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Xu J, Cao W, Wang P, Liu H. Tumor-Derived Membrane Vesicles: A Promising Tool for Personalized Immunotherapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070876. [PMID: 35890175 PMCID: PMC9318328 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived membrane vesicles (TDMVs) are non-invasive, chemotactic, easily obtained characteristics and contain various tumor-borne substances, such as nucleic acid and proteins. The unique properties of tumor cells and membranes make them widely used in drug loading, membrane fusion and vaccines. In particular, personalized vectors prepared using the editable properties of cells can help in the design of personalized vaccines. This review focuses on recent research on TDMV technology and its application in personalized immunotherapy. We elucidate the strengths and challenges of TDMVs to promote their application from theory to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Xu
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (J.X.); (P.W.)
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China;
| | - Penglai Wang
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (J.X.); (P.W.)
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China;
- Correspondence:
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Arifin DR, Witwer KW, Bulte JWM. Non-Invasive imaging of extracellular vesicles: Quo vaditis in vivo? J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12241. [PMID: 35844061 PMCID: PMC9289215 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer delimited vesicles released by nearly all cell types that serve as mediators of intercellular signalling. Recent evidence has shown that EVs play a key role in many normal as well as pathological cellular processes. EVs can be exploited as disease biomarkers and also as targeted, cell-free therapeutic delivery and signalling vehicles for use in regenerative medicine and other clinical settings. Despite this potential, much remains unknown about the in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profiles of EVs after administration into living subjects. The ability to non-invasively image exogeneous EVs, especially in larger animals, will allow a better understanding of their in vivo homing and retention patterns, blood and tissue half-life, and excretion pathways, all of which are needed to advance clinical diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications of EVs. We present the current state-of-the-art methods for labeling EVs with various diagnostic contrast agents and tracers and the respective imaging modalities that can be used for their in vivo visualization: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, magnetic particle imaging (MPI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and optical imaging (fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging). We review here the strengths and weaknesses of each of these EV imaging approaches, with special emphasis on clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian R. Arifin
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceDivision of MR Researchthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology ProgramInstitute for Cell Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiologythe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Neurologythe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceDivision of MR Researchthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology ProgramInstitute for Cell Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Oncologythe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Biomedical Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Prasad R, Conde J. Bioinspired soft nanovesicles for site-selective cancer imaging and targeted therapies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1792. [PMID: 35318815 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication within the heterogeneous solid tumor environment plays a significant role in the uncontrolled metastasis of cancer. To inhibit the metastasis and growth of cancer cells, various chemically designed and biologically derived nanosized biomaterials have been applied for targeted cancer therapeutics applications. Over the years, bioinspired soft nanovesicles have gained tremendous attention for targeted cancer therapeutics due to their easy binding with tumor microenvironment, natural targeting ability, bio-responsive nature, better biocompatibility, high cargo capacity for multiple therapeutics agents, and long circulation time. These cell-derived nanovesicles guard their loaded cargo molecules from immune clearance and make them site-selective to cancer cells due to their natural binding and delivery abilities. Furthermore, bioinspired soft nanovesicles prevent cell-to-cell communication and secretion of cancer cell markers by delivering the therapeutics agents predominantly. Cell-derived vesicles, namely, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, and so forth have been recognized as versatile carriers for therapeutic biomolecules. However, low product yield, poor reproducibility, and uncontrolled particle size distribution have remained as major challenges of these soft nanovesicles. Furthermore, the surface biomarkers and molecular contents of these vesicles change with respect to the stage of disease and types. Here in this review, we have discussed numerous examples of bioinspired soft vesicles for targeted imaging and cancer therapeutic applications with their advantages and limitations. Importance of bioengineered soft nanovesicles for localized therapies with their clinical relevance has also been addressed in this article. Overall, cell-derived nanovesicles could be considered as clinically relevant platforms for cancer therapeutics. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Conde
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Tang TT, Wang B, Lv LL, Dong Z, Liu BC. Extracellular vesicles for renal therapeutics: State of the art and future perspective. J Control Release 2022; 349:32-50. [PMID: 35779658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of kidney disease, the need for developing new therapeutics to manage this disease has never been greater. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural membranous nanoparticles present in virtually all organisms. Given their excellent delivery capacity in the body, EVs have emerged as a frontier technology for drug delivery and have the potential to usher in a new era of nanomedicine for kidney disease. This review is focused on why EVs are such compelling drug carriers and how to release their fullest potentiality in renal therapeutics. We discuss the unique features of EVs compared to artificial nanoparticles and outline the engineering technologies and steps in developing EV-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on the emerging approaches to target renal cells and prolong kidney retention. We also explore the applications of EVs as natural therapeutics or as drug carriers in the treatment of renal disorders and present our views on the critical challenges in manufacturing EVs as next-generation renal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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Khosravi N, Pishavar E, Baradaran B, Oroojalian F, Mokhtarzadeh A. Stem cell membrane, stem cell-derived exosomes and hybrid stem cell camouflaged nanoparticles: A promising biomimetic nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics. J Control Release 2022; 348:706-722. [PMID: 35732250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine research has advanced dramatically in recent decades. Nonetheless, traditional nanomedicine faces significant obstacles such as the low concentration of the drug at target sites and accelerated removal of the drug from blood circulation. Various techniques of nanotechnology, including cell membrane coating, have been developed to address these challenges and to improve targeted distribution and redcue cell membrane-mediated immunogenicity. Recently, stem cell (SC) membranes, owing to their immunosuppressive and regenerative properties, have grabbed attention as attractive therapeutic carriers for targeting specific tissues or organs. Bioengineering strategies that combine synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) with SC membranes, because of their homing potential and tumor tropism, have recently received a lot of publicity. Several laboratory experiments and clinical trials have indicated that the benefits of SC-based technologies are mostly related to the effects of SC-derived exosomes (SC-Exos). Exosomes are known as nano-sized extracellular vehicles (EVs) that deliver particular bioactive molecules for cell-to-cell communication. In this regard, SC-derived exosome membranes have recently been employed to improve the therapeutic capability of engineered drug delivery vehicles. Most recently, for further enhancing NPs' functionality, a new coating approach has been offered that combines membranes from two separate cells. These hybrid membrane delivery vehicles have paved the way for the development of biocompatible, high-efficiency, biomimetic NPs with varying hybrid capabilities that can overcome the drawbacks of present NP-based treatment techniques. This review explores stem cell membranes, SC-Exos, and hybrid SC-camouflaged NPs preparation methods and their importance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Khosravi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Pishavar
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Technologies, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Role of Nano-miRNAs in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126836. [PMID: 35743278 PMCID: PMC9223810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are key regulators of gene expression, controlling different biological processes such as cellular development, differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis. The relationships between miRNA expression and the onset and progression of different diseases, such as tumours, cardiovascular and rheumatic diseases, and neurological disorders, are well known. A nanotechnology-based approach could match miRNA delivery and detection to move beyond the proof-of-concept stage. Different kinds of nanotechnologies can have a major impact on the diagnosis and treatment of miRNA-related diseases such as cancer. Developing novel methodologies aimed at clinical practice represents a big challenge for the early diagnosis of specific diseases. Within this context, nanotechnology represents a wide emerging area at the forefront of research over the last two decades, whose potential has yet to be fully attained. Nanomedicine, derived from nanotechnology, can exploit the unique properties of nanometer-sized particles for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Through nanomedicine, specific treatment to counteract only cancer-cell proliferation will be improved, while leaving healthy cells intact. In this review, we dissect the properties of different nanocarriers and their roles in the early detection and treatment of cancer.
