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Aleutian mink disease virus in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis): evidence for cross-species spillover. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:389-400. [PMID: 25647590 DOI: 10.7589/2014-05-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) causes a parvovirus infection, initially characterized in American mink (Neovison vison), that may have harmful effects on wild populations of susceptible animals. In North America, where American mink are native, the origin, host range, and prevalence of AMDV in wild species is not clear. We studied striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) to determine whether species sympatric with mink are potential reservoirs in the transmission of AMDV to wild mink and mink farms. Antibodies to AMDV were detected in 41% of skunk serum samples (143/347) and AMDV nucleic acids were detected in 32% (14/40) of skunk spleen samples by PCR, indicating that AMDV exposure and infection were frequent in skunks. We detected no AMDV antibodies in 144 raccoon blood samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a newly identified AMDV haplogroup consisting of isolates from Ontario skunks and a free-ranging domestic mink from Ontario. Our findings of frequent AMDV infection in skunks, close genetic similarity between skunk and mink AMDV isolates, and evidence of AMDV transmission from skunks to mink support the hypothesis that skunks may be acting as alternative hosts and reservoirs of AMDV to wild mink through cross-species virus spillover.
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Thrall PH, Oakeshott JG, Fitt G, Southerton S, Burdon JJ, Sheppard A, Russell RJ, Zalucki M, Heino M, Ford Denison R. Evolution in agriculture: the application of evolutionary approaches to the management of biotic interactions in agro-ecosystems. Evol Appl 2015; 4:200-15. [PMID: 25567968 PMCID: PMC3352559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts increasingly drive ecological and evolutionary processes at many spatio-temporal scales, demanding greater capacity to predict and manage their consequences. This is particularly true for agro-ecosystems, which not only comprise a significant proportion of land use, but which also involve conflicting imperatives to expand or intensify production while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. These imperatives reinforce the likelihood of further major changes in agriculture over the next 30–40 years. Key transformations include genetic technologies as well as changes in land use. The use of evolutionary principles is not new in agriculture (e.g. crop breeding, domestication of animals, management of selection for pest resistance), but given land-use trends and other transformative processes in production landscapes, ecological and evolutionary research in agro-ecosystems must consider such issues in a broader systems context. Here, we focus on biotic interactions involving pests and pathogens as exemplars of situations where integration of agronomic, ecological and evolutionary perspectives has practical value. Although their presence in agro-ecosystems may be new, many traits involved in these associations evolved in natural settings. We advocate the use of predictive frameworks based on evolutionary models as pre-emptive management tools and identify some specific research opportunities to facilitate this. We conclude with a brief discussion of multidisciplinary approaches in applied evolutionary problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary Fitt
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Myron Zalucki
- The University of Queensland, School of Integrative Biology Qld, Australia
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - R Ford Denison
- University of Minnesota, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior St. Paul, MN, USA
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Allison AB, Kohler DJ, Ortega A, Hoover EA, Grove DM, Holmes EC, Parrish CR. Host-specific parvovirus evolution in nature is recapitulated by in vitro adaptation to different carnivore species. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004475. [PMID: 25375184 PMCID: PMC4223063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) emerged as a new pandemic pathogen of dogs in the 1970s and is closely related to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), a parvovirus of cats and related carnivores. Although both viruses have wide host ranges, analysis of viral sequences recovered from different wild carnivore species, as shown here, demonstrated that >95% were derived from CPV-like viruses, suggesting that CPV is dominant in sylvatic cycles. Many viral sequences showed host-specific mutations in their capsid proteins, which were often close to sites known to control binding to the transferrin receptor (TfR), the host receptor for these carnivore parvoviruses, and which exhibited frequent parallel evolution. To further examine the process of host adaptation, we passaged parvoviruses with alternative backgrounds in cells from different carnivore hosts. Specific mutations were selected in several viruses and these differed depending on both the background of the virus and the host cells in which they were passaged. Strikingly, these in vitro mutations recapitulated many specific changes seen in viruses from natural populations, strongly suggesting they are host adaptive, and which were shown to result in fitness advantages over their parental virus. Comparison of the sequences of the transferrin receptors of the different carnivore species demonstrated that many mutations occurred in and around the apical domain where the virus binds, indicating that viral variants were likely selected through their fit to receptor structures. Some of the viruses accumulated high levels of variation upon passage in alternative hosts, while others could infect multiple different hosts with no or only a few additional mutations. Overall, these studies demonstrate that the evolutionary history of a virus, including how long it has been circulating and in which hosts, as well as its phylogenetic background, has a profound effect on determining viral host range. Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important example of a viral pathogen that evolved by cross-species transmission and mutation to initiate a disease pandemic. Carnivore parvoviruses infect many species, and their passage in different hosts may select mutations that facilitate host jumping; for example, natural passage of CPV in raccoons may have facilitated its adaptation to dogs. Conversely, some raccoon-adapted viruses are non-infectious to dogs, illustrating that host range barriers exist among different carnivores. Here we demonstrate that these barriers can be overcome by only a few mutations in the virus that likely alter host receptor binding, and that host adaptation can differ dramatically among very similar viruses. Importantly, we also show that passage of viruses in cell cultures of different hosts results in mutations at the same sites that vary in nature and confer fitness increases, strongly suggesting that they are adaptively important. These findings demonstrate that parvoviruses may cross species barriers to infect less susceptible hosts through single or only a few mutations, and that differences in the genetic background, host range, and/or evolutionary history of the viruses influence their propensity to jump hosts. Overall, these discoveries help reveal the mechanisms that control host switching and viral emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Allison
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dennis J Kohler
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alicia Ortega
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Hoover
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel M Grove
- North Dakota Game and Fish Department, North Dakota State Government, Bismarck, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Kaur G, Chandra M, Dwivedi PN, Sharma NS. Antigenic typing of canine parvovirus using differential PCR. Virusdisease 2014; 25:481-7. [PMID: 25674626 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an enteric pathogen causing hemorrhagic enteritis in pups of 3-6 months of age and is mainly transmitted via feco-oral route. In the present study, a total of 85 animals rectal swabs suspected of CPV were tested using a PCR, nested PCR and a newly designed differential PCR. Using PCR 7 (8.23 %) animals were positive whereas 39 (45.88 %) were positive by using nested PCR and 40 (47.05 %) were positive for either one or more than one antigenic types of CPV using differential PCR. Using differential PCR it was found that CPV-2a and CPV-2b were the most prevailing antigenic types. Also it was found that dogs that were vaccinated too yielded positive CPV indicating a possible presence of additional CPV antigenic types. Thus, the primers used in differential PCR can be used in a single PCR reaction to detect various antigenic types of CPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
| | - Mudit Chandra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
| | - P N Dwivedi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
| | - N S Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
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Sun YL, Yen CH, Tu CF. Visual detection of canine parvovirus based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and with lateral flow dipstick. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:509-16. [PMID: 24334855 PMCID: PMC4064134 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal
amplification (LAMP) combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (LAMP–ELISA) and with
lateral flow dipstick (LAMP–LFD) are rapid, sensitive and specific methods for the visual
detection of clinical pathogens. In this study, LAMP–ELISA and LAMP–LFD were developed for
the visual detection of canine parvovirus (CPV). For LAMP, a set of four primers
(biotin-labeled forward inner primers) was designed to specifically amplify a region of
the VP2 gene of CPV. The optimum time and temperature for LAMP were 60 min and 65°C,
respectively. The specific capture oligonucleotide probes, biotin-labeled CPV probe for
LAMP–ELISA and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled CPV probe for LAMP–LFD were also
designed for hybridization with LAMP amplicons on streptavidin-coated wells and LFD
strips, respectively. For the comparison of detection sensitivity, conventional PCR and
LAMP for CPV detection were also performed. The CPV detection limits by PCR, PCR–ELISA,
LAMP, LAMP–ELISA and LAMP–LFD were 102, 102, 10−1,
10−1 and 10−1 TCID50/ml, respectively.
In tests using artificially contaminated dog fecal samples, the samples with CPV
inoculation levels of ≥1 TCID50/ml gave positive results by
both LAMP–ELISA and LAMP–LFD. Our data indicated that both LAMP–ELISA and LAMP–LFD are
promising as rapid, sensitive and specific methods for an efficient diagnosis of CPV
infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Sun
- Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Bodewes R, van der Giessen J, Haagmans BL, Osterhaus ADME, Smits SL. Identification of multiple novel viruses, including a parvovirus and a hepevirus, in feces of red foxes. J Virol 2013; 87:7758-64. [PMID: 23616657 PMCID: PMC3700315 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00568-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are the most widespread members of the order of Carnivora. Since they often live in (peri)urban areas, they are a potential reservoir of viruses that transmit from wildlife to humans or domestic animals. Here we evaluated the fecal viral microbiome of 13 red foxes by random PCR in combination with next-generation sequencing. Various novel viruses, including a parvovirus, bocavirus, adeno-associated virus, hepevirus, astroviruses, and picobirnaviruses, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wang J, Cheng S, Yi L, Cheng Y, Yang S, Xu H, Zhao H, Yan X, Wu H. Evidence for natural recombination between mink enteritis virus and canine parvovirus. Virol J 2012; 9:252. [PMID: 23110843 PMCID: PMC3495801 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A virus was isolated from mink showing clinical and pathological signs of enteritis in China. This virus, designated MEV/LN-10, was identified as mink enteritis virus (MEV) based on its cytopathic effect in the feline F81 cell line, the hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, electron microscopy (EM) and animal infection experiments. The complete viral genome was cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses on the complete MEV/LN-10 genome showed evidence of recombination between MEV and canine parvovirus (CPV). The genome was composed of the NS1 gene originating from CPV while the VP1 gene was of MEV origin. This is the first demonstration of recombination between a CPV and MEV in nature. Our findings not only provide valuable evidence indicating that recombination is an important genetic mechanism contributing to the variation and evolution of MEV, but also that heterogeneous recombination can occur in the feline parvovirus subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun, 130112, China
