLIT2, HMGB1 and VAPA) from known linkage regions, and we discuss the possible involvement of genes emerging from the two reported genome-wide association studies for reading impairment-related phenotypes in the identified network.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Poelmans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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80
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Boschetti E, Righetti PG. Mixed-bed chromatography as a way to resolve peculiar protein fractionation situations. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:827-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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81
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Marteyn A, Maury Y, Gauthier MM, Lecuyer C, Vernet R, Denis JA, Pietu G, Peschanski M, Martinat C. Mutant human embryonic stem cells reveal neurite and synapse formation defects in type 1 myotonic dystrophy. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8:434-44. [PMID: 21458401 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystem disorder affecting a variety of organs, including the central nervous system. By using neuronal progeny derived from human embryonic stem cells carrying the causal DM1 mutation, we have identified an early developmental defect in genes involved in neurite formation and the establishment of neuromuscular connections. Differential gene expression profiling and quantitative RT-PCR revealed decreased expression of two members of the SLITRK family in DM1 neural cells and in DM1 brain biopsies. In addition, DM1 motoneuron/muscle cell cocultures showed alterations that are consistent with the known role of SLITRK genes in neurite outgrowth, neuritogenesis, and synaptogenesis. Rescue and knockdown experiments suggested that the functional defects can be directly attributed to SLITRK misexpression. These neuropathological mechanisms may be clinically significant for the functional changes in neuromuscular connections associated with DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marteyn
- INSERM/UEVE UMR 861, I-STEM AFM, 5 rue H. Desbruères, Evry Cedex, France
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82
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Matsumoto Y, Katayama KI, Okamoto T, Yamada K, Takashima N, Nagao S, Aruga J. Impaired auditory-vestibular functions and behavioral abnormalities of Slitrk6-deficient mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16497. [PMID: 21298075 PMCID: PMC3027700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study revealed that Slitrk6, a transmembrane protein containing a leucine-rich repeat domain, has a critical role in the development of the inner ear neural circuit. However, it is still unknown how the absence of Slitrk6 affects auditory and vestibular functions. In addition, the role of Slitrk6 in regions of the central nervous system, including the dorsal thalamus, has not been addressed. To understand the physiological role of Slitrk6, Slitrk6-knockout (KO) mice were subjected to systematic behavioral analyses including auditory and vestibular function tests. Compared to wild-type mice, the auditory brainstem response (ABR) of Slitrk6-KO mice indicated a mid-frequency range (8-16 kHz) hearing loss and reduction of the first ABR wave. The auditory startle response was also reduced. A vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) test showed decreased vertical (head movement-induced) VOR gains and normal horizontal VOR. In an open field test, locomotor activity was reduced; the tendency to be in the center region was increased, but only in the first 5 min of the test, indicating altered adaptive responses to a novel environment. Altered adaptive responses were also found in a hole-board test in which head-dip behavior was increased and advanced. Aside from these abnormalities, no clear abnormalities were noted in the mood, anxiety, learning, spatial memory, or fear memory-related behavioral tests. These results indicate that the Slitrk6-KO mouse can serve as a model of hereditary sensorineural deafness. Furthermore, the altered responses of Slitrk6-KO mice to the novel environment suggest a role of Slitrk6 in some cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Kei-ichi Katayama
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Takehito Okamoto
- Laboratory for Motor Learning Control, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yamada
- Support Unit for Animal Experiments, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Noriko Takashima
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Soichi Nagao
- Laboratory for Motor Learning Control, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Jun Aruga
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Japan
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83
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Cavani S, Prontera P, Grasso M, Ardisia C, Malacarne M, Gradassi C, Cecconi M, Mencarelli A, Donti E, Pierluigi M. FMR1, FMR2, and SLITRK2 deletion inside a paracentric inversion involving bands Xq27.3-q28 in a male and his mother. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 155A:221-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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84
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Somatosensory–motor bodily representation cortical thinning in Tourette: Effects of tic severity, age and gender. Cortex 2010; 46:750-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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85
