51
|
Pasquevich KA, Ibañez AE, Coria LM, García Samartino C, Estein SM, Zwerdling A, Barrionuevo P, Oliveira FS, Seither C, Warzecha H, Oliveira SC, Giambartolomei GH, Cassataro J. An oral vaccine based on U-Omp19 induces protection against B. abortus mucosal challenge by inducing an adaptive IL-17 immune response in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16203. [PMID: 21264260 PMCID: PMC3021544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As Brucella infections occur mainly through mucosal surfaces, the development of mucosal administered vaccines could be radical for the control of brucellosis. In this work we evaluated the potential of Brucella abortus 19 kDa outer membrane protein (U-Omp19) as an edible subunit vaccine against brucellosis. We investigated the protective immune response elicited against oral B. abortus infection after vaccination of mice with leaves from transgenic plants expressing U-Omp19; or with plant-made or E. coli-made purified U-Omp19. All tested U-Omp19 formulations induced protection against Brucella when orally administered without the need of adjuvants. U-Omp19 also induced protection against a systemic challenge when parenterally administered. This built-in adjuvant ability of U-Omp19 was independent of TLR4 and could be explained at least in part by its capability to activate dendritic cells in vivo. While unadjuvanted U-Omp19 intraperitoneally administered induced a specific Th1 response, following U-Omp19 oral delivery a mixed specific Th1-Th17 response was induced. Depletion of CD4(+) T cells in mice orally vaccinated with U-Omp19 resulted in a loss of the elicited protection, indicating that this cell type mediates immune protection. The role of IL-17 against Brucella infection has never been explored. In this study, we determined that if IL-17A was neutralized in vivo during the challenge period, the mucosal U-Omp19 vaccine did not confer mucosal protection. On the contrary, IL-17A neutralization during the infection did not influence at all the subsistence and growth of this bacterium in PBS-immunized mice. All together, our results indicate that an oral unadjuvanted vaccine based on U-Omp19 induces protection against a mucosal challenge with Brucella abortus by inducing an adaptive IL-17 immune response. They also indicate different and important new aspects i) IL-17 does not contribute to reduce the bacterial burden in non vaccinated mice and ii) IL-17 plays a central role in vaccine mediated anti-Brucella mucosal immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina A. Pasquevich
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés E. Ibañez
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena M. Coria
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara García Samartino
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia M. Estein
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Astrid Zwerdling
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda S. Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christine Seither
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Heribert Warzecha
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sergio C. Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guillermo H. Giambartolomei
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juliana Cassataro
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín,” Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Hiwasa-Tanase K, Nyarubona M, Hirai T, Kato K, Ichikawa T, Ezura H. High-level accumulation of recombinant miraculin protein in transgenic tomatoes expressing a synthetic miraculin gene with optimized codon usage terminated by the native miraculin terminator. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:113-24. [PMID: 21076835 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, a transgenic tomato line that expressed the MIR gene under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the nopaline synthase terminator (tNOS) produced the taste-modifying protein miraculin (MIR). However, the concentration of MIR in the tomatoes was lower than that in the MIR gene's native miracle fruit. To increase MIR production, the native MIR terminator (tMIR) was used and a synthetic gene encoding MIR protein (sMIR) was designed to optimize its codon usage for tomato. Four different combinations of these genes and terminators (MIR-tNOS, MIR-tMIR, sMIR-tNOS and sMIR-tMIR) were constructed and used for transformation. The average MIR concentrations in MIR-tNOS, MIR-tMIR, sMIR-tNOS and sMIR-tMIR fruits were 131, 197, 128 and 287 μg/g fresh weight, respectively. The MIR concentrations using tMIR were higher than those using tNOS. The highest MIR accumulation was detected in sMIR-tMIR fruits. On the other hand, the MIR concentration was largely unaffected by sMIR-tNOS. The expression levels of both MIR and sMIR mRNAs terminated by tMIR tended to be higher than those terminated by tNOS. Read-through mRNA transcripts terminated by tNOS were much longer than those terminated by tMIR. These results suggest that tMIR enhances mRNA expression and permits the multiplier effect of optimized codon usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hiwasa-Tanase
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Roldão A, Silva A, Mellado M, Alves P, Carrondo M. Viruses and Virus-Like Particles in Biotechnology. COMPREHENSIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2011. [PMCID: PMC7151966 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-088504-9.00072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although viruses are simple biological systems, they are capable of evolving highly efficient techniques for infecting cells, expressing their genomes, and generating new copies of themselves. It is possible to genetically manipulate most of the different classes of known viruses in order to produce recombinant viruses that express foreign proteins. Recombinant viruses have been used in gene therapy to deliver selected genes into higher organisms, in vaccinology and immunotherapy, and as important research tools to study the structure and function of these proteins. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multiprotein structures that mimic the organization and conformation of authentic native viruses but lack the viral genome. They have been applied not only as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines but also as vehicles in drug and gene delivery and, more recently, as tools in nanobiotechnology. In this article, basic and advanced features of viruses and VLPs are presented and their major applications are discussed. The different production platforms based on animal cell technology are explained, and their main challenges and future perspectives are explored. The implications of large-scale production of viruses and VLPs are discussed in the context of process control, monitorization, and optimization. The main upstream and downstream technical challenges are identified and discussed accordingly.
