51
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Li K, Chen JG. CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol over ZrO2-Containing Catalysts: Insights into ZrO2 Induced Synergy. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kongzhai Li
- State Key Laboratory
of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Jingguang G. Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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52
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Sharapa DI, Doronkin DE, Studt F, Grunwaldt JD, Behrens S. Moving Frontiers in Transition Metal Catalysis: Synthesis, Characterization and Modeling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807381. [PMID: 30803078 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized transition metal particles are important materials in catalysis with a key role not only in academic research but also in many processes with industrial and societal relevance. Although small improvements in catalytic properties can lead to significant economic and environmental impacts, it is only now that knowledge-based design of such materials is emerging, partly because the understanding of catalytic mechanisms on nanoparticle surfaces is increasingly improving. A knowledge-based design requires bottom-up synthesis of well-defined model catalysts, an understanding of the catalytic nanomaterials "at work" (operando), and both a detailed understanding and a prediction by theoretical methods. This article reports on progress in colloidal synthesis of transition metal nanoparticles for preparation of model catalysts to close the materials gap between the discoveries of fundamental surface science and industrial application. The transition metal particles, however, often undergo extensive transformations when applied to the catalytic process and much progress has recently been achieved operando characterization techniques under relevant reaction conditions. They allow better understanding of size/structure-activity correlations in these systems. Moreover, the growth of computing power and the improvement of theoretical methods uncover mechanisms on nanoparticles and have recently predicted highly active particles for CO/CO2 hydrogenation or direct H2 O2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Sharapa
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitry E Doronkin
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Silke Behrens
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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53
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A review of research progress on heterogeneous catalysts for methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide hydrogenation. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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54
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Tang Q, Ji W, Russell CK, Zhang Y, Fan M, Shen Z. A new and different insight into the promotion mechanisms of Ga for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol over a Ga-doped Ni(211) bimetallic catalyst. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9969-9979. [PMID: 31070648 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH is one of the most promising technologies for the utilization of captured CO2 in the future. Nano Ni-Ga bimetallic catalysts have been proven to be excellent catalysts in the hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH. To investigate the promotion mechanisms of Ga for the hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH over Ga-doped Ni catalysts and the wide application of these promotion mechanisms in other catalysts and reactions, herein, density functional theory (DFT) was employed. The reaction mechanisms and the properties of Ni(211) and Ga-Ni(211) surfaces were comparatively studied. The results show that the Ni sites on both the Ni(211) and the Ga-Ni(211) surfaces are active sites, and the most stable structures of the intermediates are similar. Moreover, the Ga-Ni(211) surface is more favorable for the hydrogenation of CO2, whereas Ni(211) is more favorable for the dissociation of CO2. The activation barrier of the rate-limiting step in the CH3OH formation pathway on Ni(211) is 0.54 eV higher than that on Ga-Ni(211). According to the analyses of the projected density of states (PDOS) and Hirshfeld charge transfer, the addition of Ga atoms demonstrates the reactivity of the Ga-doped Ni(211) surfaces. Most importantly, the replacement of some secondary active sites of Ni atoms with the non-active Ga atoms may lower the activities of the secondary active sites and strengthen the activities of the active sites at the step edge. These results provide a new perspective for the reaction mechanism of the hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH over the state-of-the-art Ga-doped catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Tang
- School of Energy Resouces and Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, 82071, Wyoming, USA. and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China.
| | - Wenchao Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China.
| | - Christopher K Russell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, CA, USA
| | - Yulong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, P. R. China
| | - Maohong Fan
- School of Energy Resouces and Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, 82071, Wyoming, USA. and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta 30332, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China.