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Shmelkov SV, Hormigo A, Jing D, Proenca CC, Bath KG, Milde T, Shmelkov E, Kushner JS, Baljevic M, Dincheva I, Murphy AJ, Valenzuela DM, Gale NW, Yancopoulos GD, Ninan I, Lee FS, Rafii S. Slitrk5 deficiency impairs corticostriatal circuitry and leads to obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors in mice. Nat Med 2010; 16:598-602, 1p following 602. [PMID: 20418887 PMCID: PMC2907076 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychiatric disorder defined by the presence of obsessive thoughts and repetitive compulsive actions, and it often encompasses anxiety and depressive symptoms. Recently, the corticostriatal circuitry has been implicated in the pathogenesis of OCD. However, the etiology, pathophysiology and molecular basis of OCD remain unknown. Several studies indicate that the pathogenesis of OCD has a genetic component. Here we demonstrate that loss of a neuron-specific transmembrane protein, SLIT and NTRK-like protein-5 (Slitrk5), leads to OCD-like behaviors in mice, which manifests as excessive self-grooming and increased anxiety-like behaviors, and is alleviated by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Slitrk5(-/-) mice show selective overactivation of the orbitofrontal cortex, abnormalities in striatal anatomy and cell morphology and alterations in glutamate receptor composition, which contribute to deficient corticostriatal neurotransmission. Thus, our studies identify Slitrk5 as an essential molecule at corticostriatal synapses and provide a new mouse model of OCD-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Shmelkov
- [1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. [2] These authors contributed equally to this work
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86
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Katayama K, Yamada K, Ornthanalai VG, Inoue T, Ota M, Murphy NP, Aruga J. Slitrk1-deficient mice display elevated anxiety-like behavior and noradrenergic abnormalities. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:177-84. [PMID: 18794888 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in SLITRK1 are found in patients with Tourette's syndrome and trichotillomania. SLITRK1 encodes a transmembrane protein containing leucine-rich repeats that is produced predominantly in the nervous system. However, the role of this protein is largely unknown, except that it can modulate neurite outgrowth in vitro. To clarify the role of Slitrk1 in vivo, we developed Slitrk1-knockout mice and analyzed their behavioral and neurochemical phenotypes. Slitrk1-deficient mice exhibited elevated anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze test as well as increased immobility time in forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Neurochemical analysis revealed that Slitrk1-knockout mice had increased levels of norepinephrine and its metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol. Administration of clonidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist that is frequently used to treat patients with Tourette's syndrome, attenuated the anxiety-like behavior of Slitrk1-deficient mice in the elevated plus-maze test. These results lead us to conclude that noradrenergic mechanisms are involved in the behavioral abnormalities of Slitrk1-deficient mice. Elevated anxiety due to Slitrk1 dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases such as Tourette's syndrome and trichotillomania.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Katayama
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
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87
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Mouton-Barbosa E, Roux-Dalvai F, Bouyssié D, Berger F, Schmidt E, Righetti PG, Guerrier L, Boschetti E, Burlet-Schiltz O, Monsarrat B, Gonzalez de Peredo A. In-depth exploration of cerebrospinal fluid by combining peptide ligand library treatment and label-free protein quantification. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1006-21. [PMID: 20093276 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900513-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the biological fluid in closest contact with the brain and thus contains proteins of neural cell origin. Hence, CSF is a biochemical window into the brain and is particularly attractive for the search for biomarkers of neurological diseases. However, as in the case of other biological fluids, one of the main analytical challenges in proteomic characterization of the CSF is the very wide concentration range of proteins, largely exceeding the dynamic range of current analytical approaches. Here, we used the combinatorial peptide ligand library technology (ProteoMiner) to reduce the dynamic range of protein concentration in CSF and unmask previously undetected proteins by nano-LC-MS/MS analysis on an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. This method was first applied on a large pool of CSF from different sources with the aim to better characterize the protein content of this fluid, especially for the low abundance components. We were able to identify 1212 proteins in CSF, and among these, 745 were only detected after peptide library treatment. However, additional difficulties for clinical studies of CSF are the low protein concentration of this fluid and the low volumes typically obtained after lumbar puncture, precluding the conventional use of ProteoMiner with large volume columns for treatment of patient samples. The method has thus been optimized to be compatible with low volume samples. We could show that the treatment is still efficient with this miniaturized protocol and that the dynamic range of protein concentration is actually reduced even with small amounts of beads, leading to an increase of more than 100% of the number of identified proteins in one LC-MS/MS run. Moreover, using a dedicated bioinformatics analytical work flow, we found that the method is reproducible and applicable for label-free quantification of series of samples processed in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Mouton-Barbosa
