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Marquine MJ, Flores I, Kamat R, Johnson N, Umlauf A, Letendre S, Jeste D, Grant I, Moore D, Heaton RK. A composite of multisystem injury and neurocognitive impairment in HIV infection: association with everyday functioning. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:549-556. [PMID: 29777462 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index is a composite marker of multisystem injury among HIV-infected persons. We aimed to examine its cross-sectional association with functional outcomes, after considering neurocognitive impairment (NCI) and other well-established correlates of everyday functioning among HIV-infected persons. Participants included 670 HIV-infected adults (ages 18-76; 88% male; 63% non-Hispanic White; median current CD4 = 404 cells/mm3; 67% on antiretroviral therapy; AIDS = 63%) enrolled in observational studies at the University of California San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program. Functional outcomes were assessed via self-report measures of declines in activities of daily living, perceived cognitive symptoms in daily life, and employment status. NCI was assessed via a comprehensive neurocognitive test battery and defined based on established methods. Covariates examined included demographics, HIV disease characteristics not included in the VACS Index, and psychiatric comorbidities. The VACS Index was computed via standard methods and categorized based on its distribution. Results from multivariable regression models showed that both higher VACS Index scores (indicative of worse health) and the presence of NCI were independently associated with declines in activities of daily living, increased cognitive symptoms in daily life, and unemployment. These independent effects remained after adjusting for significant covariates. In conclusion, the VACS Index may be a useful tool for identifying HIV-infected patients at high risk for everyday functioning problems. Considering factors such as NCI, historical HIV disease characteristics, and current mood might be particularly important to enhance the predictive power of the VACS Index for functional status among HIV-infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
| | - Ilse Flores
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Rujvi Kamat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Neco Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Dilip Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - David Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
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Memory Impairment in HIV-Infected Individuals with Early and Late Initiation of Regular Marijuana Use. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:1596-1605. [PMID: 28884250 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana use is disproportionately prevalent among HIV-infected individuals. The strongest neurocognitive effect of marijuana use is impairment in the domain of memory. Memory impairment is also high among HIV-infected persons. The present study examined 69 HIV-infected individuals who were stratified by age of regular marijuana initiation to investigate how marijuana use impacts neurocognitive functioning. A comprehensive battery assessed substance use and neurocognitive functioning. Findings indicated early onset marijuana users (regular use prior to age 18), compared to non-marijuana users and late onset marijuana users (regular use at age 18 or later), were over 8 times more likely to have learning impairment and nearly 4 times more likely to have memory impairment. A similar pattern of early onset marijuana users performing worse in learning emerged when examining domain deficit scores. The potential for early onset of regular marijuana use to exacerbate already high levels of memory impairment among HIV-infected persons has important clinical implications, including increased potential for medication non-adherence and difficulty with independent living.
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Giron SE, Bjurstrom MF, Griffis CA, Ferrante FM, Wu II, Nicol AL, Grogan TR, Burkard JF, Irwin MR, Breen EC. Increased Central Nervous System Interleukin-8 in a Majority Postlaminectomy Syndrome Chronic Pain Population. PAIN MEDICINE (MALDEN, MASS.) 2018; 19:1033-1043. [PMID: 29016958 PMCID: PMC6659015 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnx126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Multiple processes have been identified as potential contributors to chronic pain, with increasing evidence illustrating an association with aberrant levels of neuroimmune mediators. The primary objectives of the present study were to examine central nervous system cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors present in a chronic pain population and to explore patterns of the same mediator molecules over time. Secondary objectives explored the relationship of central and peripheral neuroimmune mediators while examining the levels of anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and perception of pain associated with the chronic pain patient experience. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a population of majority postlaminectomy syndrome patients (N = 8) was compared with control CSF samples (N = 30) to assess for significant differences in 10 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. The patient population was then followed over time, analyzing CSF, plasma, and psychobehavioral measures. Results The present observational study is the first to demonstrate increased mean CSF levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8; P < 0.001) in a small population of majority postlaminectomy syndrome patients, as compared with a control population. Over time in pain patients, CSF levels of IL-8 increased significantly (P < 0.001). Conclusions These data indicate that IL-8 should be further investigated and psychobehavioral components considered in the overall chronic pain paradigm. Future studies examining the interactions between these factors and IL-8 may identify novel targets for treatment of persistent pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Giron
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea L Nicol
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | - Joseph F Burkard
- Hahn School of Nursing and Health Science, University of San Diego, San Diego, California
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth Crabb Breen
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Dufour CA, Marquine MJ, Fazeli PL, Umlauf A, Henry BL, Zlatar Z, Montoya JL, Ellis RJ, Grant I, Moore DJ. A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Physical Activity on Neurocognitive Functioning Among HIV-Infected Adults. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:1562-1572. [PMID: 27990580 PMCID: PMC5476522 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Higher levels of physical activity (PA) have been linked to better neurocognitive functioning in many populations. The current study examines the longitudinal association between PA and neurocognitive functioning among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons. Community-dwelling adults (N = 291) self-reported level of PA and completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery at two to four study visits (Mean follow-up time = 2.6 years). Participants were divided into three PA groups: "No PA" (no PA at any visit), "consistent PA" (PA at ≥50% of visits), and "inconsistent PA" (PA < 50% of visits). A mixed effect model, adjusting for significant covariates showed that all PA groups had statistically significant, yet modest, neurocognitive decline over time; and, the consistent PA group began with, and maintained, significantly better neurocognitive function compared to the other two PA groups. This effect was evident among both HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected persons, despite the fact that HIV-infected persons showed lower baseline neurocognitive function. PA is a modifiable lifestyle behavior that may help to protect against neurocognitive impairment regardless of HIV status, however, given the proportion of HIV-infected individuals who evidence neurocognitive difficulties, a focus on increasing PA seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Dufour
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, 220 Dickinson St, Ste B, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - María J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, 220 Dickinson St, Ste B, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Pariya L Fazeli
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, 220 Dickinson St, Ste B, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, 220 Dickinson St, Ste B, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Brook L Henry
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, 220 Dickinson St, Ste B, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Zvinka Zlatar
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, 220 Dickinson St, Ste B, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Jessica L Montoya
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, 220 Dickinson St, Ste B, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
- SDSU/UCSD joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, 220 Dickinson St, Ste B, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, 220 Dickinson St, Ste B, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, 220 Dickinson St, Ste B, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
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Effects of HIV-1 TAT protein and methamphetamine exposure on visual discrimination and executive function in mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 349:73-79. [PMID: 29709610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mild neurocognitive impairments are common in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV-encoded proteins, such as trans-activator of transcription (TAT), contribute to neuropathology and cognitive function in medicated subjects. The combination of TAT and comorbid methamphetamine use may further impair neurocognitive function in HIV-positive individuals by affecting dopaminergic systems in the brain. The current study examined the effects of TAT protein expression and methamphetamine exposure on cognitive function and dopamine systems in mice. Transgenic mice with inducible brain expression of the TAT protein were exposed to a binge methamphetamine regimen. TAT expression was induced via a doxycycline-containing diet during the final stage of the regimen and maintained throughout cognitive testing. Learning and executive function were assessed using an operant visual discrimination protocol, with a strategy switch and reversal. TAT expression and methamphetamine exposure improved visual discrimination learning. Combined TAT expression and methamphetamine exposure increased perseverative errors during reversal learning. TAT expression altered reversal learning by improving early stage, but impairing late stage, learning. TAT expression was also associated with an increase in dopamine transporter expression in the caudate putamen. These results highlight that TAT expression and methamphetamine exposure likely affect a range of selective cognitive processes, with some potentially improving function under certain conditions.