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Li ZL, Wu H, Zhu JQ, Sun LY, Tong XM, Huang DS, Yang T. Novel Strategy for Optimized Nanocatalytic Tumor Therapy: From an Updated View. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Li Li
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
- School of Public Health Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University) Shanghai 200438 China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Clinical Research Institute Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
- School of Public Health Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University) Shanghai 200438 China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Clinical Research Institute Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
| | - Li-Yang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
- School of Public Health Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
| | - Xiang-Min Tong
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
- School of Public Health Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
- School of Public Health Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
- School of Public Health Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University) Shanghai 200438 China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Clinical Research Institute Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University Shanghai 200438 China
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LI J, LIU C, ZHAO Y, WU W, SUN P, LI L, YANG X, ZHOU Y. Fuzheng Kang' ai decoction inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion by modulating mir-21-5p/human phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome ten in lung cancer cells. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2022; 42:344-352. [PMID: 35610003 PMCID: PMC9924728 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the potential molecular mechanism by which Fuzheng Kang'ai decoction (, FZKA) inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells. METHODS Varying FZKA concentrations were used to manage lung cancer cells (A549 and PC9). We employed: cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and plate clone for-mation assays to examine the cell viability; flow cytometry (FCM) to analyze the cycle arrest; transwell and wound-healing assays to assess the cell invasion and migration, respectively. Further, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was adopted to evaluate the miR-21-5p expression. For protein expression analysis, we employed the Western blot technique. Recombinant miR-21-5p overexpression adenovirus vector harboring GFP was constructed and transfected into A549 and PC9, after which we explored the effect of FZKA on miR-21-5p overexpression. RESULTS Notably, treatment with FZKA inhibited viability, clone-formation ability, invasion, and migration of lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, FZKA markedly suppressed miR-21-5p expression but elevated the human phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) protein level in both A549 and PC9 cells. Over-expression of miR-21-5p lowered PTEN protein expression. Besides, overexpressed miR-21-5p levels with adenovirus antagonized FZKA-upregulated PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates how FZKA modulates cell biological behaviors, for instance, it impedes the proliferation by upregulating PTEN expression with miR-21-5p as the target. These findings unveil the potential novel molecular mechanisms from the microRNA aspect by which FZKA suppresses the growth of human lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua LI
- 1 Department of Ultrasound, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
- 2 Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasound in Musculoskeletal Sports Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Chunping LIU
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yueyang ZHAO
- 4 Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wanyin WU
- 5 Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Pengtao SUN
- 1 Department of Ultrasound, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
- 2 Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasound in Musculoskeletal Sports Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Longmei LI
- 5 Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaobing YANG
- 5 Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
- ZHOU Yushu, YANG Xiaobing, Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China. , ,Telephone: +86-20-81887233
| | - Yushu ZHOU
- 5 Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
- ZHOU Yushu, YANG Xiaobing, Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China. , ,Telephone: +86-20-81887233
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Liu M, Zhou X, Tang J. Non-Coding RNAs Delivery by Small Extracellular Vesicles and Their Applications in Ovarian Cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:876151. [PMID: 35662846 PMCID: PMC9161355 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.876151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most fatal gynecological malignancy because of its early asymptomatic nature and acquired resistance to chemotherapy. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are a heterogeneous group of biological vesicles with a diameter <200 nm released by cells under physiological or pathological conditions. sEVs-derived non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are the essential effectors in the biological environment. sEVs-ncRNAs have critical roles in tumor progression via regulating mRNA expression of target cells to affect cell signaling. In addition, the status of parental cells can be disclosed via analyzing the composition of sEVs-ncRNAs, and their “cargoes” with specific changes can be used as key biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of OC. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that sEVs-ncRNAs are involved in multiple key processes that mediate the development of metastasis and chemotherapeutic resistance in OC: epithelial–mesenchymal transition; tumorigenicity of mesenchymal stem cells; immune evasion; angiogenesis. The nanomedicine delivery system based on engineering sEVs is expected to be a novel therapeutic strategy for OC. Insights into the biological roles of sEVs-ncRNAs in the invasion, metastasis, immune regulation, and chemoresistance of OC will contribute to discovery of novel biomarkers and molecular targets for early detection and innovative therapy. In this review, we highlight recent advances and applications of sEVs-ncRNAs in OC diagnosis and treatment. We also outline current challenges and knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Liu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Tang,
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Nan W, Zhang C, Wang H, Chen H, Ji S. Direct Modification of Extracellular Vesicles and Its Applications for Cancer Therapy: A Mini-Review. Front Chem 2022; 10:910341. [PMID: 35646829 PMCID: PMC9130553 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.910341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of lipid membrane-bound vesicles released by various cells and mediate cell-to-cell communication. By reason of their high physiochemical stability and biocompatibility, EVs are considered as novel drug delivery system. An increasing number of studies have indicated that EVs can be modified to enhance their loading efficiency, targeting ability and therapeutic capabilities for cancer therapy. Compared with the tedious process of gene engineering approaches, direct modification of EVs is easier, faster and versatile. This mini review will summarize the prevailing approaches for direct modification of EVs. Additionally, the potential applications of modified EVs in cancer therapy are also discussed, which will help readers gain a better understanding of the technologies and applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Nan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nano Biomedical Materials Research Center, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- The Third Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Nan, ; Shenglu Ji,
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nano Biomedical Materials Research Center, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nano Biomedical Materials Research Center, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nano Biomedical Materials Research Center, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- The Third Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shenglu Ji
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nano Biomedical Materials Research Center, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Nan, ; Shenglu Ji,
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Programming a DNA tetrahedral nanomachine as an integrative tool for intracellular microRNA biosensing and stimulus-unlocked target regulation. Mater Today Bio 2022; 15:100276. [PMID: 35711289 PMCID: PMC9194454 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The synchronous detection and regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) are essential for the early tumor diagnosis and treatment but remains a challenge. An integrative DNA tetrahedral nanomachine was self-assembled for sensitive detection and negative feedback regulation of intracellular miRNAs. This nanomachine comprised a DNA tetrahedron nanostructure as the framework, and a miRNA inhibitor-controlled allosteric DNAzyme as the core. The DNA tetrahedron brought the DNAzyme and the substrate in spatial proximity and facilitated the cellular uptake of DNAzyme. In allosteric regulation of DNAzyme, the locked tetrahedral DNAzyme (L-tetra-D) and active tetrahedral DNAzyme (A-Tetra-D) were controlled by miRNA inhibitor. The combination of miRNA inhibitor and target could trigger the conformational change from L-tetra-D to A-Tetra-D. A-Tetra-D cleaved the substrate and released fluorescence for intracellular miRNA biosensing. The DNA tetrahedral nanomachine showed excellent sensitivity (with detection limit down to 0.77 pM), specificity (with one-base mismatch discrimination), biocompatibility and stability. Simultaneously, miRNA stimulus-unlocked inhibitor introduced by our nanomachine exhibited the synchronous regulation of target cells, of which regulatory performance has been verified by the upregulated levels of downstream genes/proteins and the increased cellular apoptosis. Our study demonstrated that the DNA tetrahedral nanomachine is a promising biosense-and-treat tool for the synchronous detection and regulation of intracellular miRNA, and is expected to be applied in the early diagnosis and tailored management of cancers.
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Yang L, Patel KD, Rathnam C, Thangam R, Hou Y, Kang H, Lee KB. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomedical Applications Using Multifunctional Magnetic Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104783. [PMID: 35132796 PMCID: PMC9344859 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes) carrying various biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) have rapidly emerged as promising platforms for many biomedical applications. Despite their enormous potential, their heterogeneity in surfaces and sizes, the high complexity of cargo biomolecules, and the inefficient uptake by recipient cells remain critical barriers for their theranostic applications. To address these critical issues, multifunctional nanomaterials, such as magnetic nanomaterials, with their tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties, may play crucial roles in next-generation extracellular vesicles (EV)-based disease diagnosis, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. As such, one aims to provide cutting-edge knowledge pertaining to magnetic nanomaterials-facilitated isolation, detection, and delivery of extracellular vesicles and their associated biomolecules. By engaging the fields of extracellular vesicles and magnetic nanomaterials, it is envisioned that their properties can be effectively combined for optimal outcomes in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kapil D. Patel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher Rathnam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannan Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- CORRESPONDENCE: Prof. Heemin Kang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea, Phone: +82-2-3290-3853, , https://www.dynamicnano.org/; Prof. Ki-Bum Lee, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Tel. +1-848-445-2081; Fax: +1-732-445-5312, , https://kblee.rutgers.edu/
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- CORRESPONDENCE: Prof. Heemin Kang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea, Phone: +82-2-3290-3853, , https://www.dynamicnano.org/; Prof. Ki-Bum Lee, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Tel. +1-848-445-2081; Fax: +1-732-445-5312, , https://kblee.rutgers.edu/
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Ferdows BE, Patel DN, Chen W, Huang X, Kong N, Tao W. RNA cancer nanomedicine: nanotechnology-mediated RNA therapy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4448-4455. [PMID: 35080555 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06991h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that RNA molecules-mRNA, siRNA, microRNA, and sgRNA-regulate cancer-specific genes, and therefore, RNA-based therapeutics can suppress tumor progression and metastasis by selectively upregulating and silencing these genes. However, the innate defense mechanisms (e.g., exonucleases and RNases) involving the human immune system catalyze the degradation of exogenous RNAs. Thus, nonviral nanoparticles have been employed to deliver therapeutic RNAs for effective cancer gene therapy. In this minireview, we highlight efforts in the past decade to deliver therapeutic RNAs for cancer therapy using novel nanoparticles. Specifically, we review nanoparticles, including lipid, polymer, inorganic, and biomimetic materials, which have been employed to deliver therapeutic RNAs and evoke tumor suppressing responses. Finally, we discuss the challenges and considerations that may accelerate the clinical translation of nanotechnology-mediated RNA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Emiliano Ferdows