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
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88
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SLITRK1 binds 14-3-3 and regulates neurite outgrowth in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:918-25. [PMID: 19640509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare genetic variants of SLITRK1 have been previously associated with Tourette syndrome (TS), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. METHODS We studied SLITRK1 processing and phosphorylation. To explore potential signaling pathways of the cytoplasmic domain of SLITRK1, we made use of the yeast two-hybrid screen. RESULTS We observed that the extracellular domain of SLITRK1 is secreted in vitro and in vivo and that this process is activated by protein kinase C and inhibited by an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). We observed that SLITRK1 undergoes gamma-secretase cleavage to release a SLITRK1 intracellular domain (SICD). We identified an interaction between SLITRK1 and 14-3-3 proteins and observed that these proteins co-localized in cortical neuronal cultures and were coprecipitated from rat brain lysates, consistent with an interaction in vivo. We mapped the binding site to the very COOH-terminus of SLITRK1, as deletion of the last six amino acids of SLITRK1 abolished the interaction. We demonstrated phosphorylation of SLITRK1 by protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and casein kinase II (CK2) and observed that CK2 phosphorylates SLITRK1 in the 14-3-3 binding site. Mutating the CK2 phosphorylation site of SLITRK1 decreased binding to 14-3-3 and inhibited SLITRK1-mediated neurite outgrowth. CONCLUSIONS Our results shed light on the cell biology of SLITRK1, including its protein phosphorylation and potential molecular pathways for SLITRK1 function, and should contribute to further understanding the role of SLIRTK1 in developmental neuropsychiatric conditions such TS, OCD, and ADHD.
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89
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Katayama KI, Zine A, Ota M, Matsumoto Y, Inoue T, Fritzsch B, Aruga J. Disorganized innervation and neuronal loss in the inner ear of Slitrk6-deficient mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7786. [PMID: 19936227 PMCID: PMC2777407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Slitrks are type I transmembrane proteins that share conserved leucine-rich repeat domains similar to those in the secreted axonal guidance molecule Slit. They also show similarities to Ntrk neurotrophin receptors in their carboxy-termini, sharing a conserved tyrosine residue. Among 6 Slitrk family genes in mammals, Slitrk6 has a unique expression pattern, with strong expression in the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. We generated Slitrk6-knockout mice and investigated the development of their auditory and vestibular sensory organs. Slitrk6-deficient mice showed pronounced reduction in the cochlear innervation. In the vestibule, the innervation to the posterior crista was often lost, reduced, or sometimes misguided. These defects were accompanied by the loss of neurons in the spiral and vestibular ganglia. Cochlear sensory epithelia from Slitrk6-knockout mice have reduced ability in promoting neurite outgrowth of spiral ganglion neurons. Indeed the Slitrk6-deficient inner ear showed a mild but significant decrease in the expression of Bdnf and Ntf3, both of which are essential for the innervation and survival of sensory neurons. In addition, the expression of Ntrk receptors, including their phosphorylated forms was decreased in Slitrk6-knockout cochlea. These results suggest that Slitrk6 promotes innervation and survival of inner ear sensory neurons by regulating the expression of trophic and/or tropic factors including neurotrophins from sensory epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-ichi Katayama
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Azel Zine
- University of Montpellier I, Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U583, Montpellier, France
| | - Maya Ota
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jun Aruga
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
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90
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Thinning of the Motor–Cingulate–Insular Cortices in Siblings Concordant for Tourette Syndrome. Brain Topogr 2009; 22:176-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-009-0105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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91