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Tumuluri I, Hegde S, Nagendra HR. Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Focused Attention, Working Memory and Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: An Exploratory Study. Int J Yoga 2018; 10:167-170. [PMID: 29422748 PMCID: PMC5793012 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6131.213471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are reported in diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). Previous research has shown that music-based intervention can not only reduce hyperglycemia but also target cognitive functions as well as stress. The aim of this exploratory study was to understand the effect of active participation in music therapy (MT) on the cognitive deficits of DM2 patients. MT of twenty sessions was carried out with three participants with DM2. Serum cortisol, perceived stress, Color Trail Test (1 and 2), and verbal n-back (1 and 2) tests were used to measure the outcomes. Feedback was taken for the subjective ratings and satisfaction of the participants. Stress and cortisol reduced and focused attention and working memory improved in varying degrees. Subjectively, participants reported having benefitted from the intervention. This is the first attempt to investigate the effect of music-based intervention on cognitive function in DM2 patients using case study approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Tumuluri
- Division of Humanities, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shantala Hegde
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Neuropsychology Unit, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H R Nagendra
- Division of Humanities, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Van Dyk K, Golub SA, Porter JB, Robin KJ, Kowalczyk WJ, Tomassilli JC, Ly JJ, Foldi NS. The effects of age and physical health on processing speed in HIV. AIDS Care 2018; 27:1326-31. [PMID: 26468908 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1054340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The impact of age and physical health on processing speed was investigated in 42 non-demented HIV+ individuals ranging in age from 30 to 75. We used the Medical Outcomes Study-HIV Healthy Survey (MOS-HIV) to measure self-reported physical health, neuropsychological tests to measure psychomotor and cognitive processing speed (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Trail Making Test, Grooved Pegboard Test, letter and category fluency), and a test of the foreperiod effect to measure reaction time under increasing attentional load. Results indicated that aging and worse physical health each independently contributed to slowing on different processing speed measures, while the interaction between aging and physical health did not contribute to processing speed. These findings highlight the importance of considering physical health separately from age when measuring cognitive function in HIV+ adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Van Dyk
- a Department of Psychology , The Graduate Center, City University of New York , USA.,b Department of Psychology , Queens College, City University of New York , USA
| | - Sarit A Golub
- a Department of Psychology , The Graduate Center, City University of New York , USA.,c Department of Psychology , Hunter HIV/AIDS Research Team, Hunter College, City University of New York , New York , NY , USA
| | - James B Porter
- c Department of Psychology , Hunter HIV/AIDS Research Team, Hunter College, City University of New York , New York , NY , USA
| | - Kevin J Robin
- c Department of Psychology , Hunter HIV/AIDS Research Team, Hunter College, City University of New York , New York , NY , USA
| | - William J Kowalczyk
- a Department of Psychology , The Graduate Center, City University of New York , USA.,b Department of Psychology , Queens College, City University of New York , USA.,c Department of Psychology , Hunter HIV/AIDS Research Team, Hunter College, City University of New York , New York , NY , USA
| | - Julia C Tomassilli
- c Department of Psychology , Hunter HIV/AIDS Research Team, Hunter College, City University of New York , New York , NY , USA
| | - Jenny J Ly
- a Department of Psychology , The Graduate Center, City University of New York , USA.,b Department of Psychology , Queens College, City University of New York , USA
| | - Nancy S Foldi
- a Department of Psychology , The Graduate Center, City University of New York , USA.,b Department of Psychology , Queens College, City University of New York , USA
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Patt VM, Brown GG, Thomas ML, Roesch SC, Taylor MJ, Heaton RK. Factor Analysis of an Expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery and the Structure of Neurocognition. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:79-101. [PMID: 28505273 PMCID: PMC5860522 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The structure of neurocognition is explored by examining the neurocognitive domains underlying comprehensive neuropsychological assessment of cognitively healthy individuals. METHOD Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the adult normative dataset of an expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery (eHRB), comprising Caucasian and African American participants. The factor structure contributions of the original HRB, eHRB expansion, and Wechsler intelligence scales were compared. Demographic effects were examined on composite factor scores calculated using confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS The full eHRB had an eight-factor structure, with latent constructs including: 'working memory', 'fluency', 'verbal episodic memory', 'visuospatial cognition' (visuospatial memory and problem solving), 'perceptual-motor speed' (speed for processing visual/tactile material and hand-motor execution), 'perceptual attention' (attention to sensory-perceptual information), 'semantic knowledge' (knowledge acquired through education and culturally-based experiences), and 'phonological decoding' (grapheme-phoneme processing essential for sounding-out words). 'Perceptual-motor speed' and 'perceptual attention' were most negatively associated with age, whereas 'semantic knowledge' and 'phonological decoding' were most resistant to aging. 'Semantic knowledge' showed the greatest dependence on demographic background, including education and ethnicity. Gender differences in cognitive performances were negligible across all domains except 'phonological decoding' with women slightly outperforming men. The original HRB contributed four neurocognitive domains, the eHRB expansion three domains, and the Wechsler scales one additional domain but with restructuring of verbal factors. CONCLUSION Eight neurocognitive domains underlie performance of healthy cognitive individuals during comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. These domains serve as framework for understanding the constructs measured by commonly-used neuropsychological tests and may represent the structure of neurocognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie M Patt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gregory G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael J Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Unraveling Individual Differences In The HIV-1 Transgenic Rat: Therapeutic Efficacy Of Methylphenidate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:136. [PMID: 29317696 PMCID: PMC5760575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the heterogeneity of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), assignment of categorical diagnoses based on the level of impairment (e.g., Frascati criteria) obfuscates the well-acknowledged variability observed within the population of HIV-1+ individuals. The present study sought to elucidate the natural heterogeneity in adult HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats using three interrelated aims. First, heterogeneity of the HIV-1 transgene was examined using a pretest-posttest design to assess therapeutic efficacy of oral self-administration (OSA) of methylphenidate (MPH; 2.4 ± 0.2 mg/kg), targeting neurotransmitter alterations in HIV-1, on temporal processing. Approximately 42% of HIV-1 Tg animals displayed an improvement in temporal processing following OSA of MPH. Second, repeated OSA of MPH (22–27 days) altered dendritic spine morphology in layer II-III pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex. HIV-1 Tg animals exhibited a population shift towards longer spines with decreased head diameter on lower order branches; a shift associated with temporal processing impairment. Third, in HIV-1 Tg animals, dendritic spine backbone length (µm) was associated with temporal processing impairment; a brain/behavior relationship not observed in control animals. Assessing the therapeutic efficacy of MPH revealed heterogeneity in the neural mechanisms underlying neurocognitive impairments, providing a key target for individualized therapeutic and diagnostic approaches for HAND.
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Robbins RN, Gouse H, Brown HG, Ehlers A, Scott TM, Leu CS, Remien RH, Mellins CA, Joska JA. A Mobile App to Screen for Neurocognitive Impairment: Preliminary Validation of NeuroScreen Among HIV-Infected South African Adults. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6:e5. [PMID: 29305338 PMCID: PMC5775487 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.9148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) is one of the most common complications of HIV infection, and has serious medical and functional consequences. South Africa has 7 million people living with HIV (PLHIV) with up to three-quarters of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve individuals having NCI. South Africa’s health system struggles to meet the care needs of its millions of PLHIV; screening for NCI is typically neglected due to limited clinical staff trained to administer, score, and interpret neuropsychological tests, as well as long test batteries and limited screening tools for South African populations. Without accurate, clinically useful, and relatively brief NCI screening tests that can be administered by all levels of clinical staff, critical opportunities to provide psychoeducation, behavioral planning, additional ART adherence support, and adjuvant therapies for NCI (when they become available) are missed. To address these challenges and gap in care, we developed an mHealth app screening tool, NeuroScreen, to detect NCI that can be administered by all levels of clinical staff, including lay health workers. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine sensitivity and specificity of an adapted version of NeuroScreen to detect NCI (as determined by a gold standard neuropsychological test battery administered by a trained research psychometrist) among HIV-infected South Africans when administered by a lay health worker. Methods A total of 102 HIV-infected black South African adults who had initiated ART at least 12 months prior were administered NeuroScreen and a gold standard neuropsychological test battery in the participants’ choice of language (ie, English or isiXhosa). Three composite z scores were calculated for NeuroScreen: (1) sum of all individual test scores, (2) sum of all individual test scores and error scores from four tests, and (3) sum of four tests (abbreviated version). Global deficit scores were calculated for the gold standard battery where a score of 0.5 or greater indicated the presence of NCI. Results The mean age of participants was 33.31 (SD 7.46) years, most (59.8%, 61/102) had at least 12 years of education, and 81.4% (83/102) of the sample was female. Gold standard test battery results indicated that 26.5% (27/102) of the sample had NCI. Sensitivity and specificity of age-, education-, and sex-adjusted NeuroScreen scores were 81.48% and 74.67% for composite score 1, 81.48% and 81.33% for composite score 2, and 92.59% and 70.67% for composite score 3, respectively. Conclusions NeuroScreen, a highly automated, easy-to-use, tablet-based screening test to detect NCI among English- and isiXhosa-speaking South African HIV patients demonstrated robust sensitivity and specificity to detect NCI when administered by lay health workers. NeuroScreen could help make screening for NCI more feasible. However, additional research is needed with larger samples and normative test performance data are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben N Robbins
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute & Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hetta Gouse
- HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Travis M Scott
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Cheng-Shiun Leu
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute & Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert H Remien
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute & Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Claude A Mellins
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute & Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John A Joska
- HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Friis S, Sundet K, Rund BR, Vaglum P, McGlashan TH. Neurocognitive dimensions characterising patients with first-episode psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 2018; 43:s85-90. [PMID: 12271806 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.181.43.s85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAssessment of neurocognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is hampered by the multitude of tests used in the literature.AimsWe aimed to identify the main dimensions of an assessment battery for patients with first-episode psychosis and to estimate the relationship between dimension scores and gender, age, education, diagnosis and symptoms.MethodEight frequently used neuropsychological tests were used. We tested 219 patients 3 months after start of therapy or at remission, whichever occurred first.ResultsWe identified five dimensions: working memory (WM); verbal learning (VL); executive function (EF); impulsivity (Im); and motor speed (MS). Significant findings were that the MS score was higher for men, and the WM and VL scores were correlated with years of education.ConclusionsNeurocognitive function in first-episode psychosis is described by at least five independent dimensions.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects roughly half the HIV-positive population. The symptoms of cognitive slowing, poor concentration, and memory problems can impact on everyday life. Its diagnosis is validated where possible by identifying deficits in two cognitive domains on neuropsychologic testing in patients either with or without symptoms. Corroborating evidence may be found on imaging, blood tests, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, though sensitive and specific biomarkers are currently lacking. The introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy in the 1990s has generated a therapeutic paradox whereby the number of severe cases of HAND has fallen, yet milder forms continue to rise in prevalence. New emphasis has been placed on identifying the cause of apparent ongoing HIV infection and inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) in the face of durable systemic viral suppression, and how this equates to the neuronal dysfunction underlying HAND. The interaction with aging and comorbidities is becoming increasingly common as the HIV-positive population enters older adulthood, with neurodegenerative, metabolic, and vascular causes of cognitive impairment combining and probably accelerating in the context of chronic HIV infection. Therapies targeted to the CNS, but without neurotoxic side-effects, are being investigated to attempt to reduce the likelihood of developing, and improving, HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce James Brew
- Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Wright EJ, Thakur KT, Bearden D, Birbeck GL. Global developments in HIV neurology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 152:265-287. [PMID: 29604981 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63849-6.00019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic conditions associated with HIV remain major contributors to morbidity and mortality, and are increasingly recognized in the aging population on long-standing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Importantly, growing evidence suggests that the central nervous system (CNS) serves as a reservoir for viral replication with major implications for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication strategies. Though there has been major progress in the last decade in our understanding of the pathogenesis, burden, and impact of HIV-associated neurologic conditions, significant scientific gaps remain. In many low-income settings, second- and third-line cART regimens that carry substantial neurotoxicity remain treatment mainstays. Further, patients continue to present severely immunosuppressed with CNS opportunistic infections. Public health efforts should emphasize improvements in access and optimizing treatment of HIV-positive patients, specifically in resource-limited settings, to reduce the risk of neurologic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina J Wright
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Kiran T Thakur
- Division of Critical Care and Hospitalist Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Bearden
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gretchen L Birbeck
- Strong Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Chikankata Epilepsy Care Team, Chikankata Hospital, Mazabuka, Zambia
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64
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Neural response to working memory demand predicts neurocognitive deficits in HIV. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:291-304. [PMID: 29280107 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to have adverse effects on cognition and the brain in many infected people, despite a reduced incidence of HIV-associated dementia with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Working memory is often affected, along with attention, executive control, and cognitive processing speed. Verbal working memory (VWM) requires the interaction of each of the cognitive component processes along with a phonological loop for verbal repetition and rehearsal. HIV-related functional brain response abnormalities during VWM are evident in functional MRI (fMRI), though the neural substrate underlying these neurocognitive deficits is not well understood. The current study addressed this by comparing 24 HIV+ to 27 demographically matched HIV-seronegative (HIV-) adults with respect to fMRI activation on a VWM paradigm (n-back) relative to performance on two standardized tests of executive control, attention and processing speed (Stroop and Trail Making A-B). As expected, the HIV+ group had deficits on these neurocognitive tests compared to HIV- controls, and also differed in neural response on fMRI relative to neuropsychological performance. Reduced activation in VWM task-related brain regions on the 2-back was associated with Stroop interference deficits in HIV+ but not with either Trail Making A or B performance. Activation of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) of the default mode network during rest was associated with Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-2 (HVLT-2) learning in HIV+. These effects were not observed in the HIV- controls. Reduced dynamic range of neural response was also evident in HIV+ adults when activation on the 2-back condition was compared to the extent of activation of the default mode network during periods of rest. Neural dynamic range was associated with both Stroop and HVLT-2 performance. These findings provide evidence that HIV-associated alterations in neural activation induced by VWM demands and during rest differentially predict executive-attention and verbal learning deficits. That the Stroop, but not Trail Making was associated with VWM activation suggests that attentional regulation difficulties in suppressing interference and/or conflict regulation are a component of working memory deficits in HIV+ adults. Alterations in neural dynamic range may be a useful index of the impact of HIV on functional brain response and as a fMRI metric in predicting cognitive outcomes.