Collapse
|
54
|
Obembe OO, Popoola JO, Leelavathi S, Reddy SV. Advances in plant molecular farming. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 29:210-22. [PMID: 21115109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant molecular farming (PMF) is a new branch of plant biotechnology, where plants are engineered to produce recombinant pharmaceutical and industrial proteins in large quantities. As an emerging subdivision of the biopharmaceutical industry, PMF is still trying to gain comparable social acceptance as the already established production systems that produce these high valued proteins in microbial, yeast, or mammalian expression systems. This article reviews the various cost-effective technologies and strategies, which are being developed to improve yield and quality of the plant-derived pharmaceuticals, thereby making plant-based production system suitable alternatives to the existing systems. It also attempts to overview the different novel plant-derived pharmaceuticals and non-pharmaceutical protein products that are at various stages of clinical development or commercialization. It then discusses the biosafety and regulatory issues, which are crucial (if strictly adhered to) to eliminating potential health and environmental risks, which in turn is necessary to earning favorable public perception, thus ensuring the success of the industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olawole O Obembe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, PMB 1023 Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Geyer BC, Kannan L, Garnaud PE, Broomfield CA, Cadieux CL, Cherni I, Hodgins SM, Kasten SA, Kelley K, Kilbourne J, Oliver ZP, Otto TC, Puffenberger I, Reeves TE, Robbins N, Woods RR, Soreq H, Lenz DE, Cerasoli DM, Mor TS. Plant-derived human butyrylcholinesterase, but not an organophosphorous-compound hydrolyzing variant thereof, protects rodents against nerve agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:20251-6. [PMID: 21059932 PMCID: PMC2996644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009021107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of using cholinesterase bioscavengers for prophylaxis against organophosphorous nerve agents and pesticides has progressed from the bench to clinical trial. However, the supply of the native human proteins is either limited (e.g., plasma-derived butyrylcholinesterase and erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase) or nonexisting (synaptic acetylcholinesterase). Here we identify a unique form of recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase that mimics the native enzyme assembly into tetramers; this form provides extended effective pharmacokinetics that is significantly enhanced by polyethylene glycol conjugation. We further demonstrate that this enzyme (but not a G117H/E197Q organophosphorus acid anhydride hydrolase catalytic variant) can prevent morbidity and mortality associated with organophosphorous nerve agent and pesticide exposure of animal subjects of two model species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Geyer
- School of Life Sciences and Biodesign Institute, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| | - Latha Kannan
- School of Life Sciences and Biodesign Institute, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Garnaud
- School of Life Sciences and Biodesign Institute, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| | - Clarence A. Broomfield
- Research Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400; and
| | - C. Linn Cadieux
- Research Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400; and
| | - Irene Cherni
- School of Life Sciences and Biodesign Institute, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| | - Sean M. Hodgins
- Research Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400; and
| | - Shane A. Kasten
- Research Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400; and
| | - Karli Kelley
- School of Life Sciences and Biodesign Institute, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- School of Life Sciences and Biodesign Institute, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| | - Zeke P. Oliver
- Research Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400; and
| | - Tamara C. Otto
- Research Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400; and
| | - Ian Puffenberger
- School of Life Sciences and Biodesign Institute, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| | - Tony E. Reeves
- Research Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400; and
| | - Neil Robbins
- School of Life Sciences and Biodesign Institute, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| | - Ryan R. Woods
- School of Life Sciences and Biodesign Institute, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| | - Hermona Soreq
- Silberman Life Sciences Institute, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 91904
| | - David E. Lenz
- Research Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400; and
| | - Douglas M. Cerasoli
- Research Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400; and
| | - Tsafrir S. Mor
- School of Life Sciences and Biodesign Institute, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Progress towards a needle-free hepatitis B vaccine. Pharm Res 2010; 28:986-1012. [PMID: 21088986 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide public health problem. Vaccination is the most efficient way to prevent hepatitis B. Despite the success of the currently available vaccine, there is a clear need for the development of new generation of HBV vaccines. Needle-free immunization is an attractive approach for mass immunization campaigns, since avoiding the use of needles reduces the risk of needle-borne diseases and prevents needle-stick injuries and pain, thus augmenting patient compliance and eliminating the need for trained medical personnel. Moreover, this kind of immunization was shown to induce good systemic as well as mucosal immunological responses, which is important for the creation of both a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine. In order to produce a better, safer, more efficient and more suitable vaccine, adjuvants have been used. In this article, several adjuvants tested over the years for their potential to help create a needle-free vaccine against HBV are reviewed.
Collapse
|
57
|
Granell A, Fernández del-Carmen A, Orzáez D. In planta production of plant-derived and non-plant-derived adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:843-58. [PMID: 20673009 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antigen production in plants is a safe and economically sound strategy for vaccine development, particularly for oral/mucosal vaccination, but subunit vaccines usually suffer from weak immunogenicity and require adjuvants that escort the antigens, target them to relevant sites and/or activate antigen-presenting cells for elicitation of protective immunity. Genetic fusions of antigens with bacterial adjuvants as the B subunit of the cholera toxin have been successful in inducing protective immunity of plant-made vaccines. In addition, several plant compounds, mainly plant defensive molecules as lectins and saponins, have shown strong adjuvant activities. The molecular diversity of the plant kingdom offers a vast source of non-bacterial compounds with adjuvant activity, which can be assayed in emerging plant manufacturing systems for the design of new plant vaccine formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Guan ZJ, Guo B, Huo YL, Guan ZP, Wei YH. Overview of expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic plants. Vaccine 2010; 28:7351-62. [PMID: 20850538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a pathogen for chronic liver infection, afflicts more than 350 million people world-wide. The effective way to control the virus is to take HBV vaccine. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is an effective protective antigen suitable for vaccine development. At present, "edible" vaccine based on transgenic plants is one of the most promising directions in novel types of vaccines. HBsAg production from transgenic plants has been carried out, and the transgenic plant expression systems have developed from model plants (such as tobacco, potato and tomato) to other various plant platforms. Crude or purified extracts of transformed plants have been found to conduct immunological responses and clinical trials for hepatitis B, which gave the researches of plant-based HBsAg production a big boost. The aim of this review was to summarize the recent data about plant-based HBsAg development including molecular biology of HBsAg gene, selection of expression vector, the expression of HBsAg gene in plants, as well as corresponding immunological responses in animal models or human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-jun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Abstract
Oral vaccines offer significant advantages over needle-based vaccines for achieving universal childhood vaccination goals. The expression of vaccine antigens in transgenic plants has the potential to provide a convenient, safe approach for oral vaccination and thus a feasible alternative to traditional parenteral vaccines. Many developments in the field have ushered in improvements such as enhanced protein antigen expression for the use of plants as factories for vaccine production, and facilitated studies pertaining to immunogenicity of candidate vaccines. Oral delivery of plant-based vaccines offers the benefit of antigen protection within the harsh intestinal environment. Within the gut, mucosal immune cells are poised to respond to pathogens, but can also be exploited to elicit protective immune responses to oral vaccines. Inclusion of mucosal adjuvants during immunization with the vaccine antigen has been an important step towards the success of plant-based vaccines. This review discusses the mechanisms that control mucosal immune responses and highlights some of the studies and the results achieved following immunization with transgenic plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Lugade
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Salyaev RK, Rigano MM, Rekoslavskaya NI. Development of plant-based mucosal vaccines against widespread infectious diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:937-46. [PMID: 20673015 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination is a perspective for the control of infectious diseases, since it is capable of inducing humoral and cell-mediated responses. In addition, the delivery of vaccines to mucosal surfaces makes immunization practice safe and acceptable, and eliminates needle-associated risks. Transgenic plants can be used as bioreactors for the production of mucosally delivered protective antigens. This technology shows great promise to simplify and decrease the cost of vaccine delivery. Herein, we review the development of mucosally administered vaccines expressed in transgenic plants. In particular, we evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using plants for the production of mucosal vaccines against widespread infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B and TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rurick K Salyaev
