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Mao G, Qu F, St. Croix CM, Tyurina YY, Planas-Iglesias J, Jiang J, Huang Z, Amoscato AA, Tyurin VA, Kapralov AA, Cheikhi A, Maguire J, Klein-Seetharaman J, Bayır H, Kagan VE. Mitochondrial Redox Opto-Lipidomics Reveals Mono-Oxygenated Cardiolipins as Pro-Apoptotic Death Signals. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:530-40. [PMID: 26697918 PMCID: PMC5741079 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While opto-genetics has proven to have tremendous value in revealing the functions of the macromolecular machinery in cells, it is not amenable to exploration of small molecules such as phospholipids (PLs). Here, we describe a redox opto-lipidomics approach based on a combination of high affinity light-sensitive ligands to specific PLs in mitochondria with LC-MS based redox lipidomics/bioinformatics analysis for the characterization of pro-apoptotic lipid signals. We identified the formation of mono-oxygenated derivatives of C18:2-containing cardiolipins (CLs) in mitochondria after the exposure of 10-nonylacridine orange bromide (NAO)-loaded cells to light. We ascertained that these signals emerge as an immediate opto-lipidomics response, but they decay long before the commencement of apoptotic cell death. We found that a protonophoric uncoupler caused depolarization of mitochondria and prevented the mitochondrial accumulation of NAO, inhibited the formation of C18:2-CL oxidation product,s and protected cells from death. Redox opto-lipidomics extends the power of opto-biologic protocols to studies of small PL molecules resilient to opto-genetic manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowei Mao
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Feng Qu
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Claudette M. St. Croix
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joan Planas-Iglesias
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jianfei Jiang
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Zhentai Huang
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Andrew A. Amoscato
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Vladimir A. Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alexandr A. Kapralov
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Amin Cheikhi
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - John Maguire
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Yao YH, Luo Y, Li J, Zhang FX. Synthesis of Novel Porphyrin Derivatives and Their Cytotoxic Activities against A431 Cells. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201500184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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53
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Li Z, Grant KB. DNA photo-cleaving agents in the far-red to near-infrared range – a review. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28102d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal photonucleases for clinical applications cleave DNA upon activation with deeply penetrating far-red to near-infrared light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgia State University
- Atlanta
- USA
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54
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Zhang S, Yang L, Ling X, Shao P, Wang X, Edwards WB, Bai M. Tumor mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy with a translocator protein (TSPO)-specific photosensitizer. Acta Biomater 2015; 28:160-170. [PMID: 26432436 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been proven to be a minimally invasive and effective therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. It can be used alone or as a complement to conventional cancer treatments, such as surgical debulking and chemotherapy. The mitochondrion is an attractive target for developing novel PDT agents, as it produces energy for cells and regulates apoptosis. Current strategy of mitochondria targeting is mainly focused on utilizing cationic photosensitizers that bind to the negatively charged mitochondria membrane. However, such an approach is lack of selectivity of tumor cells. To minimize the damage on healthy tissues and improve therapeutic efficacy, an alternative targeting strategy with high tumor specificity is in critical need. Herein, we report a tumor mitochondria-specific PDT agent, IR700DX-6T, which targets the 18kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO). IR700DX-6T induced apoptotic cell death in TSPO-positive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) but not TSPO-negative breast cancer cells (MCF-7). In vivo PDT study suggested that IR700DX-6T-mediated PDT significantly inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 tumors in a target-specific manner. These combined data suggest that this new TSPO-targeted photosensitizer has great potential in cancer treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective and minimally invasive therapeutic technique for treating cancers. Mitochondrion is an attractive target for developing novel PDT agents, as it produces energy to cells and regulates apoptosis. Current mitochondria targeted photosensitizers (PSs) are based on cationic molecules, which interact with the negatively charged mitochondria membrane. However, such PSs are not specific for cancerous cells, which may result in unwanted side effects. In this study, we developed a tumor mitochondria-targeted PS, IR700DX-6T, which binds to translocator protein (TSPO). This agent effectively induced apoptosis in TSPO-positive cancer cells and significantly inhibited tumor growth in TSPO-positive tumor-bearing mice. These combined data suggest that IR700DX-6T could become a powerful tool in the treatment of multiple cancers that upregulate TSPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojuan Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxi Ling
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Pin Shao
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - W Barry Edwards
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Aggarwal N, Santiago AM, Kessel D, Sloane BF. Photodynamic therapy as an effective therapeutic approach in MAME models of inflammatory breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154:251-62. [PMID: 26502410 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive, FDA-approved therapy for treatment of endobronchial and esophageal cancers that are accessible to light. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive and highly metastatic form of breast cancer that spreads to dermal lymphatics, a site that would be accessible to light. IBC patients have a relatively poor survival rate due to lack of targeted therapies. The use of PDT is underexplored for breast cancers but has been proposed for treatment of subtypes for which a targeted therapy is unavailable. We optimized and used a 3D mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering (MAME) model of IBC to examine the effects of PDT using two treatment protocols. The first protocol used benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid A (BPD) activated at doses ranging from 45 to 540 mJ/cm(2). The second PDT protocol used two photosensitizers: mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) and BPD that were sequentially activated. Photokilling by PDT was assessed by live-dead assays. Using a MAME model of IBC, we have shown a significant dose-response in photokilling by BPD-PDT. Sequential activation of NPe6 followed by BPD is more effective in photokilling of tumor cells than BPD alone. Sequential activation at light doses of 45 mJ/cm(2) for each agent resulted in >90 % cell death, a response only achieved by BPD-PDT at a dose of 360 mJ/cm(2). Our data also show that effects of PDT on a volumetric measurement of 3D MAME structures reflect efficacy of PDT treatment. Our study is the first to demonstrate the potential of PDT for treating IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Aggarwal
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Ann Marie Santiago
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Saini R, Poh CF. Photodynamic therapy: a review and its prospective role in the management of oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Dis 2015; 19:440-51. [PMID: 24079944 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
