51
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Xiao K, Hu Y, Wan Y, Li X, Nie Q, Yan H, Wang L, Liao J, Liu D, Tu Y, Sun J, Codée JDC, Zhang Q. Hydrogen bond activated glycosylation under mild conditions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1600-1607. [PMID: 35282639 PMCID: PMC8826775 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05772c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a new glycosylation system for the highly efficient and stereoselective formation of glycosidic bonds using glycosyl N-phenyl trifluoroacetimidate (PTFAI) donors and a charged thiourea hydrogen-bond-donor catalyst. The glycosylation protocol features broad substrate scope, controllable stereoselectivity, good to excellent yields and exceptionally mild catalysis conditions. Benefitting from the mild reaction conditions, this new hydrogen bond-mediated glycosylation system in combination with a hydrogen bond-mediated aglycon delivery system provides a reliable method for the synthesis of challenging phenolic glycosides. In addition, a chemoselective glycosylation procedure was developed using different imidate donors (trichloroacetimidates, N-phenyl trifluoroacetimidates, N-4-nitrophenyl trifluoroacetimidates, benzoxazolyl imidates and 6-nitro-benzothiazolyl imidates) and it was applied for a trisaccharide synthesis through a novel one-pot single catalyst strategy. A mild glycosylation system was developed using glycosyl imidate donors and a charge-enhanced thiourea H-bond donor catalyst. The method can be used for the effective synthesis of O-, C-, S- and N-glycosides and chemoselective one-pot glycosylation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiao
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Yongxin Hu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Yongyong Wan
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - XinXin Li
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Qin Nie
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Hao Yan
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Liming Wang
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Jinxi Liao
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Deyong Liu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Yuanhong Tu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Jiansong Sun
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Qingju Zhang
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China .,Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
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52
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Cattin M, Bruxelle JF, Ng K, Blaukopf M, Pantophlet R, Kosma P. Synthetic neoglycoconjugates of hepta- and nonamannoside ligands for eliciting oligomannose-specific HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200061. [PMID: 35104013 PMCID: PMC9108342 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oligomannose-type glycans on the spike protein of HIV-1 constitute relevant epitopes to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Herein we describe an improved synthesis of α- and β-linked hepta- and nonamannosyl ligands that, subsequently, were converted into BSA and CRM 197 neoglycoconjugates. We assembled the ligands from anomeric 3-azidopropyl spacer glycosides from select 3-O-protected thiocresyl mannoside donors. Chain extensions were achieved using 4+3 or 4+5 block synthesis of thiocresyl and trichloroacetimidate glycosyl donors. Subsequent global deprotection generated the 3-aminopropyl oligosaccharide ligands. ELISA binding data obtained with the β-anomeric hepta- and nonamannosyl conjugates with a selection of HIV-1 bnAbs showed comparable binding of both mannosyl ligands by Fab fragments yet lesser binding of the nonasaccharide conjugate by the corresponding IgG antibodies. These results support previous observations that a complete Man 9 structure might not be the preferred antigenic binding motif for some oligomannose-specific antibodies and have implications for glycoside designs to elicit oligomannose-targeted HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cattin
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences: Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien, Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, A 1190, Vienna, AUSTRIA
| | - Jean-François Bruxelle
- Simon Fraser University Faculty of Health Sciences, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, CANADA
| | - Kurtis Ng
- Simon Fraser University Faculty of Health Sciences, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, CANADA
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna: Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien, Chemistry, AUSTRIA
| | - Ralph Pantophlet
- Simon Fraser University Faculty of Health Sciences, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, V5A 1S6, Burnaby, CANADA
| | - Paul Kosma
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, A 1190, Vienna, AUSTRIA
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53
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Chen A, Xu L, Zhou Z, Zhao S, Yang T, Zhu F. Recent advances in glycosylation involving novel anomeric radical precursors. J Carbohydr Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2022.2031207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anrong Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyin Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyi Yang
- Research and Development, Corden Pharma Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Feng Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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54
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Nielsen MM, Holmstrøm T, Pedersen CM. Stereoselective
O
‐Glycosylations by Pyrylium Salt Organocatalysis**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen Department of Chemistry Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen O Denmark
| | - Thomas Holmstrøm
- University of Copenhagen Department of Chemistry Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen O Denmark
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55
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Feng GJ, Luo T, Guo YF, Liu CY, Dong H. Concise Synthesis of 1-Thioalkyl Glycoside Donors by Reaction of Per-O-acetylated Sugars with Sodium Alkanethiolates under Solvent-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3638-3646. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Fan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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56
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Kawanobe Y, Kuragaki N, Tsubomura T, Yamazaki Y, Kuribara T, Totani K. Mechanistic Study of Silyl‐Assist Effect on 1,2‐
cis
‐α‐Glucosylation. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kawanobe
- Department of Materials and Life Science Seikei University 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi Musashino-shi Tokyo 180-8633 Japan
| | - Naoya Kuragaki
- Department of Materials and Life Science Seikei University 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi Musashino-shi Tokyo 180-8633 Japan