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of The Siberian Branch of the RAS, Irkutsk, Russia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Verma D, Moghimi B, LoDuca PA, Singh HD, Hoffman BE, Herzog RW, Daniell H. Oral delivery of bioencapsulated coagulation factor IX prevents inhibitor formation and fatal anaphylaxis in hemophilia B mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:7101-6. [PMID: 20351275 PMCID: PMC2872434 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912181107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To address complications of pathogenic antibody or life-threatening anaphylactic reactions in protein replacement therapy for patients with hemophilia or other inherited protein deficiencies, we have developed a prophylactic protocol using a murine hemophilia B model. Oral delivery of coagulation factor IX fused with cholera toxin beta-subunit (with or without a furin cleavage site; CTB-FFIX or CTB-FIX), expressed in chloroplasts (up to 3.8% soluble protein or 0.4 mg/g leaf tissue), bioencapsulated in plant cells, effectively blocked formation of inhibitory antibodies (undetectable or up to 100-fold less than controls). Moreover, this treatment eliminated fatal anaphylactic reactions that occurred after four to six exposures to intravenous F.IX. Whereas only 20-25% of control animals survived after six to eight F.IX doses, 90-93% of F.IX-fed mice survived 12 injections without signs of allergy or anaphylaxis. Immunostaining confirmed delivery of F.IX to Peyer's patches in the ileum. Within 2-5 h, feeding of CTB-FFIX additionally resulted in systemic delivery of F.IX antigen. This high-responder strain of hemophilia B mice represents a new animal model to study anaphylactic reactions. The protocol was effective over a range of oral antigen doses (equivalent to 5-80 microg recombinant F.IX/kg), and controlled inhibitor formation and anaphylaxis long-term, up to 7 months (approximately 40% life span of this mouse strain). Oral antigen administration caused a deviant immune response that suppressed formation of IgE and inhibitory antibodies. This cost-effective and efficient approach of antigen delivery to the gut should be applicable to several genetic diseases that are prone to pathogenic antibody responses during treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2364; and
| | - Babak Moghimi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Paul A. LoDuca
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Harminder D. Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2364; and
| | - Brad E. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Roland W. Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2364; and
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Desai PN, Shrivastava N, Padh H. Production of heterologous proteins in plants: strategies for optimal expression. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:427-35. [PMID: 20152894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants are a promising expression system for the production of heterologous proteins, especially therapeutic proteins. Currently the majority of therapeutic proteins are produced in mammalian cell lines or bacteria. In a few cases insects, yeast and fungi have been developed for production of human proteins. However, these expression systems have limitations in terms of suitability, cost, scalability, purification and post-translational modifications. Therefore, alternative expression systems are being developed in transgenic animals and transgenic plants. Transgenic plants could provide an attractive alternative in terms of low production cost and lower capital investment in infrastructure, and with appropriate post-translational modifications. The potential of plants as an expression host has not been capitalized, primarily due to lower level of expression of transgenes in plants. The present review will evaluate the rate limiting steps of plant expression systems and suggest strategies to optimize protein expression at each of the steps: gene integration, transcription, translation and protein accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priti N Desai
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Alvarez ML, Cardineau GA. Prevention of bubonic and pneumonic plague using plant-derived vaccines. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:184-96. [PMID: 19931370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague, is an extremely virulent bacterium but there are currently no approved vaccines for protection against this organism. Plants represent an economical and safer alternative to fermentation-based expression systems for the production of therapeutic proteins. The recombinant plague vaccine candidates produced in plants are based on the two most immunogenic antigens of Y. pestis: the fraction-1 capsular antigen (F1) and the low calcium response virulent antigen (V) either in combination or as a fusion protein (F1-V). These antigens have been expressed in plants using all three known possible strategies: nuclear transformation, chloroplast transformation and plant-virus-based expression vectors. These plant-derived plague vaccine candidates were successfully tested in animal models using parenteral, oral, or prime/boost immunization regimens. This review focuses on the recent research accomplishments towards the development of safe and effective pneumonic and bubonic plague vaccines using plants as bioreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lucrecia Alvarez
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Nozoye T, Takaiwa F, Tsuji N, Yamakawa T, Arakawa T, Hayashi Y, Matsumoto Y. Production of Ascaris suum As14 protein and its fusion protein with cholera toxin B subunit in rice seeds. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:995-1000. [PMID: 19652493 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are attractive vaccine production and oral delivery systems. Cereals are excellent candidate for edible vaccines, which can express and store high levels of proteins for extended periods of time without degradation. In this study, we produced a 14-kDa protective surface antigen of Ascaris suum L3 larvae and its fusion chimera with a mucosal carrier molecule cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under the control of the endosperm-specific glutelin-B promoter. We found that the recombinant protein expression levels reached 1.5 microg per seed, a comparably high amount as compared to previously reported transgenic rice expression experiments. Potentials of transgenic rice plants as a source of oral vaccines against swine roundworm are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nozoye
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Lico C, Mancini C, Italiani P, Betti C, Boraschi D, Benvenuto E, Baschieri S. Plant-produced potato virus X chimeric particles displaying an influenza virus-derived peptide activate specific CD8+ T cells in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:5069-76. [PMID: 19563889 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses can be genetically modified to produce chimeric virus particles (CVPs) carrying heterologous peptides. The efficacy of plant-produced CVPs in inducing antibody responses specific to the displayed peptide has been extensively demonstrated. To determine if plants can be used to produce CVPs able to activate peptide-specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted CD8+ T cells, potato virus X (PVX) has been engineered to display the H-2D(b)-restricted epitope ASNENMETM of influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP). Engineering criteria were devised to comply not only with plant virus genetic stability and infectivity but also with antigen processing rules. The immunological properties of different doses of endotoxin-free preparations of CVPs or unmodified PVX have been evaluated by s.c. immunizing C57BL/6J mice and testing at different time intervals splenocyte responses by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. These experiments demonstrated that CVPs activate ASNENMTEM-specific CD8+ T cells. Remarkably, the best response was achieved without adjuvant co-delivery. These results represent the proof of concept that well-designed plant virus carriers of epitopes produced in plant can reasonably be used into peptide vaccine formulations aimed to activate cell-mediated immune responses.
Collapse
|
66
|
Huang Z, Chen Q, Hjelm B, Arntzen C, Mason H. A DNA replicon system for rapid high-level production of virus-like particles in plants. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:706-14. [PMID: 19309755 PMCID: PMC2704498 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) represent a safe and effective vaccine strategy. We previously described a stable transgenic plant system for inexpensive production and oral delivery of VLP vaccines. However, the relatively low-level antigen accumulation and long-time frame to produce transgenic plants are the two major roadblocks in the practical development of plant-based VLP production. In this article, we describe the optimization of geminivirus-derived DNA replicon vectors for rapid, high-yield plant-based production of VLPs. Co-delivery of bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV)-derived vector and Rep/RepA-supplying vector by agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in efficient replicon amplification and robust protein production within 5 days. Co-expression of the P19 protein of tomato bush stunt virus, a gene silencing inhibitor, further enhanced VLP accumulation by stabilizing the mRNA. With this system, hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) and Norwalk virus capsid protein (NVCP) were produced at 0.80 and 0.34 mg/g leaf fresh weight, respectively. Sedimentation analysis and electron microscopy of transiently expressed antigens verified the efficient assembly of VLPs. Furthermore, a single replicon vector containing a built-in Rep/RepA cassette without P19 drove protein expression at similar levels as the three-component system. These results demonstrate the advantages of fast and high-level production of VLP-based vaccines using the BeYDV-derived DNA replicon system for transient expression in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Huang
- Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
New horizon of mucosal immunity and vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:352-8. [PMID: 19493665 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the past quarter-century on understanding the molecular, cellular, and in vivo components of the mucosal immune system have allowed us to develop a practical strategy for a novel mucosal vaccine. The mucosal immune system can induce secretory IgA (SIgA) and serum IgG responses to provide two layers of defense against mucosal pathogens. For SIgA-mediated immunity in the gastrointestinal tract, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue contains both the tissue-dependent and tissue-independent IgA components. Harnessing the mucosal immune system for vaccine development may help prevent the global health problems caused by enteric infectious diseases. We have therefore combined mucosal immunology and plant biology to create a rice-based mucosal vaccine that requires neither needles and syringes nor refrigeration.