With the unreliability of epithelial dysplasia as a predictor to determine the risk of future malignant development, subjectivity associated in evaluating dysplasia by pathologists and paucity of biomarkers that could accurately predict the progression risks in oral potentially malignant disorders (PMDs), eradication of the lesions appears to be the most desirable approach to minimize the risk of invasive cancer formation. Interventions, such as surgery and chemoprevention, have not shown promising long-term results in the treatment of these lesions, and lack of guidelines and general consensus on their management has incited much anxiety and doubts in both patients and community clinicians. Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive and minimally toxic technique that in recent years has shown great promise in the management of PMDs. In this review, we describe the historical developments in the field of PDT, its basic mechanisms, as well as related clinical studies, and its challenges in the management of oral PMDs. Based on its high efficacy and low side effects, its high patient acceptance/compliance, the simplicity of the procedure and its minimal pretreatment preparation, topical PDT is believed to have potential to play an important role in the management of PMDs, especially of the low-grade dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saini
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Wu J, Hou W, Cao B, Zuo T, Xue C, Leung AW, Xu C, Tang QJ. Virucidal efficacy of treatment with photodynamically activated curcumin on murine norovirus bio-accumulated in oysters. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:385-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Acedo P, Zawacka-Pankau J. p53 family members - important messengers in cell death signaling in photodynamic therapy of cancer? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26202022 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TP53 is one of the genes most frequently inactivated in cancers. Mutations in TP53 gene are linked to worse prognosis and shorter overall survival of cancer patients. TP53 encodes a critical tumor suppressor, which dictates cell fate decisions upon stress stimuli. As a sensor of cellular stress, p53 is a relevant messenger of cell death signaling in ROS-driven photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. The significant role of p53 in response to PDT has been reported for several clinically approved photosensitizers. Multiple reports described that wild-type p53 contributes to cell killing upon photodynamic therapy with clinically approved photosensitizers but the mechanism is still not fully understood. This work outlines the diverse functions of p53 family members in cancer cells' susceptibility and resistance to PDT. In summary p53 and p53 family members are emerging as important mediators of cell death signaling in photodynamic therapy of cancer, however the mechanism of cell death provoked during PDT might differ depending on the tissue type and the photosensitizer applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Acedo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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59
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Effects of electrophotodynamic therapy in vitro on human melanoma cells – melanotic (MeWo) and amelanotic (C32). Melanoma Res 2015; 25:210-24. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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60
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Weijer R, Broekgaarden M, Kos M, van Vught R, Rauws EA, Breukink E, van Gulik TM, Storm G, Heger M. Enhancing photodynamic therapy of refractory solid cancers: Combining second-generation photosensitizers with multi-targeted liposomal delivery. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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61
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Kim YR, Kim S, Choi JW, Choi SY, Lee SH, Kim H, Hahn SK, Koh GY, Yun SH. Bioluminescence-activated deep-tissue photodynamic therapy of cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:805-17. [PMID: 26000054 PMCID: PMC4440439 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical energy can trigger a variety of photochemical processes useful for therapies. Owing to the shallow penetration of light in tissues, however, the clinical applications of light-activated therapies have been limited. Bioluminescence resonant energy transfer (BRET) may provide a new way of inducing photochemical activation. Here, we show that efficient bioluminescence energy-induced photodynamic therapy (PDT) of macroscopic tumors and metastases in deep tissue. For monolayer cell culture in vitro incubated with Chlorin e6, BRET energy of about 1 nJ per cell generated as strong cytotoxicity as red laser light irradiation at 2.2 mW/cm2 for 180 s. Regional delivery of bioluminescence agents via draining lymphatic vessels killed tumor cells spread to the sentinel and secondary lymph nodes, reduced distant metastases in the lung and improved animal survival. Our results show the promising potential of novel bioluminescence-activated PDT.
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Basic and Clinical Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12730-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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63
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Photobleaching of the resonance Raman lines of cytochromes in living yeast cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:269-74. [PMID: 25463677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The photobleaching of the resonance cytochrome Raman lines in living Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was studied. The photobleaching rate versus the irradiation power was described by square function plus a constant in contrast to the linear dependence of the photoinjury rate. This difference distinguishes the cytochrome photooxidation from other processes of the cell photodamage. The square dependence is associated with the reaction involving two photogenerated intermediates while the constant with the dark redox balance rates. This work demonstrates a potential of Raman spectroscopy to characterize the native cytochrome reaction rates and to study the cell photodamage precursors.
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Effect of DTPP-mediated photodynamic therapy on cell morphology, viability, cell cycle, and cytotoxicity in a murine lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 30:181-91. [PMID: 25118661 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration and activation of photosensitizing reagents in cancer tissues to induce cytotoxicity. Here we examined the effects of 5-5- (4-N, N-diacetoxylphenyl)-10,15,20- tetraphenylporphyrin (DTPP) -mediated PDT on cell morphology, viability, cell cycle, and cytotoxicity in a murine lung adenocarcinoma cell line. LA795 murine lung adenocarcinoma cell line was used in the study, with cellular uptake of DTPP being quantified by a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The subcellular localization of DTPP was detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy, alteration of cell morphology after PDT was observed by an inverted light microscope, and late-stage apoptosis was examined by terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) . The effects of influencing factors on cytotoxicity of PDT in LA795 cells was investigated with varying concentrations of DTPP, energy densities, power densities, and antioxidants by 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Effects of PDT on cell cycle and plasma membrane integrity were studied by flow cytometry analysis. The uptake of DTPP by LA795 cells reached maximum after incubation for 24 h. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that DTPP was mainly in the mitochondrion, and slight localization was detected in the lysosomes. Cellular inhibitory effects increased with increased irradiation dose and DTPP concentration, while unactivated DTPP had low toxicity. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that DTPP-PDT-treated cells showed S phase arrest. Cell membrane damage initiation, repair, and irreversible damage were observed at 2, 4, and 5 h after DTPP-PDT , respectively. Together, our results demonstrated cell apoptosis, compromised viability, and cell cycle S phase arrest of LA795 in response to DTPP-PDT , while no effect on the lung cancer cells was observed with irradiation or photosensitizer treatment alone.