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Park SA, Park SY, Song CS, Choi IS, Kim HY, Lee JB, Lee NH. Development of a novel vaccine against canine parvovirus infection with a clinical isolate of the type 2b strain. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2012; 1:70-6. [PMID: 23596579 PMCID: PMC3623513 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In spite of an extensive vaccination program, parvoviral infections still pose a major threat to the health of dogs. Materials and Methods We isolated a novel canine parvovirus (CPV) strain from a dog with enteritis. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis of the isolate showed that it is a novel type 2b CPV with asparagine at the 426th position and valine at the 555th position in VP2. To develop a vaccine against CPV infection, we passaged the isolate 4 times in A72 cells. Results The attenuated isolate conferred complete protection against lethal homologous CPV infection in dogs such that they did not develop any clinical symptoms, and their antibody titers against CPV were significantly high at 7-11 days post infection. Conclusion These results suggest that the virus isolate obtained after passaging can be developed as a novel vaccine against paroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ah Park
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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59
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Mukhopadhyay HK, Amsaveni S, Matta SL, Antony PX, Thanislass J, Pillai RM. Development and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of canine parvovirus DNA directly in faecal specimens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 55:202-9. [PMID: 22748120 PMCID: PMC7197762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To develop a specific and highly sensitive loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique for the rapid detection of canine parvovirus (CPV) DNA directly in suspected faecal samples of dogs by employing a simple method of template preparation. Methods and Results: LAMP reaction was developed by designing two sets of outer and inner primers, which target a total of six distinct regions on VP2 gene of CPV. The template DNA was prepared by a simple boiling and chilling method. Of the 140 faecal samples screened by the developed LAMP and the conventional PCR assays, 104 samples (74·28%) were found positive by LAMP, whereas 81 samples (57·85%) were found positive by PCR. The specificity of the LAMP assay was tested by cross‐examination of common pathogens of dogs and further confirmed by sequencing. The detection limit of the LAMP was 0·0001 TCID50 ml−1, whereas the detection limit of the PCR was 1000 TCID50 ml−1. Conclusions: The developed LAMP assay detects CPV DNA in faecal specimens directly within an hour by following a simple and rapid boiling and chilling method of template preparation. The result also shows that the developed LAMP assay is specific and highly sensitive in detecting CPV. Significance and Impact of the Study: The result indicates the potential usefulness of LAMP which is a simple, rapid, specific, highly sensitive and cost‐effective field‐based method for direct detection of CPV from the suspected faecal samples of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Puducherry, India.
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Pinto LD, Streck AF, Gonçalves KR, Souza CK, Corbellini ÂO, Corbellini LG, Canal CW. Typing of canine parvovirus strains circulating in Brazil between 2008 and 2010. Virus Res 2012; 165:29-33. [PMID: 22280882 PMCID: PMC7126319 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Detection and characterisation of the canine parvovirus (CPV-2) strains that are currently circulating are essential for the understanding of viral evolution and the development of measures to control its spread. In the present study, stool samples from 144 dogs were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for CPV-2, and 29.2% (42/144) of them were positive. From the 42 positive strains, 71.4% (30) of the dogs had signs of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis. The sequencing of the 583 bp fragment of the VP2 gene from the positive strains identified 78.6% (33/42) of them as type 2c, 19% (8/42) as type 2b and 2.4% (1/42) as type 2a. A phylogenetic analysis of the variants circulating in the canine population of Brazil showed that they are very similar to those found in other countries and type 2c has become the predominant type circulating in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Dubina Pinto
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária 9090, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Discovery and genomic characterization of a novel ovine partetravirus and a new genotype of bovine partetravirus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25619. [PMID: 21980506 PMCID: PMC3181347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Partetravirus is a recently described group of animal parvoviruses which include the human partetravirus, bovine partetravirus and porcine partetravirus (previously known as human parvovirus 4, bovine hokovirus and porcine hokovirus respectively). In this report, we describe the discovery and genomic characterization of partetraviruses in bovine and ovine samples from China. These partetraviruses were detected by PCR in 1.8% of bovine liver samples, 66.7% of ovine liver samples and 71.4% of ovine spleen samples. One of the bovine partetraviruses detected in the present samples is phylogenetically distinct from previously reported bovine partetraviruses and likely represents a novel genotype. The ovine partetravirus is a novel partetravirus and phylogenetically most related to the bovine partetraviruses. The genome organization is conserved amongst these viruses, including the presence of a putative transmembrane protein encoded by an overlapping reading frame in ORF2. Results from the present study provide further support to the classification of partetraviruses as a separate genus in Parvovirinae.