Collapse
|
68
|
|
69
|
Matvieieva NA, Vasylenko MY, Shakhovsky AM, Kuchuk NV. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with genes coding bacterial antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CYTOL GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452709020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
70
|
Matoba N, Kajiura H, Cherni I, Doran JD, Bomsel M, Fujiyama K, Mor TS. Biochemical and immunological characterization of the plant-derived candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mucosal vaccine CTB-MPR. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:129-45. [PMID: 19037902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants are potentially the most economical platforms for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins. Thus, plant-based expression of subunit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines provides an opportunity for their global use against the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. CTB-MPR(649-684)[CTB, cholera toxin B subunit; MPR, membrane proximal (ectodomain) region of gp41] is an HIV-1 vaccine candidate that has been shown previously to induce antibodies that block a pathway of HIV-1 mucosal transmission. In this article, the molecular characterization of CTB-MPR(649-684) expressed in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants is reported. Virtually all of the CTB-MPR(649-684) proteins expressed in the selected line were shown to have assembled into pentameric, GM1 ganglioside-binding complexes. Detailed biochemical analyses on the purified protein revealed that it was N-glycosylated, predominantly with high-mannose-type glycans (more than 75%), as predicted from a consensus asparagine-X-serine/threonine (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) N-glycosylation sequon on the CTB domain and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal attached at the C-terminus of the fusion protein. Despite this modification, the plant-expressed protein retained the nanomolar affinity to GM1 ganglioside and the critical antigenicity of the MPR(649-684) moiety. Furthermore, the protein induced mucosal and serum anti-MPR(649-684) antibodies in mice after mucosal prime-systemic boost immunization. Our data indicate that plant-based expression can be a viable alternative for the production of this subunit HIV-1 vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matoba
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology at the Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, PO Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Oszvald M, Kang TJ, Tomoskozi S, Jenes B, Kim TG, Cha YS, Tamas L, Yang MS. Expression of Cholera Toxin B Subunit in Transgenic Rice Endosperm. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 40:261-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
72
|
Santi L, Batchelor L, Huang Z, Hjelm B, Kilbourne J, Arntzen CJ, Chen Q, Mason HS. An efficient plant viral expression system generating orally immunogenic Norwalk virus-like particles. Vaccine 2008; 26:1846-54. [PMID: 18325641 PMCID: PMC2744496 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from enteric pathogens like Norwalk virus (NV) are well suited to study oral immunization. We previously described stable transgenic plants that accumulate recombinant NV-like particles (rNVs) that were orally immunogenic in mice and humans. The transgenic approach suffers from long generation time and modest level of antigen accumulation. We now overcome these constraints with an efficient tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-derived transient expression system using leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. We produced properly assembled rNV at 0.8 mg/g leaf 12 days post-infection (dpi). Oral immunization of CD1 mice with 100 or 250 microg/dose of partially purified rNV elicited systemic and mucosal immune responses. We conclude that the plant viral transient expression system provides a robust research tool to generate abundant quantities of rNV as enriched, concentrated VLP preparations that are orally immunogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santi
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lance Batchelor
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Zhong Huang
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Brooke Hjelm
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Charles J. Arntzen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Leader B, Baca QJ, Golan DE. Protein therapeutics: a summary and pharmacological classification. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:21-39. [PMID: 18097458 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1362] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Once a rarely used subset of medical treatments, protein therapeutics have increased dramatically in number and frequency of use since the introduction of the first recombinant protein therapeutic--human insulin--25 years ago. Protein therapeutics already have a significant role in almost every field of medicine, but this role is still only in its infancy. This article overviews some of the key characteristics of protein therapeutics, summarizes the more than 130 protein therapeutics used currently and suggests a new classification of these proteins according to their pharmacological action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Leader
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brown Medical School, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02093, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Bally J, Paget E, Droux M, Job C, Job D, Dubald M. Both the stroma and thylakoid lumen of tobacco chloroplasts are competent for the formation of disulphide bonds in recombinant proteins. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 6:46-61. [PMID: 17944820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant chloroplasts are promising vehicles for recombinant protein production, but the process of protein folding in these organelles is not well understood in comparison with that in prokaryotic systems, such as Escherichia coli. This is particularly true for disulphide bond formation which is crucial for the biological activity of many therapeutic proteins. We have investigated the capacity of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) chloroplasts to efficiently form disulphide bonds in proteins by expressing in this plant cell organelle a well-known bacterial enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, whose activity and stability strictly depend on the correct formation of two intramolecular disulphide bonds. Plastid transformants have been generated that express either the mature enzyme, localized in the stroma, or the full-length coding region, including its signal peptide. The latter has the potential to direct the recombinant alkaline phosphatase into the lumen of thylakoids, giving access to this even less well-characterized organellar compartment. We show that the chloroplast stroma supports the formation of an active enzyme, unlike a normal bacterial cytosol. Sorting of alkaline phosphatase to the thylakoid lumen occurs in the plastid transformants translating the full-length coding region, and leads to larger amounts and more active enzyme. These results are compared with those obtained in bacteria. The implications of these findings on protein folding properties and competency of chloroplasts for disulphide bond formation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bally
- Bayer BioScience, F-69263 Lyon cedex 09, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Rosales-Mendoza S, Soria-Guerra RE, López-Revilla R, Moreno-Fierros L, Alpuche-Solís AG. Ingestion of transgenic carrots expressing the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit protects mice against cholera toxin challenge. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:79-84. [PMID: 17874110 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases caused by Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are worldwide health problems that might be prevented with vaccines based on edible plants expressing the B subunit from either the cholera toxin (CTB) or the E. coli heat labile toxin (LTB). In this work we analyzed the immunity induced in Balb/c mice by ingestion of three weekly doses of 10 mug of LTB derived from transgenic carrot material. Although the anti-LTB serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and intestinal IgA antibody responses were higher with 10 mug-doses of pure bacterial recombinant LTB (rLTB), the transgenic carrot material also elicited significant serum and intestinal antibody responses. Serum anti-LTB IgG1 antibodies predominated over IgG2a antibodies, suggesting that mainly Th2 responses were induced. A decrease of intestinal fluid accumulation after cholera toxin challenge was observed in mice immunized with either rLTB or LTB-containing carrot material. These results demonstrate that ingestion of carrot-derived LTB induces antitoxin systemic and intestinal immunity in mice and suggest that transgenic carrots expressing LTB may be used as an effective edible vaccine against cholera and ETEC diarrhea in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Asakura Y, Seki H, Muranaka T, Yamamura Y, Kurosaki F. Enhanced Secretory Activity of Atropa belladonna Hairy Root Culture Over-expressing ADP-Ribosylation Factor Gene. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1465-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Asakura
- Department of Plant Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama
| | | | | | - Yoshimi Yamamura
- Department of Plant Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama
| | - Fumiya Kurosaki
