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Wu X, Huang YY, Kushida Y, Bhayana B, Hamblin MR. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial photocatalysis mediated by titanium dioxide and UVA is potentiated by addition of bromide ion via formation of hypobromite. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:74-81. [PMID: 27012419 PMCID: PMC4867282 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photocatalysis involves the UVA excitation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (particularly the anatase form) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill microbial cells. For the first time we report that the addition of sodium bromide to photoactivated TiO2 (P25) potentiates the killing of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi by up to three logs. The potentiation increased with increasing bromide concentration in the range of 0-10mM. The mechanism of potentiation is probably due to generation of both short and long-lived oxidized bromine species including hypobromite as shown by the following observations. There is some antimicrobial activity remaining in solution after switching off the light, that lasts for 30min but not 2h, and oxidizes 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine. N-acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester was brominated in a light dose-dependent manner, however no bromine or tribromide ion could be detected by spectrophotometry or LC-MS. The mechanism appears to have elements in common with the antimicrobial system (myeloperoxidase+hydrogen peroxide+bromide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Wu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu Kushida
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Brijesh Bhayana
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Mamone L, Ferreyra DD, Gándara L, Di Venosa G, Vallecorsa P, Sáenz D, Calvo G, Batlle A, Buzzola F, Durantini EN, Casas A. Photodynamic inactivation of planktonic and biofilm growing bacteria mediated by a meso-substituted porphyrin bearing four basic amino groups. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:222-9. [PMID: 27285813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Mamone
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina
| | - D D Ferreyra
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L Gándara
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina
| | - G Di Venosa
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina
| | - P Vallecorsa
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina
| | - D Sáenz
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Calvo
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina
| | - A Batlle
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina
| | - F Buzzola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), CONICET-UBA, Argentina
| | - E N Durantini
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Casas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina.
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Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli with cationic meso-tetraarylporphyrins – The charge number and charge distribution effects. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Vandresen CC, Gonçalves AG, Ducatti DRB, Murakami FS, Noseda MD, Duarte MER, Barreira SMW. In vitro photodynamic inactivation of conidia of the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola with cationic porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:673-81. [PMID: 27109559 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00372e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is an efficient approach for the elimination of a series of microorganisms; however, PDI involving phytopathogenic filamentous fungi is scarce in the literature. In the present study, we have demonstrated the photoinactivating properties of five cationic meso-(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrins on conidia of the phytopathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. For this purpose, photophysical properties (photostability and (1)O2 singlet production) of the porphyrins under study were first evaluated. PDI assays were then performed with a fluence of 30, 60, 90 and 120 J cm(-2) and varying the porphyrin concentration from 1 to 25 μmol L(-1). Considering the lowest concentration that enabled the best photoinactivation, with the respective lowest effective irradiation time, the meso-(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrins herein studied could be ranked as follows: triple-charged 4 (1 μmol L(-1) with a fluence of 30 J cm(-2)) > double-charged-trans2 (1 μmol L(-1) with 60 J cm(-2)) > tetra-charged 5 (15 μmol L(-1) with 90 J cm(-2)) > mono-charged 1 (25 μmol L(-1) with 120 J cm(-2)). Double-charged-cis-porphyrin 3 inactivated C. graminicola conidia in the absence of light. Evaluation of the porphyrin binding to the conidia and fluorescence microscopic analysis were also performed, which were in agreement with the PDI results. In conclusion, the cationic porphyrins herein studied were considered efficient photosensitizers to inactivate C. graminicola conidia. The amount and position of positive charges are related to the compounds' amphiphilicity and therefore to their photodynamic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Chevonica Vandresen
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 3400, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Thomas M, Craik JD, Tovmasyan A, Batinic-Haberle I, Benov LT. Amphiphilic cationic Zn-porphyrins with high photodynamic antimicrobial activity. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:709-24. [PMID: 26000647 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Photodynamic inactivation of microbes can efficiently eradicate antibiotic-resistant strains. Systematic structural modification was used to investigate how porphyrin-based photosensitizers (PSs) could be designed for improved antibacterial activity. MATERIALS & METHODS Zinc(II)5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-alkylpyridinium-2(3,4)-yl)porphyrins presenting systematic modifications at the periphery of the porphyrin ring were evaluated for toxicity and antimicrobial photodynamic activity by measuring metabolic activity, cell membrane integrity and viability using antibiotic-sensitive and resistant Escherichia coli strains as model Gram-negative targets. RESULTS Maximal sensitizer uptake, and, upon illumination, decrease of viable bacteria by >6 log10 were achieved by positively charged amphiphilic PSs with longer (six to eight carbon) alkyl substituents. CONCLUSION Antibacterial photoefficiency (throughout the text photoefficiency has been used as equivalent of photocytotoxic efficacy) can be increased by orders of magnitude by increasing the lipophilicity of cationic alkylmetalloporphyrin PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milini Thomas
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - James D Craik
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ludmil T Benov
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
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Misba L, Kulshrestha S, Khan AU. Antibiofilm action of a toluidine blue O-silver nanoparticle conjugate on Streptococcus mutans: a mechanism of type I photodynamic therapy. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:313-328. [PMID: 26905507 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1141899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-biofilm efficacy of photodynamic therapy by conjugating a photosensitizer (TBO) with silver nanoparticles (AgNP). Streptococcus mutans was exposed to laser light (630 nm) for 70 s (9.1 J cm(-2)) in the presence of a toluidine blue O-silver nanoparticle conjugate (TBO-AgNP). The results showed a reduction in the viability of bacterial cells by 4 log10. The crystal violet assay, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the TBO-AgNP conjugates inhibited biofilm formation, increased the uptake of propidium iodide and leakage of the cellular constituents, respectively. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies confirmed the generation of OH(•) as a major reactive oxygen species, indicating type I phototoxicity. Both the conjugates down-regulated the expression of biofilm related genes compared to TBO alone. Hence TBO-AgNP conjugates were found to be more phototoxic against S. mutans biofilm than TBO alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Misba
- a Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Shatavari Kulshrestha
- a Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Asad U Khan
- a Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
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Kikuchi T, Mogi M, Okabe I, Okada K, Goto H, Sasaki Y, Fujimura T, Fukuda M, Mitani A. Adjunctive Application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment: A Review of Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24111-26. [PMID: 26473843 PMCID: PMC4632741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is caused by dental plaque biofilms, and the removal of these biofilms from the root surface of teeth plays a central part in its treatment. The conventional treatment for periodontal disease fails to remove periodontal infection in a subset of cases, such as those with complicated root morphology. Adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been proposed as an additional treatment for this infectious disease. Many periodontal pathogenic bacteria are susceptible to low-power lasers in the presence of dyes, such as methylene blue, toluidine blue O, malachite green, and indocyanine green. aPDT uses these light-activated photosensitizer that is incorporated selectively by bacteria and absorbs a low-power laser/light with an appropriate wavelength to induce singlet oxygen and free radicals, which are toxic to bacteria. While this technique has been evaluated by many clinical studies, some systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported controversial results about the benefits of aPDT for periodontal treatment. In the light of these previous reports, the aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information about aPDT and help extend knowledge of advanced laser therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan.