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Babiloni C, Noce G, Pennica A, Onorati P, Capotosto P, Del Percio C, Roma P, Correr V, Piccinni E, Toma G, Soricelli A, Di Campli F, Gianserra L, Ciullini L, Aceti A, Teti E, Sarmati L, Crocetti G, Ferri R, Catania V, Pascarelli MT, Andreoni M, Ferracuti S. Cortical sources of resting state electroencephalographic rhythms probe brain function in naïve HIV individuals. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 129:431-441. [PMID: 29304418 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here we evaluated the hypothesis that resting state electroencephalographic (EEG) cortical sources correlated with cognitive functions and discriminated asymptomatic treatment-naïve HIV subjects (no AIDS). METHODS EEG, clinical, and neuropsychological data were collected in 103 treatment-naïve HIV subjects (88 males; mean age 39.8 years ± 1.1 standard error of the mean, SE). An age-matched group of 70 cognitively normal and HIV-negative (Healthy; 56 males; 39.0 years ± 2.0 SE) subjects, selected from a local university archive, was used for control purposes. LORETA freeware was used for EEG source estimation in fronto-central, temporal, and parieto-occipital regions of interest. RESULTS Widespread sources of delta (<4 Hz) and alpha (8-12 Hz) rhythms were abnormal in the treatment-naïve HIV group. Fronto-central delta source activity showed a slight but significant (p < 0.05, corrected) negative correlation with verbal and semantic test scores. So did parieto-occipital delta/alpha source ratio with memory and composite cognitive scores. These sources allowed a moderate classification accuracy between HIV and control individuals (area under the ROC curves of 70-75%). CONCLUSIONS Regional EEG abnormalities in quiet wakefulness characterized treatment-naïve HIV subjects at the individual level. SIGNIFICANCE This EEG approach may contribute to the management of treatment-naïve HIV subjects at risk of cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; Institute for Research and Medical Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Noce
- Department of Integrated Imaging, IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pennica
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onorati
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; Institute for Research and Medical Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Capotosto
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, and ITAB-Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Roma
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Correr
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Piccinni
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Toma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- Department of Integrated Imaging, IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Motor Sciences and Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Campli
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Gianserra
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ciullini
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Aceti
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Teti
- Clinical Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Clinical Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Crocetti
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy
| | - Valentina Catania
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pascarelli
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Clinical Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferracuti
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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66
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Geary DC. Evolution of Human Sex-Specific Cognitive Vulnerabilities. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/694934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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67
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Sumonu T, Imarhiagbe F, Owolabi L, Ogunrin O, Komolafe M, Ilesanmi O. Cognitive functions in newly diagnosed patients with HIV infection in a tertiary health facility: Assessment using community screening interview for dementia. eNeurologicalSci 2017; 9:8-13. [PMID: 29260041 PMCID: PMC5731538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurocognitive dysfunction is a detrimental complication of HIV infection. In this study we attempt to characterize the pattern of cognitive dysfunction in a sample of Nigerian patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection. METHODS We conducted a prospective study in which 50 patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection were studied along with 50 normal control subjects. The participants were evaluated with the medical history, general, physical and neurological examination. Laboratory evaluation and chest X-Ray were done for all patients. The Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSID) questionnaire was administered to all the study participants. RESULTS About 70% of the patients were in advanced disease stage. The mean age (SD) of the patients and controls in years were 36.44 ± 8.22 and 35.40 ± 11.53 respectively. More than half (56%) of the patients had secondary level of education (12 years of education). About 20% of the patients had severe neurocognitive impairment while 48% had minor neurocognitive disorder. The patients with HIV infection performed poorly in the domains of language, memory, orientation, attention/calculation and praxis relative to controls (p < 0.05).There were no significant effect of gender, age, sex and level of education on cognitive functions in the patients (p > 0.05) but the presence of opportunistic infections had negative impact on the performances on orientation and total CSID scores in the patients with HIV infection (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection have poor cognitive functions when compared to normal controls and some presence of opportunistic infections in the patient is a significant risk factor for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.A. Sumonu
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - F. Imarhiagbe
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - L.F. Owolabi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Aminu kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - O.A. Ogunrin
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - M.A. Komolafe
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - O.S. Ilesanmi
- Department of Community Health, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
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68
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Wyczechowska D, Lin HY, LaPlante A, Jeansonne D, Lassak A, Parsons CH, Molina PE, Peruzzi F. A miRNA Signature for Cognitive Deficits and Alcohol Use Disorder in Persons Living with HIV/AIDS. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:385. [PMID: 29187813 PMCID: PMC5694774 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) affects more than half of persons living with HIV-1/AIDS (PLWHA). Identification of biomarkers representing the cognitive status of PLWHA is a critical step for implementation of successful cognitive, behavioral and pharmacological strategies to prevent onset and progression of HAND. However, the presence of co-morbidity factors in PLWHA, the most common being substance abuse, can prevent the identification of such biomarkers. We have optimized a protocol to profile plasma miRNAs using quantitative RT-qPCR and found a miRNA signature with very good discriminatory ability to distinguish PLWHA with cognitive impairment from those without cognitive impairment. Here, we have evaluated this miRNA signature in PLWHA with alcohol use disorder (AUD) at LSU Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC). The results show that AUD is a potential confounding factor for the miRNAs associated with cognitive impairment in PLWHA. Furthermore, we have investigated the miRNA signature associated with cognitive impairment in an independent cohort of PLWHA using plasma samples from the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) program. Despite differences between the two cohorts in socioeconomic status, AUD, and likely misuse of illicit or prescription drugs, we validated a miRNA signature for cognitive deficits found at LSUHSC in the CHARTER samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wyczechowska
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Biostatistics Program, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Andrea LaPlante
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Duane Jeansonne
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Adam Lassak
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Christopher H Parsons
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Francesca Peruzzi
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in clade C HIV: within-group association with neurocognitive function. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:875-885. [PMID: 28971331 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging abnormalities are common in chronically infected HIV-positive individuals. The majority of studies have focused on structural or functional brain outcomes in samples infected with clade B HIV. While preliminary work reveals a similar structural imaging phenotype in patients infected with clade C HIV, no study has examined functional connectivity (FC) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in clade C HIV. In particular, we were interested to explore HIV-only effects on neurocognitive function using associations with rs-fMRI. In the present study, 56 treatment-naïve, clade C HIV-infected participants (age 32.27 ± 5.53 years, education 10.02 ± 1.72 years, 46 female) underwent rs-fMRI and cognitive testing. Individual resting-state networks were correlated with global deficit scores (GDS) in order to explore associations between them within an HIV-positive sample. Results revealed ten regions in six resting-state networks where FC inversely correlated with GDS scores (worse performance). The networks affected included three independent attention networks: the default mode network (DMN), sensorimotor network, and basal ganglia. Connectivity in these regions did not correlate with plasma viral load or CD4 cell count. The design of this study is unique and has not been previously reported in clade B. The abnormalities related to neurocognitive performance reported in this study of clade C may reflect late disease stage and/or unique host/viral dynamics. Longitudinal studies will help to clarify the clinical significance of resting-state alterations in clade C HIV.
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70
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The paced auditory serial addition test for working memory assessment: Psychometric properties. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2017; 31:61. [PMID: 29445690 PMCID: PMC5804453 DOI: 10.14196/mjiri.31.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT) was primarily developed to assess the effects of traumatic brain injury
on cognitive functioning. Working memory (WM) is one of the most important aspects of cognitive function, and WM impairment
is one of the clinically remarkable signs of aphasia. To develop the Persian version of PASAT, an initial version was used in individuals
with aphasia (IWA).