- Department of Plant Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Qian B, Shen H, Liang W, Guo X, Zhang C, Wang Y, Li G, Wu A, Cao K, Zhang D. Immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen fused with preS1 epitopes expressed in rice seeds. Transgenic Res 2007; 17:621-31. [PMID: 17882531 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To test the possibility of producing a novel hepatitis B vaccine in plants, the modified hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) gene SS1 was expressed in rice under the control of the seed-specific Glub-4 promoter. The SS1 gene encodes a fusion protein consisting of amino acids 21-47 of the hepatocyte receptor-binding presurface 1 region (preS1) fused to the truncated C-terminus of the major HBV surface (S) protein. The production of antibodies against the preS1 region acts to protect humans against HBV infection by preventing HBV from binding to hepatocytes. The presence of SS1 in the genome of transgenic rice was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis, and RNA dot blot analysis indicated that the fused SS1 gene was specifically expressed in rice seeds, with the highest expression level being about 31.5 ng/g dry weight grain. Western blot analysis revealed that the recombinant SS1 protein could be specifically recognized by both an anti-S protein antibody and an anti-preS1 antibody. The recombinant SS1 protein was also observed to form virus-like particles with a diameter of about 22 nm and a density of 1.25 g cm(-3). Furthermore, immunological responses against both the S and preS1 epitopes were induced in BALB/c mice immunized with the recombinant SS1 protein, indicating that this rice-derived SS1 protein could be a promising candidate as an alternative HBV vaccine for preventing hepatitis B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingjun Qian
- School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Oszvald M, Kang TJ, Tomoskozi S, Tamas C, Tamas L, Kim TG, Yang MS. Expression of a synthetic neutralizing epitope of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus fused with synthetic B subunit of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin in rice endosperm. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 35:215-23. [PMID: 17652785 DOI: 10.1007/bf02686007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epitopes often require co-delivery with adjuvant and targeting proteins to enable recognition by the immune system, and this approach may also increase the efficacy of the antigen. In this study, we assess and describe the ability of transgenic rice plants to express a fusion protein consisting of the B-subunit of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) and a synthetic core-neutralizing epitope (COE) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), inducing an enteric disease that is seen most predominantly in piglets. Both components of the fusion proteins were detected with Western blot analysis. The fusion protein was determined to assemble into pentamers, as was evidenced by its ability to bind to GM1 gangliosides, and evidenced an average level of expression in a transgenic rice endosperm. This indicates that the expression system of the plant is capable of generating a sizable amount of antigen, possibly allowing for the successful development of an edible vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oszvald
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Vunsh R, Li J, Hanania U, Edelman M, Flaishman M, Perl A, Wisniewski JP, Freyssinet G. High expression of transgene protein in Spirodela. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:1511-9. [PMID: 17492286 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The monocot family Lemnaceae (duckweed) is composed of small, edible, aquatic plants. Spirodela oligorrhiza SP is a duckweed with a biomass doubling time of about 2 days under controlled, axenic conditions. Stably transformed Spirodela plants were obtained following co-cultivation of regenerative calli with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. GFP activity was successfully monitored in different subcellular compartments of the plant and correlated with different targeting sequences. Transgenic lines were followed for a period of at least 18 months and more than 180 vegetative doublings (generations). The lines are stable in morphology, growth rate, transgene expression, and activity as measured by DNA-DNA and immunoblot hybridizations, fluorescence activity measurements, and antibiotic resistance. The level of transgene expression is a function of leader sequences rather than transgene copy number. A stable, transgenic, GFP expression level >25% of total soluble protein is demonstrated for the S. oligorrhiza system, making it among the higher expressing systems for nuclear transformation in a higher plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Vunsh
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Rosales-Mendoza S, Soria-Guerra RE, de Jesús Olivera-Flores MT, López-Revilla R, Argüello-Astorga GR, Jiménez-Bremont JF, García-de la Cruz RF, Loyola-Rodríguez JP, Alpuche-Solís AG. Expression of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (LTB) in carrot (Daucus carota L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:969-76. [PMID: 17310334 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We expressed the B subunit of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) encoded by a synthetic codon-optimized gene in carrot. An Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method was used. Thirty independent transgenic lines were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis after 6 months in culture and were transferred to a greenhouse. GM1-ELISA assay was used to assess LTB protein content in mature taproots. Some transgenic lines expressed LTB up to 0.3% of the total soluble protein, which is tenfold higher than the expression levels reported earlier using the native bacterial gene in plants. Immunological assay confirmed proper assembly of the pentameric complex and in vitro activity of the recombinant LTB protein, suggesting that it can be functional in prevention of diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Brandtzaeg P. Induction of secretory immunity and memory at mucosal surfaces. Vaccine 2007; 25:5467-84. [PMID: 17227687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal epithelia comprise an extensive vulnerable barrier which is reinforced by numerous innate defence mechanisms cooperating intimately with adaptive immunity. Local generation of secretory IgA (SIgA) constitutes the largest humoral immune system of the body. Secretory antibodies function both by performing antigen exclusion at mucosal surfaces and by virus and endotoxin neutralization within epithelial cells without causing tissue damage. SIgA is thus persistently containing commensal bacteria outside the epithelial barrier but can also target invasion of pathogens and penetration of harmful antigens. Resistance to toxin-producing bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli appears to depend largely on SIgA, and so does herd protection against horizontal faecal-oral spread of enteric pathogens under naïve or immunized conditions--with a substantial innate impact both on cross-reactivity and memory. Like natural infections, live mucosal vaccines or adequate combinations of non-replicating vaccines and mucosal adjuvants, give rise not only to SIgA antibodies but also to longstanding serum IgG and IgA responses. However, there is considerably disparity with regard to migration of memory/effector cells from mucosal inductive sites to secretory effector sites and systemic immune organs. Also, although immunological memory is generated after mucosal priming, this may be masked by a self-limiting response protecting the inductive lymphoid tissue in the gut. The intranasal route of vaccine application targeting nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue may be more advantageous for certain infections, but only if successful stimulation is achieved without the use of toxic adjuvants that might reach the central nervous system. The degree of protection obtained after mucosal vaccination ranges from reduction of symptoms to complete inhibition of re-infection. In this scenario, it is often difficult to determine the relative importance of SIgA versus serum antibodies, but infection models in knockout mice strongly support the notion that SIgA exerts a decisive role in protection and cross-protection against a variety of infectious agents. Nevertheless, relatively few mucosal vaccines have been approved for human use, and more basic work is needed in vaccine and adjuvant design, including particulate or live-vectored combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Maclean J, Koekemoer M, Olivier AJ, Stewart D, Hitzeroth II, Rademacher T, Fischer R, Williamson AL, Rybicki EP. Optimization of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) L1 expression in plants: comparison of the suitability of different HPV-16 L1 gene variants and different cell-compartment localization. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1460-1469. [PMID: 17412974 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particle-based vaccines for high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) appear to have great promise; however, cell culture-derived vaccines will probably be very expensive. The optimization of expression of different codon-optimized versions of the HPV-16 L1 capsid protein gene in plants has been explored by means of transient expression from a novel suite of Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary expression vectors, which allow targeting of recombinant protein to the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or chloroplasts. A gene resynthesized to reflect human codon usage expresses better than the native gene, which expresses better than a plant-optimized gene. Moreover, chloroplast localization allows significantly higher levels of accumulation of L1 protein than does cytoplasmic localization, whilst ER retention was least successful. High levels of L1 (>17% total soluble protein) could be produced via transient expression: the protein assembled into higher-order structures visible by electron microscopy, and a concentrated extract was highly immunogenic in mice after subcutaneous injection and elicited high-titre neutralizing antibodies. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a human codon-optimized gene linked to a chloroplast-targeting signal expressed L1 at levels up to 11% of the total soluble protein. These are the highest levels of HPV L1 expression reported for plants: these results, and the excellent immunogenicity of the product, significantly improve the prospects of making a conventional HPV vaccine by this means.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Maclean