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Smith EN, Bloss CS, Badner JA, Barrett T, Belmonte PL, Berrettini W, Byerley W, Coryell W, Craig D, Edenberg HJ, Eskin E, Foroud T, Gershon E, Greenwood TA, Hipolito M, Koller DL, Lawson WB, Liu C, Lohoff F, McInnis MG, McMahon FJ, Mirel DB, Nievergelt C, Nurnberger J, Nwulia EA, Paschall J, Potash JB, Rice J, Schulze TG, Scheftner W, Panganiban C, Zaitlen N, Zandi PP, Zöllner S, Schork NJ, Kelsoe JR, Kelsoe JR. Genome-wide association study of bipolar disorder in European American and African American individuals. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:755-63. [PMID: 19488044 PMCID: PMC3035981 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To identify bipolar disorder (BD) genetic susceptibility factors, we conducted two genome-wide association (GWA) studies: one involving a sample of individuals of European ancestry (EA; n=1001 cases; n=1033 controls), and one involving a sample of individuals of African ancestry (AA; n=345 cases; n=670 controls). For the EA sample, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the strongest statistical evidence for association included rs5907577 in an intergenic region at Xq27.1 (P=1.6 x 10(-6)) and rs10193871 in NAP5 at 2q21.2 (P=9.8 x 10(-6)). For the AA sample, SNPs with the strongest statistical evidence for association included rs2111504 in DPY19L3 at 19q13.11 (P=1.5 x 10(-6)) and rs2769605 in NTRK2 at 9q21.33 (P=4.5 x 10(-5)). We also investigated whether we could provide support for three regions previously associated with BD, and we showed that the ANK3 region replicates in our sample, along with some support for C15Orf53; other evidence implicates BD candidate genes such as SLITRK2. We also tested the hypothesis that BD susceptibility variants exhibit genetic background-dependent effects. SNPs with the strongest statistical evidence for genetic background effects included rs11208285 in ROR1 at 1p31.3 (P=1.4 x 10(-6)), rs4657247 in RGS5 at 1q23.3 (P=4.1 x 10(-6)), and rs7078071 in BTBD16 at 10q26.13 (P=4.5 x 10(-6)). This study is the first to conduct GWA of BD in individuals of AA and suggests that genetic variations that contribute to BD may vary as a function of ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N. Smith
- Scripps Genomic Medicine and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cinnamon S. Bloss
- Scripps Genomic Medicine and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Judith A. Badner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas Barrett
- Department of Psychiatry, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Pamela L. Belmonte
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Wade Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - William Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - William Coryell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David Craig
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Elliot Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maria Hipolito
- Department of Psychiatry, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 20060, USA
| | - Daniel L. Koller
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - William B. Lawson
- Department of Psychiatry, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 20060, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Falk Lohoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Melvin G. McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Francis J. McMahon
- Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Unit, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel B. Mirel
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Caroline Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | | | - Justin Paschall
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - James B. Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - John Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Thomas G. Schulze
- Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Unit, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Corrie Panganiban
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Noah Zaitlen
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Peter P. Zandi
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, 92151, USA
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92
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Talebizadeh Z, Butler MG, Theodoro MF. Feasibility and relevance of examining lymphoblastoid cell lines to study role of microRNAs in autism. Autism Res 2009; 1:240-50. [PMID: 19360674 DOI: 10.1002/aur.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To assess the feasibility and relevance of using lymphoblastoid cell lines to study the role of noncoding RNAs in the etiology of autism, we evaluated global expression profiling of 470 mature human microRNAs from six subjects with autism compared with six matched controls. Differential expression (either higher or lower) for 9 of the 470 microRNAs was observed in our autism samples compared with controls. Potential target genes for these microRNAs were identified using computer tools, which included several autism susceptibility genes. Our preliminary results indicate microRNAs should be considered and evaluated in the etiology of autism. In addition, analysis of this class of noncoding RNAs in lymphoblastoid cells has the potential to reveal at least a subset of brain-related microRNAs implicated in autism. Subsequently, this model system should allow for detection of complex subtle changes in susceptibility genes/pathways contributing to autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Talebizadeh
- Section of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics and University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA.