Methods: In this study, 25 individuals with aphasia (29-60 years) and 85 controls (18-60 years) were included. PASAT was presented
in the form of recorded 61 single-digit numbers (1 to 9). The participants repeatedly added the 2 recent digits. The psychometric
properties of PASAT including convergent validity (using the digit memory span tasks), divergent validity (using results in the control
group and IWA group), and face validity were investigated. Test-retest reliability was considered as well.
Results: The relationship between the PASAT and digit memory span tests was moderate to strong in the control group (forward
digit memory span test: r= 0.52, p< 0.0001; backward digit memory span test: r = 0.48, p< 0.0001). A strong relationship was found in
IWA (forward digit memory span test: r= 0.72, p< 0.0001; backward digit memory span test: r= 0.53, p= 0.006). Also, strong testretest
reliability (intraclass correlation= 0.95, p< 0.0001) was observed.
Conclusion: According to our results, the PASAT is a valid and reliable test to assess working memory, particularly in IWA. It
could be used as a feasible tool for clinical and research applications.
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71
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Kabuba N, Anitha Menon J, Franklin DR, Heaton RK, Hestad KA. Use of Western Neuropsychological Test Battery in Detecting HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) in Zambia. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:1717-1727. [PMID: 27278547 PMCID: PMC5145764 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is a study of neuroAIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, involving 266 Zambian adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), clade C. All HIV+ participants were receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (CART), and were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological (NP) test battery covering seven ability domains that are frequently affected by neuroAIDS. The battery was developed in the U.S. but has been validated in other international settings and has demographically-corrected normative standards based upon 324 healthy Zambian adults. Compared to the healthy Zambian controls, the HIV+ sample performed worse on the NP battery with a medium effect size (Cohen's d = 0.64). 34.6 % of the HIV+ individuals had global NP impairment and met criteria for HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). The results indicate that the Western-developed NP test battery is appropriate for use in Zambia and can serve as a viable HIV and AIDS management tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Kabuba
- Department of Psychology, The University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O BOX 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.
- Department of Psychology, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - J Anitha Menon
- Department of Psychology, The University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O BOX 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Donald R Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Knut A Hestad
- Department of Psychology, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Hamar, Norway
- Hedmark University College, 2418, Elverum, Norway
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72
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Devlin KN, Giovannetti T. Heterogeneity of Neuropsychological Impairment in HIV Infection: Contributions from Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neuropsychol Rev 2017; 27:101-123. [PMID: 28536861 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-017-9348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite longstanding acknowledgement of the heterogeneity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), existing HAND diagnostic methods classify according to the degree of impairment, without regard to the pattern of neuropsychological strengths and weaknesses. Research in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has demonstrated that classifying individuals into subtypes by both their level and pattern of impairment, using either conventional or statistical methods, has etiologic and prognostic utility. Methods for characterizing the heterogeneity of MCI provide a framework that can be applied to other disorders and may be useful in clarifying some of the current challenges in the study of HAND. A small number of studies have applied these methods to examine the heterogeneity of neurocognitive function among individuals with HIV. Most have supported the existence of multiple subtypes of neurocognitive impairment, with some evidence for distinct clinicodemographic features of these subtypes, but a number of gaps exist. Following a review of diagnostic methods and challenges in the study of HAND, we summarize the literature regarding conventional and empirical subtypes of MCI and HAND and identify directions for future research regarding neurocognitive heterogeneity in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn N Devlin
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Tania Giovannetti
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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Tavano B, Tsipouri V, Hardy GAD, Royle CM, Keegan MR, Fuchs D, Patterson S, Almond N, Berry N, Ham C, Ferguson D, Boasso A. Immune Responses in the Central Nervous System Are Anatomically Segregated in a Non-Human Primate Model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:361. [PMID: 28424694 PMCID: PMC5371826 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) accesses the central nervous system (CNS) early during infection, leading to HIV-associated cognitive impairment and establishment of a viral reservoir. Here, we describe a dichotomy in inflammatory responses in different CNS regions in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques, a model for HIV infection. We found increased expression of inflammatory genes and perivascular leukocyte infiltration in the midbrain of SIV-infected macaques. Conversely, the frontal lobe showed downregulation of inflammatory genes associated with interferon-γ and interleukin-6 pathways, and absence of perivascular cuffing. These immunologic alterations were not accompanied by differences in SIV transcriptional activity within the tissue. Altered expression of genes associated with neurotoxicity was observed in both midbrain and frontal lobe. The segregation of inflammatory responses to specific regions of the CNS may both account for HIV-associated neurological symptoms and constitute a critical hurdle for HIV eradication by shielding the CNS viral reservoir from antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tavano
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology (CIV), Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vicky Tsipouri
- NIHR Biological Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gareth A D Hardy
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology (CIV), Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Royle
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology (CIV), Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael R Keegan
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology (CIV), Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.,ViiV Healthcare, Middlesex, UK
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven Patterson
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology (CIV), Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Neil Almond
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Neil Berry
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Claire Ham
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Deborah Ferguson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Adriano Boasso
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology (CIV), Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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74
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Kamal S, Locatelli I, Wandeler G, Sehhat A, Bugnon O, Metral M, Du Pasquier R, Gutbrod K, Cavassini M, Schneider MP. The Presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders Is Associated With a Lower Adherence to Combined Antiretroviral Treatment. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx070. [PMID: 28584853 PMCID: PMC5450901 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are defined according to their diagnostic degrees as follows: asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, mild neurocognitive disorder, and HIV-associated dementia. Because high adherence to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is required to maintain viral suppression among HIV-infected patients, it is important to investigate the impact of HAND on medication adherence. Our study hypothesis was that patients with HAND had a lower medication adherence than patients who did not have HAND. METHODS This was an observational, exploratory, 2-center pilot study of patients who had a state-of-the-art neurocognitive assessment performed between January 2011 and June 2015 while also being followed at their respective adherence clinics. Adherence was measured with electronic monitors. Patients' sociodemographic characteristics, HIV viral load, and CD4 counts were retrieved from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study database. At each time t, adherence was computed as the proportion of patients taking medication as prescribed at that time. RESULTS We included 59 patients, with a median (Q1, Q3) age of 53 years (47-58) and 39 (66%) were male participants. Twenty-two patients (35%) had no neurocognitive deficits, 16 (27%) patients had HAND, and 21 (35%) patients had non-HAND (mostly depression). Implementation over 3 years showed a significant decline (50%) in medication adherence among patients diagnosed with HAND in comparison with patients who had a normal neuropsychological status or a non-HIV-related cognitive deficit (implementation stayed 90% during follow-up). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that HAND is associated with reduced cART adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kamal
- Community Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Community Pharmacy, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Locatelli
- Community Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Wandeler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Asemaneh Sehhat
- Community Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Community Pharmacy, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Bugnon
- Community Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Community Pharmacy, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Klemens Gutbrod
- Department of Neuropsychology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Infectious Disease Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie P Schneider
- Community Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Community Pharmacy, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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75
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Carroll A, Brew B. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: recent advances in pathogenesis, biomarkers, and treatment. F1000Res 2017; 6:312. [PMID: 28413625 PMCID: PMC5365228 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10651.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent despite plasma viral suppression by antiretroviral agents. In fact, the prevalence of milder subtypes of cognitive impairment is increasing. Neuropsychologic testing remains the "gold standard" of diagnosis; however, this is time consuming and costly in a resource-poor environment. Recently developed screening tools, such as CogState and the revised HIV dementia scale, have very good sensitivity and specificity in the more severe stages of HAND. However, questions remain regarding the utility of, optimal population for, and insensitivity of tests in mild HAND. Recognition of ongoing viral persistence and the inflammatory milieu in the central nervous system (CNS) has advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of HAND and facilitated the development of biomarkers of CNS disease. The importance of the monocyte-macrophage lineage cell and the astrocyte as viral reservoirs, HIV viral proteins, self-perpetuating CNS inflammation, and CCR5 chemokine receptor neurotropism has been identified. Whilst biomarkers demonstrate monocyte activation, inflammation, and neuronal injury, they remain limited in their clinical utility. The improved understanding of pathogenic mechanisms has led to novel approaches to the treatment of HAND; however, despite these advances, the optimal management is still undefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Carroll
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Level 4, Xavier Building, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Delacy Building, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bruce Brew
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Level 4, Xavier Building, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Department of HIV Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, Level 4, Xavier Building, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Delacy Building, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
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Gott C, Gates T, Dermody N, Brew BJ, Cysique LA. Cognitive change trajectories in virally suppressed HIV-infected individuals indicate high prevalence of disease activity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171887. [PMID: 28264037 PMCID: PMC5338778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The longitudinal rate and profile of cognitive decline in persons with stable, treated, and virally suppressed HIV infection is not established. To address this question, the current study quantifies the rate of cognitive decline in a cohort of virally suppressed HIV+ persons using clinically relevant definitions of decline, and determine cognitive trajectories taking into account historical and baseline HAND status. METHODS Ninety-six HIV+ (clinically stable and virally undetectable) and 44 demographically comparable HIV- participants underwent standard neuropsychological testing at baseline and 18-months follow-up. We described clinically relevant cognitive trajectories based on standard definitions of historical and baseline HAND status and cognitive decline. Historical, moderate to severe HAND was formally diagnosed at the start of the cART era in 15/96 participants based on clinical neurological and neuropsychological assessment. The same standard of care has been applied to all participants at St. Vincent's Hospital Infectious Disease Department for the duration of their HIV infection (median of 20 years). RESULTS Relative to HIV- controls (4.5%), 14% of HIV+ participants declined (p = .11), they also scored significantly lower on the global change score (p = .03), processing speed (p = .02), and mental flexibility/inhibition (p = .02) domains. Having HAND at baseline significantly predicted cognitive decline at follow up (p = .005). We determined seven clinically relevant cognitive trajectories taking into account whether participant has a history of HAND prior to study entry (yes/no); their results on the baseline assessment (baseline impairment: yes/no) and their results on the 18-month follow up (decline or stable) which in order of prevalence were: 1) No HAND history, no baseline impairment, 18-month follow-up stable (39%), 2) No HAND history, baseline impairment, 18-month follow-up stable (35%), 3) History of HAND; baseline impairment, 18-month follow-up stable (9%) 4) No history of HAND, baseline impairment, 18-month follow-up decline (7%), 5) History of HAND, no baseline impairment, 18-month follow-up stable (3%), 6) No HAND history, no baseline impairment, 18-month follow-up decline (3%) 7) History of HAND, baseline impairment, 18-month follow-up decline (3%). There was no relationship between cognitive decline (taking into account historical and baseline HAND) and traditional HIV disease biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Despite long-term viral suppression, we found mostly subclinical levels of decline in psychomotor speed and executive functioning (mental flexibility and cognitive inhibition); well-established markers of HAND progression. Moreover, 57% of our cohort is undergoing slow evolution of their disease, challenging the notion of prevalent neurocognitive stability in virally suppressed HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Gott
- Psychology Department, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Gates
- Departments of HIV and Neurology St Vincent’s Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Nadene Dermody
- Psychology Department, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce J. Brew
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Departments of HIV and Neurology St Vincent’s Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Lucette A. Cysique
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Departments of HIV and Neurology St Vincent’s Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Episodic memory deficits are both common and impactful among persons infected with HIV; however, we know little about how to improve such deficits in the laboratory or in real life. Retrieval practice, by which retrieval of newly learned material improves subsequent recall more than simple restudy, is a robust memory boosting strategy that is effective in both healthy and clinical populations. In this study, we investigated the benefits of retrieval practice in 52 people living with HIV and 21 seronegatives. METHODS In a within-subjects design, all participants studied 48 verbal paired associates in 3 learning conditions: Massed-Restudy, Spaced-Restudy, and Spaced-Testing. Retention of verbal paired associates was assessed after short- (30 min) and long- (30 days) delay intervals. RESULTS After a short delay, both HIV+ persons and seronegatives benefited from retrieval practice more so than massed and spaced restudy. The same pattern of results was observed specifically for HIV+ persons with clinical levels of memory impairment. The long-term retention interval data evidenced a floor effect that precluded further analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that retrieval practice improves verbal episodic memory more than some other mnemonic strategies among HIV+ persons. (JINS, 2017, 23, 214-222).