| | - Taro Tsubomura
- Department of Materials and Life Science Seikei University 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi Musashino-shi Tokyo 180-8633 Japan
| | - Yasuomi Yamazaki
- Department of Materials and Life Science Seikei University 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi Musashino-shi Tokyo 180-8633 Japan
| | - Taiki Kuribara
- Department of Materials and Life Science Seikei University 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi Musashino-shi Tokyo 180-8633 Japan
| | - Kiichiro Totani
- Department of Materials and Life Science Seikei University 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi Musashino-shi Tokyo 180-8633 Japan
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57
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O'Sullivan J, Muñoz-Muñoz J, Turnbull G, Sim N, Penny S, Moschos S. Beyond GalNAc! Drug delivery systems comprising complex oligosaccharides for targeted use of nucleic acid therapeutics. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20432-20446. [PMID: 35919168 PMCID: PMC9281799 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01999j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics (NATs) are establishing a leading role for the management and treatment of genetic diseases following FDA approval of nusinersen, patisiran, and givosiran in the last 5 years, the breakthrough of milasen, with more approvals undoubtedly on the way. Givosiran takes advantage of the known interaction between the hepatocyte specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) and N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) ligands to deliver a therapeutic effect, underscoring the value of targeting moieties. In this review, we explore the history of GalNAc as a ligand, and the paradigm it has set for the delivery of NATs through precise targeting to the liver, overcoming common hindrances faced with this type of therapy. We describe various complex oligosaccharides (OSs) and ask what others could be used to target receptors for NAT delivery and the opportunities awaiting exploration of this chemical space. Tapping the glycome space for targeted delivery. We explore GalNAc for targeting oligonucleotides to the liver and ask what other oligosaccharides could expand targeting options for other tissues.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O'Sullivan
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
| | - Jose Muñoz-Muñoz
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
| | - Graeme Turnbull
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
| | - Neil Sim
- High Force Research Ltd, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Durham, UK, DH6 5PF
| | - Stuart Penny
- High Force Research Ltd, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Durham, UK, DH6 5PF
| | - Sterghios Moschos
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
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58
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Liu X, Lin Y, Liu A, Sun Q, Sun H, Xu P, Li G, Song Y, Xie W, Sun H, Yu B, Li W. 2‐Diphenylphosphinonyl
‐acetyl as a Remote Directing Group for the Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of
β‐Glycosides. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Yetong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Ao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Guolong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Yingying Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Weijia Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 211198 China
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59
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Yang F, Hou W, Zhu D, Tang Y, Yu B. A Stereoselective Glycosylation Approach to the Construction of 1,2-trans-β-d-Glycosidic Linkages and Convergent Synthesis of Saponins. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104002. [PMID: 34859514 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Conventional syntheses of 1,2-trans-β-d- or α-l-glycosidic linkages rely mainly on neighboring group participation in the glycosylation reactions. The requirement for a neighboring participation group (NPG) excludes direct glycosylation with (1→2)-linked glycan donors, thus only allowing stepwise assembly of glycans and glycoconjugates containing this type of common motif. Here, a robust glycosylation protocol for the synthesis of 1,2-trans-β-d- or α-l-glycosidic linkages without resorting to NPG is disclosed; it employs an optimal combination of glycosyl N-phenyltrifluroacetimidates as donors, FeCl3 as promoter, and CH2 Cl2 /nitrile as solvent. A broad substrate scope has been demonstrated by glycosylations with 12 (1→2)-linked di- and trisaccharide donors and 13 alcoholic acceptors including eight complex triterpene derivatives. Most of the glycosylation reactions are high yielding and exclusively 1,2-trans selective. Ten representative, naturally occurring triterpene saponins were thus synthesized in a convergent manner after deprotection of the coupled glycosides. Intensive mechanistic studies indicated that this glycosylation proceeds by SN 2-type substitution of the glycosyl α-nitrilium intermediates. Importantly, FeCl3 dissociates and coordinates with nitrile into [Fe(RCN)n Cl2 ]+ and [FeCl4 ]- , and the ferric cationic species coordinates with the alcoholic acceptor to provide a protic species that activates the imidate, meanwhile the poor nucleophilicity of [FeCl4 ]- ensures an uninterruptive role for the glycosidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Wu Hou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
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60
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Nielsen MM, Holmstrøm T, Pedersen CM. Stereoselective O-Glycosylations by Pyrylium Salt Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115394. [PMID: 34847269 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite many years of invention, the field of carbohydrate chemistry remains rather inaccessible to non-specialists, which limits the scientific impact and reach of the discoveries made in the field. Aiming to increase the availability of stereoselective glycosylation chemistry for non-specialists, we have discovered that several commercially available pyrylium salts catalyze stereoselective O-glycosylations of a wide range of phenols and alkyl alcohols. This catalytic reaction utilizes trichloroacetimidates, an easily accessible and synthetically proven electrophile, takes place under air and only initiates when all three reagents are mixed, which should provide better reproducibility by non-specialists. The reaction exhibits varying degrees of stereospecificity, resulting in β-selective glycosylations from α-trichloroacetimidates, whilst an α-selective glycosylation proceeds from β-trichloroacetimidates. A mechanistic study revealed that the reaction likely proceeds via an SN 2-like substitution on the protonated electrophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Chemistry, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Thomas Holmstrøm