| | - Makio Mogi
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan.
| | - Iichiro Okabe
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Okada
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Goto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Sasaki
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan.
| | - Takeki Fujimura
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Fukuda
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan.
| | - Akio Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8651, Japan.
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Dastgheyb SS, Toorkey CB, Shapiro IM, Hickok NJ. Porphyrin-adsorbed Allograft Bone: A Photoactive, Antibiofilm Surface. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473:2865-73. [PMID: 25894811 PMCID: PMC4523521 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allograft bone is commonly used to augment bone stock. Unfortunately, allograft is prone to bacterial contamination and current antimicrobial therapies are inadequate. Photoactivated porphyrins combat bacterial growth by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, to our knowledge, they have not been tested in the setting of allograft bone. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We asked: (1) Does 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-aminophenyl)-porphyrin (TAPP) stably adsorb to morselized, mineralized allograft? (2) Does Staphylococcus aureus acquire TAPP from TAPP-allograft? (3) Is TAPP-allograft antibacterial to S. aureus? (4) Is ROS production critical for antimicrobial activity? (5) Does illuminated TAPP-allograft dislodge biofilm? (6) Could other photoactive dyes (TAPP, TMPyP, TSP, THP, and methylene blue) confer antimicrobial properties to allograft? METHODS TAPP adsorption to allograft (TAPP-allograft), its localization in S. aureus, and TAPP-allograft long-term stability were determined spectrophotometrically. Antimicrobial activity was measured while activated with light or in the dark during incubation with S. aureus or after allograft biofilm formation. Glutathione was added to illuminated TAPP-allograft to quench ROS and antimicrobial activity was determined. Light-dependent antimicrobial activity of other photoactive dyes (TMPyP, TSP, THP, and methylene blue) adsorbed to allograft was also tested. RESULTS We found (1) porphyrins strongly adhere to bone allograft; and (2) the bacteria are not able to sequester TAPP from the TAPP-allograft; (3) when illuminated, TAPP-allograft is resistant to bacterial adherence; (4) the effects of TAPP are inhibited by the radical scavenger glutathione, indicating ROS-dependent antimicrobial activity; (5) illumination of TAPP-allograft disrupts biofilms; and, (6) other photoactive dyes impede biofilm formation on allograft bone in the presence of light. CONCLUSIONS Porphyrins stably associate with allograft and are inactive until illuminated. Illuminated TAPP-allograft markedly reduces bacterial colonization, which is restored in the presence of radical scavengers. Finally, illuminated TAPP-allograft disrupts biofilms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings of this in vitro study suggest that loading bone allograft with biocompatible porphyrins before surgery might allow increased sterility of the allograft during implantation. Future testing in an animal model will determine if these in vitro activities can be used to prevent allograft-based infection in an establishing osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana S. Dastgheyb
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Cyrus B. Toorkey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Irving M. Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Noreen J. Hickok
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
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Investigation of anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities promoted by photoactivated cationic porphyrin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:444-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Petit M, Bonin P, Amiraux R, Michotey V, Guasco S, Armitano J, Jourlin-Castelli C, Vaultier F, Méjean V, Rontani JF. Dynamic of bacterial communities attached to lightened phytodetritus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13681-13692. [PMID: 25687611 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of singlet oxygen ((1)O2) transfer to bacteria attached on phytodetritus were investigated under laboratory-controlled conditions. For this purpose, a nonaxenic culture of Emiliania huxleyi in late stationary phase was studied for bacterial viability. Our results indicated that only 9 ± 3% of attached bacteria were alive compared to 46 ± 23% for free bacteria in the E. huxleyi culture. Apparently, under conditions of low irradiance (36 W m(-2)), during the culture, the cumulative dose received (22,000 kJ m(-2)) was sufficiently important to induce an efficient (1)O2 transfer to attached bacteria during the senescence of E. huxleyi cells. At this stage, attached bacteria appeared to be dominated by pigmented bacteria (Maribacter, Roseobacter, Roseovarius), which should resist to (1)O2 stress probably due to their high contents of carotenoids. After subsequent irradiation of the culture until fully photodegradation of chlorophyll, DGGE analyses showed that the diversity of bacteria attached to E. huxleyi cells is modified by light. Photooxidative alterations of bacteria were confirmed by the increasing amounts of cis-vaccenic photoproducts (bacterial marker) per bacteria observed during irradiation time. Interestingly, preliminary chemotaxis experiments showed that Shewanella oneidensis considered here as a model of motile bacteria was attracted by phytodetritus producing or not (1)O2. This lack of repulsive effects could explain the high mortality rate of bacteria measured on E. huxleyi cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Petit
- Aix-Marseille Université, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Université du Sud Toulon-Var, 83957, CNRS-INSU/IRD UM 110, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, France
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Improved antibacterial phototoxicity of a neutral porphyrin in natural deep eutectic solvents. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 148:188-196. [PMID: 25966307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutral porphyrins for antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) have received little attention due to their tendency to aggregate in aqueous media and reports of low phototoxic effect. These compounds may be less toxic to cells than positively and negatively charged photosensitisers. The preparation of highly bacterial phototoxic formulations of neutral porphyrins remains an open field of research with great potential if achievable. The purpose of this study was to develop novel hydrophilic formulations of the neutral porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-porphyrin (THPP) by use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) prepared by the solvent evaporation method. Physical and photochemical stability and in vitro photoinactivation of Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli were investigated. Two of the 15 NADES investigated demonstrated superior solubilising properties of THPP. The photostability of THPP was higher in NADES than in methanol. A 100-fold dilution of the preparations with buffer to a final concentration of 0.5-5 nM THPP resulted in complete photoinactivation of E. faecalis and E. coli both in their exponential and stationary phase. THPP demonstrated significantly higher phototoxicity when formulated in NADES than in other aqueous preparations like phosphate buffered saline. NADES as a formulation concept for photosensitisers shows a great potential in aPDT.