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Koekemoer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A J Olivier
- Biovac Institute, Pinelands, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D Stewart
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - I I Hitzeroth
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - R Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute, Aachen, Germany
| | - A-L Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - E P Rybicki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Bock R. Plastid biotechnology: prospects for herbicide and insect resistance, metabolic engineering and molecular farming. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18:100-6. [PMID: 17169550 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transgene expression from the chloroplast (plastid) genome offers several attractions to plant biotechnologists, including high-level accumulation of foreign proteins, transgene stacking in operons and a lack of epigenetic interference with the stability of transgene expression. In addition, the technology provides an environmentally benign method of plant genetic engineering, because plastids and their genetic information are maternally inherited in most crops and thus are largely excluded from pollen transmission. During the past few years, researchers in both the public and private sectors have begun to explore possible areas of application of plastid transformation in plant biotechnology as a viable alternative to conventional nuclear transgenic technologies. Recent proof-of-concept studies highlight the potential of plastid genome engineering for the expression of resistance traits, the production of biopharmaceuticals and metabolic pathway engineering in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Kamarajugadda S, Daniell H. Chloroplast-derived anthrax and other vaccine antigens: their immunogenic and immunoprotective properties. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 5:839-49. [PMID: 17184221 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.6.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants offer many advantages, including low cost of production (by elimination of fermenters), storage and transportation, heat stability, absence of human pathogens, protection of antigens in the stomach through bioencapsulation (when delivered orally), elimination of the need for expensive purification and sterile injections and generation of both systemic and mucosal immunity. Recent studies have demonstrated that chloroplast-derived anthrax-protective antigen elicits effective immune responses, develops neutralizing antibodies, confers complete protection against anthrax lethal toxin challenge and produces 360 million doses of vaccine in one acre of transgenic plants. Chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens are efficacious against bacterial, fungal, viral and protozoan pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushama Kamarajugadda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Bimolecular science Building 20, room 336, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Santi L, Huang Z, Mason H. Virus-like particles production in green plants. Methods 2007; 40:66-76. [PMID: 16997715 PMCID: PMC2677071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses-like particles (VLPs), assembled from capsid structural subunits of several different viruses, have found a number of biomedical applications such as vaccines and novel delivery systems for nucleic acids and small molecules. Production of recombinant proteins in different plant systems has been intensely investigated and improved upon in the last two decades. Plant-derived antibodies, vaccines, and microbicides have received great attention and shown immense promise. In the case of mucosal vaccines, orally delivered plant-produced VLPs require minimal processing of the plant tissue, thus offering an inexpensive and safe alternative to more conventional live attenuated and killed virus vaccines. For other applications which require higher level of purification, recent progress in expression levels using plant viral vectors have shown that plants can compete with traditional fermentation systems. In this review, the different methods used in the production of VLPs in green plants are described. Specific examples of expression, assembly, and immunogenicity of several plant-derived VLPs are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santi
- Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, 852878-5401, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Takagi H, Hirose S, Yasuda H, Takaiwa F. Biochemical safety evaluation of transgenic rice seeds expressing T cell epitopes of Japanese cedar pollen allergens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:9901-5. [PMID: 17177518 DOI: 10.1021/jf061848v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transgenic rice seeds, which express a hybrid peptide comprising seven predominant human T cell epitopes (7Crp) derived from Japanese cedar pollen allergens, have been shown to function as an effective edible vaccine for the control of pollen allergen-induced responses. In this study, we characterized biochemical properties of transgenic seeds expressing the 7Crp peptide. The levels of chemical compositions, such as carbohydrate, protein, lipid, amino acid, fatty acid, mineral, and vitamin, were substantially equivalent between transgenic 7Crp and its nontransgenic counterpart seeds. The contents of three major allergenic proteins in transgenic seeds were not enhanced by expression of the 7Crp peptide when compared with those of nontransgenic seeds. The 7Crp peptide expressed in seeds was susceptible to simulated gastric/intestinal fluids. N-Glycosylation was not observed in the 7Crp peptide sequence. These results indicate that transgenic 7Crp seeds are substantially equivalent to nontransgenic parental seeds except for the presence of the 7Crp peptide. KEYWORDS Food safety assessment; transgenic rice seed; edible vaccine; peptide-based immunotherapy; Japanese cedar pollinosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Takagi
- Transgenic Crop Research and Development Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Lee KY, Kim DH, Kang TJ, Kim J, Chung GH, Yoo HS, Arntzen CJ, Yang MS, Jang YS. Induction of protective immune responses against the challenge of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by the oral administration of transgenic tobacco plant expressing ApxIIA toxin from the bacteria. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2006; 48:381-9. [PMID: 17054716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Among the virulence factors, ApxIIA, a bacterial exotoxin, is reportedly expressed in many serotypes and is considered as a candidate for the development of a vaccine against the bacterial infection. Previously, we isolated a field strain of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 in Korea and characterized its exotoxins to develop an oral vaccine. In this study, we initially confirmed the immunogenicity of ApxIIA expressed in Escherichia coli. We then developed transgenic tobacco expressing ApxIIA and tested its efficacy to induce a protective immune response against A. pleuropneumoniae infection after oral administration of the plant powder. We observed that protective immune responses were induced in mice after oral administration of the plant powder once a week for 4 weeks. Immunoassays revealed that the levels of antigen-specific immunoglobulin G against ApxIIA increased in mice that were fed a powder made from the transgenic plant, but not in mice fed a powder made from wild-type tobacco. Additionally, mice fed the transgenic plant powder were protected from an injection of a lethal dose of A. pleuropneumoniae. These results support that the transgenic plant may be a suitable candidate for an oral vaccine that could be used effectively against A. pleuropneumoniae infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Yeol Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Limaye A, Koya V, Samsam M, Daniell H. Receptor-mediated oral delivery of a bioencapsulated green fluorescent protein expressed in transgenic chloroplasts into the mouse circulatory system. FASEB J 2006; 20:959-61. [PMID: 16603603 PMCID: PMC3481851 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5134fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery of biopharmaceutical proteins expressed in plant cells should reduce their cost of production, purification, processing, cold storage, transportation, and delivery. However, poor intestinal absorption of intact proteins is a major challenge. To overcome this limitation, we investigate here the concept of receptor-mediated oral delivery of chloroplast-expressed foreign proteins. Therefore, the transmucosal carrier cholera toxin B-subunit and green fluorescent protein (CTB-GFP), separated by a furin cleavage site, was expressed via the tobacco chloroplast genome. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analyses confirmed site-specific transgene integration and homoplasmy. Immunoblot analysis and ELISA confirmed expression of monomeric and pentameric forms of CTB-GFP, up to 21.3% of total soluble proteins. An in vitro furin cleavage assay confirmed integrity of the engineered furin cleavage site, and a GM1 binding assay confirmed the functionality of CTB-GFP pentamers. Following oral administration of CTB-GFP expressing leaf material to mice, GFP was observed in the mice intestinal mucosa, liver, and spleen in fluorescence and immunohistochemical studies, while CTB remained in the intestinal cell. This report of receptor-mediated oral delivery of a foreign protein into the circulatory system opens the door for low-cost production and delivery of human therapeutic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohtashem Samsam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science, Orlando, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Fujiyama K, Saejung W, Yanagihara I, Nakado J, Misaki R, Honda T, Watanabe Y, Seki T. In Planta production of immunogenic poliovirus peptide using tobacco mosaic virus-based vector system. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:398-402. [PMID: 16781468 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) provides an attractive means of producing foreign peptides in plants. In this study, a TMV-based vector was designed such that a fragment encoding 15 amino acids of the poliovirus peptide (PVP) derived from the viral capsid proteins VP3 and VP1 of poliovirus type 1 Sabin was inserted downstream of the six-base 3' context nucleotide sequence of the TMV coat protein (CP) gene. This design allowed readthrough at the amber stop codon, thereby producing the chimeric TMV particle with both intact CP and CP-fusion protein (CP-PVP) in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun infected with the TMV vector. The TMVCP-PVP virus particle induced antibodies against PVP as well as TMVCP in mice after intraperitoneal immunization. These data illustrate the potential of the readthrough translation system with TMVCP for antigen presentation and vaccine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Fujiyama