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Dylan Neal Patel
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Xiangang Huang
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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64
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Chen J, Tan Q, Yang Z, Jin Y. Engineered extracellular vesicles: potentials in cancer combination therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:132. [PMID: 35292030 PMCID: PMC8922858 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of secretory vesicles with cell-derived membrane and contents. Due to the cargo delivery capability, EVs can be designed as drug delivery platforms for cancer therapy. Biocompatibility and immune compatibility endow EVs with unique advantages compared with other nanocarriers. With the development of this field, multiple ingenious modification methods have been developed to obtain engineered EVs with desired performance. Application of engineered EVs in cancer therapy has gradually shifted from monotherapy to combinational therapy to fight against heterogeneous cancer cells and complex tumor microenvironment. In addition, the strong plasticity and load capacity of engineered EV make it potential to achieve various combinations of cancer treatment methods. In this review, we summarize the existing schemes of cancer combination therapy realized by engineered EVs, highlight the mechanisms and representative examples of these schemes and provide guidance for the future application of engineered EVs to design more effective cancer combination treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimo Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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65
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Guo Y, Hu G, Xia Y, Li H, Yuan J, Zhang J, Chen Y, Guo H, Yang Y, Wang Y, Deng Z. Eliminating the original cargos of glioblastoma cell-derived small extracellular vesicles for efficient drug delivery to glioblastoma with improved biosafety. Bioact Mater 2022; 16:204-217. [PMID: 35386327 PMCID: PMC8965721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor derived small extracellular vesicles (TsEVs) display a great potential as efficient nanocarriers for chemotherapy because of their intrinsic targeting ability. However, the inherited risks of their original cargos (like loaded proteins or RNAs) from parent cancer cells in tumor progression severely hinder the practical application. In this study, a saponin-mediated cargo elimination strategy was established and practiced in glioblastoma (GBM) cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (GBM-sEVs). A high eliminating efficacy of the cargo molecules was confirmed by systematic analysis of the original proteins and RNAs in GBM-sEVs. In addition, the inherited functions of GBM-sEVs to promote GBM progression vanished after saponin treatment. Moreover, the results of cellular uptake analysis and in vivo imaging analysis demonstrated that saponin treatment preserved the homotypic targeting ability of GBM-sEVs. Thus, we developed an efficient nanocarrier with improved biosafety for GBM suppression. Furthermore, doxorubicin (DOX) transported by the saponin-treated GBM-sEVs (sa-GBM-sEVs) displayed an effective tumor suppression in both subcutaneous and orthotopic GBM models of mouse. Collectively, this study provides a feasible way to avoid the potential protumoral risks of TsEVs and can advance the clinical application of TsEVs in chemotherapy. The cargo-eliminating strategy is developed to improve the biosafety of glioblastoma cell derived sEVs used as nanocarrier. Saponin treatment can remove most of the cargo RNA and proteins from GBM-sEVs to diminish their protumoral functions. The intrinsic targeting ability of GBM-sEVs is preserved after saponin treatment. Cargo eliminated GBM-sEVs can be used as safe and highly efficient drug delivery vehicles for glioblastoma suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowen Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuguo Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 87# Xiangya Road, Changsha, China
| | - HaiYan Li
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St, Melbourne VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Ji Yuan
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Juntao Zhang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Zhifeng Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author.
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66
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Bose RJC, Kumar US, Garcia-Marques F, Zeng Y, Habte F, McCarthy JR, Pitteri S, Massoud TF, Paulmurugan R. Engineered Cell-Derived Vesicles Displaying Targeting Peptide and Functionalized with Nanocarriers for Therapeutic microRNA Delivery to Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Mice. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101387. [PMID: 34879180 PMCID: PMC8891081 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanocarriers (PNCs) can be used to deliver therapeutic microRNAs (miRNAs) to solid cancers. However, the ability of these nanocarriers to specifically target tumors remains a challenge. Alternatively, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from tumor cells show homotypic affinity to parent cells, but loading sufficient amounts of miRNAs into EVs is difficult. Here, it is investigated whether uPAR-targeted delivery of nanococktails containing PNCs loaded with therapeutic antimiRNAs, and coated with uPA engineered extracellular vesicles (uPA-eEVs) can elicit synergistic antitumor responses. The uPA-eEVs coating on PNCs increases natural tumor targeting affinities, thereby enhancing the antitumor activity of antimiRNA nanococktails. The systemic administration of uPA-eEV-PNCs nanococktail shows a robust tumor tropism, which significantly enhances the combinational antitumor effects of antimiRNA-21 and antimiRNA-10b, and leads to significant tumor regression and extension of progression free survival for syngeneic 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. In addition, the uPA-eEV-PNCs-antimiRNAs nanococktail plus low dose doxorubicin results in a synergistic antitumor effect as evidenced by inhibition of tumor growth, reduction of lung metastases, and extension of survival of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. The targeted combinational nanococktail strategy could be readily translated to the clinical setting by using autologous cancer cells that have flexibility for ex vivo expansion and genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran JC Bose
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), and Bio-X Program, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California - 94305-5427 USA,Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California - 94305-5427 USA
| | - Uday Sukumar Kumar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), and Bio-X Program, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California - 94305-5427 USA,Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California - 94305-5427 USA
| | - Fernando Garcia-Marques
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), and Bio-X Program, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California - 94305-5427 USA
| | - Yitian Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4034, USA
| | - Frezghi Habte
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), and Bio-X Program, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California - 94305-5427 USA,Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California - 94305-5427 USA
| | - Jason R McCarthy
- Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Masonic Medical Research Institute, Utica, USA
| | - Sharon Pitteri
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California - 94305-5427 USA
| | - Tarik F Massoud
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), and Bio-X Program, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California - 94305-5427 USA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), and Bio-X Program, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California - 94305-5427 USA,Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California - 94305-5427 USA
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67
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A Dual-Reporter Platform for Screening Tumor-Targeted Extracellular Vesicles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030475. [PMID: 35335849 PMCID: PMC8953635 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated transfer of biomolecules plays an essential role in intercellular communication and may improve targeted drug delivery. In the past decade, various approaches to EV surface modification for targeting specific cells or tissues have been proposed, including genetic engineering of parental cells or postproduction EV engineering. However, due to technical limitations, targeting moieties of engineered EVs have not been thoroughly characterized. Here, we report the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) EV reporter, PalmReNL-based dual-reporter platform for characterizing the cellular uptake of tumor-homing peptide (THP)-engineered EVs, targeting PDL1, uPAR, or EGFR proteins expressed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, simultaneously by bioluminescence measurement and fluorescence microscopy. Bioluminescence analysis of cellular EV uptake revealed the highest binding efficiency of uPAR-targeted EVs, whereas PDL1-targeted EVs showed slower cellular uptake. EVs engineered with two known EGFR-binding peptides via lipid nanoprobes did not increase cellular uptake, indicating that designs of EGFR-binding peptide conjugation to the EV surface are critical for functional EV engineering. Fluorescence analysis of cellular EV uptake allowed us to track individual PalmReNL-EVs bearing THPs in recipient cells. These results demonstrate that the PalmReNL-based EV assay platform can be a foundation for high-throughput screening of tumor-targeted EVs.
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68
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Perez GI, Broadbent D, Zarea AA, Dolgikh B, Bernard MP, Withrow A, McGill A, Toomajian V, Thampy LK, Harkema J, Walker JR, Kirkland TA, Bachmann MH, Schmidt J, Kanada M. In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Metastasis Using a Bright, Red-Shifted Bioluminescent Reporter Protein. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:2100055. [PMID: 36619349 PMCID: PMC9744575 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells produce heterogeneous extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of intercellular communication. This study focuses on a novel method to image EV subtypes and their biodistribution in vivo. A red-shifted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) EV reporter is developed, called PalmReNL, which allows for highly sensitive EV tracking in vitro and in vivo. PalmReNL enables the authors to study the common surface molecules across EV subtypes that determine EV organotropism and their functional differences in cancer progression. Regardless of injection routes, whether retro-orbital or intraperitoneal, PalmReNL positive EVs, isolated from murine mammary carcinoma cells, localized to the lungs. The early appearance of metastatic foci in the lungs of mammary tumor-bearing mice following multiple intraperitoneal injections of the medium and large EV (m/lEV)-enriched fraction derived from mammary carcinoma cells is demonstrated. In addition, the results presented here show that tumor cell-derived m/lEVs act on distant tissues through upregulating LC3 expression within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria I. Perez
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,College of Osteopathic MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - David Broadbent
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,College of Osteopathic MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Ahmed A. Zarea
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47906USA
| | - Benedikt Dolgikh
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,College of Natural ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Matthew P. Bernard
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Alicia Withrow
- Center for Advanced MicroscopyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Amelia McGill
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Victoria Toomajian
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Biomedical EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Lukose K. Thampy
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,College of Osteopathic MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Jack Harkema
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Joel R. Walker
- Promega Biosciences LLC227 Granada DrSan Luis ObispoCA93401USA
| | | | - Michael H. Bachmann
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Jens Schmidt
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyCollege of Human MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Masamitsu Kanada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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69
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Zheng Y, Li M, Weng B, Mao H, Zhao J. Exosome-based delivery nanoplatforms: Next-generation theranostic platforms for breast cancer. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1607-1625. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00062h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent type of malignancy, and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women across the globe. Exosomes are naturally derived 50-150 nm nanovesicles with a...