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62
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Physicochemical and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy studies of mono- and tetra-pyridyloxy substituted indium(III) phthalocyanines. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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63
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Li K, Zhang YY, Jiang GY, Hou YJ, Zhang BW, Zhou QX, Wang XS. A bivalent cationic dye enabling selective photo-inactivation against Gram-negative bacteria. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7923-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective photoinactivation against Gram-negative bacteria over Gram-positive bacteria was successfully realized by a bivalent triarylmethane dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Guo-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Bao-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Qian-Xiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xue-Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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Pereira MA, Faustino MAF, Tomé JPC, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Cunha Â, Almeida A. Influence of external bacterial structures on the efficiency of photodynamic inactivation by a cationic porphyrin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:680-90. [PMID: 24549049 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50408e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The main targets of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) are the external bacterial structures, cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall. In this work it was evaluated how the external bacterial structures influence the PDI efficiency. To reach this objective 8 bacteria with distinct external structures were selected; 4 Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, with typical Gram-negative external structures; Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas hydrophila both with an S-layer and Rhodopirellula sp., with a peptidoglycan-less proteinaceous cell wall and with cytoplasm compartmentalization) and 4 Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, with typical Gram-positive external structures; Truepera radiovictrix, Deinococcus geothermalis and Deinococcus radiodurans, all with thick cell walls that give them Gram-positive stains, but including a second complex multi-layered membrane and structurally analogous to that of Gram-negative bacteria). The studies were performed in the presence of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin tetraiodide (Tetra-Py(+)-Me) at 5.0 μM with white light (40 W m(-2)). The susceptibility of each bacteria to PDI by Tetra-Py(+)-Me was dependent on bacteria external structures. Although all Gram-positive bacteria were inactivated to the detection limit (reduction of ∼8 log) after 60-180 min of irradiation, the inactivation followed distinct patterns. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli was the only species to be inactivated to the detection limit (∼8 log after 180 min). The efficiency of inactivation of the two species of Aeromonas was similar (reduction of ∼5-6 log after 270 min). Rhodopirellula was less susceptible (reduction of ∼4 log after 270 min). As previously observed, the Gram-positive bacteria are more easily inactivated than Gram-negative strains, and this is even true for T. radiovictrix, D. geothermalis and D. radiodurans, which have a complex multi-layered cell wall. The results support the theory that the outer cell structures are major bacterial targets for PDI. Moreover, the chemical composition of the external structures has a stronger effect on PDI efficiency than complexity and the number of layers of the external coating, and lipids seem to be an important target of PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Mikula P, Kalhotka L, Jancula D, Zezulka S, Korinkova R, Cerny J, Marsalek B, Toman P. Evaluation of antibacterial properties of novel phthalocyanines against Escherichia coli – Comparison of analytical methods. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 138:230-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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66
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Titov DV, Gening ML, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Glycoconjugates of porphyrins with carbohydrates: methods of synthesis and biological activity. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n06abeh004426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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67
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Hanakova A, Bogdanova K, Tomankova K, Binder S, Bajgar R, Langova K, Kolar M, Mosinger J, Kolarova H. Study of photodynamic effects on NIH 3T3 cell line and bacteria. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2014; 158:201-7. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2012.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Yildirim C, Karaarslan ES, Ozsevik S, Zer Y, Sari T, Usumez A. Antimicrobial efficiency of photodynamic therapy with different irradiation durations. Eur J Dent 2014; 7:469-473. [PMID: 24932123 PMCID: PMC4053673 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.120677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of PDT and the effect of different irradiation durations on the antimicrobial efficiency of PDT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty freshly extracted human teeth with a single root were decoronated and distributed into five groups. The control group received no treatment. Group 1 was treated with a 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were treated with methylene-blue photosensitizer and 660-nm diode laser irradiation for 1, 2, and 4 min, respectively. The root canals were instrumented and irrigated with NaOCl, ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid, and a saline solution, followed by autoclaving. All the roots were inoculated with an Enterococcus faecalis suspension and brain heart infusion broth and stored for 21 days to allow biofilm formation. Microbiological data on microorganism load were collected before and after the disinfection procedures and analyzed with the Wilcoxon ranged test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Dunn's test. RESULTS The microorganism load in the control group increased. The lowest reduction in the microorganism load was observed in the 1-min irradiation group (Group 2 = 99.8%), which was very close to the results of the other experimental groups (99.9%). There were no significant differences among the groups. CONCLUSIONS PDT is as effective as conventional 5% NaOCl irrigation with regard to antimicrobial efficiency against Enterococcus faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Yildirim
- Departments of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkiye
| | - Emine Sirin Karaarslan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkiye
| | - Semih Ozsevik
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkiye
| | - Yasemin Zer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkiye
| | - Tugrul Sari
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Aslihan Usumez
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkiye
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69