- The International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Singh OV, Ghai S, Paul D, Jain RK. Genetically modified crops: success, safety assessment, and public concern. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 71:598-607. [PMID: 16639559 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of transgenic technologies, new ways to improve the agronomic performance of crops for food, feed, and processing applications have been devised. In addition, ability to express foreign genes using transgenic technologies has opened up options for producing large quantities of commercially important industrial or pharmaceutical products in plants. Despite this high adoption rate and future promises, there is a multitude of concerns about the impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on the environment. Potential contamination of the environment and food chains has prompted detailed consideration of how such crops and the molecules that they produce can be effectively isolated and contained. One of the reasonable steps after creating a transgenic plant is to evaluate its potential benefits and risks to the environment and these should be compared to those generated by traditional agricultural practices. The precautionary approach in risk management of GM plants may make it necessary to monitor significant wild and weed populations that might be affected by transgene escape. Effective risk assessment and monitoring mechanisms are the basic prerequisites of any legal framework to adequately address the risks and watch out for new risks. Several agencies in different countries monitor the release of GM organisms or frame guidelines for the appropriate application of recombinant organisms in agro-industries so as to assure the safe use of recombinant organisms and to achieve sound overall development. We feel that it is important to establish an internationally harmonized framework for the safe handling of recombinant DNA organisms within a few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om V Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, The John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Twyman RM, Schillberg S, Fischer R. Transgenic plants in the biopharmaceutical market. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2006; 10:185-218. [PMID: 15757412 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.10.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many of our 'small-molecule-drugs' are natural products from plants, or are synthetic compounds based on molecules found naturally in plants. However, the vast majority of the protein therapeutics (or biopharmaceuticals) we use are from animal or human sources, and are produced commercially in microbial or mammalian bioreactor systems. Over the last few years, it has become clear that plants have great potential for the production of human proteins and other protein-based therapeutic entities. Plants offer the prospect of inexpensive biopharmaceutical production without sacrificing product quality or safety, and following the success of several plant-derived technical proteins, the first therapeutic products are now approaching the market. In this review, the different plant-based production systems are discussed and the merits of transgenic plants are evaluated compared with other platforms. A detailed discussion is provided of the development issues that remain to be addressed before plants become an acceptable mainstream production technology. The many different proteins that have already been produced using plants are described, and a sketch of the current market and the activities of the key players is provided. Despite the currently unclear regulatory framework and general industry inertia, the benefits of plant-derived pharmaceuticals are now bringing the prospect of inexpensive veterinary and human medicines closer than ever before.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Twyman
- University of York, Department of Biology, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of genetics molecular biology and plant biotechnology, the vaccination (e.g. genetic engineering subunit vaccine, living vector vaccine, nucleic acid vaccine) programs are taking on a prosperous evolvement. In particular, the technology of the use of transgenic plants to produce human or animal therapeutic vaccines receives increasing attention. Expressing vaccine candidates in vegetables and fruits open up a new avenue for producing oral/edible vaccines. Transgenic plant vaccine disquisitions exhibit a tempting latent exploiting foreground. There are a lot of advantages for transgenic plant vaccines, such as low cost, easiness of storage, and convenient immune-inoculation. Some productions converged in edible tissues, so they can be consumed directly without isolation and purification. Up to now, many transgenic plant vaccine productions have been investigated and developed. In this review, recent advances on plant-derived recombinant protein expression systems, infectious targets, and delivery systems are presented. Some issues of high concern such as biosafety and public health are also discussed. Special attention is given to the prospects and limitations on transgenic plant vaccines.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Bioreactors
- Carica/immunology
- Carica/metabolism
- Edible Grain/immunology
- Edible Grain/metabolism
- Eukaryota/immunology
- Eukaryota/metabolism
- Fruit/immunology
- Fruit/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Musa/immunology
- Musa/metabolism
- Plant Viruses/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Edible/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Edible/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Edible/genetics
- Vaccines, Edible/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vegetables/immunology
- Vegetables/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Kermode AR. Plants as factories for production of biopharmaceutical and bioindustrial proteins: lessons from cell biologyThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/b06-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants, seeds, and cultured plant cells are potentially one of the most economical systems for large-scale production of recombinant proteins for industrial and pharmaceutical uses. Biochemical, technical, and economic concerns with current production systems have generated enormous interest in developing plants as alternative production systems. However, various challenges must be met before plant systems can fully emerge as suitable, viable alternatives to current animal-based systems for large-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and other products. Aside from regulatory issues and developing efficient methods for downstream processing of recombinant proteins, there are at least two areas of challenge: (1) Can we engineer plant cells to accumulate recombinant proteins to sufficient levels? (2) Can we engineer plant cells to post-translationally modify recombinant proteins so that they are structurally and functionally similar to the native proteins? Attempts to improve the accumulation of a recombinant protein in plant cells require an appreciation of the processes of gene transcription, mRNA stability, processing, and export, and translation initiation and efficiency. Likewise, many post-translational factors must be considered, including protein stability, protein function and activity, and protein targeting. Moreover, we need to understand how the various processes leading from the gene to the functional protein are interdependent and functionally linked. Manipulation of the post-translational processing machinery of plant cells, especially that for N-linked glycosylation and glycan processing, is a challenging and exciting area. The functions of N-glycan heterogeneity and microheterogeneity, especially with respect to protein function, stability, and transport, are poorly understood and this represents an important area of cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Kermode