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Chemistry, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Christian Marcus Pedersen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Chemistry, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
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61
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Aher UP, Srivastava D, Singh GP, S JB. Synthetic strategies toward 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2680-2715. [PMID: 34804240 PMCID: PMC8576827 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar-modified nucleosides have gained considerable attention in the scientific community, either for use as molecular probes or as therapeutic agents. When the methylene group of the ribose ring is replaced with a sulfur atom at the 3’-position, these compounds have proved to be structurally potent nucleoside analogues, and the best example is BCH-189. The majority of methods traditionally involves the chemical modification of nucleoside structures. It requires the creation of artificial sugars, which is accompanied by coupling nucleobases via N-glycosylation. However, over the last three decades, efforts were made for the synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides by selective N-glycosylation of carbohydrate precursors at C-1, and this approach has emerged as a strong alternative that allows simple modification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the reported methods in the literature to access 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides. The first focus of this review is the construction of the 1,3-oxathiolane ring from different starting materials. The second focus involves the coupling of the 1,3-oxathiolane ring with different nucleobases in a way that only one isomer is produced in a stereoselective manner via N-glycosylation. An emphasis has been placed on the C–N-glycosidic bond constructed during the formation of the nucleoside analogue. The third focus is on the separation of enantiomers of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides via resolution methods. The chemical as well as enzymatic procedures are reviewed and segregated in this review for effective synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P Aher
- Chemical Research Department, Lupin Research Park, Lupin Limited, 46A/47A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune-412115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dhananjai Srivastava
- Chemical Research Department, Lupin Research Park, Lupin Limited, 46A/47A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune-412115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girij P Singh
- Chemical Research Department, Lupin Research Park, Lupin Limited, 46A/47A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune-412115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayashree B S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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62
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Das A, Jayaraman N. Carbon tetrachloride-free allylic halogenation-mediated glycosylations of allyl glycosides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9318-9325. [PMID: 34664608 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01298c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The allylic bromination of allyl glycosides is conducted using NBS/AIBN reagents in (EtO)2CO and PhCF3 solutions, without using CCl4 as a solvent. The activated mixed halo-allyl glycosides led to glycosylations, mediated by a triflate, in a latent-active manner, with the allyl glycosides acting as donors and acceptors. Systematic glycosylation studies are performed with different triflate promoters, non-glycosyl acceptors and various allyl glycosyl donors. One-pot allylic halogenations and subsequent glycosylations are developed in PhCF3 solutions. This newer glycosylation method is utilized to obtain xylo-pyranoside di- and trisaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
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63
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Alex C, Demchenko AV. Recent Advances in Stereocontrolled Mannosylation: Focus on Glycans Comprising Acidic and/or Amino Sugars. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3278-3294. [PMID: 34661961 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The main focus of this review is to describe accomplishments made in the stereoselective synthesis of β-linked mannosides functionalized with carboxyls or amines/amides. These ManNAc, ManA and ManNAcA residues found in many glycoconjugates, bacterial polysaccharides, and alginates have consistently captured interest of the glycoscience community both due to synthetic challenge and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alex
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
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64
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Abstract
With a view to reducing the notorious complexity and irreproducibility of glycosylation reactions, 12 guidelines for the choice of concentration, temperature, and counterions are adumbrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Andreana
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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65
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Alabugin IV, Kuhn L, Medvedev MG, Krivoshchapov NV, Vil' VA, Yaremenko IA, Mehaffy P, Yarie M, Terent'ev AO, Zolfigol MA. Stereoelectronic power of oxygen in control of chemical reactivity: the anomeric effect is not alone. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10253-10345. [PMID: 34263287 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00386k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although carbon is the central element of organic chemistry, oxygen is the central element of stereoelectronic control in organic chemistry. Generally, a molecule with a C-O bond has both a strong donor (a lone pair) and a strong acceptor (e.g., a σ*C-O orbital), a combination that provides opportunities to influence chemical transformations at both ends of the electron demand spectrum. Oxygen is a stereoelectronic chameleon that adapts to the varying situations in radical, cationic, anionic, and metal-mediated transformations. Arguably, the most historically important stereoelectronic effect is the anomeric effect (AE), i.e., the axial preference of acceptor groups at the anomeric position of sugars. Although AE is generally attributed to hyperconjugative interactions of σ-acceptors with a lone pair at oxygen (negative hyperconjugation), recent literature reports suggested alternative explanations. In this context, it is timely to evaluate the fundamental connections between the AE and a broad variety of O-functional groups. Such connections illustrate the general role of hyperconjugation with oxygen lone pairs in reactivity. Lessons from the AE can be used as the conceptual framework for organizing disjointed observations into a logical body of knowledge. In contrast, neglect of hyperconjugation can be deeply misleading as it