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55
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Fiordaliso EM, Sharafutdinov I, Carvalho HWP, Kehres J, Grunwaldt JD, Chorkendorff I, Damsgaard CD. Evolution of intermetallic GaPd 2/SiO 2 catalyst and optimization for methanol synthesis at ambient pressure. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:521-531. [PMID: 31191761 PMCID: PMC6541898 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1603886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 hydrogenation to methanol is efficiently catalyzed at ambient pressure by nanodispersed intermetallic GaPd2/SiO2 catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. Here we optimize the catalyst in terms of metal content and reduction temperature in relation to its catalytic activity. We find that the intrinsic activity is higher for the GaPd2/SiO2 catalyst with a metal loading of 13 wt.% compared to catalysts with 23 wt.% and 7 wt.%, indicating that there is an optimum particle size for the reaction of around 8 nm. The highest catalytic activity is measured on catalysts reduced at 550°C. To unravel the formation of the active phase, we studied calcined GaPd2/SiO2 catalysts with 23 wt.% and 13 wt.% using a combination of in situ techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption near edge fine structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). We find that the catalyst with higher metal content reduces to metallic Pd in a mixture of H2/Ar at room temperature, while the catalyst with lower metal content retains a mixture of PdO and Pd up to 140°C. Both catalysts form the GaPd2 phase above 300°C, albeit the fraction of crystalline intermediate Pd nanoparticles of the catalyst with higher metal loading reduces at higher temperature. In the final state, the catalyst with higher metal loading contains a fraction of unalloyed metallic Pd, while the catalyst with lower metal loading is phase pure. We discuss the alloying mechanism leading to the catalyst active phase formation selecting three temperatures: 25°C, 320°C and 550°C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hudson W. P. Carvalho
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Jan Kehres
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan-D. Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian D. Damsgaard
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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56
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A pyrocarbonate intermediate for CO2 activation and selective conversion in bifunctional metal-organic frameworks. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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57
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Karelovic A, Galdames G, Medina JC, Yévenes C, Barra Y, Jiménez R. Mechanism and structure sensitivity of methanol synthesis from CO2 over SiO2-supported Cu nanoparticles. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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58
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Wu P, Yang B. Intermetallic PdIn catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol: mechanistic studies with a combined DFT and microkinetic modeling method. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01242g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Reaction pathways of methanol and carbon monoxide formation from CO2 hydrogenation over PdIn(110) and (211) with a combined density functional theory and microkinetic modeling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- ShanghaiTech University
- Shanghai 201210
- China
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- ShanghaiTech University
- Shanghai 201210
- China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science & Engineering
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59
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Synthetically tuned electronic and geometrical properties of intermetallic compounds as effective heterogeneous catalysts. PROG SOLID STATE CH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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60
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Lam E, Larmier K, Wolf P, Tada S, Safonova OV, Copéret C. Isolated Zr Surface Sites on Silica Promote Hydrogenation of CO 2 to CH 3OH in Supported Cu Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10530-10535. [PMID: 30028948 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Copper nanoparticles supported on zirconia (Cu/ZrO2) or related supported oxides (Cu/ZrO2/SiO2) show promising activity and selectivity for the hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH. However, the role of the support remains controversial because most spectroscopic techniques provide information dominated by the bulk, making interpretation and formulation of structure-activity relationships challenging. In order to understand the role of the support and in particular of the Zr surface species at a molecular level, a surface organometallic chemistry approach has been used to tailor a silica support containing isolated Zr(IV) surface sites, on which copper nanoparticles (∼3 nm) are generated. These supported Cu nanoparticles exhibit increased CH3OH activity and selectivity compared to those supported on SiO2, reaching catalytic performances comparable to those of the corresponding Cu/ZrO2. Ex situ and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the Zr sites on silica remain isolated and in their +4 oxidation state, while ex situ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and catalytic performances show that similar mechanisms are involved with the single-site support and ZrO2. These observations imply that Zr(IV) surface sites at the periphery of Cu particles are responsible for promoting CH3OH formation on Cu-Zr-based catalysts and provide a guideline to develop selective CH3OH synthesis catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Kim Larmier
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Patrick Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Shohei Tada
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
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61
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Zhang Q, Guo L, Hao Z. Exploration of high-performance W 6 S 8 -supported single-atom Rh 1 catalysts for reverse water–gas shift reaction and methanol formation via DFT computational study. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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62
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglong Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
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63
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Xiao W, Lei W, Gong M, Xin HL, Wang D. Recent Advances of Structurally Ordered Intermetallic Nanoparticles for Electrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Xiao
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Wen Lei
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Mingxing Gong
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Huolin L. Xin
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Deli Wang
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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64
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Olajire AA. Recent progress on the nanoparticles-assisted greenhouse carbon dioxide conversion processes. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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65
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Li MMJ, Tsang SCE. Bimetallic catalysts for green methanol production via CO2 and renewable hydrogen: a mini-review and prospects. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This mini review discusses the recent advancements in the use of bimetallic catalysts for green methanol production via CO2 hydrogenation.