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Watson C, Busovaca E, Foley JM, Allen IE, Schwarz CG, Jahanshad N, Nir TM, Esmaeili-Firidouni P, Milanini B, Rosen H, Carmichael OT, Thompson PM, Valcour VG. White matter hyperintensities correlate to cognition and fiber tract integrity in older adults with HIV. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:422-429. [PMID: 28101804 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to examine the clinical relevance of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in HIV. We used an automated approach to quantify WMH volume in HIV seropositive (HIV+; n = 65) and HIV seronegative (HIV-; n = 29) adults over age 60. We compared WMH volumes between HIV+ and HIV- groups in cross-sectional and multiple time-point analyses. We also assessed correlations between WMH volumes and cardiovascular, HIV severity, cognitive scores, and diffusion tensor imaging variables. Serostatus groups did not differ in WMH volume, but HIV+ participants had less cerebral white matter (mean: 470.95 [43.24] vs. 497.63 [49.42] mL, p = 0.010). The distribution of WMH volume was skewed in HIV+ with a high proportion (23%) falling above the 95th percentile of WMH volume defined by the HIV- group. Serostatus groups had similar amount of WMH volume growth over time. Total WMH volume directly correlated with measures of hypertension and inversely correlated with measures of global cognition, particularly in executive functioning, and psychomotor speed. Greater WMH volume was associated with poorer brain integrity measured from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the corpus callosum and sagittal stratum. In this group of HIV+ individuals over 60, WMH burden was associated with cardiovascular risk and both worse diffusion MRI and cognition. The median total burden did not differ by serostatus; however, a subset of HIV+ individuals had high WMH burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Watson
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, MC: 1207, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Edgar Busovaca
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, MC: 1207, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jessica M Foley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, MC: 1207, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - I Elaine Allen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher G Schwarz
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Talia M Nir
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pardis Esmaeili-Firidouni
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, MC: 1207, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Benedetta Milanini
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, MC: 1207, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Howard Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, MC: 1207, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Owen T Carmichael
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Victor G Valcour
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, MC: 1207, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Bischoff-Grethe A, Connolly CG, Jordan SJ, Brown GG, Paulus MP, Tapert SF, Heaton RK, Woods SP, Grant I. Altered reward expectancy in individuals with recent methamphetamine dependence. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:17-30. [PMID: 27649775 PMCID: PMC5225125 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116668590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic methamphetamine use may lead to changes in reward-related function of the ventral striatum and caudate nucleus. Whether methamphetamine-dependent individuals show heightened reactivity to positively valenced stimuli (i.e. positive reinforcement mechanisms), or an exaggerated response to negatively valenced stimuli (i.e. driven by negative reinforcement mechanisms) remains unclear. This study investigated neural functioning of expectancy and receipt for gains and losses in adults with (METH+) and without (METH-) histories of methamphetamine dependence. METHODS Participants (17 METH+; 23 METH-) performed a probabilistic feedback expectancy task during blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were given visual cues probabilistically associated with monetary gain, loss, or neutral outcomes. General linear models examined the BOLD response to: (1) anticipation of gains and losses, and (2) gain and loss monetary outcomes. RESULTS METH+ had less BOLD response to loss anticipation than METH- in the ventral striatum and posterior caudate. METH+ also showed more BOLD response to loss outcomes than to gain outcomes in the anterior and posterior caudate, whereas METH- did not show differential responses to the valence of outcomes. DISCUSSION METH+ individuals showed attenuated neural response to anticipated gains and losses, but their response to loss outcomes was greater than to gain outcomes. A decreased response to loss anticipation, along with a greater response to loss outcomes, suggests an altered ability to evaluate future risks and benefits based upon prior experience, which may underlie suboptimal decision-making in METH+ individuals that increases the likelihood of risky behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephan J Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gregory G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steven P Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Spies G, Fennema-Notestine C, Cherner M, Seedat S. Changes in cognitive function in women with HIV infection and early life stress. AIDS Care 2017; 29:14-23. [PMID: 27396980 PMCID: PMC5157837 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1204417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV is frequently associated with deficits in brain function, including memory, psychomotor speed, executive function and attention. Early life stress (ELS) has also been shown to have a direct influence on neurocognitive performance. However, little is known about the combined impact of ELS and HIV on neurocognitive function over time. The aim of the present study was to follow a cohort of affected women, allowing us to assess the effects of HIV and childhood trauma on cognition and the change in cognition over time. METHOD A battery of neurocognitive tests was administered to 117 women at baseline and then a year later. The sample included a total of 67 HIV+ and 50 HIV- women, 71 with ELS and 46 without ELS. Controlling for age, education and antiretroviral therapy (ART) at baseline and 12-month follow-up, raw scores were compared across groups using a repeated-measures analysis of covariance. RESULTS More women were on ART at follow-up compared to baseline. Results revealed a significant combined HIV and childhood trauma effect over time on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (p = .003) and Category Fluency Test (p = .006). A significant individual HIV effect over time was evident on the WAIS-III Digit Symbol Test (p = .03) and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (p = .003). CONCLUSION Findings suggest better performance in abstract reasoning, speed of information processing and verbal fluency over time. While all groups showed improvements that may correspond to practice effects, effects of HIV and childhood trauma remained evident at 12-month follow-up despite greater ART uptake and improved HIV disease status. This is the first study to assess the combined impact of HIV and trauma on neurocognitive function over time in an all-female cohort with more advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Spies
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), PTSD program, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), PTSD program, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
- MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Xu X, Hu H, Hong YA. Body burden of heavy metals among HIV high risk population in USA. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:1121-1126. [PMID: 27856018 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV high risk population may face not only the threat of HIV infection but also a higher chance of exposure to environmental contaminants. However, no previous studies have examined the body burden of environmental pollutants including heavy metals among HIV high risk populations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adults aged 20-59 years old at high risk of HIV infection have higher blood levels of heavy metals compared to those with low risk of HIV infection in United States. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2010 to compare exposures to heavy metals including cadmium, lead, and total mercury by HIV risk status. RESULTS The results showed that people at high risk of HIV had higher blood concentrations of all heavy metals compared to their counterparts with lower HIV risks. In multivariate linear regression models, HIV risk status was significantly associated with increased blood cadmium, lead, and total mercury after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, and poverty income ratio. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that people at high risk of HIV have significantly higher body burden of heavy metals including cadmium, lead, and mercury compared to those with low risk of HIV. Further longitudinal study collecting more pollutants are warranted to determine the potential health effects of these elevated pollutants on both HIV-infected and HIV high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States.