removes the stereoelectronic cornerstone on which, as we show in this review, the chemistry of organic oxygen functionalities is largely based. As negative hyperconjugation releases the "underutilized" stereoelectronic power of unshared electrons (the lone pairs) for the stabilization of a developing positive charge, the role of orbital interactions increases when the electronic demand is high and molecules distort from their equilibrium geometries. From this perspective, hyperconjugative anomeric interactions play a unique role in guiding reaction design. In this manuscript, we discuss the reactivity of organic O-functionalities, outline variations in the possible hyperconjugative patterns, and showcase the vast implications of AE for the structure and reactivity. On our journey through a variety of O-containing organic functional groups, from textbook to exotic, we will illustrate how this knowledge can predict chemical reactivity and unlock new useful synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Michael G Medvedev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai V Krivoshchapov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1 (3), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vera A Vil'
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan A Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Patricia Mehaffy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Meysam Yarie
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65167, Iran
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Ali Zolfigol
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65167, Iran
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66
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Zhou S, Zhong X, Guo A, Xiao Q, Ao J, Zhu W, Cai H, Ishiwata A, Ito Y, Liu XW, Ding F. ZnI 2-Directed Stereocontrolled α-Glucosylation. Org Lett 2021; 23:6841-6845. [PMID: 34411478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a glucosylation strategy mediated by ZnI2, a cheap and mild Lewis acid, for the highly stereoselective construction of 1,2-cis-O-glycosidic linkages using easily accessible and common 4,6-O-tethered glucosyl donors. The versatility and effectiveness of the α-glucosylation strategy were demonstrated successfully with various acceptors, including complex alcohols. This approach demonstrates the feasibility of the modular synthesis of various α-glucans with both linear and branched backbone structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siai Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Shenzhen, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Shenzhen, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Aoxin Guo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Qian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Shenzhen, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jiaming Ao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Shenzhen, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Wanmeng Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Shenzhen, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Shenzhen, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Akihiro Ishiwata
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 5600043, Japan
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Shenzhen, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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67
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Yang X, Ben H, Ragauskas AJ. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Deuterium‐Labeled Compounds. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-textiles Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Haoxi Ben
- State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-textiles Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Center for Renewable Carbon Department of Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Science Biosciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI) Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
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68
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Morelli L, Legnani L, Ronchi S, Confalonieri L, Imperio D, Toma L, Compostella F. 2,3-Carbamate mannosamine glycosyl donors in glycosylation reactions of diacetone-d-glucose. An experimental and theoretical study. Carbohydr Res 2021; 509:108421. [PMID: 34450528 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of the cyclic 2,3-N,O-carbamate protecting group in directing the selectivity of mannosylation reactions of diacetone-d-glucose, promoted by BSP/Tf2O via α-triflate intermediates, has been investigated through a combined computational and experimental approach. DFT calculations were used to locate the transition states leading to the α or β anomers. These data indicate the preferential formation of the β-adduct with mannosyl donors either equipped with the 4,6-O-benzylidene protection or without it. The synthetic results confirmed this preference, showing in both cases an α/β selectivity of 4:6. This highlights a role for the 2,3-N,O-carbamate in sharp contrast with what described in the case of 2,3-O-carbonate mannosyl donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Legnani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Ronchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Confalonieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, L.go Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Imperio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, L.go Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Lucio Toma
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Federica Compostella
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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69
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Li J, Nguyen HM. A Mechanistic Probe into 1,2- cis Glycoside Formation Catalyzed by Phenanthroline and Further Expansion of Scope. Adv Synth Catal 2021; 363:4054-4066. [PMID: 35431716 PMCID: PMC9009828 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phenanthroline, a rigid and planar compound with two fused pyridine rings, has been used as a powerful ligand for metals and a binding agent for DNA/RNA. We discovered that phenanthroline could be used as a nucleophilic catalyst to efficiently access high yielding and diastereoselective α-1,2-cis glycosides through the coupling of hydroxyl acceptors with α-glycosyl bromide donors. We have conducted an extensive investigation into the reaction mechanism, wherein the two glycosyl phenanthrolinium ion intermediates, a 4C1 chair-liked β-conformer and a B2,5 boat-like α-conformer, have been detected in a ratio of 2:1 (β:α) using variable temperature NMR experiments. Furthermore, NMR studies illustrate that a hydrogen bonding is formed between the second nitrogen atom of phenanthroline and the C1-anomeric hydrogen of sugar moiety to stabilize the phenanthrolinium ion intermediates. To obtain high α-1,2-cis stereoselectivity, a Curtin-Hammett scenario was proposed wherein interconversion of the 4C1 chair-like β-conformer and B2,5 boat-like α-conformer is more rapid than nucleophilic addition. Hydroxyl attack takes place from the α-face of the more reactive 4C1 β-phenanthrolinium intermediate to give an α-anomeric product. The utility of the phenanthroline catalysis is expanded to sterically hindered hydroxyl nucleophiles and chemoselective coupling of an alkyl hydroxyl group in the presence of a free C1-hemiacetal. In addition, the phenanthroline-based catalyst has a pronounced effect on site-selective couplings of triol motifs and orthogonally activates the anomeric bromide leaving group over the anomeric fluoride and sulfide counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, United States