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66
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Li Z, Wang J, Qu Y, Liu H, Tang C, Miao S, Feng Z, An H, Li C. Highly Selective Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Lower Olefins. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuanzhi Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chizhou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhaochi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongyu An
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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67
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Swearer DF, Leary RK, Newell R, Yazdi S, Robatjazi H, Zhang Y, Renard D, Nordlander P, Midgley PA, Halas NJ, Ringe E. Transition-Metal Decorated Aluminum Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10281-10288. [PMID: 28945360 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, aluminum has been established as an earth-abundant alternative to gold and silver for plasmonic applications. Particularly, aluminum nanocrystals have shown to be promising plasmonic photocatalysts, especially when coupled with catalytic metals or oxides into "antenna-reactor" heterostructures. Here, a simple polyol synthesis is presented as a flexible route to produce aluminum nanocrystals decorated with eight varieties of size-tunable transition-metal nanoparticle islands, many of which have precedence as heterogeneous catalysts. High-resolution and three-dimensional structural analysis using scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography shows that abundant nanoparticle island decoration in the catalytically relevant few-nanometer size range can be achieved, with many islands spaced closely to their neighbors. When coupled with the Al nanocrystal plasmonic antenna, these small decorating islands will experience increased light absorption and strong hot-spot generation. This combination makes transition-metal decorated aluminum nanocrystals a promising material platform to develop plasmonic photocatalysis, surface-enhanced spectroscopies, and quantum plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rowan K Leary
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emilie Ringe
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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68
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Wang J, Li G, Li Z, Tang C, Feng Z, An H, Liu H, Liu T, Li C. A highly selective and stable ZnO-ZrO 2 solid solution catalyst for CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701290. [PMID: 28989964 PMCID: PMC5630239 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although methanol synthesis via CO hydrogenation has been industrialized, CO2 hydrogenation to methanol still confronts great obstacles of low methanol selectivity and poor stability, particularly for supported metal catalysts under industrial conditions. We report a binary metal oxide, ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalyst, which can achieve methanol selectivity of up to 86 to 91% with CO2 single-pass conversion of more than 10% under reaction conditions of 5.0 MPa, 24,000 ml/(g hour), H2/CO2 = 3:1 to 4:1, 320° to 315°C. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that the synergetic effect between Zn and Zr sites results in the excellent performance. The ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalyst shows high stability for at least 500 hours on stream and is also resistant to sintering at higher temperatures. Moreover, no deactivation is observed in the presence of 50 ppm SO2 or H2S in the reaction stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Guanna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van Oder Massage 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Zelong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Chizhou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Zhaochi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu An
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Taifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- Corresponding author.