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65
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Zhao H, Yin R, Chen D, Ren J, Wang Y, Zhanga J, Deng H, Wang Y, Qiu H, Huang N, Zou Q, Zhao J, Gu Y. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of a novel hypocrellin B derivative for photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Negosanti L, Pinto V, Sgarzani R, Negosanti F, Zannetti G, Cipriani R. Photodynamic therapy with topical aminolevulinic acid. World J Dermatol 2014; 3:6-14. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v3.i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively new therapy in dermatology that uses the topical application of a porphyrin derivative to selectively destroy a cutaneous target. The action is implemented by the application of a specific light frequency. The ability of porphyrin to selectively target tumor tissue has been known since the 1960s. In the late 1970s, the underlying mechanism was defined, and Dougherty’s discovery of the first chromophore led to the production and commercialization of Photofrin®. Many other chromophores that can act as photosensitizers have been studied since then, with aminolevulinic acid currently the most commonly used chromophore in clinical practice. PDT is simple, minimally invasive and can be administered on an outpatient basis. The efficacy of PDT has been proven for actinic keratosis, Bowen’s disease and basal cell carcinoma; another of its well-known applications is the treatment of photoaging. Indications for its use are continuously increasing, and promising results are reported for various skin diseases. In this paper we report the mechanism of action of PDT with aminolevulinic acid, the literature concerning the most common diseases treated with PDT and the subsequent level of evidence.
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67
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Gibbs JH, Robins LT, Zhou Z, Bobadova-Parvanova P, Cottam M, McCandless GT, Fronczek FR, Vicente MGH. Spectroscopic, computational modeling and cytotoxicity of a series of meso-phenyl and meso-thienyl-BODIPYs. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5770-81. [PMID: 23928070 PMCID: PMC4133122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of twenty-two BODIPY compounds were synthesized, containing various meso-phenyl and meso-thienyl groups, and their spectroscopic and structural properties were investigated using both experimental and computational methods. Further functionalization of the BODIPY framework via iodination at the 2,6-pyrrolic positions was explored in order to determine the effect of these heavy atoms on the photophysical and cytotoxicity of the meso-aryl-BODIPYs. BODIPYs bearing meso-thienyl substituents showed the largest red-shifted absorptions and emissions and reduced fluorescence quantum yields. The phototoxicity of the BODIPYs in human carcinoma HEp2 cells depends on both the presence of iodines and the nature of the meso-aryl groups. Six of the eleven 2,6-diiodo-BODIPYs investigated showed at least a sevenfold enhancement in phototoxicity (IC50 = 3.5-28 μM at 1.5 J/cm(2)) compared with the non-iodinated BODIPYs, while the others showed no cytotoxicity, while their singlet oxygen quantum yields ranged from 0.02 to 0.76. Among the series investigated, BODIPYs 2a and 4a bearing electron-donating meso-dimethoxyphenyl substituents showed the highest phototoxicity and dark/phototoxicity ratio, and are therefore the most promising for application in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime H. Gibbs
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Larry T. Robins
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | | - Michael Cottam
- Rockhurst University, Department of Chemistry, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Li HT, Song XY, Yang C, Li Q, Tang D, Tian WR, Liu Y. Effect of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether-mediated PDT on the mitochondria of canine breast cancer cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:414-21. [PMID: 24284094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) is a promising porphyrin-related photosensitize for photodynamic therapy (PDT). There still remains unknown changes regarding the mitochondrial in canine breast cancer cells treated with HMME-PDT. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of HMME-PDT on structure and dysfunction of mitochondrial in cancer cells. The experimental approach included an initial study on the uptake of HMME using microscopic observation of the HMME-treated cells, optimization of the PDT-induced cell death by the MTT assay. These cells were then treated with HMME and a He-Ne laser at the wavelength of 632.8 nm following our optimized condition. Examination of mitochondrial changes by observing the stained cells under light microscope, mitochjondrial membrane potential flow cytometry, measuring the Ca(2+), SOD/GSH activity, ATPase and MDA contents for the mitochondria functions. The kinetics of HMME uptake in CHMm cells was determined and its cytocolic instead of nuclear distribution was demonstrated. The dose of 16mM HMME-PDT combined with 2.8 J/cm(2) laser irradiation was had the maximal impact on cell viability. This treatment resulted in structural changes in mitochondria that were accompanied with the loss of mitochjondrial membrane potential. As a result, HMME-PDT increased mitochondrial ROS, inhibited the enzymatic activities of mitochondrial SOD and GSH-Px, abolished mitochondrial ability in the uptake and release of calcium, and decreased mitochondrial ATPase activity. The combination of these abnormalities led to accumulation of ROS in mitochondrial to high levels, which in turn contributed to HMME-PDT-induced damages of mitochondrial structure and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Department of Veterinary Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Rizvi I, Anbil S, Alagic N, Celli J, Celli JP, Zheng LZ, Palanisami A, Glidden MD, Pogue BW, Hasan T. PDT dose parameters impact tumoricidal durability and cell death pathways in a 3D ovarian cancer model. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:942-52. [PMID: 23442192 DOI: 10.1111/php.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The successful implementation of photodynamic therapy (PDT)-based regimens depends on an improved understanding of the dosimetric and biological factors that govern therapeutic variability. Here, the kinetics of tumor destruction and regrowth are characterized by systematically varying benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD)-light combinations to achieve fixed PDT doses (M × J cm(-2)). Three endpoints were used to evaluate treatment response: (1) Viability evaluated every 24 h for 5 days post-PDT; (2) Photobleaching assessed immediately post-PDT; and (3) Caspase-3 activation determined 24 h post-PDT. The specific BPD-light parameters used to construct a given PDT dose significantly impact not only acute cytotoxic efficacy, but also treatment durability. For each dose, PDT with 0.25 μM BPD produces the most significant and sustained reduction in normalized viability compared to 1 and 10 μM BPD. Percent photobleaching correlates with normalized viability for a range of PDT doses achieved within BPD concentrations. To produce a cytotoxic response with 10 μM BPD that is comparable to 0.25 and 1 μM BPD a reduction in irradiance from 150 to 0.5 mW cm(-2) is required. Activated caspase-3 does not correlate with normalized viability. The parameter-dependent durability of outcomes within fixed PDT doses provides opportunities for treatment customization and improved therapeutic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Rizvi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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70