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70
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Paulmurugan R, Liu Y, Sukumar UK, Kanada M, Massoud TF. BRET Sensors for Imaging Membrane Integrity of Microfluidically Generated Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2525:227-238. [PMID: 35836072 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2473-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various cell lines have been extensively used as natural nanodelivery vehicles for drug, protein, and nucleic acid deliveries in therapeutic applications for cancer. Recently, we developed a microfluidic-based reconstruction strategy as a novel method to generate microRNA-loaded membrane vesicles for cancer therapy in vivo. We used EVs and cell membranes isolated from different source of cells for this reconstruction process. The microfluidic system produced reconstructed vesicles of uniform sizes with high microRNA loading efficiency independent of input membrane sources (EVs or cell membranes). To address the functional integrity of the membrane structure and of proteins in the reconstructed EVs, we introduce a membrane-insertable bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) sensor system. This sensor, with its membrane-insertable palmitoylation signal peptide sequence derived from a growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), helps in trafficking the fusion protein to the cell membrane upon its expression in cells and allows for imaging reconstructed membrane vesicles using optical imaging. In this chapter, we detail the stepwise methods used for the engineering of cells using this sensor, isolation of EVs from the engineered cells, preparation of reconstructed EVs by microfluidic processing, and BRET imaging of reconstructed EVs for membrane integrity evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Yi Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Uday Kumar Sukumar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Masamitsu Kanada
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tarik F Massoud
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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71
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Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9374-7_10-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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72
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Wang H, Hu Z, Sukumar UK, Bose RJC, Telichko A, Dahl JJ, Paulmurugan R. Ultrasound-Guided Microbubble-Mediated Locoregional Delivery of Multiple MicroRNAs Improves Chemotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Nanotheranostics 2022; 6:62-78. [PMID: 34976581 PMCID: PMC8671967 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.63320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: To assess treatment effects of 4 complementary miRNAs (miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21) encapsulated in a biodegradable PLGA-PEG nanoparticle, administered by an ultrasound-guided microbubble-mediated targeted delivery (UGMMTD) approach in mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods:In vitro apoptotic index was measured in HepG2 and Hepa1-6 HCC cells treated with various combinations of the 4 miRNAs with doxorubicin. Three promising combinations were further tested in vivo by using UGMMTD. 63 HepG2 xenografts in mice were randomized into: group 1, miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21/US/doxorubicin; group 2, miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21/US/doxorubicin; group 3, miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/US/doxorubicin; group 4, miRNA-122/anitmiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21/doxorubicin; group 5, miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21/doxorubicin; group 6, miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/doxorubicin; group 7, doxorubicin only treatment; and group 8, without any treatment. Tumor volumes were measured through 18 days. H&E staining, TUNEL assay, and qRT-PCR quantification for delivered miRNAs were performed. Results:In vivo results showed that UGMMTD of miRNAs with doxorubicin in groups 1-3 significantly (P<0.05) delayed tumor growth compared to control without any treatment, and doxorubicin only from day 7 to 18. On qRT-PCR, levels of delivered miRNAs were significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups 1-3 upon UGMMTD treatment compared to controls. TUNEL assay showed that upon UGMMTD, significantly higher levels of apoptotic cell populations were observed in groups 1-3 compared to controls. Toxicity was not observed in various organs of different groups. Conclusions: UGMMTD of miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21 combination improved therapeutic outcome of doxorubicin chemotherapy in mouse models of HCC by substantial inhibition of tumor growth and significant increase in apoptotic index.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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73
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Kim SB, Hori SS, Sadeghipour N, Sukumar UK, Paulmurugan R. Compact Eight-Channel Light-Sensing System for Bioassays. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2525:377-386. [PMID: 35836084 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2473-9_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present protocol introduces a new instrumental setup as a luminometer to simultaneously measure eight light samples with high sensitivity. The system consists of 8-channel photomultiplier tubes (8-PMTs) with different sensitivities to light. Therefore, it is critical to normalize the sensitivities of PMTs to light samples and integrate them as a system. We first introduce how to normalize the diverse light sensitivity among the PMTs using placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) as a model chemiluminescence light source. The normalized BBI system shows a statistically strong linear correlation graph to photon counts. The biomedical utility of this system is exemplified by (i) determining the alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities in mouse plasma samples as a cancer biomarker and (ii) diagnosing metastatic tissues during cancer progression using bioluminescent reporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bae Kim
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Sharon Seiko Hori
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Negar Sadeghipour
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Uday Kumar Sukumar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xue J, Liang W, Zhang Z, Yang X, Qiao Z, Jiang Y, Wang J, Cao X, Chen P. Co-treatment with miR-21-5p inhibitor and Aurora kinase inhibitor reversine suppresses breast cancer progression by targeting sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2. Bioengineered 2021; 13:455-468. [PMID: 34967265 PMCID: PMC8805969 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2009410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported the regulatory effects of miR-21-5p and reversine in human breast cancer (HBC). However, the mechanism of reversine and miR-21-5p has not been fully investigated in HBC. The aim of the current study was to assess the mechanism of action of reversine, with or without miR-21-5p, in HBC progression. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot results confirmed the upregulation of miR-21-5p and downregulation of sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2 (SPRY2) in HBC. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay identified the correlation between miR-21-5p and SPRY2. Cell function experiment results indicated a decrease in migration, proliferation, and invasion of HBC cells treated with miR-21-5p inhibitor and reversine; however, an increase in apoptosis was observed in these cells. Apoptotic ability was more enhanced and migration, proliferation, and invasion were more impaired in HBC cells treated with both miR-21-5p inhibitor and reversine than in those treated individually with either inhibitors. SPRY2, downstream of miR-21-5p, participated in HBC progression with reversine. Overall, our study proved that combining the miR-21-5p inhibitor with reversine produced a synergistic effect by regulating SPRY2, thereby limiting HBC progression. This knowledge might offer insights into the clinical therapy of HBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin, China.,Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yaoyi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Xue
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Wanping Liang
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Xiuming Yang
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhifei Qiao
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Junping Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuchen Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin, China.,The First Surgical Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin, China
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75
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Bécot A, Corona ML, van Niel G. [In vivo imaging: An essential tool to better understand the biology of extracellular vesicles]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:1108-1115. [PMID: 34928213 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are involved in an increasing number of physiopathological processes and represent promising clinical tools for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Their small size has long hindered in situ studies, which has limited their in vivo characterization and clinical use. Imaging approaches now allow the monitoring of extracellular vesicles in different animal models, in real time and at the single vesicle scale. The zebrafish appears in particular to be a relevant model organism to explore the biology of extracellular vesicles in vivo and to evaluate their therapeutic potential in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Bécot
- Inserm U1266, Institut de psychiatrie et neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), 102 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Maribel Lara Corona
- Inserm U1266, Institut de psychiatrie et neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), 102 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- Inserm U1266, Institut de psychiatrie et neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), 102 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France - Groupe hospitalier universitaire (GHU) Paris psychiatrie et neurosciences, 1 rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
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76
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Limongi T, Susa F, Marini M, Allione M, Torre B, Pisano R, di Fabrizio E. Lipid-Based Nanovesicular Drug Delivery Systems. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3391. [PMID: 34947740 PMCID: PMC8707227 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In designing a new drug, considering the preferred route of administration, various requirements must be fulfilled. Active molecules pharmacokinetics should be reliable with a valuable drug profile as well as well-tolerated. Over the past 20 years, nanotechnologies have provided alternative and complementary solutions to those of an exclusively pharmaceutical chemical nature since scientists and clinicians invested in the optimization of materials and methods capable of regulating effective drug delivery at the nanometer scale. Among the many drug delivery carriers, lipid nano vesicular ones successfully support clinical candidates approaching such problems as insolubility, biodegradation, and difficulty in overcoming the skin and biological barriers such as the blood-brain one. In this review, the authors discussed the structure, the biochemical composition, and the drug delivery applications of lipid nanovesicular carriers, namely, niosomes, proniosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, pharmacosomes, ufasomes, phytosomes, catanionic vesicles, and extracellular vesicles.