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69
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Richard AR, Fan M. Low-Pressure Hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH Using Ni-In-Al/SiO2 Catalyst Synthesized via a Phyllosilicate Precursor. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Richard
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Maohong Fan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
- School
of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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70
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Bai S, Shao Q, Feng Y, Bu L, Huang X. Highly Efficient Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation to Methanol Catalyzed by Zigzag Platinum-Cobalt Nanowires. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1604311. [PMID: 28418193 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201604311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) hydrogenation is an effective strategy for CO2 utilization, while unsatisfied conversion efficiencies remain great challenges. It is reported herein that zigzag Pt-Co nanowires (NWs) with Pt-rich surfaces and abundant steps/edges can perform as highly active and stable CO2 hydrogenation catalysts. It is found that tuning the Pt/Co ratio of the Pt-Co NWs, solvents, and catalyst supports could well optimize the CO2 hydrogenation to methanol (CH3 OH) with the Pt4 Co NWs/C exhibiting the best performance, outperforming all the previous catalysts. They are also very durable with limited activity decays after six catalytic cycles. The diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy result of CO2 adsorption shows that the Pt4 Co NWs/C undergoes the adsorption/activation of CO2 by forming appropriate carboxylate intermediates, and thus enhancing the CH3 OH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxing Bai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yonggang Feng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Lingzheng Bu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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71
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Yan Y, Du JS, Gilroy KD, Yang D, Xia Y, Zhang H. Intermetallic Nanocrystals: Syntheses and Catalytic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605997. [PMID: 28234403 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
At the forefront of nanochemistry, there exists a research endeavor centered around intermetallic nanocrystals, which are unique in terms of long-range atomic ordering, well-defined stoichiometry, and controlled crystal structure. In contrast to alloy nanocrystals with no elemental ordering, it is challenging to synthesize intermetallic nanocrystals with a tight control over their size and shape. Here, recent progress in the synthesis of intermetallic nanocrystals with controllable sizes and well-defined shapes is highlighted. A simple analysis and some insights key to the selection of experimental conditions for generating intermetallic nanocrystals are presented, followed by examples to highlight the viable use of intermetallic nanocrystals as electrocatalysts or catalysts for various reactions, with a focus on the enhanced performance relative to their alloy counterparts that lack elemental ordering. Within the conclusion, perspectives on future developments in the context of synthetic control, structure-property relationships, and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jingshan S Du
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kyle D Gilroy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Deren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
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72
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García-Trenco A, White ER, Regoutz A, Payne DJ, Shaffer MSP, Williams CK. Pd2Ga-Based Colloids as Highly Active Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of CO2 to Methanol. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés García-Trenco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, U.K. OX1 3TA
| | | | | | | | | | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, U.K. OX1 3TA
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73
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Medina JC, Figueroa M, Manrique R, Rodríguez Pereira J, Srinivasan PD, Bravo-Suárez JJ, Baldovino Medrano VG, Jiménez R, Karelovic A. Catalytic consequences of Ga promotion on Cu for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy01021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The addition of Ga to Cu/SiO2 generates new active sites increasing selectivity to methanol. The mechanistic implications are studied by in situ DRIFTS and kinetic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Medina
- Laboratorio de Carbono y Catálisis (CarboCat)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Facultad de Ingeniería
- Universidad de Concepción
- Concepción
| | - Manuel Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Carbono y Catálisis (CarboCat)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Facultad de Ingeniería
- Universidad de Concepción
- Concepción
| | - Raydel Manrique
- Laboratorio de Carbono y Catálisis (CarboCat)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Facultad de Ingeniería
- Universidad de Concepción
- Concepción
| | - Jhonatan Rodríguez Pereira
- Centro de Investigaciones en Catálisis (www.twitter.com/CICAT-UIS)
- Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará (PTG)
- Universidad Industrial de Santander
- Piedecuesta (Santander)
- Colombia
| | - Priya D. Srinivasan
- Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
- The University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis
| | - Juan J. Bravo-Suárez
- Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
- The University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis
| | - Víctor G. Baldovino Medrano
- Centro de Investigaciones en Catálisis (www.twitter.com/CICAT-UIS)
- Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará (PTG)