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Shrestha A, Hamblin MR, Kishen A. Photoactivated rose bengal functionalized chitosan nanoparticles produce antibacterial/biofilm activity and stabilize dentin-collagen. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:491-501. [PMID: 24200522 PMCID: PMC3966929 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of infected teeth presents two major challenges: persistence of the bacterial-biofilm within root canals after treatment and compromised structural integrity of the dentin hard-tissue. In this study bioactive polymeric chitosan nanoparticles functionalized with rose-bengal, CSRBnp were developed to produce antibiofilm effects as well as stabilize structural-integrity by photocrosslinking dentin-collagen. CSRBnp were less toxic to fibroblasts and had significant antibacterial activity even in the presence of bovine serum albumin. CSRBnp exerted antibacterial mechanism by adhering to bacterial cell surface, permeabilizing the membrane and lysing the cells subsequent to photodynamic treatment. Photoactivated CSRBnp resulted in reduced viability of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms and disruption of biofilm structure. Incorporation of CSRBnp and photocrosslinking significantly improved resistance to degradation and mechanical strength of dentin-collagen (P<0.05). The functionalized chitosan nanoparticles provided a single-step treatment of infected root dentin by combining the properties of chitosan and that of photosensitizer to eliminate bacterial-biofilms and stabilize dentin-matrix. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study, bioactive polymeric chitosan nanoparticles functionalized with rose-bengal (a photosensitizer), CSRBnp were developed to produce antibiofilm effects as well as stabilize structural-integrity of dental root dentin by photocrosslinking dentin-collagen, leading to efficient elimination of bacterial-biofilms and stabilization of dentin-matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Shrestha
- Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anil Kishen
- Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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70
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Mesquita MQ, Menezes JCJMDS, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Cunha Â, Almeida A, Hackbarth S, Röder B, Faustino MAF. Photodynamic inactivation of bioluminescent Escherichia coli by neutral and cationic pyrrolidine-fused chlorins and isobacteriochlorins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:808-12. [PMID: 24424133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of bioluminescent Escherichia coli in the presence of cationic chlorin and isobacteriochlorin photosensitizers (PSs) obtained from 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin is described. The spectroscopic data for the neutral and cationic derivatives and their photophysical characterizations, especially fluorescence and singlet oxygen generation capacity are also reported. The results show that there is a direct relation between the inactivation efficiency and the increasing number of charges on the molecules. The combined effect of higher wavelength absorption and number of positive charges on the PS shows a 6.1 log reduction during the inactivation process. Overall this study shows that the cationic isobacteriochlorin has high potential to be used as PS for the inactivation of Gram (-) bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Q Mesquita
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Maria G P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ângela Cunha
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Steffen Hackbarth
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Röder
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Prasanth CS, Karunakaran SC, Paul AK, Kussovski V, Mantareva V, Ramaiah D, Selvaraj L, Angelov I, Avramov L, Nandakumar K, Subhash N. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Efficiency of Novel Cationic Porphyrins towards Periodontal Gram-positive and Gram-negative Pathogenic Bacteria. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:628-40. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suneesh C. Karunakaran
- Photosciences and Photonics, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division; CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology; Trivandrum India
| | - Albish K. Paul
- Photosciences and Photonics, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division; CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology; Trivandrum India
| | - Vesselin Kussovski
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Vanya Mantareva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Danaboyina Ramaiah
- Photosciences and Photonics, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division; CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology; Trivandrum India
| | - Leslie Selvaraj
- Microbiology Division; Doctors Diagnostic Research Centre; Trivandrum India
| | - Ivan Angelov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Latchezar Avramov
- Institute of Electronics; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Sofia Bulgaria
| | | | - Narayanan Subhash
- Biophotonics Laboratory; Centre for Earth Science Studies; Trivandrum India
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72
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Alves E, Faustino MA, Tomé JP, Neves MG, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JA, Cunha Â, Gomes NC, Almeida A. Nucleic acid changes during photodynamic inactivation of bacteria by cationic porphyrins. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4311-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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73
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Huang L, Wang M, Dai T, Sperandio FF, Huang YY, Xuan Y, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with decacationic monoadducts and bisadducts of [70]fullerene: in vitro and in vivo studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 9:253-66. [PMID: 23738632 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy uses photosensitizers designed to bind to microorganisms and generate reactive oxygen species when illuminated with visible light. MATERIALS & METHODS We synthesized a highly water-soluble [70]fullerene monoadduct, C70[>M(C3N6(+)C3)2]-(I(-))10 (LC17), and bisadduct, C70[>M(C3N6(+)C3)2][>M(C3N6C3)2] (LC18), both with a well-defined decacationic quaternary ammonium iodide moiety with ten positive charges per C70 to give water solubility and bacterial binding. We determined the antimicrobial effects against human pathogens, Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative species (Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii) when activated by UVA or white light. RESULTS White light was more effective with LC17, while UVA light was more effective with LC18. Both compounds were effective in a mouse model of Gram-negative third-degree burn infections determined by bioluminescence imaging. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION We propose that the attachment of an additional deca(tertiary-ethylenylamino)malonate arm to C70 allowed the moiety to act as a potent electron donor and increased the generation yield of hydroxyl radicals under UVA illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
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Petit M, Sempéré R, Vaultier F, Rontani JF. Photochemical production and behavior of hydroperoxyacids in heterotrophic bacteria attached to senescent phytoplanktonic cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11795-815. [PMID: 23736689 PMCID: PMC3709756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The photooxidation of cellular monounsaturated fatty acids was investigated in senescent phytoplanktonic cells (Emiliania huxleyi) and in their attached bacteria under laboratory controlled conditions. Our results indicated that UV-visible irradiation of phytodetritus induced the photooxidation of oleic (produced by phytoplankton and bacteria) and cis-vaccenic (specifically produced by bacteria) acids. These experiments confirmed the involvement of a substantial singlet oxygen transfer from senescent phytoplanktonic cells to attached bacteria, and revealed a significant correlation between the concentration of chlorophyll, a photosensitizer, in the phytodetritus and the photodegradation state of bacteria. Hydroperoxyacids (fatty acid photoproducts) appeared to be quickly degraded to ketoacids and hydroxyacids in bacteria and in phytoplanktonic cells. This degradation involves homolytic cleavage (most likely induced by UV and/or transition metal ions) and peroxygenase activity (yielding epoxy acids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Petit
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France; E-Mails: (R.S.); (F.V.); (J.-F.R.)
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Université de Toulon, CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, 83957 La Garde, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-4-9182-9050; Fax: +33-4-9182-9051
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France; E-Mails: (R.S.); (F.V.); (J.-F.R.)