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93
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Lewis SS, Keller SJ. Identification of copper-responsive genes in an early life stage of the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:281-292. [PMID: 19020976 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-008-0280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While physiological changes associated with copper toxicity have been studied in adult fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, little is known about the effect of copper on newly hatched larvae. As a result we initiated an investigation on the mechanism of copper toxicity in 24 h post-hatch larvae using gene expression changes to identify responsive genes. Fish were exposed to copper concentrations of 0, 50, 125 and 200 mug/L in a 48 h toxicity test. Total RNA from survivors was used in a differential display assay to screen for differentially expressed gene products. Altogether, 654 copper-responsive differentially expressed bands were collected. Database searches found homology for 261 sequences. One hundred and sixty-one bands were homologous to NCBI genes of known function, of which 69 were individual genes. The most abundant categories of functional genes responding to copper were involved in protein synthesis/translational machinery and contractile proteins. Twenty-one dose-responsive genes were measured for expression changes using real-time quantitative PCR. Differential gene expression was validated for 11 of 13 genes, when a 1.2 times qPCR difference between the copper and control samples was observed. Transcripts identified as titin, cytochrome b, fast muscle specific heavy myosin chain 4, fast muscle troponin I, proteasome 26S subunit and troponin T3a were induced over twofold. Differential display bands identified as 60S ribosomal proteins L27 and L12 were repressed approximately threefold. We conclude that copper exposure affects several cellular pathways in larval fathead minnows with protein synthesis, ribosome structure, and muscle contractile proteins being the most sensitive to this stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange S Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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94
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Stillman AA, Krsnik Z, Sun J, Rasin MR, State MW, Sestan N, Louvi A. Developmentally regulated and evolutionarily conserved expression of SLITRK1 in brain circuits implicated in Tourette syndrome. J Comp Neurol 2009; 513:21-37. [PMID: 19105198 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited developmental neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by vocal and motor tics. Multiple lines of neurophysiological evidence implicate dysfunction in the corticostriatal-thalamocortical circuits in the etiology of TS. We recently identified rare sequence variants in the Slit and Trk-like family member 1 (SLITRK1) gene associated with TS. SLITRK1, a single-pass transmembrane protein, displays similarities to the SLIT family of secreted ligands, which have roles in axonal repulsion and dendritic patterning, but its function and developmental expression remain largely unknown. Here we provide evidence that SLITRK1 has a developmentally regulated expression pattern in projection neurons of the corticostriatal-thalamocortical circuits. SLITRK1 is further enriched in the somatodendritic compartment and cytoplasmic vesicles of cortical pyramidal neurons in mouse, monkey, and human brain, observations suggestive of an evolutionarily conserved function in mammals. SLITRK1 is transiently expressed in the striosomal/patch compartment of the mammalian striatum and moreover is associated with the direct output pathway; adult striatal expression is confined to cholinergic interneurons. These analyses demonstrate that the expression of SLITRK1 is dynamic and specifically associated with the circuits most commonly implicated in TS and related disorders, suggesting that SLITRK1 contributes to the development of corticostriatal-thalamocortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althea A Stillman
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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95
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Campanelli JT, Sandrock RW, Wheatley W, Xue H, Zheng J, Liang F, Chesnut JD, Zhan M, Rao MS, Liu Y. Expression profiling of human glial precursors. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:102. [PMID: 18947415 PMCID: PMC2579429 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have generated gene expression databases for human glial precursors, neuronal precursors, astrocyte precursors and neural stem cells and focused on comparing the profile of glial precursors with that of other populations. RESULTS A total of 14 samples were analyzed. Each population, previously distinguished from each other by immunocytochemical analysis of cell surface markers, expressed genes related to their key differentiation pathways. For the glial precursor cell population, we identified 458 genes that were uniquely expressed. Expression of a subset of these individual genes was validated by RT-PCR. We also report genes encoding cell surface markers that may be useful for identification and purification of human glial precursor populations. CONCLUSION We provide gene expression profile for human glial precursors. Our data suggest several signaling pathways that are important for proliferation and differentiation of human glial precursors. Such information may be utilized to further purify glial precursor populations, optimize media formulation, or study the effects of glial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Campanelli
- Q Therapeutics, Inc. 615 Arapeen Dr., Ste. 102, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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96