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Ali MH, Hashem MM, Zaher A, Korraa S, Hamouda F, Ali CM, Al-Saad KA. Photodynamic therapy for hair removal. QSCIENCE CONNECT 2013. [DOI: 10.5339/connect.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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71
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Ge Y, Weng X, Tian T, Ding F, Huang R, Yuan L, Wu J, Wang T, Guo P, Zhou X. A mitochondria-targeted zinc(ii) phthalocyanine for photodynamic therapy. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41647j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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72
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In vitro phototoxicity of ultradeformable liposomes containing chloroaluminum phthalocyanine against New World Leishmania species. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 117:157-63. [PMID: 23123595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) based on chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) is a promissory alternative therapy. The main purpose of this article was to assess the internalization and in vitro phototoxic activities of ClAlPc encapsulated in ultradeformable liposomes (UDL-ClAlPc) in Leishmania parasites and mammalian cells. Cell internalization was determined by fluorescence microscopy, cell and parasite damage by standard MTT or direct microscopic analysis and a phototoxic index (PI) was calculated as the compound activity (IC(50)) at 0 J/cm(2)/IC(50) at 17 J/cm(2). Liposomal and free ClAlPc were internalized by infected and non-infected THP-1 cells and co-localized in the mitochondria. Treatment of UDL-ClAlPc was almost 10 times more photoactive than free ClAlPc on THP-1 cells and promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania chagasi and Leishmania panamensis. Liposomal compounds were active on non-irradiated and irradiated cells however PI higher than 50 were calculated. PI for amphotericin B referential drug were lower than 1.2. Empty liposomes tested at the same lipid concentration of active ClPcAl-liposomes were non-toxic. Upon photodynamic treatment a nonselective-parasite activity against intracellular amastigotes were observed and loss of membrane integrity resulting in a release of parasites was detected. Further studies oriented to evaluate both the state of infection after PDT and the effectiveness of UDL as delivery vehicles of ClAlPc in CL experimental models are required.
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73
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Rizvi I, Dinh TA, Yu W, Chang Y, Sherwood ME, Hasan T. Photoimmunotherapy and irradiance modulation reduce chemotherapy cycles and toxicity in a murine model for ovarian carcinomatosis: perspective and results. Isr J Chem 2012; 52:776-787. [PMID: 23626376 PMCID: PMC3634612 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant toxicities from multiple cycles of chemotherapy often cause delays or early termination of treatment, leading to poor outcomes in ovarian cancer patients. Complementary modalities that potentiate the efficacy of traditional agents with fewer cycles and less toxicity are needed. Photodynamic therapy is a mechanistically-distinct modality that synergizes with chemo and biologic agents. A combination regimen with a clinically relevant chemotherapy cocktail (cisplatin + paclitaxel) and anti-EGFR targeted photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is evaluated in a murine model for ovarian carcinomatosis. Mice received either 1 or 2 chemotherapy cycles followed by PIT with a chlorine6-Erbitux photoimmunoconjugate and 25 J/cm2 light. PIT + 1 cycle of chemotherapy significantly reduced tumor burden, comparable to multiple chemotherapy cycles. Relative to 1 cycle of chemotherapy, the addition of PIT did not cause significant mouse weight loss, whereas 2 cycles of chemotherapy led to a significant reduction in weight. Irradiance-dependence on PIT efficacy was a function of the conjugation chemistry, providing an additional variable for optimization of PIT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Rizvi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tri A. Dinh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Gillette Center for Gynecologic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiping Yu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuchiao Chang
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret E. Sherwood
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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74
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy relies on the interaction between light, oxygen and a photosensitizing agent. Its medical significance relates to the ability of certain agents, usually based on porphyrin or phthalocyanine structures, to localize somewhat selectively in neoplastic cells and their vasculature. Subsequent irradiation, preferably at a sufficiently high wavelength to have a significant pathway through tissues, results in a photophysical reaction whereby the excited state of the photosensitizing agent transfers energy to molecular oxygen and results in the formation of reactive oxygen species. Analogous reactive nitrogen species are also formed. These contain both nitrogen and oxygen atoms. The net result is both direct tumor cell death and a shutdown of the tumor vasculature. Other processes may also occur that promote the anti-tumor response but these are outside the scope of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI 48201 (USA) phone: +0013135771787
| | - John Reiners
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48201 (USA) phone: +0013135775594
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75
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Hudson R, Boyle RW. Strategies for selective delivery of photodynamic sensitisers to biological targets. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424604000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for increasing the affinity of photodynamic sensitisers for specific tissues, cells and organisms are reviewed. Biological outcomes are evaluated and therapeutic potential assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hudson
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W. Boyle
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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76