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yan Alicia Hong
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States
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Alibhai SMH, Timilshina N, Duff-Canning S, Breunis H, Tannock IF, Naglie G, Fleshner NE, Krahn MD, Warde P, Marzouk S, Tomlinson GA. Effects of long-term androgen deprivation therapy on cognitive function over 36 months in men with prostate cancer. Cancer 2017; 123:237-244. [PMID: 27583806 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many men with prostate cancer (PC) require long-term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but to the authors' knowledge, its effects on cognitive function beyond 1 year are not described. METHODS Three groups of men aged ≥50 years who were matched based on age and education were enrolled: 77 patients with nonmetastatic PC who initiated continuous ADT, 82 patients with PC who were not receiving ADT (PC controls), and 82 healthy controls. A battery of 14 neuropsychological tests, examining 8 cognitive domains, was administered on 5 occasions over 36 months. Changes in cognitive scores over time were analyzed using 3 approaches: linear mixed effects regression, the percentage of participants per group with declines in ≥1/2 cognitive tests, and a global summary of cognitive change. RESULTS The mean age of the study subjects was 68.9 years, with a median of 16 years of education. In mixed effects models adjusted for age and education, ADT use was not found to be associated with significant changes over time in any cognitive test compared with healthy controls. The percentage of participants declining by ≥1.5 standard deviations in ≥2 tests or ≥2 standard deviations in ≥1 tests was similar across groups. A global summary of cognitive change found no statistically significant worsening of cognitive function among ADT users compared with controls. Sensitivity analyses adjusting for duration of ADT and using multiple imputation for missing data did not materially alter the study findings. CONCLUSIONS The ongoing use of ADT for up to 36 months does not appear to be associated with cognitive decline. Cancer 2017;123:237-244. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir M H Alibhai
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Narhari Timilshina
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Duff-Canning
- Krembil Neuroscience Program, Division of Neurology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henriette Breunis
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian F Tannock
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Naglie
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Murray D Krahn
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Padraig Warde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shireen Marzouk
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George A Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hegde S, Bharath RD, Rao MB, Shiva K, Arimappamagan A, Sinha S, Rajeswaran J, Satishchandra P. Preservation of cognitive and musical abilities of a musician following surgery for chronic drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a case report. Neurocase 2016; 22:512-517. [PMID: 27367173 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2016.1198815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) affects a range of cognitive functions and musical abilities. We report a 16-year-old boy diagnosed with drug-resistant right-medial TLE. He is a professional musician, trained in Carnatic classical music. Clinical, electrophysiological, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography evaluation localized the seizure focus to the right medial temporal lobe. Patient underwent detailed neuropsychological evaluation and functional MRI (fMRI) for musical abilities prior to surgery. He underwent an awake craniotomy and tailored resection of lateral neocortex as well as amygdalohippocampectomy under guidance of cortical stimulation and clinical monitoring. The superior temporal gyrus where activation was revealed on task-based fMRI was preserved. At 16-month follow-up, there was no seizure recurrence and his cognitive functions including musical abilities did not deteriorate with surgery. The task-based fMRI while listening to music revealed bilateral frontotemporal activation. There was evidence of increased left frontotemporal connectivity during the postsurgical period in the resting state fMRI. It is hypothesized that the intact neuropsychological and musical abilities might be as a result of intense musical training from an early age despite the illness leading to functional and neural adaptation of the brain might have contributed to his preserved cognitive functions and musical skills. Intense musical training at a young age perhaps not only honed a range of cognitive functions but also resulted in functionally more efficient cognitive networks despite the surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantala Hegde
- a Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology , NIMHANS , Bangalore , India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- b Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology , NIMHANS , Bangalore , India
| | | | - Karthik Shiva
- b Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology , NIMHANS , Bangalore , India
| | | | - Sanjib Sinha
- d Department of Neurology , NIMHANS , Bangalore , India
| | - Jamuna Rajeswaran
- a Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology , NIMHANS , Bangalore , India
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Keegan MR, Chittiprol S, Letendre SL, Winston A, Fuchs D, Boasso A, Iudicello J, Ellis RJ. Tryptophan Metabolism and Its Relationship with Depression and Cognitive Impairment Among HIV-infected Individuals. Int J Tryptophan Res 2016; 9:79-88. [PMID: 27812290 PMCID: PMC5083113 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s36464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive impairment (CI) and major depressive disorder (MDD) remain prevalent in treated HIV-1 disease; however, the pathogenesis remains elusive. A possible contributing mechanism is immune-mediated degradation of tryptophan (TRP) via the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, resulting in decreased production of serotonin and accumulation of TRP degradation products. We explored the association of these biochemical pathways and their relationship with CI and MDD in HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals. METHODS In a cross-sectional analysis, concentrations of neopterin (NEO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TRP, KYN, KYN/TRP ratio, phenylalanine (PHE), tyrosine (TYR), PHE/TYR ratio, and nitrite were assessed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of HIV+ (n = 91) and HIV-negative (HIV−) individuals (n = 66). CI and MDD were assessed via a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. A Global Deficit Score ≥0.5 was defined as CI. Nonparametric statistical analyses included Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests, and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Following Bonferroni correction, NEO concentrations were found to be greater in CSF and TRP concentration was found to be lower in the plasma of HIV+ versus HIV− individuals, including a subgroup of aviremic (defined as HIV-1 RNA <50 cps/mL) HIV+ participants receiving antiretroviral therapy (n = 44). There was a nonsignificant trend toward higher KYN/TRP ratios in plasma in the HIV+ group (P = 0.027; Bonferroni corrected α = 0.0027). In a logistic regression model, lower KYN/TRP ratios in plasma were associated with CI and MDD in the overall HIV+ group (P = 0.038 and P = 0.063, respectively) and the aviremic subgroup (P = 0.066 and P = 0.027, respectively), though this observation was not statistically significant following Bonferroni correction (Bonferroni corrected α = 0.0031). CONCLUSIONS We observed a trend toward lower KYN/TRP ratios in aviremic HIV+ patients with CI and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Keegan
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.; ViiV Healthcare Ltd., Clinical Sciences Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seetharamaiah Chittiprol
- University of California, San Diego, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA.; Memorial Healthcare System, Department of Pathology, Hollywood, FL, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- University of California, San Diego, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alan Winston
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Innsbruck Medical University, Centre for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adriano Boasso
- Imperial College London, Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Iudicello
- University of California, San Diego, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- University of California, San Diego, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
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Hoenigl M, Pérez-Santiago J, Nakazawa M, de Oliveira MF, Zhang Y, Finkelman MA, Letendre S, Smith D, Gianella S. (1→3)-β-d-Glucan: A Biomarker for Microbial Translocation in Individuals with Acute or Early HIV Infection? Front Immunol 2016; 7:404. [PMID: 27752257 PMCID: PMC5046804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The extent of gut microbial translocation, which plays roles in HIV disease progression and non-AIDS comorbidities, appears to vary with the composition of the gut microbiome, particularly the presence of Lactobacillales, which reduce mucosal injury. While low proportions of Lactobacillales in the distal gut microbiome are a very promising indicator of microbial translocation, measurement is expensive and complicated and not feasible for clinical routine. (1→3)-β-d-Glucan (BDG) is a component of most fungal cell walls and might be a surrogate marker for Lactobacillales proportion in the gut and a useful indicator of HIV-associated gut injury. This study evaluated BDG as a biomarker of gut integrity in adults with acute or early HIV infection (AEH). Methods Study samples were collected longitudinally during study visits at weeks 0, 12, and 24 in a cohort of 11 HIV-infected men starting antiretroviral therapy during AEH. Blood plasma levels of BDG, soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured and then correlated with the proportion of Lactobacillales in the distal gut microbiome, as measured by 16s rDNA sequencing by using mixed-effects models with random intercepts. Results Mean BDG and sCD14 levels across subjects were associated with Lactobacillales after controlling for time effects and within-subjects correlations (p-values < 0.05), while LPS levels were not. Specifically, each point increase in mean BDG and sCD14 levels across participants was associated with 0.31 ± 0.14 and 0.03 ± 0.01 percent decrease in mean Lactobacillales proportions, respectively. Conclusion BDG and sCD14 may be indicators of low Lactobacillales in the gut in adults with acute or early HIV infection, and serve as biomarkers of gut integrity and microbial translocation in HIV infection. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hoenigl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Josué Pérez-Santiago
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Masato Nakazawa
- Department of Medicine, AntiViral Research Center, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Michelli Faria de Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Yonglong Zhang
- Clinical Development, Associates of Cape Cod, Inc. , Falmouth, MA , USA
| | | | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Davey Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA
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86
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Woods AJ, Porges EC, Bryant VE, Seider T, Gongvatana A, Kahler CW, de la Monte S, Monti PM, Cohen RA. Current Heavy Alcohol Consumption is Associated with Greater Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2435-2444. [PMID: 27658235 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute consumption of excessive quantities of alcohol causes well-recognized neurophysiological and cognitive alterations. As people reach advanced age, they are more prone to cognitive decline. To date, the interaction of current heavy alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) consumption and aging remains unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that negative consequences of current heavy alcohol consumption on neurocognitive function are worse with advanced age. Further, we evaluated the relations between lifetime history of alcohol dependence and neurocognitive function METHODS: Sixty-six participants underwent a comprehensive neurocognitive battery. Current heavy EtOH drinkers were classified using National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism criteria (EtOH heavy, n = 21) based on the Timeline follow-back and a structured clinical interview and compared to nondrinkers, and moderate drinkers (EtOH low, n = 45). Of the total population, 53.3% had a lifetime history of alcohol dependence. Neurocognitive data were grouped and analyzed relative to global and domain scores assessing: global cognitive function, attention/executive function, learning, memory, motor function, verbal function, and speed of processing. RESULTS Heavy current EtOH consumption in older adults was associated with poorer global cognitive function, learning, memory, and motor function (ps < 0.05). Furthermore, lifetime history of alcohol dependence was associated with poorer function in the same neurocognitive domains, in addition to the attention/executive domain, irrespective of age (ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that while heavy current alcohol consumption is associated with significant impairment in a number of neurocognitive domains, history of alcohol dependence, even in the absence of heavy current alcohol use, is associated with lasting negative consequences for neurocognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Woods
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory (CAM), Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
| | - Eric C Porges
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory (CAM), Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vaughn E Bryant
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory (CAM), Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Talia Seider
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory (CAM), Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Assawin Gongvatana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies and the Alcohol Research Center on HIV (ARCH), Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Suzanne de la Monte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Peter M Monti
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies and the Alcohol Research Center on HIV (ARCH), Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory (CAM), Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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87