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Université de Toulon, CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, 83957 La Garde, France
| | - Frédéric Vaultier
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France; E-Mails: (R.S.); (F.V.); (J.-F.R.)
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Université de Toulon, CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, 83957 La Garde, France
| | - Jean-François Rontani
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France; E-Mails: (R.S.); (F.V.); (J.-F.R.)
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Université de Toulon, CNRS/INSU, IRD, UM 110, 83957 La Garde, France
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75
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Singlet oxygen in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: photosensitizer-dependent production and decay in E. coli. Molecules 2013; 18:2712-25. [PMID: 23449068 PMCID: PMC6269980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several families of photosensitizers are currently being scrutinized for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy applications. Differences in physical and photochemical properties can lead to different localization patterns as well as differences in singlet oxygen production and decay when the photosensitizers are taken up by bacterial cells. We have examined the production and fate of singlet oxygen in Escherichia coli upon photosensitization with three structurally-different cationic photosensitizers, namely New Methylene Blue N (NMB), a member of the phenothiazine family, ACS268, a hydrophobic porphyrin with a single cationic alkyl chain, and zinc(II)-tetramethyltetrapyridinoporphyrazinium salt, a phthalocyanine-like photosensitizer with four positive charges on the macrocycle core. The kinetics of singlet oxygen production and decay indicate different localization for the three photosensitizers, whereby NMB appears to localize in an aqueous-like microenvironment, whereas ACS268 localizes in an oxygen-shielded site, highly reactive towards singlet oxygen. The tetracationic zinc(II) tetrapyridinoporphyrazine is extensively aggregated in the bacteria and fails to produce any detectable singlet oxygen.
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76
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Gomes MC, Silva S, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A, Cavaleiro JAS, Tomé JPC, Cunha Â. Cationic galactoporphyrin photosensitisers against UV-B resistant bacteria: oxidation of lipids and proteins by1O2. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:262-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25149c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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77
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Interaction of meso-tetrakis (4-N-methylpyridyl) porphyrin in its free base and as a Zn(II) derivative with large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2012; 42:267-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-012-0872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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78
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Quiroga ED, Cormick MP, Pons P, Alvarez MG, Durantini EN. Mechanistic aspects of the photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans induced by cationic porphyrin derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:332-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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79
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Novaira M, Cormick MP, Durantini EN. Spectroscopic and time-resolved fluorescence emission properties of a cationic and an anionic porphyrin in biomimetic media and Candida albicans cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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80
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de Sousa Neto D, Tabak M. Interaction of the meso-tetrakis (4-N-methylpyridyl) porphyrin with gel and liquid state phospholipid vesicles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 381:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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81
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Huang L, Xuan Y, Koide Y, Zhiyentayev T, Tanaka M, Hamblin MR. Type I and Type II mechanisms of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an in vitro study on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44:490-9. [PMID: 22760848 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) employs a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) and visible light, which in the presence of oxygen produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen ((1) O(2), produced via Type II mechanism) and hydroxyl radical (HO(.), produced via Type I mechanism). This study examined the relative contributions of (1) O(2) and HO(.) to APDT killing of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Fluorescence probes, 3'-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-fluorescein (HPF) and singlet oxygen sensor green reagent (SOSG) were used to determine HO(.) and (1) O(2) produced by illumination of two PS: tris-cationic-buckminsterfullerene (BB6) and a conjugate between polyethylenimine and chlorin(e6) (PEI-ce6). Dimethylthiourea is a HO(.) scavenger, while sodium azide (NaN(3)) is a quencher of (1) O(2). Both APDT and killing by Fenton reaction (chemical generation of HO(.)) were carried out on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). RESULTS Conjugate PEI-ce6 mainly produced (1) O(2) (quenched by NaN(3)), while BB6 produced HO(.) in addition to (1) O(2) when NaN(3) potentiated probe activation. NaN(3) also potentiated HPF activation by Fenton reagent. All bacteria were killed by Fenton reagent but Gram-positive bacteria needed a higher concentration than Gram-negatives. NaN(3) potentiated Fenton-mediated killing of all bacteria. The ratio of APDT killing between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was 2 or 4:1 for BB6 and 25:1 for conjugate PEI-ce6. There was a NaN(3) dose-dependent inhibition of APDT killing using both PEI-ce6 and BB6 against Gram-negative bacteria while NaN(3) almost failed to inhibit killing of Gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSION Azidyl radicals may be formed from NaN(3) and HO(.). It may be that Gram-negative bacteria are more susceptible to HO(.) while Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to (1) O(2). The differences in NaN(3) inhibition may reflect differences in the extent of PS binding to bacteria (microenvironment) or differences in penetration of NaN(3) into cell walls of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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82
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Hudson R, Boyle RW. Strategies for selective delivery of photodynamic sensitisers to biological targets. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424604000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for increasing the affinity of photodynamic sensitisers for specific tissues, cells and organisms are reviewed. Biological outcomes are evaluated and therapeutic potential assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hudson
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W. Boyle
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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83
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Rodriguez ME, Fernández DA, Awruch J, Braslavsky SE, Dicelio LE. Effect of aggregation of a cationic phthalocyanine in micelles and in the presence of human serum albumin. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424606000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of tetrakis(1,1-dimethyl-2-trimethylammonium)ethylphthalocyaninato zinc(II) tetraiodide (I) – a water-soluble cationic phthalocyanine – are presented in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA) and in micelles of sodium dodecylsulfate ( SDS ) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride ( CTAC ). Spectrophotometric measurements showed that the surfactants SDS and CTAC induce monomerization of I, although the latter less efficiently than the former. This effect is less pronounced in the presence of HSA. The strength of this effect is evaluated through dimerization constants, which are Kd = (5 ± 1) × 105 m−1 in SDS , (1.5 ± 0.5) × 106 M −1 in CTAC , and (1.8 ± 0.9) × 106 M −1 in HSA. Fluorescence experiments confirm that aggregation of I drops as the concentration of surfactant is raised. Triplet quantum yields also decreased upon aggregation and were Φ T = 0.59, 0.16, and < 0.01 in SDS , CTAC , and HSA, respectively. These results indicate that the affinity of I for the environment is not just due to ionic interactions; hydrophobic interactions play an equally important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam E. Rodriguez