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Peng CL, Lai PS, Shieh MJ. INFLUENCE OF SUBSTITUTIONS IN ASYMMETRIC PORPHYRINS ON INTRACELLULAR UPTAKE, SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION AND PHOTOTOXICITY IN HELA CELLS. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS BASIS COMMUNICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.4015/s1016237208000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric porphyrins with different substituents show various bioactivities in biomedical application. In this study, a series of asymmetric porphyrins with varying proportion of substituents, such as hydroxyphenyl and aminophenyl, were synthesized and characterized to evaluate their cell uptake, intracellular localization, cytotoxicities and phototoxicities in vitro. Among these synthesized porphyrins, 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-tri-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-21,23H-porphyrin (porphyrin 5), which was mainly localized in mitochondria and with high quantum yields of singlet oxygen, is a potential candidate for photodynamic therapy. The effective phototoxicity of porphyrin 5 is mainly due to the higher extent in the cells and the selective mitochondria-localization. Comparing the partition coefficients of porphyrin derivatives, the best cellular uptake performs apparently with a partition coefficient (log p) ranging from about 1.7 to 1.9. In summary, higher quantum yields of singlet oxygen, and more specific mitochondrial localization of porphyrin 5 demonstrate its potential application in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Liang Peng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, #1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, #250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, #7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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77
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KESSEL D, LUO Y. Intracellular sites of photodamage as a factor in apoptotic cell death. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jpp.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic response to photodynamic therapy can involve apoptosis, necrosis or both. Using agents with known patterns of sub-cellular localization, we assessed different sites of photodamage as a determinant of cell death, using murine leukemia cells in vitro. Mitochondrial or mitochondrial + lysosomal photodamage led to a rapid apoptotic response, associated with the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol. This occurred immediately after irradiation of photosensitized cells. When photodamaged cells were warmed to 37 °C, there was a rapid apoptotic response. Lysosomal photodamage led to the immediate release of cathepsins and other proteolytic enzymes. During a subsequent incubation at 37 °C, there was a slow loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, with cytochrome c appearing in the cytosol within 30 min. These effects derive from proteolytic effects of lysosomal enzymes on mitochondria. The apoptotic response to lysosomal photodamage was both slow and incomplete, with many non-viable cells not exhibiting apoptotic morphology. The latter result was correlated with photodamage to procaspase-3, an effect not observed when mitochondria were the predominant target for photodamage. Depending on the sub-cellular target, photodynamic therapy can either activate or inhibit critical elements of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. KESSEL
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Y. LUO
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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78
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Affiliation(s)
- IAN J. MACDONALD
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - THOMAS J. DOUGHERTY
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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79
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Mwakwari SC, Wang H, Jensen TJ, Vicente MGH, Smith KM. Syntheses, properties and cellular studies of metalloisoporphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012; 15:918-929. [PMID: 22745526 DOI: 10.1142/s108842461100380x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
b-Bilene hydrochlorides are shown to be improved intermediates for the synthesis of metallo-isoporphyrins in enhanced yields (28% vs. 6%). Several new diamagnetic zinc(II) and a novel paramagnetic copper(II) isoporphyrin salts were also obtained using this approach. Metal-free isoporphyrins were also isolated. In vitro studies using human carcinoma HEp2 cells show that all metallo-isoporphyrins accumulate within cells and localize partially in the mitochondria. The zinc-isoporphyrins were found to be moderately phototoxic while the copper complex showed the lowest phototoxicity, maybe as a result of its paramagnetic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Mwakwari
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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80
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Shishkova N, Kuznetsova O, Berezov T. Photodynamic therapy for gynecological diseases and breast cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2012; 9:9-17. [PMID: 23691448 PMCID: PMC3643637 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-3941.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive and promising new method in cancer treatment. Cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by the tissue-localized non-toxic sensitizer upon illumination and in the presence of oxygen. Thus, selective destruction of a targeted tumor may be achieved. Compared with traditional cancer treatment, PDI has advantages including higher selectivity and lower rate of toxicity. The high degree of selectivity of the proposed method was applied to cancer diagnosis using fluorescence. This article reviews previous studies done on PDT treatment and photodetection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, ovarian and breast cancer, and PDT application in treating non-cancer lesions. The article also highlights the clinical responses to PDT, and discusses the possibility of enhancing treatment efficacy by combination with immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natashis Shishkova
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow 117198, Russia
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81
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Li JZ, Wang JJ, Yoon I, Cui BC, Shim YK. Synthesis of novel long wavelength cationic chlorins via stereoselective aldol-like condensation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1846-9. [PMID: 22335896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using stereoselective aldol-like condensation as a key methodology, a series of chlorophyll a-based long wavelength cationic chlorins were synthesized using methyl pyropheophorbide a (MPPa) and purpurin-18-N-methoxylimide methyl ester as starting materials. Such long wavelength cationic chlorins possess covalently linked cationic moieties (pyridinium or quinolinium) on the peripheral of their tetrapyrrole macrocycles. It was found that all long wavelength cationic chlorins showed their longest absorption maxima in the range of 712-763nm, making them potential photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. The results of preliminary experiments probing in vitro photodynamic effects showed that the purpurinimide derivatives exhibit relatively high phototoxicity in HeLa cells as compared to MPPa derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu Li