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70
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Hassan AA, Oscarson S. Facile anomer-oriented syntheses of 4-methylumbelliferyl sialic acid glycosides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6644-6649. [PMID: 34263283 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00877c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As part of a program to find new sialidases and determine their enzymatic specificity and catalytic activity, a library of 4-methylumbelliferyl sialic acid glycosides derivatised at the C-5 position were prepared from N-acetylneuraminic acid. Both α- and β-4-methylumbelliferyl sialic acid glycosides were prepared in high yields and stereoselectivity. α-Anomers were accessed via reagent control by utilising additive CH3CN and TBAI, whereas the β-anomers were synthesised through a diastereoselective addition reaction of iodine and the aglycone to the corresponding glycal followed by reduction of the resulting 3-iodo compounds. Both anomer-oriented synthetic pathways allow for gram-scale stereoselective syntheses of the desired C-5 modified neuraminic acid derivatives for use as tools to quantify the enzymatic activity and substrate specificity of known sialidases, and potential detection and investigation of novel sialidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Hassan
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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71
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Fittolani G, Tyrikos-Ergas T, Vargová D, Chaube MA, Delbianco M. Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1981-2025. [PMID: 34386106 PMCID: PMC8353590 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence, length and substitution of a polysaccharide influence its physical and biological properties. Thus, sequence controlled polysaccharides are important targets to establish structure-properties correlations. Polymerization techniques and enzymatic methods have been optimized to obtain samples with well-defined substitution patterns and narrow molecular weight distribution. Chemical synthesis has granted access to polysaccharides with full control over the length. Here, we review the progress towards the synthesis of well-defined polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denisa Vargová
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manishkumar A Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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72
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Upadhyaya K, Bagul RS, Crich D. Influence of Configuration at the 4- and 6-Positions on the Conformation and Anomeric Reactivity and Selectivity of 7-Deoxyheptopyranosyl Donors: Discovery of a Highly Equatorially Selective l- glycero-d- gluco-Heptopyranosyl Donor. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12199-12225. [PMID: 34343001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of four per-O-benzyl-d- or l-glycero-d-galacto and d- or l-glycero-d-gluco heptopyranosyl sulfoxides and the influence of their side-chain conformations on reactivity and stereoselectivity in glycosylation reactions are described. The side-chain conformation in these donors is determined by the relative configuration of its point of attachment to the pyranoside ring and the two flanking centers in agreement with a recent model. In the d- and l-glycero-d-galacto glycosyl donors, the d-glycero-d-galacto isomer with the more electron-withdrawing trans,gauche conformation of its side chain was the more equatorially selective isomer. In the d- and l-glycero-d-gluco glycosyl donors, the l-glycero-d-gluco isomer with the least disarming gauche,gauche side-chain conformation was the most equatorially selective donor. Variable temperature NMR studies, while supporting the formation of intermediate glycosyl triflates at -80 °C in all cases, were inconclusive owing to a change in the decomposition mechanism with the change in configuration. It is suggested that the equatorial selectivity of the l-glycero-d-gluco isomer arises from H-bonding between the glycosyl acceptor and O6 of the donor, which is poised to deliver the acceptor antiperiplanar to the glycosyl triflate, resulting in a high degree of SN2 character in the displacement reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Upadhyaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Rahul S Bagul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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73
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Das A, Jayaraman N. Aglycon reactivity as a guiding principle in latent-active approach to chemical glycosylations. Carbohydr Res 2021; 508:108404. [PMID: 34352649 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemical glycosylations critically depend on the activation of a glycosyl donor and the reaction of this activated donor intermediate with an acceptor alcohol. Whereas many strategies are developed for the activation of an anomeric aglycon substituent, the latent-active method of glycosylation is based specifically on tuning the reactivity of the aglycon substituent of a glycosyl donor. Several novel methods have emerged to install reactive aglycon moiety in a glycosyl donor and fine-tuning the reactivity of the moiety. Remote functionalizations of the aglycon plays a key role in the reactivity tuning. Activation of a remote functionality enables an otherwise latent aglycon to an active moiety, suitable as a glycosyl donor. The latent-active approach provides an advantage to avoid the conversion of the aglycon to another donor prior to a glycosylation, in addition to advancing the contemporary glycosylations with alternate insights. The review analyzes the methodologies that consolidate the latent-active approach to chemical glycosylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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74
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Cai D, Bian Y, Wu S, Ding K. Conformation-Controlled Hydrogen-Bond-Mediated Aglycone Delivery Method for α-Xylosylation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9945-9960. [PMID: 34292734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