- INQUIMAE and Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel A. Fernández
- INQUIMAE and Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josefina Awruch
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia E. Braslavsky
- Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie (formerly Strahlenchemie), Postfach 10 13 65, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lelia E. Dicelio
- INQUIMAE and Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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84
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Pereira JB, Carvalho EFA, Faustino MAF, Fernandes R, Neves MGPMS, Cavaleiro JAS, Gomes NCM, Cunha Â, Almeida A, Tomé JPC. Phthalocyanine Thio-Pyridinium Derivatives as Antibacterial Photosensitizers†. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:537-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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85
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Carpenter BL, Feese E, Sadeghifar H, Argyropoulos DS, Ghiladi RA. Porphyrin-Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Photobactericidal Material that Exhibits Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity†. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:527-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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86
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Abstract
The photosensitizing and pharmacokinetic properties of porphyrin-type compounds have been investigated for nearly a century. In the last decade, two porphyrin derivatives were approved in the U.S.A. and in several other countries for the photodynamic treatment of various lesions. An overview of the different mechanisms for preferential porphyrinoid localization in malignant tumors is presented herein. Several uptake pathways are possible for each photosensitizer, which are determined by its structure, mode of delivery and tumor type. Comparisons of the different mechanisms and correlations with the structure of the sensitizer are presented. Current delivery systems for porphyrin sensitizers are described, as well as recent strategies for enhancing their tumor-specificity, including conjugation to a carrier system that selectively targets a tumor-associated receptor or antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Osterloh
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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87
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Chen J, Chen Z, Zheng Y, Zhou S, Wang J, Chen N, Huang J, Yan F, Huang M. Substituted zinc phthalocyanine as an antimicrobial photosensitizer for periodontitis treatment. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611003276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades the worldwide rise in antibiotic resistance has intensified the development of new antimicrobial agents. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) has been used successfully to inactivate bacteria. We herein report a new zinc phthalocyanine based photosensitizer conjugated with polylysine moiety ( ZnPc-PL ). This photosensitizer significantly inactivated Porphyromonas gingivalis, the primary pathogenic bacteria responsible for periodontitis. No obvious phototoxicity was found to either mammalian bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) or human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLC), indicating the high selectivity of ZnPc -PL toward bacteria. Furthermore, we established an experimental periodontitis model on beagle dogs to test the antimicrobial efficacy in vivo. The amount of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the activity of crevicular fluid aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were monitored and were found to reduce significantly in the ZnPc-PL treated group compared to the controls (laser only and no treatment). In addition, PACT with ZnPc -PL caused a reduction in the bacterial burden by 100-fold compared to controls. Taken together, these findings suggest ZnPc-PL is a promising antimicrobial photosensitizer for the treatment of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, Fujian, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, Fujian, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqian Zheng
- Periodontal Division, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shanyong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, Fujian, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Institute of Functional Materials, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Naisheng Chen
- Institute of Functional Materials, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Institute of Functional Materials, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Periodontal Division, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, Fujian, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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88
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Caminos DA, Durantini EN. Synthesis of asymmetricallymeso-substituted porphyrins bearing amino groups as potential cationic photodynamic agents. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel asymmetrically meso-substituted porphyrins bearing amino groups have been synthesized as precursors of cationic photodynamic agents. The amphiphilic character of these porphyrins was increased by the presence of a high lipophilic trifluoromethyl group. Different patterns of porphyrin structures were obtained from meso-4-[(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy)phenyl] dipyrromethane 1, which was formed by the condensation of 4-(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy) benzaldehyde with a large excess of pyrrole. This reaction takes place at high temperature with a yield of 59%. This reaction was also attempted under acid-catalyzed condensation at room temperature. However, under these conditions, the amino group reduces the catalyst and the reaction does not take place. To obtain porphyrins, dipyrromethane 1 was condensed with aldehydes in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid ( TFA ) under different conditions. First, 1 reacted with 4-(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy)benzaldehyde in dichloromethane catalyzed by TFA (∼4 times TFA /1 molar ratio) to obtain 6.2% of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-[3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy]phenyl)porphyrin ( A4-porphyrin). Under similar conditions, reaction of 1 with 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde produces 5,15-di(4-[3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy]phenyl)-10,20-di(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrin ( A2B2- porphyrin ) with a 4.8% yield. This procedure also yields a mixture of porphyrins, which were formed due to acidolysis of 1. When a minor amount of TFA was used in acetonitrile, the yield of A2B2-porphyrin was very poor (∼0.4%). On the other hand, condensation of 1 with 4-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde and 4-(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy)benzaldehyde catalyzed by TFA (∼2 times TFA /1 molar ratio) in acetonitrile yields 9.3% of 5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-[3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy]phenyl)porphyrin ( A3B-porphyrin ). A2B2and A4porphyrins were also isolated with 6.0 and 2.0%, respectively. Finally, exhaustive methylation of amino porphyrins produces cationic sensitizers (>94% yield). Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies of these sensitizers were compared in N , N -dimethylformamide. In these porphyrins, the cationic centers are isolated from the porphyrin ring by a propoxy bridge. Thus, the cationic charges have minimal influence on the photophysical properties of the sensitizers. In addition, this chain provides a higher mobility of the charge, which could facilitate interaction with the outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria. These amphiphilic cationic porphyrins are promising photosensitizers with potential applications in bacterial inactivation by photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Caminos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N. Durantini
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
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89