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77
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Serafini FL, Lanuti P, Delli Pizzi A, Procaccini L, Villani M, Taraschi AL, Pascucci L, Mincuzzi E, Izzi J, Chiacchiaretta P, Buca D, Catitti G, Bologna G, Simeone P, Pieragostino D, Caulo M. Diagnostic Impact of Radiological Findings and Extracellular Vesicles: Are We Close to Radiovesicolomics? BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121265. [PMID: 34943180 PMCID: PMC8698452 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Over the years, diagnostic tests such as in radiology and flow cytometry have become more and more powerful in the constant struggle against different pathologies, some of which are life-threatening. The possibility of using these “weapons” in a conjugated manner could result in higher healing and prevention rates, and a decrease in late diagnosis diseases. Different correlations among pathologies, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and radiological findings were recently demonstrated by many authors. Together with the increasing importance of “omics” sciences, and artificial intelligence in this new century, the perspective of a new research field called “radiovesicolomics” could be the missing link, enabling a different approach to disease diagnosis and treatment. Abstract Currently, several pathologies have corresponding and specific diagnostic and therapeutic branches of interest focused on early and correct detection, as well as the best therapeutic approach. Radiology never ceases to develop newer technologies in order to give patients a clear, safe, early, and precise diagnosis; furthermore, in the last few years diagnostic imaging panoramas have been extended to the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. On the other hand, clinical and laboratory tests, like flow cytometry and the techniques found in the “omics” sciences, aim to detect microscopic elements, like extracellular vesicles, with the highest specificity and sensibility for disease detection. If these scientific branches started to cooperate, playing a conjugated role in pathology diagnosis, what could be the results? Our review seeks to give a quick overview of recent state of the art research which investigates correlations between extracellular vesicles and the known radiological features useful for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lorenzo Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.L.S.); (L.P.); (M.V.); (A.L.T.); (L.P.); (E.M.); (J.I.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.L.); (D.B.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (P.S.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Andrea Delli Pizzi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Procaccini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.L.S.); (L.P.); (M.V.); (A.L.T.); (L.P.); (E.M.); (J.I.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Michela Villani
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.L.S.); (L.P.); (M.V.); (A.L.T.); (L.P.); (E.M.); (J.I.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessio Lino Taraschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.L.S.); (L.P.); (M.V.); (A.L.T.); (L.P.); (E.M.); (J.I.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Luca Pascucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.L.S.); (L.P.); (M.V.); (A.L.T.); (L.P.); (E.M.); (J.I.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Erica Mincuzzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.L.S.); (L.P.); (M.V.); (A.L.T.); (L.P.); (E.M.); (J.I.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Jacopo Izzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.L.S.); (L.P.); (M.V.); (A.L.T.); (L.P.); (E.M.); (J.I.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Piero Chiacchiaretta
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.L.S.); (L.P.); (M.V.); (A.L.T.); (L.P.); (E.M.); (J.I.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Davide Buca
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.L.); (D.B.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (P.S.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Giulia Catitti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.L.); (D.B.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (P.S.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Bologna
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.L.); (D.B.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (P.S.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.L.); (D.B.); (G.C.); (G.B.); (P.S.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Caulo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.L.S.); (L.P.); (M.V.); (A.L.T.); (L.P.); (E.M.); (J.I.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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78
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Orlandella FM, Auletta L, Greco A, Zannetti A, Salvatore G. Preclinical Imaging Evaluation of miRNAs' Delivery and Effects in Breast Cancer Mouse Models: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6020. [PMID: 34885130 PMCID: PMC8656589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have conducted a systematic review focusing on the advancements in preclinical molecular imaging to study the delivery and therapeutic efficacy of miRNAs in mouse models of breast cancer. METHODS A systematic review of English articles published in peer-reviewed journals using PubMed, EMBASE, BIOSIS™ and Scopus was performed. Search terms included breast cancer, mouse, mice, microRNA(s) and miRNA(s). RESULTS From a total of 2073 records, our final data extraction was from 114 manuscripts. The most frequently used murine genetic background was Balb/C (46.7%). The most frequently used model was the IV metastatic model (46.8%), which was obtained via intravenous injection (68.9%) in the tail vein. Bioluminescence was the most used frequently used tool (64%), and was used as a surrogate for tumor growth for efficacy treatment or for the evaluation of tumorigenicity in miRNA-transfected cells (29.9%); for tracking, evaluation of engraftment and for response to therapy in metastatic models (50.6%). CONCLUSIONS This review provides a systematic and focused analysis of all the information available and related to the imaging protocols with which to test miRNA therapy in an in vivo mice model of breast cancer, and has the purpose of providing an important tool to suggest the best preclinical imaging protocol based on available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Auletta
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, IBB-CNR, 80145 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Adelaide Greco
- InterDepartmental Center of Veterinary Radiology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Zannetti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, IBB-CNR, 80145 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Giuliana Salvatore
- IRCCS SDN, 80143 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.A.R.L., 80145 Naples, Italy
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79
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Lin W, Cai XD. Current Strategies for Cancer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:758884. [PMID: 34804956 PMCID: PMC8602829 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.758884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (CEVs), a novel type of therapeutic agent in cancer treatment, can be prepared from the autocrine secretion of various cancer cells, the direct extraction of cancer cells and the combination of cancer cell-derived membranes with advanced materials. With various bioactive molecules, exosomes are produced by cells for intercellular communication. Although cancer cell-derived exosomes are known to inhibit tumor apoptosis and promote the progression of cancer, researchers have developed various innovative strategies to prepare anti-tumor vesicles from cancer cells. With current strategies for anti-tumor vesicles, four different kinds of CEVs are classified including irradiated CEVs, advanced materials combined CEVs, chemotherapeutic drugs loaded CEVs and genetically engineered CEVs. In this way, CEVs can not only be the carriers for anti-tumor drugs to the target tumor area but also act as immune-active agents. Problems raised in the strategies mainly concerned with the preparation, efficacy and application. In this review, we classified and summarized the current strategies for utilizing the anti-tumor potential of CEVs. Additionally, the challenges and the prospects of this novel agent have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Dong Cai
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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80
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Saviana M, Romano G, Le P, Acunzo M, Nana-Sinkam P. Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Cancer Metastasis and Their Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5633. [PMID: 34830787 PMCID: PMC8616161 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous membrane-encapsulated vesicles secreted by every cell into the extracellular environment. EVs carry bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA, and different RNA forms, which can be internalized by recipient cells, thus altering their biological characteristics. Given that EVs are commonly found in most body fluids, they have been widely described as mediators of communication in several physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Moreover, their easy detection in biofluids makes them potentially useful candidates as tumor biomarkers. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge regarding EVs and non-coding RNAs and their role as drivers of the metastatic process in lung cancer. Furthermore, we present the most recent applications for EVs and non-coding RNAs as cancer therapeutics and their relevance as clinical biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Saviana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Romano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Patricia Le
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Mario Acunzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Patrick Nana-Sinkam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
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81
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Duan Z, Luo Q, Dai X, Li X, Gu L, Zhu H, Tian X, Zhang H, Gong Q, Gu Z, Luo K. Synergistic Therapy of a Naturally Inspired Glycopolymer-Based Biomimetic Nanomedicine Harnessing Tumor Genomic Instability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104594. [PMID: 34554623 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural saccharide-protein complexes, a stimuli-responsive biodegradable and branched glycopolymer-pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa) conjugate (BSP) with saccharide units for cancer therapy is constructed. A linear glycopolymeric conjugate (LSP), a branched glycopolymeric conjugate (BShP) from Ppa with long carbon chains, and a branched conjugate (BHSP) based on poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] (polyHPMA) without saccharide units are prepared as controls. Through structure-activity relationship studies, BSP with a 3D network structure forms stable nanostructures via weak intermolecular interactions, regulating the stacking state of Ppa to improve the singlet oxygen quantum yield and the corresponding photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect. BSP shows high loading of olaparib, and are further coated with tumor cell membranes, resulting in a biomimetic nanomedicine (CM-BSPO). CM-BSPO shows highly efficient tumor targeting and cellular internalization properties. The engulfment of CM-BSPO accompanied with laser irradiation results in a prominent antitumor effect, evidenced by disruption of cell cycles in tumor cells, increased apoptosis and DNA damage, and subsequent inhibition of repair for damaged DNA. The mechanism for the synergistic effect from PDT and olaparib is unveiled at the genetic and protein level through transcriptome analysis. Overall, this biodegradable and branched glycopolymer-drug conjugate could be effectively optimized as a biomimetic nanomedicine for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Duan
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xinghang Dai
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Lei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Amgen Bioprocessing Centre Keck Graduate Institute Claremont CA 91711 USA
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
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82
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Zhang K, Fu H, Xing C, Luo Y, Cheng F, Fu Q, Huang Y, Qiu L. "Don't eat me/eat me"-combined apoptotic body analogues for efficient targeted therapy of triple-negative breast cancer. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8472-8479. [PMID: 34550154 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01116b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of efficient targeted therapies, suppressing phagocytosis by a mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), enhancing the "active" targeted delivery, and meeting clinical production criteria are extremely critical for engineering strategies of novel drug delivery systems. Herein, we used a chemically-induced membrane blebbing and extrusion combined method to induce triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell apoptosis to secrete apoptotic body analogue (ABA) vesicles on a large scale for therapeutic drug delivery. After optimization, the ABAs have a desirable size, good biocompatibility, and long-term colloidal stability. Furthermore, ABAs present anti-phagocytosis ("don't eat me") and specific homologous targeting ("eat me") capacities because of their inheritance of membrane proteins such as CD47 and cellular adhesion molecules from parent cells. After loading with toxic protein saporin and anti-twist siRNA, ABAs can significantly inhibit the growth and lung metastasis of TNBC in an orthotopic metastasis model due to their reduced clearance of immune organs, long circulation time, and enhanced targeted accumulation at the tumor sites. These results suggest the great potential of ABAs for targeted drug delivery therapy, in particular efficient TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China.
| | - Huanru Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Xing
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Center for Advanced Marine Materials and Smart Sensors, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China.
| | - Fangfang Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China.
| | - Yujie Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China.
| | - Longxin Qiu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China.