α-Xylosylated glycans and xylosyl derivatives are biomedically important molecules which show numerous bioactivities against infection, cancer, inflammation, and so on. Lacking an efficient α-xylosylation method, the synthesis of α-xyloside-containing molecules was full of challenges. Herein, a robust method is presented for selective α-xylosylation via combination of a rare conformation-controlled strategy and the hydrogen-bond-mediated aglycone delivery method. Various native branched α-xyloside structures necessitate an orthogonally protected xyloside, and a three-pot preparation method of the xylosyl donor was developed for this novel α-xylosylation method, which was further applied in the first synthesis of the side chain N of xyloglucan. This work provides an efficient α-xylosylation method which would make various α-xyloside structures achievable. The conformation-controlled strategy also has important reference to the chemistry of five-carbon pyranose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqin Cai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ya Bian
- Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shengjie Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kan Ding
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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75
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Abstract
l-Rhamnose forms the key components of important antigenic oligo- and polysaccharides of a variety of pathogens. Obtaining 1,2-cis stereoselectivity in the glycosylation of l-rhamnoside is quite challenging due to the unavailability of neighboring group participation and disfavoring of the anomeric effect and stereoelectronic effect of the substituents on the C-2 axial position. Nevertheless, various methodologies have been developed exploiting diverse pathways for obtaining β-stereoselectivity in the glycosylation of l-rhamnose. This review describes the recent advances in β-l-rhamnosylation and its applications in the total synthesis of β-l-rhamnose-containing biologically important oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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76
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Mishra B, Manmode S, Walke G, Chakraborty S, Neralkar M, Hotha S. Synthesis of the hyper-branched core tetrasaccharide motif of chloroviruses. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1315-1328. [PMID: 33459320 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02176h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of complex oligosaccharides, especially those possessing hyper-branched structures with one or multiple 1,2-cis glycosidic bonds, is a challenging task. Complementary reactivity of glycosyl donors and acceptors and proper tuning of the solvent/temperature/activator coupled with compromised glycosylation yields for sterically congested glycosyl acceptors are among several factors that make such syntheses daunting. Herein, we report the synthesis of a semi-conserved hyper-branched core tetrasaccharide motif from chloroviruses which are associated with reduced cognitive function in humans as well as in mouse models. The target tetrasaccharide contains four different sugar residues in which l-fucose is connected to d-xylose and l-rhamnose via a 1,2-trans glycosidic bond, whereas with the d-galactose residue is connected through a 1,2-cis glycosidic bond. A thorough and comprehensive study of various accountable factors enabled us to install a 1,2-cis galactopyranosidic linkage in a stereoselective fashion under [Au]/[Ag]-catalyzed glycosidation conditions en route to the target tetrasaccharide motif in 14 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoyananda Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
| | - Sujit Manmode
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
| | - Gulab Walke
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
| | - Saptashwa Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
| | - Mahesh Neralkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune - 411 008, MH, India.
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77
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Synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigenic polysaccharide of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O44:H18 strain. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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78
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Trinderup HH, Andersen SM, Heuckendorff M, Jensen HH. How do Various Reaction Parameters Influence Anomeric Selectivity in Chemical Glycosylation with Thioglycosides and NIS/TfOH Activation? European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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79
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Imperio D, Campo F, Panza L. Exploring glycosyl sulphates as donors for chemical glycosylation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4930-4936. [PMID: 33982734 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00603g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of anomeric tetrabutylammonium sulphates of glucose and galactose derivatives is reported and their role as donors in glycosylation reactions is studied. Metal triflates showed good performance in activating sulphate as a leaving group. Among them, ytterbium triflate in stoichiometric amounts gave the best results. Basic conditions using barium oxide in combination with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) were also shown to give good results. Benzylated sulphates were much more reactive than benzoylated donors when activated either by ytterbium triflate or by BaO and TMSOTf. Different acceptors were tested, such as isopropanol, cholesterol, and other common sugar derivatives. High reaction rates and excellent glycosylation yields were obtained under mild reaction conditions. The α/β anomeric ratio suggests a predominant SN2-like reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Imperio
- Università del Piemonte Orientale, Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, L.go Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Federica Campo
- Università del Piemonte Orientale, Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, L.go Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Luigi Panza
- Università del Piemonte Orientale, Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, L.go Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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80