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Philippova TO, Galkin BN, Zinchenko OY, Rusakova MY, Ivanitsa VA, Zhilina ZI, Vodzinskii SV, Ishkov YV. The antimicrobial properties of new synthetic porphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424603000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of new meso-tetrakis(N-methyl-6-quinolinyl)-substituted porphyrins and meso-tetrakis(N-methyl-6-quinolinyl)-substituted chlorins is described. The dark toxicity and photosensitising potentials of free-base (TQP and TQC) and its Sn(IV)-complexes [(TQP)Sn(IV) and (TQC)Sn(IV)] were tested on Gram-positive (Staphylococus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and two species of yeasts (Candida albicans and Rhodotorula bogoriensis). The results described in this paper show that TQP and (TQP)Sn(IV) did not inhibit the growth of S. aureus in the dark, but efficiently photosensitize the inactivation of this Gram-positive bacteria. These porphyrins have no appreciable photosensitizing activity towards Gram-negative bacteria. However, (TQP)Sn(IV) shows high dark toxicity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The free-base derivatives demonstrated dark activity only in the case of P. aeruginosa. We suppose that these meso-tetrakis(N-methyl-6-quinolinyl)-substituted porphyrins can bind to the Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane receptors that transported vitamin B12. The meso-substituted chlorins TQC and (TQC)Sn(IV) have shown similar efficiency in the dark- and photoinactivation of S. aureus. They revealed a middle level of dark toxicity towards Gram-negative bacteria. The Sn(IV)-complex of chlorin in comparison with free base and metalloporphyrins are more effective in photoinactivation of Gram-negative bacteria. Yeasts, such as Candida albicans and Rhodotorula bogoriensis are more sensitive to photodynamic inactivation as bacterial cells. The effects of (TQP)Sn(IV) and (TQC)Sn(IV) are more expressed than effects of free bases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris N. Galkin
- Mechnikov National University, Dvoryanskaya St. 2, Odessa, 65026, Ukraine
| | | | - Maria Yu. Rusakova
- Mechnikov National University, Dvoryanskaya St. 2, Odessa, 65026, Ukraine
| | | | - Zinaida I. Zhilina
- Mechnikov National University, Dvoryanskaya St. 2, Odessa, 65026, Ukraine
| | | | - Yuriy V. Ishkov
- Mechnikov National University, Dvoryanskaya St. 2, Odessa, 65026, Ukraine
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90
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Bayarmaa B, Bayarmaa B, Shim YK. Photodynamic inactivation of wound-associated bacteria with new troponyl (pyro)pheophobides. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of light activated agent, methyl (pyro)pheophorbide-a, which bears non-aromatic cyclic compound, excited with red light from a LED on the viability of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli was investigated. All species were susceptible to killing by photosensitization and photodynamic effect was dependent on both the chemical structure and concentration. However, E. coli was not susceptible to concentrations used to obtain a significant kill with the Gram-positive bacteria upon irradiation. To more closely mimic the conditions of wounds, photodynamic therapy was carried out on S. aureus, which is the most important organism that can cause a range of mild to severe infections in skin and burn wounds, in the presence of human blood plasma and human serum albumin, representing a wound fluid model. Results indicate that microorganisms could be successfully photoinactivated by tropolone methyl (pyro)pheophorbide-a derivatives when suspended in phosphate buffered saline. However, changing the medium into 4.5% and 7% HSA/PBS solutions reduced the effectiveness of lethal photosensitization of bacteria. The same results were obtained with human blood plasma. Also, the mechanism of bacterial cell inactivation by a sensitizer and light was studied with reactive oxygen species scavengers. Further evidence of the involvement of singlet oxygen is provided by the protective effect of the singlet oxygen scavenger, sodium azide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bold Bayarmaa
- PDT Research Institute, Department of Nano Systems Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
| | - Barkhuu Bayarmaa
- PDT Research Institute, Department of Nano Systems Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
| | - Young Key Shim
- PDT Research Institute, Department of Nano Systems Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
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91
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Jiang G, Lei W, Hou Y, Wang X. Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli by porphyrin cytochrome c. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40615b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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92
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Oguz Er A, Chen J, Cesario TC, Rentzepis PM. Inactivation of bacteria in plasma. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1700-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25135c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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93
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Alves E, Costa L, Cunha A, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A. Bioluminescence and its application in the monitoring of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:1115-28. [PMID: 22038247 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Light output from bioluminescent microorganisms is a highly sensitive reporter of their metabolic activity and therefore can be used to monitor in real time the effects of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is receiving considerable attention for its potentialities as a new antimicrobial treatment modality. This therapy combines oxygen, a nontoxic photoactive photosensitizer, and visible light to generate reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen and free radicals) that efficiently destroy microorganisms. To monitor this photoinactivation process, faster methods are required instead of laborious conventional plating and overnight incubation procedures. The bioluminescence method is a very interesting approach to achieve this goal. This review covers recent developments on the use of microbial bioluminescence in aPDT in the clinical and environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Alves
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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94
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Huang L, Zhiyentayev T, Xuan Y, Azhibek D, Kharkwal GB, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria using polyethylenimine-chlorin(e6) conjugates: Effect of polymer molecular weight, substitution ratio of chlorin(e6) and pH. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:313-23. [PMID: 21500226 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a novel technique to treat local infections. Previously we reported that the attachment of chlorin(e6) to polyethylenimine (PEI) polymers to form PEI-ce6 conjugates is an effective way to improve ce6 PDT activity against bacteria. The aim of this work was to explore how the polymer molecular weight, substitution ratio (SR) of ce6 and pH value affect the PDT efficacy. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS We have synthesized PEI-ce6(10) (MW = 60,000, SR = 1) and PEI-ce6(11) (MW = 60,000, SR = 5) and compared these with the previous PEI-ce6(9) (MW = 10,000, SR = 1). We tested the PDT efficacy of these three conjugates against Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. fecalis) at three different pH values (5.0, 7.4, 10.0) that may affect the charge on both the bacterial cells and on the conjugate (that has both basic and acidic groups). RESULTS PEI-ce6(9) and PEI-ce6(10) were the most effective against these tested bacteria. The PDT effect of all three conjugates depended on pH values. The effective order was pH = 10.0 > pH = 7.4 > pH = 5.0 on E. coli. For S. aureus and E. fecalis the order was pH = 5.0 > pH = 10.0 > pH = 7.4. PEI-ce6(11) PDT activity was worse than PEI-ce6(10) activity which is probably connected to the fact that ce6 molecules are self-quenched within the PEI-ce6(11) molecule. Ce6 quenching within the PEI-ce6 molecules was proved by analyzing fluorescence spectra of PEI-ce6 conjugates at different pH values. There were no differences in bacterial uptake between different pH values in three PEI-ce6 conjugates. CONCLUSION We assume high pH (rather than low pH as was hypothesized) disaggregates the conjugates, so the higher pH was more effective than the lower pH against E. coli. But for Gram-positive bacteria, low pH was more effective possibly due to more overall positive charge on the conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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95