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Li L, Pesavento PA, Shan T, Leutenegger CM, Wang C, Delwart E. Viruses in diarrhoeic dogs include novel kobuviruses and sapoviruses. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2534-2541. [PMID: 21775584 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.034611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The close interactions of dogs with humans and surrounding wildlife provide frequent opportunities for cross-species virus transmissions. In order to initiate an unbiased characterization of the eukaryotic viruses in the gut of dogs, this study used deep sequencing of partially purified viral capsid-protected nucleic acids from the faeces of 18 diarrhoeic dogs. Known canine parvoviruses, coronaviruses and rotaviruses were identified, and the genomes of the first reported canine kobuvirus and sapovirus were characterized. Canine kobuvirus, the first sequenced canine picornavirus and the closest genetic relative of the diarrhoea-causing human Aichi virus, was detected at high frequency in the faeces of both healthy and diarrhoeic dogs. Canine sapovirus constituted a novel genogroup within the genus Sapovirus, a group of viruses also associated with human and animal diarrhoea. These results highlight the high frequency of new virus detection possible even in extensively studied animal species using metagenomics approaches, and provide viral genomes for further disease-association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tongling Shan
- Zoonosis and Comparative Medicine Group, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Republic of China
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Chunlin Wang
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Parthiban S, Mukhopadhyay HK, Panneer D, Antony PX, Pillai RM. Isolation and Typing of Canine Parvovirus in CRFK Cell Line in Puducherry, South India. Indian J Microbiol 2011; 51:456-60. [PMID: 23024407 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-011-0105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 128 faecal samples/rectal swabs were collected from dogs showing signs of diarrhea/enteritis in and around Puducherry, South India. Eighteen clinical samples, showing high HA titre of 1:512 and above and positivity by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with CPV-2ab primers, were subjected to virus isolation in CRFK cell line. Of the 18 samples processed, 3 samples (16.6%) were positive for CPV and were confirmed by haemagglutination, dot-ELISA, and IFAT. The three cell culture isolates were characterized as CPV-2b types by multiplex PCR as well as by monoclonal antibody typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parthiban
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Puducherry, 605009 India ; 10/442, 1st Cross, Thulukathamman Nagar, Murungapakkam Post, Pondicherry, 605004 India
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Mohan Raj J, Mukhopadhyay H, Thanislass J, Antony P, Pillai R. Isolation, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of canine parvovirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:1237-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Widespread infection with homologues of human parvoviruses B19, PARV4, and human bocavirus of chimpanzees and gorillas in the wild. J Virol 2010; 84:10289-96. [PMID: 20668071 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01304-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with human parvoviruses B19 and recently discovered human bocaviruses (HBoVs) are widespread, while PARV4 infections are transmitted parenterally and prevalent specifically in injecting drug users and hemophiliacs. To investigate the exposure and circulation of parvoviruses related to B19 virus, PARV4, and HBoV in nonhuman primates, plasma samples collected from 73 Cameroonian wild-caught chimpanzees and gorillas and 91 Old World monkey (OWM) species were screened for antibodies to recombinant B19 virus, PARV4, and HBoV VP2 antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moderate to high frequencies of seroreactivity to PARV4 (63% and 18% in chimpanzees and gorillas, respectively), HBoV (73% and 36%), and B19 virus (8% and 27%) were recorded for apes, while OWMs were uniformly negative (for PARV4 and B19 virus) or infrequently reactive (3% for HBoV). For genetic characterization, plasma samples and 54 fecal samples from chimpanzees and gorillas collected from Cameroonian forest floors were screened by PCR with primers conserved within Erythrovirus, Bocavirus, and PARV4 genera. Two plasma samples (chimpanzee and baboon) were positive for PARV4, while four fecal samples were positive for HBoV-like viruses. The chimpanzee PARV4 variant showed 18% and 15% nucleotide sequence divergence in NS and VP1/2, respectively, from human variants (9% and 7% amino acid, respectively), while the baboon variant was substantially more divergent, mirroring host phylogeny. Ape HBoV variants showed complex sequence relationships with human viruses, comprising separate divergent homologues of HBoV1 and the recombinant HBoV3 species in chimpanzees and a novel recombinant species in gorillas. This study provides the first evidence for widespread circulation of parvoviruses in primates and enables future investigations of their epidemiology, host specificity, and (co)evolutionary histories.
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Zhang R, Yang S, Zhang W, Zhang T, Xie Z, Feng H, Wang S, Xia X. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 gene of canine parvoviruses circulating in China. Virus Genes 2010; 40:397-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hoelzer K, Parrish CR. The emergence of parvoviruses of carnivores. Vet Res 2010; 41:39. [PMID: 20152105 PMCID: PMC2844231 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of canine parvovirus (CPV) represents a well-documented example highlighting the emergence of a new virus through cross-species transmission. CPV emerged in the mid-1970s as a new pathogen of dogs and has since become endemic in the global dog population. Despite widespread vaccination, CPV has remained a widespread disease of dogs, and new genetic and antigenic variants have arisen and sometimes reached high frequency in certain geographic regions or throughout the world. Here we review our understanding of this emergence event and contrast it to what is known about the emergence of a disease in mink caused by mink enteritis virus (MEV). In addition, we summarize the evolution of CPV over the past 30 years in the global dog population, and describe the epidemiology of contemporary parvovirus infections of dogs and cats. CPV represents a valuable model for understanding disease emergence through cross-species transmission, while MEV provides an interesting comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hoelzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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69