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Zhuo Z, Wang J, Luo Y, Zeng R, Zhang C, Zhou W, Guo K, Wu H, Sha W, Chen H. Targeted extracellular vesicle delivery systems employing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:13-31. [PMID: 34284151 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the study of extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes (50-150 nm) have attracted growing interest in numerous areas of cancer and tissue regeneration due to their unique biological features. A low isolation yield and insufficient targeting abilities limit their therapeutic applicability. Recently, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with magnetic navigation have been exploited to enhance the targeting ability of EVs. To construct targeted EV delivery systems engineered by SPIONs, several groups have pioneered the use of different techniques, such as electroporation, natural incubation, and cell extrusion, to directly internalize SPIONs into EVs. Furthermore, some endogenous ligands, such as transferrins, antibodies, aptamers, and streptavidin, were shown to enable modification of SPIONs, which increases binding with EVs. In this review, we summarized recent advances in targeted EV delivery systems engineered by SPIONs and focused on the key methodological approaches and the current applications of magnetic EVs. This report aims to address the existing challenges and provide comprehensive insights into targeted EV delivery systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Targeted extracellular vesicle (EV) delivery systems engineered by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have attracted wide attention and research interest in recent years. Such strategies employ external magnet fields to manipulate SPION-functionalized EVs remotely, aiming to enhance their accumulation and penetration in vivo. Although iron oxide nanoparticle laden EVs are interesting, they are controversial at present, hampering the progress in their clinical application. A thorough integration of these studies is needed for an advanced insight and rational design of targeted EV delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the design strategies of targeted EV delivery systems engineered by SPIONs with a focus on their key methodological approaches, current applications, limitation and future perspectives, which may facilitate the development of natural theranostic nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Zhuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yujun Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ruijie Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Kehang Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huihuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weihong Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Liu Y, Sukumar UK, Kanada M, Krishnan A, Massoud TF, Paulmurugan R. Camouflaged Hybrid Cancer Cell-Platelet Fusion Membrane Nanovesicles Deliver Therapeutic MicroRNAs to Presensitize Triple-Negative Breast Cancer to Doxorubicin. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2103600. [PMID: 34899115 PMCID: PMC8664068 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Camouflaged cell-membrane-based nanoparticles have been gaining increasing attention owing to their improved biocompatibility and immunomodulatory properties. Using nanoparticles prepared from the membranes of specific cell types, or fusions derived from different cells membranes, can improve their functional performance in several aspects. Here, we used cell membranes extracted from breast cancer cells and platelets to fabricate a hybrid-membrane vesicle fusion (cancer cell-platelet-fusion-membrane vesicle, CPMV) in which we loaded therapeutic microRNAs (miRNAs) for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We used a clinically scalable microfluidic platform for the fusion of cell membranes. The reconstitution process during synthesis allows for efficient loading of miRNAs into CPMVs. We systematically optimized the conditions for preparation of miRNA-loaded CPMVs and demonstrated their property of homing to source cells using in vitro experiments, and by therapeutic evaluation in vivo. In vitro, the CPMVs exhibited significant recognition of their source cells and avoided engulfment by macrophages. After systemic delivery in mice, the CPMVs showed a prolonged circulation time and site-specific accumulation at implanted TNBC-xenografts. The delivered antimiRNAs sensitized TNBCs to doxorubicin, resulting in an improved therapeutic response and survival rate. This strategy has considerable potential for clinical translation to improve personalized therapy for breast cancer and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Uday K. Sukumar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Masamitsu Kanada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824., USA
| | - Anandi Krishnan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Tarik F. Massoud
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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The therapeutic triad of extracellular vesicles: As drug targets, as drugs, and as drug carriers. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114714. [PMID: 34332957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly growing interest in the study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has led to the accumulation of evidence on their critical roles in various pathologies, as well as opportunities to design novel therapeutic EV-based applications. Efficiently exploiting the constantly expanding knowledge of the biology and function of EVs requires a deep understanding of the various possible strategies of using EVs for therapeutic purposes. Accordingly, in the present work, we have narrowed the broad therapeutic potential of EVs and consider the similarities and differences of various strategies as we articulate three major aspects (i.e., a triad) of their therapeutic uses: (i) EVs as drug targets, whereby we discuss therapeutic targeting of disease-promoting EVs; (ii) EVs as drugs, whereby we consider the natural medicinal properties of EVs and the available options for their optimization; and (iii) EVs as drug carriers, whereby we highlight the advantages of EVs as vehicles for efficacious drug delivery of natural compounds. Finally, after conducting a comprehensive review of the latest literature on each of these aspects, we outline opportunities, limitations, and potential solutions.
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Tang TT, Wang B, Li ZL, Wen Y, Feng ST, Wu M, Liu D, Cao JY, Yin Q, Yin D, Fu YQ, Gao YM, Ding ZY, Qian JY, Wu QL, Lv LL, Liu BC. Kim-1 Targeted Extracellular Vesicles: A New Therapeutic Platform for RNAi to Treat AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2467-2483. [PMID: 34127536 PMCID: PMC8722800 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020111561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AKI is a significant public health problem with high morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, no definitive treatment is available for AKI. RNA interference (RNAi) provides a new and potent method for gene therapy to tackle this issue. METHODS We engineered red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (REVs) with targeting peptides and therapeutic siRNAs to treat experimental AKI in a mouse model after renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Phage display identified peptides that bind to the kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1). RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) characterized the transcriptome of ischemic kidney to explore potential therapeutic targets. RESULTS REVs targeted with Kim-1-binding LTH peptide (REVLTH) efficiently homed to and accumulated at the injured tubules in kidney after I/R injury. We identified transcription factors P65 and Snai1 that drive inflammation and fibrosis as potential therapeutic targets. Taking advantage of the established REVLTH, siRNAs targeting P65 and Snai1 were efficiently delivered to ischemic kidney and consequently blocked the expression of P-p65 and Snai1 in tubules. Moreover, dual suppression of P65 and Snai1 significantly improved I/R- and UUO-induced kidney injury by alleviating tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and potently abrogated the transition to CKD. CONCLUSIONS A red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicle platform targeted Kim-1 in acutely injured mouse kidney and delivered siRNAs for transcription factors P65 and Snai1, alleviating inflammation and fibrosis in the tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zuo-Lin Li
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Song-Tao Feng
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Cao
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Yin
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Yin
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Qi Fu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue-Ming Gao
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao-Ying Ding
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Yi Qian
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiu-Li Wu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Sharma S, Masud MK, Kaneti YV, Rewatkar P, Koradia A, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Popat A, Salomon C. Extracellular Vesicle Nanoarchitectonics for Novel Drug Delivery Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102220. [PMID: 34216426 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer intercellular messages in various (patho)physiological processes and transport biomolecules to recipient cells. EVs possess the capacity to evade the immune system and remain stable over long periods, identifying them as natural carriers for drugs and biologics. However, the challenges associated with EVs isolation, heterogeneity, coexistence with homologous biomolecules, and lack of site-specific delivery, have impeded their potential. In recent years, the amalgamation of EVs with rationally engineered nanostructures has been proposed for achieving effective drug loading and site-specific delivery. With the advancement of nanotechnology and nanoarchitectonics, different nanostructures with tunable size, shapes, and surface properties can be integrated with EVs for drug loading, target binding, efficient delivery, and therapeutics. Such integration may enable improved cellular targeting and the protection of encapsulated drugs for enhanced and specific delivery to target cells. This review summarizes the recent development of nanostructure amalgamated EVs for drug delivery, therapeutics, and real-time monitoring of disease progression. With a specific focus on the exosomal cargo, diverse drug delivery system, and biomimetic nanostructures based on EVs for selective drug delivery, this review also chronicles the needs and challenges of EV-based biomimetic nanostructures and provides a future outlook on the strategies posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayna Sharma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane City, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Yusuf Valentino Kaneti
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Prarthana Rewatkar
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Aayushi Koradia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology (EAIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland and Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane City, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
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Yang M, Wang X, Pu F, Liu Y, Guo J, Chang S, Sun G, Peng Y. Engineered Exosomes-Based Photothermal Therapy with MRI/CT Imaging Guidance Enhances Anticancer Efficacy through Deep Tumor Nucleus Penetration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101593. [PMID: 34683886 PMCID: PMC8538523 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, as natural nanovesicles, have become a spotlight in the field of cancer therapy due to their reduced immunogenicity and ability to overcome physiological barriers. However, the tumor targeting ability of exosomes needs to be improved before its actual application. Herein, a multiple targeted engineered exosomes nanoplatform was constructed through rare earth element Gd and Dy-doped and TAT peptide-modified carbon dots (CDs:Gd,Dy-TAT) encapsulated into RGD peptide engineered exosomes (Exo-RGD), which were used to enhance the effect of cancer imaging diagnosis and photothermal therapy. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the resulting CDs:Gd,Dy-TAT@Exo-RGD could effectively accumulate at cancer site with an increased concentration owing to the targeting peptides modification and exosomes encapsulation. The tumor therapy effects of mice treated with CDs:Gd,Dy-TAT@Exo-RGD were heightened compared with mice from the CDs:Gd,Dy control group. After intravenous injection of CDs:Gd,Dy-TAT@Exo-RGD into tumor-bearing mice, the temperature of tumors rose to above 50 °C under NIR irradiation and the localized hyperpyrexia induced by CDs could remarkably ablate tumors. The survival rate of the mice was 100% after 60 days. In addition, the CDs:Gd,Dy-TAT@Exo-RGD exhibited higher MRI/CT imaging contrast enhancement of tumor sites than that of CDs:Gd,Dy. Our study identified that engineered exosomes are a powerful tool for encapsulating multiple agents to enhance cancer theranostic efficiency and provide insight into precise personalized nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (X.W.); (F.P.)