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano System Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
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82
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New insights of mitochondria reactive oxygen species generation and cell apoptosis induced by low dose photodynamic therapy. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2750-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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83
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Zhang J, Deng L, Yao J, Gu P, Yang F, Wang X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Ke X, Jing X, Chen J. Synthesis and photobiological study of a novel chlorin photosensitizer BCPD-18MA for photodynamic therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5520-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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84
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Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berstad MEB, Bostad M, Berg K. Photochemical internalization of tumor-targeted protein toxins. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:721-33. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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85
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Susan M, Baldea I, Senila S, Macovei V, Dreve S, Ion RM, Cosgarea R. Photodamaging effects of porphyrins and chitosan on primary human keratinocytes and carcinoma cell cultures. Int J Dermatol 2011; 50:280-6. [PMID: 21342160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-surgical method for treating non-melanoma skin cancer and precancerous lesions which involves the activation of a photosensitizer by visible light to produce activated oxygen species within target cells, resulting in the destruction of the latter. The present study evaluates the effect of PDT on primary normal and basal cell carcinoma cultures in vitro. METHODS Primary human keratinocytes and carcinoma cell cultures were exposed to various concentrations of 5,10,15,20-tetra-(para-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin (TMP) and its zinc compound (Zn-TMP) for 24 hours, with or without chitosan, and then irradiated using a PDT lamp (630 nm, 6 J/cm(2)). The effects of PDT were assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt (MTS) assay and an immunocytochemical method with Annexin V-FITC for detecting apoptosis. RESULTS Both tested substances, TMP and Zn-TMP, had a phototoxic effect on primary human carcinoma cell cultures in concentrations of 1-100 μg/ml, which positively correlated with the concentration of the photosensitizer. There was no phototoxic effect on primary keratinocytes, probably because of the preferential accumulation of photosensitizing substances in tumoral cells. Administration of chitosan in association with photosensitizing substances increased cell viability compared with photosensitizers alone, exerting a cytoprotective effect. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that the photodynamic activity of TMP and its metalloporphyrin derivative is limited to primary human carcinoma cells and suggests that these porphyrins could be efficiently used in PDT in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Susan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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86
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Alvarez M, Villanueva A, Acedo P, Cañete M, Stockert JC. Cell death causes relocalization of photosensitizing fluorescent probes. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:363-8. [PMID: 20138336 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When cultured cells are treated with fluorescent organelle probes or photosensitizer agents, a characteristic redistribution of fluorescence in cell structures occurs frequently after light irradiation. It is currently assumed that such changes, referred to as relocalizations of the fluorescent compounds, represent an important aspect of the photodynamic process, which is based on the excitation of photosensitizers by light in the presence of oxygen. As cell damage and death result from the oxidative stress induced by photodynamic treatments, we have studied here the redistribution of acridine orange (AO) and 3,3'-dimethyl-oxacarbocyanine (DiOC(1)(3)) fluorescence after incubation of HeLa cell cultures with these compounds followed by blue light irradiation to achieve lethal effects. The relocalization of dyes from their original labeling sites (AO: lysosomes, DiOC(1)(3): mitochondria) to nucleic acid-containing structures (cytoplasm, nuclei and nucleoli) appeared clearly associated with cell death. Therefore, the relocalization phenomenon simply reflects fluorescence changes due to the different affinity of these dyes for living and damaged or dead cells. As fluorescent probes are often photosensitizers, prolonged light exposures using fluorescence microscopy will produce lethal photodynamic effects with relocalization of the fluorescent signal and changes in the cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Alvarez
- Anatomical Institute José Izquierdo, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, 1050 Caracas, Venezuela
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87
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Hu B, He Y, Liu Z. NIR area array CCD-based singlet oxygen luminescence imaging for photodynamic therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/277/1/012011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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88
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Chiaviello A, Postiglione I, Palumbo G. Targets and mechanisms of photodynamic therapy in lung cancer cells: a brief overview. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1014-41. [PMID: 24212652 PMCID: PMC3756402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3011014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most common cancer-related causes of death. This type of cancer typically develops over a period of many years, and if detected at an early enough stage can be eliminated by a variety of treatments including photodynamic therapy (PDT). A critical discussion on the clinical applications of PDT in lung cancer is well outside the scope of the present report, which, in turn focuses on mechanistic and other aspects of the photodynamic action at a molecular and cellular level. The knowledge of these issues at pre-clinical levels is necessary to develop, check and adopt appropriate clinical protocols in the future. This report, besides providing general information, includes a brief overview of present experimental PDT and provides some non-exhaustive information on current strategies aimed at further improving the efficacy, especially in regard to lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chiaviello
- Department of Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare "L. Califano" - Università Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy.