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Yang S, Wang S, Feng H, Zeng L, Xia Z, Zhang R, Zou X, Wang C, Liu Q, Xia X. Isolation and characterization of feline panleukopenia virus from a diarrheic monkey. Vet Microbiol 2009; 143:155-9. [PMID: 20044220 PMCID: PMC7117194 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) mutant, monkey/BJ-22/2008/CHN, was isolated from intestinal contents of a diarrheic monkey in Beijing, China. The virus was identified by morphology and physicochemical characteristics, and specific fragments were obtained by PCR using consensus primers of parvovirus and specific primers of FPV. Sequence of the full-length VP2 gene of the isolated FPV was determined and analyzed by comparison with reference FPV and canine parvovirus (CPV) isolates, showing high homology with FPV (98.75%) and CPV (98.15%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolated FPV formed a monophyletic branch in FPV cluster which differed from the other 11 FPV isolates from China and other countries. The isolated virus caused typical clinical symptoms of FPV in cats. This is the first report on isolation of FPV from a monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
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70
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Calderon MG, Mattion N, Bucafusco D, Fogel F, Remorini P, La Torre J. Molecular characterization of canine parvovirus strains in Argentina: Detection of the pathogenic variant CPV2c in vaccinated dogs. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:141-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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71
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Touihri L, Bouzid I, Daoud R, Desario C, El Goulli AF, Decaro N, Ghorbel A, Buonavoglia C, Bahloul C. Molecular characterization of canine parvovirus-2 variants circulating in Tunisia. Virus Genes 2008; 38:249-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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72
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Within-host genetic diversity of endemic and emerging parvoviruses of dogs and cats. J Virol 2008; 82:11096-105. [PMID: 18768982 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01003-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral emergence can result from the adaptation of endemic pathogens to new or altered host environments, a process that is strongly influenced by the underlying sequence diversity. To determine the extent and structure of intrahost genetic diversity in a recently emerged single-stranded DNA virus, we analyzed viral population structures during natural infections of animals with canine parvovirus (CPV) or its ancestor, feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). We compared infections that occurred shortly after CPV emerged with more recent infections and examined the population structure of CPV after experimental cross-species transmission to cats. Infections with CPV and FPV showed limited genetic diversity regardless of the analyzed host tissue or year of isolation. Coinfections with genetically distinct viral strains were detected in some cases, and rearranged genomes were seen in both FPV and CPV. The sporadic presence of some sequences with multiple mutations suggested the occurrence of either particularly error-prone viral replication or coinfection by more distantly related strains. Finally, some potentially organ-specific host effects were seen during experimental cross-species transmission, with many of the mutations located in the nonstructural protein NS2. These included residues with evidence of positive selection at the population level, which is compatible with a role of this protein in host adaptation.
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73
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Knuuttila A, Uzcátegui N, Kankkonen J, Vapalahti O, Kinnunen P. Molecular epidemiology of Aleutian mink disease virus in Finland. Vet Microbiol 2008; 133:229-38. [PMID: 18799272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is a parvovirus that causes an immune complex-mediated disease in minks. To gain a more detailed view of the molecular epidemiology of mink AMDV in Finland, we phylogenetically analysed 14 new Finnish strains from 5 farms and all 40 strains with corresponding sequences available in GenBank. A part of the major non-structural (NS1) protein gene was amplified and analysed phylogenetically. A rooted nucleotide tree was constructed using the maximum parsimony method. The strains described in this study showed 86-100% nucleotide identity and were nearly identical on each farm. The ratio of synonymous to non-synonymous substitutions was approximately 2.7, indicating a mild purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that AMDV strains form three groups (I-III), all of which contained Finnish strains. The tree inferred that the three lineages of AMDV have been introduced to Finland independently. The analysis suggested that AMDV strains do not cluster into genotypes based on geographical origin, year of isolation or pathogenicity. Based on these data, the molecular clock is not applicable to AMDV, and within this gene area no recombination was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Knuuttila
- Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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74
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Evaluation of the antigenic relationships among canine parvovirus type 2 variants. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 15:534-9. [PMID: 18160619 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00444-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic relationships among the original canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and the variants CPV-2a, -2b, and -2c were evaluated. Cross-antigenic evaluation revealed clear differences among the CPV variants, which were more appreciable by serum neutralization (SN) than by hemagglutination inhibition. Antigenic differences were found mostly between the original CPV-2 and the variants, but they were also observed among the variants CPV-2a, -2b, and -2c. The variant CPV-2c exhibited a unique antigenic pattern, since it was poorly recognized by the sera of animals immunized with CPV-2, CPV-2a, and CPV-2b. However, animals immunized with CPV-2c exhibited higher SN titers to CPV-2b than to the homologous virus CPV-2c. The observed antigenic differences might drive selection of CPV strains by generating differential immune pressure in the canine population, which raises concerns about vaccine efficacy.