- Universidad Industrial de Santander
- Piedecuesta (Santander)
- Colombia
| | - Romel Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Carbono y Catálisis (CarboCat)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Facultad de Ingeniería
- Universidad de Concepción
- Concepción
| | - Alejandro Karelovic
- Laboratorio de Carbono y Catálisis (CarboCat)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Facultad de Ingeniería
- Universidad de Concepción
- Concepción
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74
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Kondrat SA, Smith PJ, Carter JH, Hayward JS, Pudge GJ, Shaw G, Spencer MS, Bartley JK, Taylor SH, Hutchings GJ. The effect of sodium species on methanol synthesis and water–gas shift Cu/ZnO catalysts: utilising high purity zincian georgeite. Faraday Discuss 2017; 197:287-307. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sodium species on the physical and catalytic properties of Cu/ZnO catalysts derived from zincian georgeite has been investigated. Catalysts prepared with <100 ppm to 2.1 wt% Na+, using a supercritical CO2 antisolvent technique, were characterised and tested for the low temperature water–gas shift reaction and also CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. It was found that zincian georgeite catalyst precursor stability was dependent on the Na+ concentration, with the 2.1 wt% Na+-containing sample uncontrollably ageing to malachite and sodium zinc carbonate. Samples with lower Na+ contents (<100–2500 ppm) remained as the amorphous zincian georgeite phase, which on calcination and reduction resulted in similar CuO/Cu particle sizes and Cu surface areas. The aged 2.1 wt% Na+ containing sample, after calcination and reduction, was found to comprise of larger CuO crystallites and a lower Cu surface area. However, calcination of the high Na+ sample immediately after precipitation (before ageing) resulted in a comparable CuO/Cu particle size to the lower (<100–2500 ppm) Na+ containing samples, but with a lower Cu surface area, which indicates that Na+ species block Cu sites. Activity of the catalysts for the water–gas shift reaction and methanol yields in the methanol synthesis reaction correlated with Na+ content, suggesting that Na+ directly poisons the catalyst. In situ XRD analysis showed that the ZnO crystallite size and consequently Cu crystallite size increased dramatically in the presence of water in a syn-gas reaction mixture, showing that stabilisation of nanocrystalline ZnO is required. Sodium species have a moderate effect on ZnO and Cu crystallite growth rate, with lower Na+ content resulting in slightly reduced rates of growth under reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J. Smith
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Greg Shaw
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
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75
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Tang Q, Shen Z, Huang L, He T, Adidharma H, Russell AG, Fan M. Synthesis of methanol from CO2hydrogenation promoted by dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on a Ga3Ni5(221) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:18539-18555. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03231e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Ga promotes H2dissociation adsorption, and subsequently improves the process of CO2hydrogenation to CH3OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Huang
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Wyoming
- Laramie 82071
- USA
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy
| | - Ting He
- Idaho National Laboratory
- Idaho Falls
- USA
| | - Hertanto Adidharma
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Wyoming
- Laramie 82071
- USA
| | - Armistead G. Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta 30332
- USA
| | - Maohong Fan
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Wyoming
- Laramie 82071
- USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
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76
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Pan YT, Yan Y, Shao YT, Zuo JM, Yang H. Ag-Pt Compositional Intermetallics Made from Alloy Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6599-6603. [PMID: 27602435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Intermetallics are compounds with long-range structural order that often lies in a state of thermodynamic minimum. They are usually considered as favorable structures for catalysis due to their high activity and robust stability. However, formation of intermetallic compounds is often regarded as element specific. For instance, Ag and Pt do not form alloy in bulk phase through the conventional metallurgy approach in almost the entire range of composition. Herein, we demonstrate a bottom-up approach to create a new Ag-Pt compositional intermetallic phase from nanoparticles. By thermally treating the corresponding alloy nanoparticles in inert atmosphere, we obtained an intermetallic material that has an exceptionally narrow Ag/Pt ratio around 52/48 to 53/47, and a structure of interchangeable closely packed Ag and Pt layers with 85% on tetrahedral and 15% on octahedral sites. This rather unique stacking results in wavy patterns of Ag and Pt planes revealed by scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). This Ag-Pt compositional intermetallic phase is highly active for electrochemical oxidation of formic acid at low anodic potentials, 5 times higher than its alloy nanoparticles, and 29 times higher than the reference Pt/C at 0.4 V (vs RHE) in current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tin Pan
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 114 Roger Adam Laboratory, MC-712, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yuqi Yan
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 114 Roger Adam Laboratory, MC-712, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yu-Tsun Shao
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 1006 Materials Research Laboratory, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jian-Min Zuo