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89
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Wu S, Zhou F, Zhang Z, Xing D. Bax is essential for Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission but not for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization caused by photodynamic therapy. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:530-41. [PMID: 20683914 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins are critical for the regulation of apoptosis, with the pro-apoptotic members Bax essential for the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria in many instances. However, we found that Bax was activated after mitochondrial depolarization and the completion of cytochrome c release induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the photosensitizer Photofrin in human lung adenocarcinoma cells (ASTC-a-1). Besides, knockdown of Bax expression by gene silencing had no effect on mitochondrial depolarization and cytochrome c release, indicating that Bax makes no contribution to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) following PDT. Further study revealed that Bax knockdown only slowed down the speed of cell death induced by PDT, indicating that Bax is not essential for PDT-induced apoptosis. The fact that Bax knockdown totally inhibited the mitochondrial accumulation of dynamin-related protein (Drp1) and Drp1 knockdown attenuated cell apoptosis suggest that Bax can promote PDT-induced apoptosis through promoting Drp1 activation. Besides, Drp1 knockdown also failed to inhibit PDT-induced cell death finally, indicating that Bax-mediated Drp1's mitochondrial translocation is not essential for PDT-induced cell apoptosis. On the other hand, we found that protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), Bim L and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) were activated upon PDT treatment and might contribute to the activation of Bax under the condition. Taken together, Bax activation is not essential for MOMP but essential for Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission during the apoptosis caused by Photofrin-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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90
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Hu B, Zeng N, Liu Z, Ji Y, Xie W, Peng Q, Zhou Y, He Y, Ma H. Two-dimensional singlet oxygen imaging with its near-infrared luminescence during photosensitization. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:016003. [PMID: 21280909 PMCID: PMC4570115 DOI: 10.1117/1.3528593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a promising cancer treatment that involves activation of photosensitizer by visible light to create singlet oxygen. This highly reactive oxygen species is believed to induce cell death and tissue destruction in PDT. Our approach used a near-infrared area CCD with high quantum efficiency to detect singlet oxygen by its 1270-nm luminescence. Two-dimensional singlet oxygen images with its near-infrared luminescence during photosensitization could be obtained with a CCD integration time of 1 s, without scanning. Thus this system can produce singlet oxygen luminescence images faster and achieve more accurate measurements in comparison to raster-scanning methods. The experimental data show a linear relationship between the singlet oxygen luminescence intensity and sample concentration. This method provides a detection sensitivity of 0.0181 μg∕ml (benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A dissolved in ethanol) and a spatial resolution better than 50 μm. A pilot study was conducted on a total of six female Kunming mice. The results from this study demonstrate the system's potential for in vivo measurements. Further experiments were carried out on two tumor-bearing nude mice. Singlet oxygen luminescence images were acquired from the tumor-bearing nude mouse with intravenous injection of BPD-MA, and the experimental results showed real-time singlet oxygen signal depletion as a function of the light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Hu
- Tsinghua University, Laboratory of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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91
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Preuss A, Chen K, Hackbarth S, Wacker M, Langer K, Röder B. Photosensitizer loaded HSA nanoparticles II: in vitro investigations. Int J Pharm 2010; 404:308-16. [PMID: 21094228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The photosensitizing efficiency of human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles loaded with the photosensitizers meta-tetra(hydroxy-phenyl)-chlorin (mTHPC) and meta-tetra(hydroxy-phenyl)-porphyrin (mTHPP) was investigated in vitro. The endocytotic intracellular uptake, and the time dependent drug release caused by nanoparticle decomposition of the PS loaded HSA nanoparticles were studied on Jurkat cells in suspension. The photoxicity as well as the intracellular singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) generation were investigated in dependence on the incubation time. The obtained results show that HSA nanoparticles are promising carriers for the clinical used mTHPC (Foscan). After release the ((1)O(2)) generation as well as the phototoxicity are more efficient compared with mTHPC applied without the HSA nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Preuss
- Department of Physics, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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92
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Chan BP. Biomedical Applications of Photochemistry. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2010; 16:509-22. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pui Chan
- Medical Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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93
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Barnes LD, Giuliano EA, Ota J. Cellular localization of Visudyne as a function of time after local injection in an in vivo model of squamous cell carcinoma: an investigation into tumor cell death. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13:158-65. [PMID: 20500715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of time on cellular localization of Visudyne after local injection. ANIMALS Twenty athymic nude mice. PROCEDURES A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell line (A-431) was injected into right and left dorsolumbar subcutaneous tissue of each mouse, representing treatment (T) and control (C) tumors. In experiment 1 (Exp 1; n = 10) and 2 (Exp 2; n = 10), the T tumors received a local injection of Visudyne (0.1 mg/cm(3)), and C tumors received an equal dose of 5% dextrose in water (D5W). Mice were randomly subdivided into two groups (A and B; n = 5 per group). Mice in Exp 1A and B were sacrificed 1 and 30 min after local injection, respectively. Experiment 1A and B tumors were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy to determine drug localization. Experiment 2A and B tumors were exposed to LED illumination 1 and 30 min after injection, respectively, and evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine ultrastructural tumor cell damage. RESULTS Fluorescence was detected within the cytoplasm of T tumors in both Exp 1A and B. Significance was detected in fluorescence intensity between T1 min vs. T30 min (P = 0.03) and between T1 min and C1 min tumors (P = 0.01), respectively. Tumors in Exp 2A and B demonstrated evidence of apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated higher Visudyne concentration within SCC cytoplasm of 1 min compared with 30-min tumors. Transmission electron microscopy results revealed that tumors treated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) within 30 min of local injection undergo cellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Barnes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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94