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Franconetti A, Ardá A, Asensio JL, Blériot Y, Thibaudeau S, Jiménez-Barbero J. Glycosyl Oxocarbenium Ions: Structure, Conformation, Reactivity, and Interactions. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2552-2564. [PMID: 33930267 PMCID: PMC8173606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates (glycans, saccharides, and sugars) are essential molecules in all domains of life. Research on glycoscience spans from chemistry to biomedicine, including material science and biotechnology. Access to pure and well-defined complex glycans using synthetic methods depends on the success of the employed glycosylation reaction. In most cases, the mechanism of the glycosylation reaction is believed to involve the oxocarbenium ion. Understanding the structure, conformation, reactivity, and interactions of this glycosyl cation is essential to predict the outcome of the reaction. In this Account, building on our contributions on this topic, we discuss the theoretical and experimental approaches that have been employed to decipher the key features of glycosyl cations, from their structures to their interactions and reactivity.We also highlight that, from a chemical perspective, the glycosylation reaction can be described as a continuum, from unimolecular SN1 with naked oxocarbenium cations as intermediates to bimolecular SN2-type mechanisms, which involve the key role of counterions and donors. All these factors should be considered and are discussed herein. The importance of dissociative mechanisms (involving contact ion pairs, solvent-separated ion pairs, solvent-equilibrated ion pairs) with bimolecular features in most reactions is also highlighted.The role of theoretical calculations to predict the conformation, dynamics, and reactivity of the oxocarbenium ion is also discussed, highlighting the advances in this field that now allow access to the conformational preferences of a variety of oxocarbenium ions and their reactivities under SN1-like conditions.Specifically, the ground-breaking use of superacids to generate these cations is emphasized, since it has permitted characterization of the structure and conformation of a variety of glycosyl oxocarbenium ions in superacid solution by NMR spectroscopy.We also pay special attention to the reactivity of these glycosyl ions, which depends on the conditions, including the counterions, the possible intra- or intermolecular participation of functional groups that may stabilize the cation and the chemical nature of the acceptor, either weak or strong nucleophile. We discuss recent investigations from different experimental perspectives, which identified the involved ionic intermediates, estimating their lifetimes and reactivities and studying their interactions with other molecules. In this context, we also emphasize the relationship between the chemical methods that can be employed to modulate the sensitivity of glycosyl cations and the way in which glycosyl modifying enzymes (glycosyl hydrolases and transferases) build and cleave glycosidic linkages in nature. This comparison provides inspiration on the use of molecules that regulate the stability and reactivity of glycosyl cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franconetti
- CIC
bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building
800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- CIC
bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building
800, 48160 Derio, Spain
- lkerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 13, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Asensio
- Instituto
de Química Orgánica (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yves Blériot
- Université
de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS
7285, Equipe “OrgaSynth”, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 cedex 9 Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- Université
de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS
7285, Equipe “OrgaSynth”, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 cedex 9 Poitiers, France
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC
bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building
800, 48160 Derio, Spain
- lkerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 13, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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81
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Videcrantz Faurschou N, Marcus Pedersen C. Self-Promoted Stereoselective Glycosylations - Past, Present, Future. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3063-3075. [PMID: 34028947 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Self-promoted glycosylations have generally not received much attention, despite having the advantages of being easy to perform and often highly stereoselective. This account covers the work done in this field and the mechanistic aspects of self-promoted glycosylations are discussed, with a main focus on the stereoselectivity of the reactions. Most self-promoted glycosylations utilize trichloroacetimidate donors, but examples of self-promoted reactions with other donors have been described and will be discussed. Self-promoted glycosylation strategies can provide a basis for new stereoselective glycosylation methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Marcus Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
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82
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Yang J, Dai Y, Bartlett R, Zhang Q. Convergent Palladium-Catalyzed Stereospecific Arginine Glycosylation Using Glycals. Org Lett 2021; 23:4008-4012. [PMID: 33979173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A stereospecific convergent peptide arginine glycosylation method is reported for the first time. A recently discovered arginine glycosylation invigorated the interests of arginine modification, which has been challenging, because of the inertness of the guanidino side chain. The approach renders the arginine glycoside construction convergently. Catalyzed by palladium complex, glycals modify arginine guanidino groups in one step with high functional group tolerance at ambient temperature. The glycosylated products may be converted to glycopeptide analogues in few steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Yuanwei Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Ryan Bartlett
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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83
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Quirke JCK, Crich D. Side Chain Conformation Restriction in the Catalysis of Glycosidic Bond Formation by Leloir Glycosyltransferases, Glycoside Phosphorylases, and Transglycosidases. ACS Catal 2021; 11:5069-5078. [PMID: 34367723 PMCID: PMC8336929 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate side chain conformation is an important factor in the control of reactivity at the anomeric center, ie, in the making and breaking of glycosidic bonds, whether chemically or, for hydrolysis, by glycoside hydrolases. In nature glycosidic bond formation is catalyzed out by glycosyltransferases (GTs), glycoside phosphoryases, and transglycosidases. By analysis of 118 crystal structures of sugar nucleotide dependent (Leloir) GTs, 136 crystal structures of glycoside phosphorylases, and 54 crystal structures of transglycosidases bound to hexopyranosides or their analogs at the donor site (-1 site), we determined that most enzymes that catalyze glycoside synthesis, be they GTs, glycoside phosphorylases or transglycosidases, restrict their substrate side chains to the most reactive gauche,gauche (gg) conformation to achieve maximum stabilization of the oxocarbenium ion-like transition state for glycosyl transfer. The galactose series deviates from this trend, with α-galactosyltransferases preferentially restricting their substrates to the second-most reactive gauche,trans (gt) conformation, and β-galactosyltransferases favoring the least reactive trans,gauche (tg) conformation. This insight will help progress the design and development of improved, conformationally-restricted GT inhibitors that take advantage of these inherent side chain preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. K. Quirke