| | - Fang Pu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; (X.W.); (F.P.)
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Jia Guo
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Shuzhuo Chang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Guoying Sun
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yinghua Peng
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (Y.P.)
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Yuan C, Li Y, Liu L, Tayier B, Yang L, Guan L, Mu Y. Experimental Study on the Compatibility and Characteristics of a Dual-Target Microbubble Loaded with Anti-miR-33. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6265-6280. [PMID: 34539179 PMCID: PMC8445104 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s324514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To prepare a new type of dual-target microbubble loaded with anti-miR-33 (ANM33). Methods Carrier core nanobubbles (NBs) were prepared by thin film hydration, and microbubbles loaded with PM1 (PCNBs) were prepared by grafting DSPE-PEG2000-maleimide-PM1 onto the NB surface. ANM33 was connected via electrostatic adsorption and covalent bonding, and hyaluronic acid (HA) was covalently connected. PM1 and HA were the targets, and ANM33 was the intervention drug. To evaluate the general physical and chemical properties of the prepared dual-target microbubbles loaded with ANM33 (HA-PANBs), we observed their morphology, particle size and surface potential while monitoring their stability and in vitro imaging ability, evaluated their toxic effect on cells and verified their ability to target cells. Results HA-PANBs had a regular morphology and good stability. The average particle size measured by a Malvern potentiometer was 1421.75±163.23 nm, and the average surface potential was −5.51±1.87 mV. PM1 and ANM33 were effectively connected to the NBs. The PM1, ANM33, and HA binding reached 89.0±1.1%, 65.02±5.0%, and 61.4±3.5%, respectively, and the maximum binding reached 2 µg, 5 µg, and 7 µg/108 microbubbles, respectively. HA-PANBs had no obvious toxic effects on cells, and their ability to continuously enhance imaging in vitro persisted for more than 15 minutes, obviously targeting foam cells in the early stage of AS. Conclusion HA-PANBs are ideal ultrasound contrast agents. The successful, firm connection of PM1 and HA to the NBs significantly increased the amount of carried ANM33. When microbubbles prepared with 2:4:7 PM1:ANM33:HA were used as a contrast agent, they had a high ANM33 carrying capacity, stable physical properties, and significantly enhanced imaging and targeting of foam cells in the early stage of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyun Liu
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Baihetiya Tayier
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjie Yang
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Guan
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Mu
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
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90
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Zhao Y, Liu P, Tan H, Chen X, Wang Q, Chen T. Exosomes as Smart Nanoplatforms for Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743189. [PMID: 34513718 PMCID: PMC8427309 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane, containing proteins, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, etc., derived from donor cells. They have a size range of approximately 30-150 nm. The intrinsic characteristics of exosomes, including efficient cellular uptake, low immunogenicity, low toxicity, intrinsic ability to traverse biological barriers, and inherent targeting ability, facilitate their application to the drug delivery system. Here, we review the generation, uptake, separation, and purification methods of exosomes, focusing on their application as carriers in tumor diagnosis and treatment, especially in brain tumors, as well as the patent applications of exosomes in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Piaoxue Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanxu Tan
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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91
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Extracellular vesicles mediated exocytosis of antisense peptide nucleic acids. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 25:302-315. [PMID: 34458012 PMCID: PMC8379631 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), a synthetic DNA mimic, have been extensively utilized for antisense- and antigene-based biomedical applications. Significant efforts have been made to increase the cellular uptake of PNAs, but here we examined relatively unexplored aspects of intracellular trafficking and endocytic recycling of PNAs. For proof-of-concept, we used anti-microRNA (miR) PNA targeting miR-155. The sub-cellular localization of PNA was studied via confocal and flow-cytometry-based assays in HeLa cells. A comprehensive characterization of PNA-containing extracellular vesicles revealed spherical morphology, negative surface charge density, and the presence of tetraspanin markers. Most importantly, we investigated rab11a and rab27b GTPases' role in regulating the exocytosis of PNAs. Organelle staining, followed by confocal imaging, showed higher localization of PNA in lysosomes. Gene-expression analysis established the enhanced functional activity of PNA after inhibition of endocytic recycling. Multiple studies report the exocytosis of single-stranded oligonucleotides, short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and nanocarriers. To our knowledge, this is the first mechanistic study to establish that PNA undergoes endocytic recycling and exocytosis out of tumor cells. The results presented here can serve as a platform to develop and optimize strategies for improving the therapeutic efficacy of PNAs by avoiding the recycling pathways.
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Zebrafish as a preclinical model for Extracellular Vesicle-based therapeutic development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113815. [PMID: 34058284 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are released during various pathophysiological processes and reflect the state of their cell of origin. Once released, they can propagate through biological fluids, target cells, deliver their content and elicit functional responses. These specific features would allow their harnessing as biomarkers, drug nano-vehicles and therapeutic intrinsic modulators. However, the further development of their potential therapeutic application is hampered by the lack of knowledge about how EVs behave in vivo. Recent advances in the field of imaging EVs in vivo now allow live-tracking of endogenous and exogenous EV in various model organisms at high spatiotemporal resolution to define their distribution, half-life and fate. This review highlights current imaging tools available to image EVs in vivo and how live imaging especially in the zebrafish embryo can bring further insights into the characterization of EVs dynamics, biodistribution and functions to potentiate their development for therapeutic applications.