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75
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McKnight CA, Maes RK, Wise AG, Kiupel M. Evaluation of tongue as a complementary sample for the diagnosis of parvoviral infection in dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:409-13. [PMID: 17609353 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of canine parvovirus type 2 and feline panleukopenia virus infection in dogs and cats may be hampered by the severity of enteric lesions, secondary bacterial overgrowth, and rapid onset of autolysis. In contrast to small intestine, tongue epithelium is less sensitive to postmortem changes. Sections of tongue and small intestine from 11 dogs and 11 cats with a clinical history and gross and microscopic lesions compatible with canine and feline parvoviral infection were examined for parvoviral infection using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and direct fluorescent antibody testing (FA). Parvoviral DNA was detected by PCR in both small intestine and tongue of all but 1 dog. Nineteen of 22 animals (86%) with suspect or positive FA staining in the small intestine also had positive FA and IHC staining in the tongue. Three of 3 dogs (100%) whose carcasses had been frozen and thawed prior to necropsy had more consistently positive staining in tongue than in small intestine by FA and IHC. These data confirm tongue as an excellent complementary sample for parvoviral testing in dogs and cats, especially in cases in which postmortem autolysis has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A McKnight
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
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76
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Cho HS, Kang JI, Park NY. Detection of canine parvovirus in fecal samples using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 18:81-4. [PMID: 16566261 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel, sensitive, and rapid technique for detection of genomic DNA. The end-product of the technique is a white precipitate of magnesium pyrophosphate that is visible without the use of gel electrophoresis. The LAMP method was applied to the detection of canine parvovirus (CPV) genomic DNA. A set of 4 primers, 2 outer and 2 inner, were designed from CPV genomic DNA targeting the VP2 gene. The optimal reaction time and temperature for LAMP were determined to be 60 minutes and 63 degrees C. On the basis of results for 50 canine fecal samples using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis as the gold standard, the relative sensitivity of LAMP was 100% and the relative specificity was 76.9%. The detection limit of the LAMP method was 10(-1) median tissue culture infective doses (TCID50)/ml, compared with 10 TCID50/ml for PCR analysis. In addition to the advantage resulting from visual detection of the end product, the LAMP method is very rapid, requiring only 1 hour to complete. This assay would be a viable alterative to PCR analysis for diagnosis of CPV infection in dogs. The LAMP method holds promise for use as a diagnostic assay for CPV detection in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Seong Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju Republic of Korea
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77
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Ludlam CA, Powderly WG, Bozzette S, Diamond M, Koerper MA, Kulkarni R, Ritchie B, Siegel J, Simmonds P, Stanley S, Tapper ML, von Depka M. Clinical perspectives of emerging pathogens in bleeding disorders. Lancet 2006; 367:252-61. [PMID: 16427495 PMCID: PMC7138062 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a result of immunological and nucleic-acid screening of plasma donations for transfusion-transmissible viruses, and the incorporation of viral reduction processes during plasma fractionation, coagulation-factor concentrates (CFC) are now judged safe in terms of many known infectious agents, including hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus. However, emerging pathogens could pose future threats, particularly those with blood-borne stages that are resistant to viral-inactivation steps in the manufacturing process, such as non-lipid-coated viruses. As outlined in this Review, better understanding of infectious diseases allows challenges from newly described agents of potential concern in the future to be anticipated, but the processes of zoonotic transmission and genetic selection or modification ensure that plasma-derived products will continue to be subject to infectious concerns. Manufacturers of plasma-derived CFC have addressed the issue of emerging infectious agents by developing recombinant products that limit the need for human plasma during production. Such recombinant products have extended the safety profile of their predecessors by ensuring that all reagents used for cell culture, purification steps, and stabilisation and storage buffers are completely independent of human plasma.
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78
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Martella V, Cavalli A, Decaro N, Elia G, Desario C, Campolo M, Bozzo G, Tarsitano E, Buonavoglia C. Immunogenicity of an intranasally administered modified live canine parvovirus type 2b vaccine in pups with maternally derived antibodies. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:1243-5. [PMID: 16210491 PMCID: PMC1247831 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.10.1243-1245.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a modified live canine parvovirus type 2b vaccine to elicit active immunization in pups with maternally derived antibodies (MDA) by intranasal administration was evaluated. The vaccine induced seroconversion in 100% of pups with MDA titers of < or = 80 and in 51.6% of pups with titers between 160 and 320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Well-Being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, S.p. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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79
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Immunogenicity of an intranasally administered modified live canine parvovirus type 2b vaccine in pups with maternally derived antibodies. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005. [PMID: 16210491 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.10.1243–1245.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a modified live canine parvovirus type 2b vaccine to elicit active immunization in pups with maternally derived antibodies (MDA) by intranasal administration was evaluated. The vaccine induced seroconversion in 100% of pups with MDA titers of < or = 80 and in 51.6% of pups with titers between 160 and 320.