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Speed WC, O'Roak BJ, Tárnok Z, Barta C, Pakstis AJ, State MW, Kidd KK. Haplotype evolution of SLITRK1, a candidate gene for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:463-6. [PMID: 18004766 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a complex disorder with a clear genetic component but no clearly identified genes with variation of etiologic relevance. Various candidate regions and genes show some evidence of affecting risk, though clearly not all patients/families can be explained by any one of them. Resequencing one candidate gene, SLITRK1, has identified four new variants. Including them, we have typed over 2,300 normal individuals from 44 populations for 11 SNPs spanning the gene. The unusual global pattern seen is that one non-ancestral haplotype is the single most common haplotype worldwide. Other haplotypes appear to result from accumulation of mutations with no evidence of historical recombination. Although there is no evidence of selection, the haplotype frequency variation seen around the world will need to be considered in any future association studies of this locus with GTS or any other neuropsychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Speed
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
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97
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Mehler MF, Mattick JS. Noncoding RNAs and RNA Editing in Brain Development, Functional Diversification, and Neurological Disease. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:799-823. [PMID: 17615389 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive maturation and functional plasticity of the nervous system in health and disease involve a dynamic interplay between the transcriptome and the environment. There is a growing awareness that the previously unexplored molecular and functional interface mediating these complex gene-environmental interactions, particularly in brain, may encompass a sophisticated RNA regulatory network involving the twin processes of RNA editing and multifaceted actions of numerous subclasses of non-protein-coding RNAs. The mature nervous system encompasses a wide range of cell types and interconnections. Long-term changes in the strength of synaptic connections are thought to underlie memory retrieval, formation, stabilization, and effector functions. The evolving nervous system involves numerous developmental transitions, such as neurulation, neural tube patterning, neural stem cell expansion and maintenance, lineage elaboration, differentiation, axonal path finding, and synaptogenesis. Although the molecular bases for these processes are largely unknown, RNA-based epigenetic mechanisms appear to be essential for orchestrating these precise and versatile biological phenomena and in defining the etiology of a spectrum of neurological diseases. The concerted modulation of RNA editing and the selective expression of non-protein-coding RNAs during seminal as well as continuous state transitions may comprise the plastic molecular code needed to couple the intrinsic malleability of neural network connections to evolving environmental influences to establish diverse forms of short- and long-term memory, context-specific behavioral responses, and sophisticated cognitive capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Mehler
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurology, Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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98
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Milde T, Shmelkov SV, Jensen KK, Zlotchenko G, Petit I, Rafii S. A novel family of slitrk genes is expressed on hematopoietic stem cells and leukemias. Leukemia 2007; 21:824-7. [PMID: 17268530 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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99
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Deng H, Le WD, Xie WJ, Jankovic J. Examination of the SLITRK1 gene in Caucasian patients with Tourette syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 114:400-2. [PMID: 17083340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether variants in the Slit and Trk-like 1 gene (SLITRK1) are present in American Caucasian population of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). METHODS We sequenced the 3'-untranslated region for var321 and the whole coding region in the SLITRK1 gene in 82 Caucasian patients with TS from North America. RESULTS None of the 82 samples from patients with TS showed the non-coding sequence variant (var321). Only one patient with familial TS was heterozygous for a novel 708C > T (Ile236Ile) nucleotide variant. CONCLUSIONS The var321 and mutation(s) in the coding region of the SLITRK1 gene probably are a rare cause of TS in a Caucasian population; therefore, genetic heterogeneity of TS should be considered. Tests designed to detect variant(s) in the SLITRK1 gene probably will not have a diagnostic utility in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Deng
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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100
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Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the development and function of the nervous system is heavily dependent on RNA editing and the intricate spatiotemporal expression of a wide repertoire of non-coding RNAs, including micro RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs and longer non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs may provide the key to understanding the multi-tiered links between neural development, nervous system function, and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Mehler
- ARC Special Research Centre for Functional and Applied Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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