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Rodriguez ME, Kim J, Delos Santos GB, Azizuddin K, Berlin J, Anderson VE, Kenney ME, Oleinick NL. Binding to and photo-oxidation of cardiolipin by the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:051604. [PMID: 21054078 PMCID: PMC2945736 DOI: 10.1117/1.3484256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a unique phospholipid of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Its peroxidation correlates with release of cytochrome c and induction of apoptosis. The phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 binds preferentially to the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Earlier Förster resonance energy transfer studies showed colocalization of Pc 4 and cardiolipin, which suggests cardiolipin as a target of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Pc 4. Using liposomes as membrane models, we find that Pc 4 binds to cardiolipin-containing liposomes similarly to those that do not contain cardiolipin. Pc 4 binding is also studied in MCF-7c3 cells and those whose cardiolipin content was reduced by treatment with palmitate. Decreased levels of cardiolipin are quantified by thin-layer chromatography. The similar level of binding of Pc 4 to cells, irrespective of palmitate treatment, supports the lack of specificity of Pc 4 binding. Thus, factors other than cardiolipin are likely responsible for the preferential localization of Pc 4 in mitochondria. Nonetheless, cardiolipin within liposomes is readily oxidized by Pc 4 and light, yielding apparently mono- and dihydroperoxidized cardiolipin. If similar products result from exposure of cells to Pc 4-PDT, they could be part of the early events leading to apoptosis following Pc 4-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam E Rodriguez
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4942, USA
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95
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Guelluy PH, Fontaine-Aupart MP, Grammenos A, Lécart S, Piette J, Hoebeke M. Optimizing photodynamic therapy by liposomal formulation of the photosensitizer pyropheophorbide-a methyl ester: in vitro and ex vivo comparative biophysical investigations in a colon carcinoma cell line. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:1252-60. [PMID: 20714673 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00100g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), induced by a photosensitizer (PS) encapsulated in a nanostructure, has emerged as an appropriate treatment to cure a multitude of oncological and non-oncological diseases. Pyropheophorbide-a methyl ester (PPME) is a second-generation PS tested in PDT, and is a potential candidate for future clinical applications. The present study, carried out in a human colon carcinoma cell line (HCT-116), evaluates the improvement resulting from a liposomal formulation of PPME versus free-PPME. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, fluorescence lifetime measurements, subcellular imaging and co-localization analysis have been performed in order to analyze the properties of PPME for each delivery mode. The benefit of drug encapsulation in DMPC-liposomes is clear from our experiments, with a 5-fold higher intracellular drug delivery than that observed with free-PPME at similar concentrations. The reactive oxygen species (ROSs) produced after PPME-mediated photosensitization have been identified and quantified by using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Our results demonstrate that PPME-PDT-mediated ROSs are composed of singlet oxygen and a hydroxyl radical. The small amounts of PPME inside mitochondria, as revealed by fluorescence co-localization analysis, could maybe explain the very low apoptotic cell death measured in HCT-116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Henri Guelluy
- Laboratory of Biomedical Spectroscopy, Institute of Physics, B5a, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
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96
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Jensen TJ, H. Vicente MG, Luguya R, Norton J, Fronczek FR, Smith KM. Effect of overall charge and charge distribution on cellular uptake, distribution and phototoxicity of cationic porphyrins in HEp2 cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2010; 100:100-11. [PMID: 20558079 PMCID: PMC3161426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Five cationic porphyrins bearing one to four -N(CH(3))(3)(+) groups linked to the p-phenyl positions of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) were synthesized in order to study the effect of overall charge and its distribution on the cellular uptake, phototoxicity and intracellular localization using human carcinoma HEp2 cells. The di-cationic porphyrins DADP-o and DADP-a accumulated the most within cells and preferentially localize within vesicular compartments and in mitochondria. Of these two only DADP-a was phototoxic to the cells (IC(50)=3 microM at 1 J/cm(2)). The mono-cationic porphyrin MAP was found to be the most phototoxic of the series, and it localized mainly in lipid membranes, including the plasma membrane, ER, mitochondria, and Golgi. Both the tri-cationic porphyrin TRAP and the tetra-cationic porphyrin TEAP localized subcellularly mainly in the mitochondria, but of the two only TEAP showed moderate phototoxicity (IC(50)=8 microM at 1 J/cm(2)). Our results suggest that MAP is the most promising PDT photosensitizer, and that both DADP-o and TRAP might find application as transport vehicles for therapeutics into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Raymond Luguya
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jolanna Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Kevin M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
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97
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Hsieh YJ, Yu JS, Lyu PC. Characterization of photodynamic therapy responses elicited in A431 cells containing intracellular organelle-localized photofrin. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:821-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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98
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Gupta S, Dwarakanath BS, Muralidhar K, Koru-Sengul T, Jain V. Non-monotonic changes in clonogenic cell survival induced by disulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine photodynamic treatment in a human glioma cell line. J Transl Med 2010; 8:43. [PMID: 20433757 PMCID: PMC2885318 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves excitation of sensitizer molecules by visible light in the presence of molecular oxygen, thereby generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) through electron/energy transfer processes. The ROS, thus produced can cause damage to both the structure and the function of the cellular constituents resulting in cell death. Our preliminary investigations of dose-response relationships in a human glioma cell line (BMG-1) showed that disulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS2) photodynamically induced loss of cell survival in a concentration dependent manner up to 1 microM, further increases in AlPcS2concentration (>1 microM) were, however, observed to decrease the photodynamic toxicity. Considering the fact that for most photosensitizers only monotonic dose-response (survival) relationships have been reported, this result was unexpected. The present studies were, therefore, undertaken to further investigate the concentration dependent photodynamic effects of AlPcS2. METHODS Concentration-dependent cellular uptake, sub-cellular localization, proliferation and photodynamic effects of AlPcS2 were investigated in BMG-1 cells by absorbance and fluorescence measurements, image analysis, cell counting and colony forming assays, flow cytometry and micronuclei formation respectively. RESULTS The cellular uptake as a function of extra-cellular AlPcS2 concentrations was observed to be biphasic. AlPcS2 was distributed throughout the cytoplasm with intense fluorescence in the perinuclear regions at a concentration of 1 microM, while a weak diffuse fluorescence was observed at higher concentrations. A concentration-dependent decrease in cell proliferation with accumulation of cells in G2+M phase was observed after PDT. The response of clonogenic survival after AlPcS2-PDT was non-monotonic with respect to AlPcS2 concentration. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results we conclude that concentration-dependent changes in physico-chemical properties of sensitizer such as aggregation may influence intracellular transport and localization of photosensitizer. Consequent modifications in the photodynamic induction of lesions and their repair leading to different modes of cell death may contribute to the observed non-linear effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Gupta
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi-110054, India.
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99
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Barros TC, Toma SH, Toma HE, Bastos EL, Baptista MS. Polymethine cyanine dyes in β-cyclodextrin solution: multiple equilibria and chemical oxidation. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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100
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Lei W, Xie J, Hou Y, Jiang G, Zhang H, Wang P, Wang X, Zhang B. Mitochondria-targeting properties and photodynamic activities of porphyrin derivatives bearing cationic pendant. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 98:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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