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Prescott VE, Hogan SP. Genetically modified plants and food hypersensitivity diseases: usage and implications of experimental models for risk assessment. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 111:374-83. [PMID: 16364445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in biotechnology in the plant industry have led to increasing crop production and yield that in turn has increased the usage of genetically modified (GM) food in the human food chain. The usage of GM foods for human consumption has raised a number of fundamental questions including the ability of GM foods to elicit potentially harmful immunological responses, including allergic hypersensitivity. To assess the safety of foods derived from GM plants including allergenic potential, the US FDA, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO), and the EU have developed approaches for evaluation assessment. One assessment approach that has been a very active area of research and debate is the development and usage of animal models to assess the potential allergenicity of GM foods. A number of specific animal models employing rodents, pigs, and dogs have been developed for allergenicity assessment. However, validation of these models is needed and consideration of the criteria for an appropriate animal model for the assessment of allergenicity in GM plants is required. We have recently employed a BALB/c mouse model to assess the potential allergenicity of GM plants. We have been able to demonstrate that this model is able to detect differences in antigenicity and identify aspects of protein post-translational modifications that can alter antigenicity. Furthermore, this model has also enabled us to examine the usage of GM plants as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of allergic diseases. This review discusses the current approaches to assess the allergenic potential of GM food and particularly focusing on the usage of animal models to determine the potential allergenicity of GM foods and gives an overview of our recent findings and implications of these studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa E Prescott
- Division of Molecular Bioscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Geyer BC, Muralidharan M, Cherni I, Doran J, Fletcher SP, Evron T, Soreq H, Mor TS. Purification of transgenic plant-derived recombinant human acetylcholinesterase-R. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 157-158:331-4. [PMID: 16269140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana plants were engineered to express a codon-optimized gene encoding the human acetylcholinesterase-R (AChE) isoform. The transgenic plants expressed the protein at >0.4% of total soluble protein, and the plant-produced enzyme was purified to homogeneity. Following lysis, procainamide affinity chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography, more than 400-fold purification was achieved and electrophoretic purity was obtained. This pure protein is kinetically indistinguishable from the only commercially available source of human acetylcholinesterase, which is produced in mammalian cell culture. Thus, we have demonstrated a model system for the production of acetylcholinesterase, which is not susceptible to the quantitative limitations or mammalian pathogens associated with purification from mammalian cell culture or human serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Geyer
- School of Life Sciences and The Biodesign Institute, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Takagi H, Hiroi T, Yang L, Tada Y, Yuki Y, Takamura K, Ishimitsu R, Kawauchi H, Kiyono H, Takaiwa F. A rice-based edible vaccine expressing multiple T cell epitopes induces oral tolerance for inhibition of Th2-mediated IgE responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17525-30. [PMID: 16278301 PMCID: PMC1297655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503428102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide immunotherapy using multiple predominant allergen-specific T cell epitopes is a safe and promising strategy for the control of type I allergy. In this study, we developed transgenic rice plants expressing mouse dominant T cell epitope peptides of Cry j I and Cry j II allergens of Japanese cedar pollen as a fusion protein with the soybean seed storage protein glycinin. Under the control of the rice seed storage protein glutelin GluB-1 promoter, the fusion protein was specifically expressed and accumulated in seeds at a level of 0.5% of the total seed protein. Oral feeding to mice of transgenic rice seeds expressing the T cell epitope peptides of Cry j I and Cry j II before systemic challenge with total protein of cedar pollen inhibited the development of allergen-specific serum IgE and IgG antibody and CD4(+) T cell proliferative responses. The levels of allergen-specific CD4(+) T cell-derived allergy-associated T helper 2 cytokine production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and histamine release in serum were significantly decreased. Moreover, the development of pollen-induced clinical symptoms was inhibited in our experimental sneezing mouse model. These results indicate the potential of transgenic rice seeds in production and mucosal delivery of allergen-specific T cell epitope peptides for the induction of oral tolerance to pollen allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Takagi
- Plant Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Ohya K, Matsumura T, Itchoda N, Ohashi K, Onuma M, Sugimoto C. Ability of Orally Administered IFN-α-Containing Transgenic Potato Extracts to InhibitListeria monocytogenesInfection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005; 25:459-66. [PMID: 16108729 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) were originally thought to be antiviral cytokines, but it has recently been reported that they also play an important role in potentiating innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, several studies have shown that the oral administration of type I IFN ameliorates various biologic activities. Here, we studied the ability of orally administered IFN-alpha to protect mice from systemic Listeria monocytogenes infection. Daily oral administration of purified natural IFN-alpha at a concentration of 1000 international units (IU)/20 microl reduced the bacterial burden in infected organs. We also examined the protective effect of IFN-alpha expressed in transgenic potato plants. A much lower concentration of IFN-alpha (20 IU/ 20 microl) in the plant extracts was almost as protective as much higher concentrations of purified natural IFN-alpha. Our observations indicate that transgenic cytokine-expressing plants can be used prophylactically as edible pharmaceuticals to enhance systemic defense responses in humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohya
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Aziz MA, Sikriwal D, Singh S, Jarugula S, Kumar PA, Bhatnagar R. Transformation of an edible crop with the pagA gene of Bacillus anthracis. FASEB J 2005; 19:1501-3. [PMID: 16030177 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3215fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against anthrax is the most important strategy to combat the disease. This study describes a generation of edible transgenic crop expressing, functional protective antigen (PA). In vitro studies showed that the plant-expressed antigen is qualitatively similar to recombinant PA. Immunization studies in mouse animal models indicated the generation of PA-specific neutralizing antibodies and stressed the need for improving expression levels to generate higher antibody titers. Genetic engineering of a plant organelle offers immense scope for increasing levels of antigen expression. An AT-rich PA gene (pagA) coding for the 83-kDa PA molecule was thus cloned and expressed in tobacco chloroplasts. Biolistics was used for the transformation of a chloroplast genome under a set of optimized conditions. The expression of the pagA gene with 69% AT content was highly favored by an AT-rich chloroplast genome. A multifold expression level of functional PA was obtained as compared with the nuclear transgenic tobacco plants. This report describes for the first time a comprehensive study on generating transgenic plants expressing PA, which may serve as a source of an edible vaccine against anthrax. Two important achievements of expressing PA in an edible crop and use of chloroplast technology to enhance the expression levels are discussed here.
Collapse
|
99
|
Wilson RL, Hruby DE. Commensal bacteria as a novel delivery system for subunit vaccines directed against agents of bioterrorism. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57:1392-402. [PMID: 15935879 PMCID: PMC7125890 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Following the anthrax attacks of 2001 and the recent SARS outbreak, concerns about emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases have catalyzed a renewed interest in developing new vaccination strategies that provide rapid and flexible response options to future threats. Because the probability of encountering one of these exotic agents is unknown, it is essential that new vaccine formulations employ methods that provide effective protection and extremely good safety profiles if they are to be used by either military or civilian populations. One approach, which potentially satisfies these criteria, is the use of live recombinant Gram-positive commensal bacteria as expression vectors. This review provides an overview of the system, its advantages and limitations, and details an example of how Gram-positive commensal bacteria are being developed as a fifth generation vaccine against a Class A biowarfare pathogen, namely smallpox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis E. Hruby
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 541 753 2000; fax: +1 541 753 9999.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Kuritz T, Lee I, Owens ET, Humayun M, Greenbaum E. Molecular Photovoltaics and the Photoactivation of Mammalian Cells. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2005; 4:196-200. [PMID: 16117027 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2005.850480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic reaction centers are integral plant membrane protein complexes and molecular photovoltaic structures. We report here that addition of Photosystem I (PSI)-proteoliposomes to retinoblastoma cells imparts photosensitivity to these mammalian cells, as demonstrated by light-induced movement of calcium ions. Control experiments with liposomes lacking PSI demonstrated no photosensitivity. The data demonstrate that PSI, a nanoscale molecular photovoltaic structure extracted from plants, can impart a photoresponse to mammalian cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Kuritz
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|