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93
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Xu M, Feng T, Liu B, Qiu F, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Zheng Y. Engineered exosomes: desirable target-tracking characteristics for cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease therapies. Theranostics 2021; 11:8926-8944. [PMID: 34522219 PMCID: PMC8419041 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, exosomes are intercellular signalosomes for cell communication and pharmacological effectors. Because of their special properties, including low toxicity and immunogenicity, biodegradability, ability to encapsulate endogenous biologically active molecules and cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), exosomes have great therapeutic potential in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the poor targeting ability of natural exosomes greatly reduces the therapeutic effect. Using engineering technology, exosomes can obtain active targeting ability to accumulate in specific cell types and tissues by attaching targeting units to the membrane surface or loading them into cavities. In this review, we outline the improved targeting functions of bioengineered exosomes, tracing and imaging techniques, administration methods, internalization in the BBB, and therapeutic effects of exosomes in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and further evaluate the clinical opportunities and challenges in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Fen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Youhua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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94
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Parashar P, Singh N, Alka A, Maurya P, Saraf SA. An assessment of in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation methods for theranostic nanomaterials. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:78-90. [PMID: 34348616 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210804101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) as nanocarriers have emerged as novel and promising theranostic agents. The term theranostics revealed the properties of NPs capable of diagnosing the disease at an early stage and/or treating the disease. Such NPs are usually developed employing a surface engineering approach. The theranostic agents comprise NPs loaded with a drug/diagnostic agent that delivers it precisely to the target site. Theranostics is a field with promising results in enhancing therapeutic efficacy facilitated through higher payload at the targeted tissue, reduced dose, and dose-dependent side effects. However, controversies in terms of toxicity and size-dependent properties have often surfaced for NPs. Thus, a stringent in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation is required to develop safe and non-toxic NPs as theranostic agents. The review also focuses on the various entry points of NPs in the human system and their outcomes, including toxicity. It elaborates the evaluation criteria to ensure the safe use of NPs for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Parashar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226025. India
| | - Neelu Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226025. India
| | - Alka Alka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226025. India
| | - Priyanka Maurya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226025. India
| | - Shubhini A Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226025. India
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95
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Huang H, Guo Z, Zhang C, Cui C, Fu T, Liu Q, Tan W. Logic-Gated Cell-Derived Nanovesicles via DNA-Based Smart Recognition Module. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:30397-30403. [PMID: 34161059 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineering cell-derived nanovesicles with active-targeting ligands is an important strategy to enhance the targeting efficiency. However, the enhanced binding capability to targeting cells also leads to the binding with nontarget cells that share the same biomarkers. DNA-based logic gate is a kind of molecular system that responds to chemical inputs by generating output signals, and the relationship between the input and the output is based on a certain logic. Thus, the DNA-based logic gate could provide a new approach to improve the delivery efficiency of the nanovesicle. In this work, we developed a DNA logic-gated module that coupled two tumor cell-targeting factors (e.g., low pH and a tumor cell biomarker) in a Boolean manner. Immobilization of this module on the surface of the nanovesicle enables the nanovesicle to sense tumor cell-targeting factors and regard these cues as inputs AND logic gate. With the guide of DNA-based logic gate, gold carbon dots (GCDs) encapsulated within nanovesicles were delivered into target cells, and then the intracellular redox status variation was reflected by fluorescence change of GCDs. Overall, we developed DNA logic-gated nanovesicles that contract different targeting factors into a unique tag for target cells. This facile functionalization strategy can pave the way for constructing smart nanovesicles and would broaden their application in the field of precision medicine and personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Huang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zhenzhen Guo
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Chunjuan Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Cheng Cui
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Ting Fu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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96
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Cao J, Zhang M, Wang B, Zhang L, Fang M, Zhou F. Chemoresistance and Metastasis in Breast Cancer Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Clinical Strategies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:658552. [PMID: 34277408 PMCID: PMC8281885 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.658552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in females worldwide. Chemotherapy is the standard breast cancer treatment; however, chemoresistance is often seen in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Owing to high heterogeneity, the mechanisms of breast cancer chemoresistance and metastasis have not been fully investigated. The possible molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in breast cancer include efflux transporters, signaling pathways, non-coding RNAs, and cancer stem cells. However, to overcome this hurdle, the use of novel clinical strategies such as drug carriers, immunotherapy, and autophagy regulation, are being investigated. The goal of this review is to summarize the current data about the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer chemoresistance and the novel clinical strategies; thus, providing a useful clinical tool to explore optimal treatment for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Department of Rare and Head and Neck Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiyu Fang
- Department of Rare and Head and Neck Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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97
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Zhao Y, Pu M, Zhang J, Wang Y, Yan X, Yu L, He Z. Recent advancements of nanomaterial-based therapeutic strategies toward sepsis: bacterial eradication, anti-inflammation, and immunomodulation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10726-10747. [PMID: 34165483 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life threatening disease that is caused by a dysregulated host immune response to infection, resulting in tissue damage and organ dysfunction, which account for a high in-hospital mortality (approximately 20%). However, there are still no effective and specific therapeutics for clinical sepsis management. Nanomaterial-based strategies have emerged as promising tools for improving the therapeutic efficacy of sepsis by combating lethal bacterial infection, modulating systemic inflammatory response, preventing multiple organ failure, etc. This review has comprehensively summarized the recent advancements in nanomaterial-based strategies for the management of sepsis and severe complications, in which those nanosystems act either as inherent therapeutics or as nanocarriers for the precise delivery of agents. These formulations mechanically possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-oxidative effects, achieving multifunctional synergistic treatment efficacy against sepsis. Furthermore, several cell membrane-derived biomimetic nanoplatforms have been used as decoys to trap and neutralize the pathogenic toxins. The critical role of other adjuvant therapies in sepsis management, including the combination of nanotechnology and stem cell therapy, is also highlighted. Overall, this review provides insights into innovative nanotechnology-based strategies applied in sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, China.
| | - Minju Pu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, China.
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, China.
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, China.
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, China.
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, China.
| | - Zhiyu He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, China.
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98
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Liu X, Wang X, Ye S, Li R, Li H. A One-Two-Three Multifunctional System for Enhanced Imaging and Detection of Intracellular MicroRNA and Chemogene Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27825-27835. [PMID: 34124898 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous imaging, diagnosis, and therapy can offer an effective strategy for cancer treatment. However, the complex probe design, poor drug release efficiency, and multidrug resistance remain tremendous challenges to cancer treatment. Here, a novel one-two-three system is built for enhanced imaging and detection of miRNA-21 (miR-21) overexpressed in cancer cell and chemogene therapy. The system consists of dual-mode DNA robot nanoprobes assembled by two types of hairpin DNAs and three-way branch DNAs modified on gold nanoparticles, with intercalating anticancer drugs (doxorubicin), into DNA duplex GC base pairs. In the system, via intracellular ATP-accelerated cyclic reaction triggered by miR-21, fluorescence and SERS signals were alternated with DNA structure switch, and the precise SERS detection of miRNA and fluorescence imaging oriented "on-demand" release of two types of anticancer drugs (anti-miR-21 and Dox) are achieved. Thus, "one-two-three" means one kind of miR-21-triggered endogenous substance accelerated cyclic reaction, two modes of signal switch, and three functions including enhanced imaging, detection, and comprehensive treatment. The one-two-three system has some notable merits. First, ATP as an endogenous substance promotes DNA structure switching and accelerates the cyclic reaction. Second, the treatment with a dual-mode signal switch is more reliable and accurate and can provide more abundant information than a single-mode treatment platform. Thus, the imaging and detection of intracellular miRNA and effective comprehensive therapy are realized. In vivo results indicate that the system can provide new insights and strategies for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P R China
| | - Xingxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P R China
| | - Sujuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P R China
| | - Ronghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P R China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Weifang Customs, Yuqing East Street, No.15789, High tech District, Weifang 261000, Shandong Province, China
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99
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Hong M, Sun H, Yang Q, Cheng S, Yu S, Fan S, Li C, Cui C, Tan W. A microRNA-21-responsive doxorubicin-releasing sticky-flare for synergistic anticancer with silencing of microRNA and chemotherapy. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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100
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Robinson ER, Gowrishankar G, D'Souza AL, Kheirolomoom A, Haywood T, Hori SS, Chuang HY, Zeng Y, Tumbale SK, Aalipour A, Beinat C, Alam IS, Sathirachinda A, Kanada M, Paulmurugan R, Ferrara KW, Gambhir SS. Minicircles for a two-step blood biomarker and PET imaging early cancer detection strategy. J Control Release 2021; 335:281-289. [PMID: 34029631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early cancer detection can dramatically increase treatment options and survival rates for patients, yet detection of early-stage tumors remains difficult. Here, we demonstrate a two-step strategy to detect and locate cancerous lesions by delivering tumor-activatable minicircle (MC) plasmids encoding a combination of blood-based and imaging reporter genes to tumor cells. We genetically engineered the MCs, under the control of the pan-tumor-specific Survivin promoter, to encode: 1) Gaussia Luciferase (GLuc), a secreted biomarker that can be easily assayed in blood samples; and 2) Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase mutant (HSV-1 sr39TK), a PET reporter gene that can be used for highly sensitive and quantitative imaging of the tumor location. We evaluated two methods of MC delivery, complexing the MCs with the chemical transfection reagent jetPEI or encapsulating the MCs in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from a human cervical cancer HeLa cell line. MCs delivered by EVs or jetPEI yielded significant expression of the reporter genes in cell culture versus MCs delivered without a transfection reagent. Secreted GLuc correlated with HSV-1 sr39TK expression with R2 = 0.9676. MC complexation with jetPEI delivered a larger mass of MC for enhanced transfection, which was crucial for in vivo animal studies, where delivery of MCs via jetPEI resulted in GLuc and HSV-1 sr39TK expression at significantly higher levels than controls. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the PET reporter gene HSV-1 sr39TK delivered via a tumor-activatable MC to tumor cells for an early cancer detection strategy. This work explores solutions to endogenous blood-based biomarker and molecular imaging limitations of early cancer detection strategies and elucidates the delivery capabilities and limitations of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Robinson
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aloma L D'Souza
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Azadeh Kheirolomoom
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tom Haywood
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sharon S Hori
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hui-Yen Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yitian Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Spencer K Tumbale
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amin Aalipour
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Corinne Beinat
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Israt S Alam
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ataya Sathirachinda
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Masamitsu Kanada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824., USA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Katherine W Ferrara
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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