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80
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Wang HC, Chen WD, Lin SL, Chan JPW, Wong ML. Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Parvovirus VP2 Gene in Taiwan. Virus Genes 2005; 31:171-4. [PMID: 16025242 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-1791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a non-enveloped virus with a single-stranded DNA genome and causes infectious enteritis in dog. In this study, 36 isolates of CPV infection were obtained in Taichung, Taiwan from 2003 to 2004. Using primers that can distinguish subtypes of CPV, we amplified part of viral VP2 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR product was sequenced; results demonstrated that two isolates could be classified as type 2a of CPV and the others were type 2b. The complete coding region of VP2 gene of type 2b was also sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis of these DNA sequences revealed that our Taichung isolate was close to the V-120, FPV-314, 97-008, Taiwan 9, LCPV-T1, and T4 isolates; however, because of the degeneracy of codons, the amino acid sequences of Taichung isolate was similar to that of the 97-008 isolate from Japan. It is known that two important amino acid residues (Asn-426 in type 2a and Asp-426 in type 2b; Ile-555 in type 2a and Val-555 in type 2b) are the determinants for the discrimination of type 2a or type 2b. After scrutinizing the complete VP2 gene of our Taichung isolate, we found the VP2 protein of the Taichung isolate did possess this molecular feature of type 2b virus. Previous studies reported that type 2a virus was the major type in Taiwan; our finding showed that CPV type 2b was the predominant type in the middle part of Taiwan. Moreover, a unique Ala-489 in VP2 of our Taichung isolate was found, contrasting to a Val-489 in the VP2 of other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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81
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Shackelton LA, Parrish CR, Truyen U, Holmes EC. High rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:379-84. [PMID: 15626758 PMCID: PMC544290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406765102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an emerging DNA virus that was first observed to cause disease in canines in 1978 and has since become a ubiquitous pathogen worldwide. CPV emerged from feline panleukopenia parvovirus (FPLV) or a closely related virus, differing at several key amino acid residues. Here we characterize the evolutionary processes underlying the emergence of CPV. Although FPLV has remained an endemic infection in its host populations, we show that, since the 1970s, the newly emerged CPV has undergone an epidemic-like pattern of logistic/exponential growth, effectively doubling its population size every few years. This rapid population growth was associated with a lineage of CPV that acquired a broader host range and greater infectivity. Recombination played no role in the emergence of CPV. Rather, any preexisting variation in the donor species and the subsequent rapid adaptation of the virus to canines were likely dependent on a high rate of mutation and the positive selection of mutations in the major capsid gene. Strikingly, although these single-stranded viruses have a DNA genome and use cellular replication machinery, their rate of nucleotide substitution is closer to that of RNA viruses than to that of double-stranded DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Shackelton
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
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82
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Martella V, Cavalli A, Pratelli A, Bozzo G, Camero M, Buonavoglia D, Narcisi D, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. A canine parvovirus mutant is spreading in Italy. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1333-6. [PMID: 15004112 PMCID: PMC356904 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.3.1333-1336.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
By antigenic and genetic characterization of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) strains collected in 2001 and 2002 in Italy, it was possible to observe the spread of viruses with an unusual mutation, Glu-426, affecting a major antigenic epitope of CPV-2. Out of 67 strains analyzed, 49 (73.13%) were characterized as CPV-2a, 6 (8.95%) were characterized as CPV-2b, and 12 (17.91%) were characterized as the Glu-426 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Wellbeing, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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83
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Nettikadan SR, Johnson JC, Mosher C, Henderson E. Virus particle detection by solid phase immunocapture and atomic force microscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 311:540-5. [PMID: 14592450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the rapid, label-free detection and identification of viruses is described. Multiplexed, miniaturized antibody domains were constructed using "ink-jet" protein arraying technology. The solid-phase affinity substrate termed the "ViriChip" was used in the immunocapture of bacteriophage fd, canine parvoviruses, and coxsackieviruses and analyzed by AFM. Immunocapture was found to be antibody-specific with a sensitivity of 10(8)pfu/ml in 30min. Virus binding was found to be linear for concentration between 10(8) and 10(10)pfu/ml and did not reach saturation through 4h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saju R Nettikadan
- BioForce Nanosciences, 2901 S. Loop Drive, Suite 3400, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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84
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Abstract
Animals have always been a major source of human infectious disease. Some infections like rabies are recognized as primary zoonoses caused in each case by direct animal-to-human transmission, whereas others like measles become independently sustained within the human population so that the causative virus has diverged from its morbillivirus progenitor in ruminants. Recent examples of direct zoonoses are variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease arising from bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and the H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in Hong Kong. Recent epidemic diseases of animal origin are the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic, and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic caused by human immunodeficiency virus. Some retroviruses move into and out of the chromosomal DNA of the host germline, so that they may oscillate between being an avirulent inherited Mendelian trait in one species and an infectious pathogen in another. Cross-species viral and other infections are reviewed historically with respect to the evolution of virulence and the concern about iatrogenic enhancement of cross-species transfer by medical procedures akin to xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Weiss
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London, W1T 4JF, UK.