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 1006 Materials Research Laboratory, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hong Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 114 Roger Adam Laboratory, MC-712, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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77
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Hodnik N, Dehm G, Mayrhofer KJJ. Importance and Challenges of Electrochemical in Situ Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy for Energy Conversion Research. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2015-22. [PMID: 27541965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The foreseeable worldwide energy and environmental challenges demand renewable alternative sources, energy conversion, and storage technologies. Therefore, electrochemical energy conversion devices like fuel cells, electrolyzes, and supercapacitors along with photoelectrochemical devices and batteries have high potential to become increasingly important in the near future. Catalytic performance in electrochemical energy conversion results from the tailored properties of complex nanometer-sized metal and metal oxide particles, as well as support nanostructures. Exposed facets, surface defects, and other structural and compositional features of the catalyst nanoparticles affect the electrocatalytic performance to varying degrees. The characterization of the nanometer-size and atomic regime of electrocatalysts and its evolution over time are therefore paramount for an improved understanding and significant optimization of such important technologies like electrolyzers or fuel cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) are to a great extent nondestructive characterization tools that provide structural, morphological, and compositional information with nanoscale or even atomic resolution. Due to recent marked advancement in electron microscopy equipment such as aberration corrections and monochromators, such insightful information is now accessible in many institutions around the world and provides huge benefit to everyone using electron microscopy characterization in general. Classical ex situ TEM characterization of random catalyst locations however suffers from two limitations regarding catalysis. First, the necessary low operation pressures in the range of 10(-6) to 10(-9) mbar for TEM are not in line with typical reaction conditions, especially considering electrocatalytic solid-liquid interfaces, so that the active state cannot be assessed. Second, and somewhat related, is the lack of time resolution for the evaluation of alterations of the usually highly heterogeneous nanomaterials. Two methods offer a solution to these shortcomings, namely, identical location TEM (IL-TEM) and electrochemical in situ liquid TEM. The former is already well established and has delivered novel insights particularly into degradation processes; however, characterization is still performed in vacuum. The latter circumvents this issue by using dedicated in situ TEM holders but introduces extremely demanding technical challenges. Although the introduction of revolutionizing thin SiN window cells, which elegantly confine the specimen from vacuum, has allowed demonstration of the potential of the in situ approach, the reproducibility and data interpretation is still limited predominately due to the strong interaction of the electron beam with the supporting electrolyte and electrode material. Because of the importance of understanding the nanoelectrochemical structure-function relationship, this Account aims to convey a timely perspective on the opportunities and particularly the challenges in electrochemical identical location TEM and in situ liquid cell TEM with a focus on electrochemical energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejc Hodnik
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department
of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gerhard Dehm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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78
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79
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Wu Z, Wegener EC, Tseng HT, Gallagher JR, Harris JW, Diaz RE, Ren Y, Ribeiro FH, Miller JT. Pd–In intermetallic alloy nanoparticles: highly selective ethane dehydrogenation catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00491a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2 nm PdIn intermetallic alloy (cubic, CsCl type) nanoparticle catalyst was near 100% selective to ethane dehydrogenation at 600 °C (at 15% conversion) with a dehydrogenation TOR almost 10 times higher than that of monometallic Pd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Evan C. Wegener
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Han-Ting Tseng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - James R. Gallagher
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne
- USA
| | - James W. Harris
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Rosa E. Diaz
- Birck Nanotechnology Center
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Yang Ren
- X-Ray Science Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne
- USA
| | - Fabio H. Ribeiro
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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80
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Rodriguez JA, Liu P, Stacchiola DJ, Senanayake SD, White MG, Chen JG. Hydrogenation of CO2 to Methanol: Importance of Metal–Oxide and Metal–Carbide Interfaces in the Activation of CO2. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Rodriguez
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dario J. Stacchiola
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Sanjaya D. Senanayake
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Michael G. White
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jingguang G. Chen
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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