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Tavares A, Dias SRS, Carvalho CMB, Faustino MAF, Tomé JPC, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Cunha Â, Gomes NCM, Alves E, Almeida A. Mechanisms of photodynamic inactivation of a gram-negative recombinant bioluminescent bacterium by cationic porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1659-69. [PMID: 21799996 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05097d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a very promising approach to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms. The photodamage of cells involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are generated in situ by two main mechanisms (type I and/or type II). The mechanism responsible for the photoinactivation (PI) of a bioluminescent recombinant Escherichia coli, induced by three different cationic porphyrins, was identified in this work using a rapid method based on the monitoring of the metabolic activity of this bacterium. The inhibitory effect of the photodynamic process in the presence of a singlet oxygen quencher (sodium azide) or free radical scavengers (d-mannitol and l-cysteine) was evaluated by exposing bacterial suspensions with 0.5 μM Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF, 5.0 μM Tetra-Py(+)-Me or 5.0 μM Tri-SPy(+)-Me-PF to white light. Strong bacterial protection was observed with sodium azide (100 mM) for the three cationic porphyrins. However, in the presence of Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF and Tetra-Py(+)-Me and the free radical scavengers (l-cysteine and d-mannitol) the reduction on the bacterial bioluminescence was significantly higher and similar to that obtained in their absence (5.4-6.0 log reduction). In the case of Tri-SPy(+)-Me-PF two distinct behaviours were observed when l-cysteine and d-mannitol were used as free radical scavengers: while the presence of l-cysteine (100 mM) lead to a bacterial protection similar to the one observed with sodium azide, in the presence of d-mannitol only a small protection was detected. The high inhibition of the PS activity by l-cysteine is not due to its radical scavenger ability but due to the singlet oxygen quenching by the sulfanyl group (-SH). In fact, the photodecomposition of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran in the presence of Tri-SPy(+)-Me-PF is completely suppressed when l-cysteine is present. The results obtained in this study suggest that singlet oxygen (type II mechanism) plays a very important role over free radicals (type I mechanism) on the PI process of the bioluminescent E. coli by Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF, Tetra-Py(+)-Me and Tri-SPy(+)-Me-PF. Although the use of scavengers is an adequate and simple approach to evaluate the relative importance of the two pathways, it is important to choose scavengers which do not interfere in both PI mechanisms. Sodium azide and d-mannitol seem to be good oxygen and free radical quenchers, respectively, to study the PI mechanisms by porphyrinic photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Tavares
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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96
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Ringot C, Sol V, Barrière M, Saad N, Bressollier P, Granet R, Couleaud P, Frochot C, Krausz P. Triazinyl Porphyrin-Based Photoactive Cotton Fabrics: Preparation, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1716-23. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200082d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Ringot
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université de Limoges, EA 1069, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université de Limoges, EA 1069, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France
- GDR CNRS 3049, Médicaments Photoactivables−Photochimiothérapie (PHOTOMED), France
| | - Matthieu Barrière
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université de Limoges, EA 1069, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France
| | - Naïma Saad
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université de Limoges, EA 1069, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Bressollier
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université de Limoges, EA 1069, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France
| | - Robert Granet
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université de Limoges, EA 1069, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France
| | - Pierre Couleaud
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UPR 3349, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 1 rue Grandville, F-54001 Nancy, France
| | - Céline Frochot
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, UPR 3349, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 1 rue Grandville, F-54001 Nancy, France
- GDR CNRS 3049, Médicaments Photoactivables−Photochimiothérapie (PHOTOMED), France
| | - Pierre Krausz
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université de Limoges, EA 1069, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France
- GDR CNRS 3049, Médicaments Photoactivables−Photochimiothérapie (PHOTOMED), France
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97
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Benabbou A, Guillard C, Pigeot-Rémy S, Cantau C, Pigot T, Lejeune P, Derriche Z, Lacombe S. Water disinfection using photosensitizers supported on silica. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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98
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Komagoe K, Kato H, Inoue T, Katsu T. Continuous real-time monitoring of cationic porphyrin-induced photodynamic inactivation of bacterial membrane functions using electrochemical sensors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1181-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00376j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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99
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Mizuno K, Zhiyentayev T, Huang L, Khalil S, Nasim F, Tegos GP, Gali H, Jahnke A, Wharton T, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Functionalized Fullerenes: Quantitative Structure-activity Relationships. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2:1-9. [PMID: 21743839 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitive dyes or photo sensitizers (PS) in combination with visible light and oxygen produce reactive oxygen species that kill cells in the process known as photodynamic therapy (PDT). Antimicrobial PDT employs PS that is selective for microbial cells and is a new treatment for infections. Most antimicrobial PS is based on tetrapyrrole or phenothiazinium structures that have been synthesized to carry quaternary cationic charges or basic amino groups. However we recently showed that cationic-substituted fullerene derivative were highly effective in killing a broad spectrum of microbial cells after illumination with white light. In the present report we compared a new group of synthetic fullerene derivatives that possessed either basic or quaternary amino groups as antimicrobial PS against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and fungi (Candida albicans). Quantitative structure-function relationships were derived with LogP and hydrophilic lipophilic balance parameters. Compounds with non-quaternary amino groups tended to form nanoaggregates in water and were only effective against S. aureus. The most important determinant of effectiveness was an increased number of quaternary cationic groups that were widely dispersed around the fullerene cage to minimize aggregation. S. aureus was most susceptible; E. coli was intermediate, while C. albicans was the most resistant species tested. The high effectiveness of antimicrobial PDT with quaternized fullerenes suggest they may have applications in treatment of superficial infections (for instance in wounds and burns) where light penetration into tissue is not problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Mizuno
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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100
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Perni S, Prokopovich P, Pratten J, Parkin IP, Wilson M. Nanoparticles: their potential use in antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:712-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00360c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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