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85
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Abstract
In a wild plant-pathogen system, host resistance and pathogen virulence varied markedly among local populations. Broadly virulent pathogens occurred more frequently in highly resistant host populations, whereas avirulent pathogens dominated susceptible populations. Experimental inoculations indicated a negative trade-off between spore production and virulence. The nonrandom spatial distribution of pathogens, maintained through time despite high pathogen mobility, implies that selection favors virulent strains of Melampsora lini in resistant Linum marginale populations and avirulent strains in susceptible populations. These results are consistent with gene-for-gene models of host-pathogen coevolution that require trade-offs to prevent pathogen virulence increasing until host resistance becomes selectively neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Thrall
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)-Plant Industry, Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, General Post Office Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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86
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Gamoh K, Senda M, Shimazaki Y, Makie H, Inoue Y, Itoh O. Chronological antigenic survey of canine parvovirus in Japan. Vet Rec 2003; 152:142-3. [PMID: 12585603 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.5.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Gamoh
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan
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87
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McDonald RA, Lariviere S. Diseases and pathogens ofMustelaspp, with special reference to the biological control of introduced stoatMustela ermineapopulations in New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2001.9517671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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88
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Zádori Z, Szelei J, Lacoste MC, Li Y, Gariépy S, Raymond P, Allaire M, Nabi IR, Tijssen P. A viral phospholipase A2 is required for parvovirus infectivity. Dev Cell 2001; 1:291-302. [PMID: 11702787 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(01)00031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sequence analysis revealed phospholipase A2 (PLA2) motifs in capsid proteins of parvoviruses. Although PLA2 activity is not known to exist in viruses, putative PLA2s from divergent parvoviruses, human B19, porcine parvovirus, and insect GmDNV (densovirus from Galleria mellonella), can emulate catalytic properties of secreted PLA2. Mutations of critical amino acids strongly reduce both PLA2 activity and, proportionally, viral infectivity, but cell surface attachment, entry, and endocytosis by PLA2-deficient virions are not affected. PLA2 activity is critical for efficient transfer of the viral genome from late endosomes/lysosomes to the nucleus to initiate replication. These findings offer the prospect of developing PLA2 inhibitors as a new class of antiviral drugs against parvovirus infections and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zádori
- Centre de microbiologie et biotechnologie, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier Université du Quebec, Laval, Canada
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89
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Courtenay O, Quinnell RJ, Chalmers WS. Contact rates between wild and domestic canids: no evidence of parvovirus or canine distemper virus in crab-eating foxes. Vet Microbiol 2001; 81:9-19. [PMID: 11356314 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the risk of disease spill-over from domestic dogs to wildlife depends on knowledge of inter-specific contact rates and/or exposure to aetiological agents in dog environments. Here, contact rates of crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) with sympatric domestic dog populations were measured over 25months in Amazon Brazil. Foxes and dogs were serologically and clinically monitored for exposure to canine parvovirus (CPV-2) and canine distemper virus (CDV), pathogens known to have caused wildlife population declines elsewhere. Twenty-two of 24 (92%) tagged foxes visited one or more houses in a median 2 (range 1-3) villages per night where dog densities ranged from 7.2 to 15.4 per km(2) (mean 9.5 per km(2)). Foxes spent an average 6.4% (0-40.3%) of their 10h nocturnal activity period in villages, the equivalent of 38m (range 0-242) per night. The rate of potential exposure to disease agents was thus high, though varied by 3 orders of magnitude for individual foxes. Overall, 46% of the fox population was responsible for 80% of all contacts. None of the 37 monitored foxes however showed serological or clinical evidence of infection with CPV-2 or CDV. Seroprevalences for CPV-2 and CDV antibodies in the local domestic dog population were 13% (3/23) and 9% (2/23), respectively, and 89% of 97 monitored pups born during the study presented clinical signs consistent with active CPV-2 infection (haemorrhagic diarrhoea, vomiting, rapid morbidity and emaciation). Although there was no evidence for infection with either virus in foxes, the high level of contact of foxes with peridomestic habitats suggests that the probability of potential spill-over infections from dogs to foxes is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Courtenay
- Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.
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90
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Abstract
Infection with parvovirus B19 is common in children and typically causes mild illness. We report here the case of a 5-year-old girl who died suddenly, 2 weeks after the clinical diagnosis of a parvoviral infection (erythema infectiosum). Microscopic examination of the heart showed severe myocarditis with extensive T-cell and macrophage infiltration. Cultures, serology, and molecular analyses of serum for enteroviridae, adenovirus, influenza, varicella zoster, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex viruses were negative. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for parvovirus B19 in peripheral blood, however, showed active infection (91,000 genomes/mL serum; 2.4 genomes/mononuclear cell). Despite the presence of myocarditis, immunostaining for parvoviral surface antigens was negative in the heart. Quantitative PCR analysis of paraffin sections showed that myocardial parvoviral content was significantly less than that of the normal appearing kidney and within the range predicted simply by tissue blood content. Thus, parvovirus B19 infection can be complicated by fatal myocarditis. Because the virus does not appear to have infected the heart, per se, we speculate that myocarditis arose from immunological cross-reaction to epitopes shared between the virus and the myocardium. HUM PATHOL 32:342-345.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Murry
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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91
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Günzburg WH, Salmons B. Xenotransplantation: is the risk of viral infection as great as we thought? MOLECULAR MEDICINE TODAY 2000; 6:199-208. [PMID: 10782067 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-4310(00)01708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Two major hurdles remain before xenotransplantation can enter the clinic. The first is the more technical issue of being able to overcome the human immune response that leads to rejection of transplanted organs/cells from other species. The second, reviewed here, concerns the potential risk of inadvertent transfer of animal viruses present in the xenotransplant that are able to infect the human recipient. The threat from viruses is a particularly contentious topic because it poses a risk not only to those individuals who receive xenotransplants, but also to healthy individuals who come into contact, either directly or indirectly, with the xenotransplant recipient. In this review, we describe some of the virus types, in addition to the much discussed porcine endogenous retroviruses that might cross the species barrier, and assess the risk of such viruses causing disease in human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Günzburg
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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