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Pinheiro C, Souza L, Motta J, Kelbert E, Souza M, Martins C, Coelho F, Pinheiro K, Pinheiro R. Depression and diagnosis of neurocognitive impairment in HIV-positive patients. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016; 49:e5344. [PMID: 27626305 PMCID: PMC5030831 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) is frequently observed in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and results from the compromise of subcortical brain structures by the virus. The manifestations of NCI range from asymptomatic impairment to dementia. In addition to cognitive impairment resulting from HIV infection, other factors such as depression are associated with the loss of cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of NCI in HIV-positive patients in a city in southern Brazil and to establish possible associations for the prevalence of NCI with HIV-related and other risk factors. This cross-sectional study of HIV-positive outpatients was conducted in a specialized care service in the city of Pelotas in Southern Brazil. Sociodemographic data and HIV-related information were collected, and all patients underwent psychiatric and neurocognitive evaluations. The prevalence of NCI among the 392 patients was 54.1% when tracked using the IHDS (International HIV Dementia Scale) and 36.2% when the IHDS was associated with a battery of complementary tests. A bivariate analysis suggested an association of NCI with gender, age, educational level, depression, current CD4 count and lowest CD4 count. The association of NCI with depression remained in the Poisson regression (PR=1.96, 95%CI=1.12-3.42). The prevalence of cognitive impairment in HIV-positive patients estimated in this study is in accordance with international and Brazilian data. Of the factors analyzed, depression showed the greatest evidence of association with neurocognitive loss. Based on our findings, the inclusion of instruments to evaluate depression in our services for patients with HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.A.T. Pinheiro
- Serviço de Assistência Especializada, Faculdade de Medicina,
Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica
de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - L.D.M. Souza
- Programa de Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica
de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - J.V.S. Motta
- Programa de Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica
de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - E.F. Kelbert
- Programa de Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica
de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - M.S. Souza
- Programa de Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica
de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - C.S.R. Martins
- Programa de Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica
de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - F.M.C. Coelho
- Programa de Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica
de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - K.A.T. Pinheiro
- Programa de Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica
de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - R.T. Pinheiro
- Programa de Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica
de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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Kinuthia RN, Gakinya BN, Thigiti JM. Relationship between HIV stage and psychomotor speed neurocognitive score at a Kenyan sub-county hospital. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2016; 8:e1-8. [PMID: 27608675 PMCID: PMC5016719 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v8i1.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is associated with cognitive impairment which affects psychomotor speed. Psychomotor slowing is a predictor of dementia and death in people living with HIV and AIDS. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between HIV disease stage and psychomotor speed neurocognitive score which will add to the body of knowledge required to manage patients with HIV and AIDS. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between psychomotor speed neurocognitive score and the HIV disease stage in adults at initiation of care. SETTING This study was conducted at Kangundo Sub-county hospital comprehensive care centre. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. All HIV seropositive patients aged 18 to 50 years recently initiated into care were studied. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data. The World Health Organization (WHO) stage was used during data collection to classify study participants into asymptomatic and symptomatic groups. The grooved pegboard test was used to obtain psychomotor speed neurocognitive scores. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise data. Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's rho and multiple linear regression were employed in the analysis; p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The WHO stage did not have a significant effect on the psychomotor speed neurocognitive score (p ≥ 0.05). The CD4 count had a significant effect on psychomotor speed neurocognitive score (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There was a significant correlation between CD4 counts and psychomotor speed neurocognitive score. Efforts should be made to ensure that the CD4 counts of people living with HIV and AIDS do not continue to fall after initiation into care in order to preserve psychomotor function.
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89
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HIV Infection in the Elderly: Arising Challenges. J Aging Res 2016; 2016:2404857. [PMID: 27595022 PMCID: PMC4993911 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2404857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally there is an increase in the number of people living with HIV at an advanced age (50 years and above). This is mainly due to prolonged survival following the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Living with HIV at an advanced age has been shown to be associated with a number of challenges, both clinical and immunological. This minireview aims at discussing the challenges encountered by elderly HIV-infected patients.
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90
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Marquine MJ, Sakamoto M, Dufour C, Rooney A, Fazeli P, Umlauf A, Gouaux B, Franklin D, Ellis R, Letendre S, Cherner M, Heaton RK, Grant I, Moore DJ. The impact of ethnicity/race on the association between the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index and neurocognitive function among HIV-infected persons. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:442-54. [PMID: 26679535 PMCID: PMC4912471 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index was developed as a risk index for health outcomes in HIV, and it has been consistently associated with mortality. It shows a significant, yet relatively weak, association with neurocognitive impairment, and little is known about its utility among ethnic/racial minority groups. We examined whether the association between the VACS Index and neurocognition differed by ethnic/racial group. Participants included 674 HIV-infected individuals (369 non-Hispanic whites, 111 non-Hispanic blacks, and 194 Hispanics). Neurocognitive function was assessed via a comprehensive battery. Scaled scores for each neurocognitive test were averaged to calculate domain and global neurocognitive scores. Models adjusting for demographics and HIV disease characteristics not included in the VACS Index showed that higher VACS Index scores (indicating poorer health) were significantly associated with worse global neurocognition among non-Hispanic whites. This association was comparable in non-Hispanic blacks, but nonsignificant among Hispanics (with similar results for English and Spanish speaking). We obtained comparable findings in analyses adjusting for other covariates (psychiatric and medical comorbidities and lifestyle factors). Analyses of individual neurocognitive domains showed similar results in learning and delayed recall. For other domains, there was an effect of the VACS Index and no significant interactions with race/ethnicity. Different components of the VACS Index were associated with global neurocognition by race/ethnicity. In conclusion, the association between the VACS Index and neurocognitive function differs by ethnic/racial group. Identifying key indicators of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment by ethnic/racial group might play an important role in furthering our understanding of the biomarkers of neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - M Sakamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - C Dufour
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A Rooney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - P Fazeli
- Psychology Department, University of Alabama, Birmingham, CA, USA
| | - A Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - B Gouaux
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - D Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - S Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - M Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - I Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - D J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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91
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Dampier W, Antell GC, Aiamkitsumrit B, Nonnemacher MR, Jacobson JM, Pirrone V, Zhong W, Kercher K, Passic S, Williams JW, James T, Devlin KN, Giovannetti T, Libon DJ, Szep Z, Ehrlich GD, Wigdahl B, Krebs FC. Specific amino acids in HIV-1 Vpr are significantly associated with differences in patient neurocognitive status. J Neurovirol 2016; 23:113-124. [PMID: 27400931 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Even in the era of combination antiretroviral therapies used to combat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, up to 50 % of well-suppressed HIV-1-infected patients are still diagnosed with mild neurological deficits referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The multifactorial nature of HAND likely involves the HIV-1 accessory protein viral protein R (Vpr) as an agent of neuropathogenesis. To investigate the effect of naturally occurring variations in Vpr on HAND in well-suppressed HIV-1-infected patients, bioinformatic analyses were used to correlate peripheral blood-derived Vpr sequences with patient neurocognitive performance, as measured by comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and the resulting Global Deficit Score (GDS). Our studies revealed unique associations between GDS and the presence of specific amino acid changes in peripheral blood-derived Vpr sequences [neuropsychological impairment Vpr (niVpr) variants]. Amino acids N41 and A55 in the Vpr sequence were associated with more pronounced neurocognitive deficits (higher GDS). In contrast, amino acids I37 and S41 were connected to measurably lower GDS. All niVpr variants were also detected in DNA isolated from HIV-1-infected brain tissues. The implication of these results is that niVpr variants alter the genesis and/or progression of HAND through differences in Vpr-mediated effects in the peripheral blood and/or the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Dampier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gregory C Antell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Kercher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shendra Passic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean W Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tony James
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn N Devlin
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - David J Libon
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Zsofia Szep
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Garth D Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fred C Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kesby JP, Markou A, Semenova S. The effects of HIV-1 regulatory TAT protein expression on brain reward function, response to psychostimulants and delay-dependent memory in mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:205-215. [PMID: 27316905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression and psychostimulant abuse are common comorbidities among humans with immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. The HIV regulatory protein TAT is one of multiple HIV-related proteins associated with HIV-induced neurotoxicity. TAT-induced dysfunction of dopamine and serotonin systems in corticolimbic brain areas may result in impaired reward function, thus, contributing to depressive symptoms and psychostimulant abuse. Transgenic mice with doxycycline-induced TAT protein expression in the brain (TAT+, TAT- control) show neuropathology resembling brain abnormalities in HIV+ humans. We evaluated brain reward function in response to TAT expression, nicotine and methamphetamine administration in TAT+ and TAT- mice using the intracranial self-stimulation procedure. We evaluated the brain dopamine and serotonin systems with high-performance liquid chromatography. The effects of TAT expression on delay-dependent working memory in TAT+ and TAT- mice using the operant delayed nonmatch-to-position task were also assessed. During doxycycline administration, reward thresholds were elevated by 20% in TAT+ mice compared with TAT- mice. After the termination of doxycycline treatment, thresholds of TAT+ mice remained significantly higher than those of TAT- mice and this was associated with changes in mesolimbic serotonin and dopamine levels. TAT+ mice showed a greater methamphetamine-induced threshold lowering compared with TAT- mice. TAT expression did not alter delay-dependent working memory. These results indicate that TAT expression in mice leads to reward deficits, a core symptom of depression, and a greater sensitivity to methamphetamine-induced reward enhancement. Our findings suggest that the TAT protein may contribute to increased depressive-like symptoms and continued methamphetamine use in HIV-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Kesby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana Semenova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Sunmonu TA, A.Ogunrin O, Imarhiagbe FA, Owolabi LF, Komolafe MA, llesanmi OS. Cognitive function in patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection in a tertiary health facility in south - west Nigeria: Assessment using computer-assisted neuropsychological test battery. eNeurologicalSci 2016; 3:54-59. [PMID: 29430537 PMCID: PMC5803067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive dysfunction is common among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection however there are few reports from sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS We studied fifty seropositive patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection along with fifty matched seronegative control. Medical history taking and general physical and neurological examinations were done for all study participants. Laboratory evaluations and chest X-ray were done for all the patients. The cognitive function was done with the aid of 'Fepsy' automated test battery for all the study participants. The data was analyzed with statistical package for social sciences software version 21.0 (SPSS Chicago IL). RESULT About 70% of the HIV patients were in advanced disease stage. The auditory and visual reaction times, binary choice reaction times, and computerized visual scanning task time were more prolonged in the HIV group (p < 0.05). There were also increased memory accuracy and binary choice task accuracy in the HIV group (p < 0.05). However the vigilance task performance was similar between the two groups (p > 0.05). Among the patients with HIV infection, the presence of anemia and central nervous system toxoplasmosis infection was associated with prolonged auditory and visual reaction times. CONCLUSION There was a high rate of cognitive dysfunction in patients with HIV infection in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofiki A. Sunmonu
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi A.Ogunrin
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Frank A. Imarhiagbe
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Lukman F. Owolabi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano University teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Morenikeji A. Komolafe
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka S. llesanmi
- Department of Community Health, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
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94
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Neurocognitive function in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing primary or adjuvant chemoradiation treatment. Support Care Cancer 2016; 24:4433-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-016-3284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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95
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Kesby JP, Markou A, Semenova S. Effects of HIV/TAT protein expression and chronic selegiline treatment on spatial memory, reversal learning and neurotransmitter levels in mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:131-140. [PMID: 27211061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxic viral protein TAT may contribute to deficits in dopaminergic and cognitive function in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Transgenic mice with brain-specific doxycycline-induced TAT expression (TAT+, TAT- control) show impaired cognition. However, previously reported TAT-induced deficits in reversal learning may be compromised by initial learning deficits. We investigated the effects of TAT expression on memory retention/recall and reversal learning, and neurotransmitter function. We also investigated if TAT-induced effects can be reversed by improving dopamine function with selegiline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Mice were tested in the Barnes maze and TAT expression was induced after the task acquisition. Selegiline treatment continued throughout behavioral testing. Dopamine, serotonin and glutamate tissue levels in the prefrontal/orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus and caudate putamen were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Neither TAT expression nor selegiline altered memory retention. On day 2 of reversal learning testing, TAT+ mice made fewer errors and used more efficient search strategies than TAT- mice. TAT expression decreased dopamine turnover in the caudate putamen, increased serotonin turnover in the hippocampus and tended to increase the conversion of glutamate to glutamine in all regions. Selegiline decreased dopamine and serotonin metabolism in all regions and increased glutamate levels in the caudate putamen. In the absence of impaired learning, TAT expression does not impair spatial memory retention/recall, and actually facilitates reversal learning. Selegiline-induced increases in dopamine metabolism did not affect cognitive function. These findings suggest that TAT-induced alterations in glutamate signaling, but not alterations in monoamine metabolism, may underlie the facilitation of reversal learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Kesby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana Semenova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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96
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González-Baeza A, Carvajal F, Bayón C, Pérez-Valero I, Montes-Ramírez M, Arribas JR. Facial Emotion Processing in Aviremic HIV-infected Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 31:401-10. [PMID: 27193364 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emotional processing in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive individuals (HIV+) has been scarcely studied. We included HIV+ individuals (n = 107) on antiretroviral therapy (≥2 years) who completed 6 facial processing tasks and neurocognitive testing. We compared HIV+ and healthy adult (HA) participants (n = 40) in overall performance of each facial processing task. Multiple logistic regressions were conducted to explore predictors of poorer accuracy in those measures in which HIV+ individuals performed poorer than HA participants. We separately explored the impact of neurocognitive status, antiretroviral regimen, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection on the tasks performance. We found similar performance in overall facial emotion discrimination, recognition, and recall between HIV+ and HA participants. The HIV+ group had poorer recognition of particular negative emotions. Lower WAIS-III Vocabulary scores and active HCV predicted poorer accuracy in recognition of particular emotions. Our results suggest that permanent damage of emotion-related brain systems might persist despite long-term effective antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A González-Baeza
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Carvajal
- Biological and Health Psychology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Bayón
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Pérez-Valero
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Montes-Ramírez
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - J R Arribas
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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97
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Abstract
Neurocognitive complications are the most common sequelae of HIV infection if the full spectrum of HIV disease—from initial seroconversion to death from advanced AIDS—is considered. Though resembling subcortical neurological disorders from a neuropsychological standpoint, the presentation is variable, and almost any pattern can be seen. Although neuropsychological impairment is often subtle, it can affect day-to-day life and is associated with earlier mortality. It is not clear if milder forms of neurocognitive disturbance necessarily presage advanced dementia, and current data suggest a two-factor model: a subacute relapsing-remitting condition that can occur at any stage of HIV disease and a progressive, more fulminant dementia. The pathological substrates of these conditions are not well characterized, although recent data support the notion that synaptodendritic damage underlies the neuropsychological impairment, and may precede the neuronal loss and other pathological features more characteristic of HIV encephalitis. Some reversibility of neurocognitive disturbance has been reported with zidovudine therapy, though the data are not consistent. New regimens involving protease inhibitors need to be evaluated in terms of benefit to the central nervous system because many drugs of this class do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier efficiently. Finally, studies utilizing experimental treatments that may affect the putative mechanisms of neural injury are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego
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98
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Kadri F, LaPlante A, De Luca M, Doyle L, Velasco-Gonzalez C, Patterson JR, Molina PE, Nelson S, Zea A, Parsons CH, Peruzzi F. Defining Plasma MicroRNAs Associated With Cognitive Impairment In HIV-Infected Patients. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:829-36. [PMID: 26284581 PMCID: PMC4758906 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals are at increased risk for developing neurocognitive disorders and depression. These conditions collectively affect more than 50% of people living with HIV/AIDS and adversely impact adherence to HIV therapy. Thus, identification of early markers of neurocognitive impairment could lead to interventions that improve psychosocial functioning and slow or reverse disease progression through improved treatment adherence. Evidence has accumulated for the role and function of microRNAs in normal and pathological conditions. We have optimized a protocol to profile microRNAs in body fluids. Using this methodology, we have profiled plasma microRNA expression for 30 age-matched, HIV-infected (HIV(+) ) patients and identified highly sensitive and specific microRNA signatures distinguishing HIV(+) patients with cognitive impairment from those without cognitive impairment. These results justify follow-on studies to determine whether plasma microRNA signatures can be used as a screening or prognostic tool for HIV(+) patients with neurocognitive impairment. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 829-836, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdous Kadri
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical School, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Andrea LaPlante
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical School, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Mariacristina De Luca
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical School, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lisa Doyle
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical School, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Cruz Velasco-Gonzalez
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical School, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Patterson
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical School, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Steve Nelson
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical School, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Arnold Zea
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical School, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Christopher H. Parsons
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical School, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Francesca Peruzzi
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical School, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: Francesca Peruzzi, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, , Tel: (504) 210-2978, Fax: (504) 210-2970
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99
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Spies G, Ahmed-Leitao F, Fennema-Notestine C, Cherner M, Seedat S. Effects of HIV and childhood trauma on brain morphometry and neurocognitive function. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:149-58. [PMID: 26424107 PMCID: PMC4959545 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A wide spectrum of neurocognitive deficits characterises HIV infection in adults. HIV infection is additionally associated with morphological brain abnormalities affecting neural substrates that subserve neurocognitive function. Early life stress (ELS) also has a direct influence on brain morphology. However, the combined impact of ELS and HIV on brain structure and neurocognitive function has not been examined in an all-female sample with advanced HIV disease. The present study examined the effects of HIV and childhood trauma on brain morphometry and neurocognitive function. Structural data were acquired using a 3T Magnetom MRI scanner, and a battery of neurocognitive tests was administered to 124 women: HIV-positive with ELS (n = 32), HIV-positive without ELS (n = 30), HIV-negative with ELS (n = 31) and HIV-negative without ELS (n = 31). Results revealed significant group volumetric differences for right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), bilateral hippocampi, corpus callosum, left and right caudate and left and right putamen. Mean regional volumes were lowest in HIV-positive women with ELS compared to all other groups. Although causality cannot be inferred, findings also suggest that alterations in the left frontal lobe, right ACC, left hippocampus, corpus callosum, left and right amygdala and left caudate may be associated with poorer neurocognitive performance in the domains of processing speed, attention/working memory, abstraction/executive functions, motor skills, learning and language/fluency with these effects more pronounced in women living with both HIV and childhood trauma. This study highlights the potential contributory role of childhood trauma to brain alterations and neurocognitive decline in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Spies
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), PTSD program, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Fatima Ahmed-Leitao
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), PTSD program, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), PTSD program, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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100
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Norman LR, Basso M. An Update of the Review of Neuropsychological Consequences of HIV and Substance Abuse: A Literature Review and Implications for Treatment and Future Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8:50-71. [PMID: 25751583 DOI: 10.2174/1874473708666150309124820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropyschological dysfunction, ranging from mild cerebral indicators to dementia has been a consistent part of the medical picture of HIV/AIDS. However, advances in medical supervision, particularly as a result of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, have resulted in some mitigation of the neuropsychological effects of HIV and necessitate re-evaluation of the pattern and nature of HIV-related cognitive or mental deficits. The associated enhancements in morbidity and mortality that have occurred as a result of ARV medication have led to a need for interventions and programs that maintain behaviors that are healthy and stop the resurgence of the risk of HIV transmission. Risk factors such as mental illness and substance use that may have contributed to the initial infection with HIV still need consideration. These risk factors may also increase neuropsychological dysfunction and impact observance of prevention for treatment and recommendations. Explicitly, a better comprehension of the role of substance use on the progression of HIV-related mental decline can enlighten management and evaluation of persons living with HIV with concurrent disorders of substance use. This review provides a summary of the neurophyschology of substance use and HIV and the existing research that has looked at the effects of both substance use and HIV disease on neurophyscological function and suggestions for future research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Norman
- Public Health Program, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR 00732, USA.
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