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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84
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Chen Y, Wu Z, Li X, Hu Y, Yang Y. Promoter-Assisted Stereoselective Synthesis of the 6-Deoxy-β-d- manno-heptopyranose Oligosaccharides. Org Lett 2021; 23:3216-3220. [PMID: 33797266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a promoter-assisted glycosidation approach for the stereoselective synthesis of the 6-deoxy-β-d-manno-heptopyranose oligosaccharides. SphosAuNTf2-promoted glycosidation of 6-deoxy-d-manno-heptopyranosyl o-hexynylbenzoate with common alcohols afforded a range of 6-deoxy-d-manno-heptosides with good to excellent β-selectivities. The counterion and the ligand of SPhosAuNTf2 were found to have a dramatic effect on the formation of the 1,2-cis-β-linked 6-deoxy-d-manno-heptosides. This approach was effectively applied to the stereocontrolled synthesis of the 6-deoxy-β-d-manno-heptopyranose oligosaccharides relevant to Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zunxian Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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85
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Dhara D, Mulard LA. Exploratory N-Protecting Group Manipulation for the Total Synthesis of Zwitterionic Shigella sonnei Oligosaccharides. Chemistry 2021; 27:5694-5711. [PMID: 33314456 PMCID: PMC8048667 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Shigella sonnei surface polysaccharides are well-established protective antigens against this major cause of diarrhoeal disease. They also qualify as unique zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs) featuring a disaccharide repeating unit made of two 1,2-trans linked rare aminodeoxy sugars, a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-l-altruronic acid (l-AltpNAcA) and a 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-galactopyranose (AAT). Herein, the stereoselective synthesis of S. sonnei oligosaccharides comprising two, three and four repeating units is reported for the first time. Several sets of up to seven protecting groups were explored, shedding light on the singular conformational behavior of protected altrosamine and altruronic residues. A disaccharide building block equipped with three distinct N-protecting groups and featuring the uronate moiety already in place was designed to accomplish the iterative high yielding glycosylation at the axial 4-OH of the altruronate component and achieve the challenging full deprotection step. Key to the successful route was the use of a diacetyl strategy whereby the N-acetamido group of the l-AltpNAcA is masked in the form of an imide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dhara
- Unité de Chimie des BiomoléculesUMR 3523 CNRS, Institut Pasteur28 rue du Dr Roux75015ParisFrance
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Unité de Chimie des BiomoléculesUMR 3523 CNRS, Institut Pasteur28 rue du Dr Roux75015ParisFrance
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86
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Merino P, Delso I, Pereira S, Orta S, Pedrón M, Tejero T. Computational evidence of glycosyl cations. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2350-2365. [PMID: 33481977 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02373f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyl cations are key intermediates in the glycosylation reactions taking place through a SN1-type mechanism. To obtain a reliable description of the glycosylation reaction mechanism a combination of computational studies and experimental data such as kinetic isotopic effects is needed. Computational studies have elucidated SN2-type glycosylation reaction mechanisms, but elucidation of mechanisms in which ion pairs can be formed presents some difficulties because of the recombination of the ions. Recent topological and dynamic studies open the door to the ultimate confirmation of the presence of glycosyl cations in the form of intimate ion pairs during certain glycosylation reactions. This review covers the state-of-the-art tools and applications of computational chemistry mainly developed during the last ten years to understand glycosylation reactions in which an oxocarbenium ion could be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Merino
- Unidad de Glicobiología. Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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87
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Tokatly AI, Vinnitskiy DZ, Ustuzhanina NE, Nifantiev NE. Protecting Groups as a Factor of Stereocontrol in Glycosylation Reactions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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88
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Li X, Wang D, Zhang P, Yu G, Cai C. Recent Advances in the Chemical Synthesis of Marine Acidic Carbohydrates. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201230120805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ocean supplies abundant active compounds, including small organic molecules,
proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, with diverse biological functions. The high-value
transformation of marine carbohydrates primarily refers to their pharmaceutical, food, and
cosmetic applications. However, it is still a big challenge to obtain these marine carbohydrates
in well-defined structures. Synthesis is a powerful approach to access marine oligosaccharides,
polysaccharide derivatives, and glycomimetics. In this review, we focus on the
chemical synthesis of marine acidic carbohydrates with uronic acid building blocks such as
alginate, and glycosaminoglycans. Regioselective sulfation using a chemical approach is also
highlighted in the synthesis of marine oligosaccharides, as well as the multivalent glycodendrimers
and glycopolymers for achieving specific functions. This review summarizes recent
advances in the synthesis of marine acidic carbohydrates, as well as their preliminary structure activity relationship
(SAR) studies, which establishes a foundation for the development of novel marine carbohydrate-based drugs and
functional reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Depeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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89
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Tremblay T, St-Gelais J, Houde M, Giguère D. Polyfluoroglycoside Synthesis via Simple Alkylation of an Anomeric Hydroxyl Group: Access to Fluoroetoposide Analogues. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4812-4824. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tremblay
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, PROTEO, 1045 av. De la Médecine, Québec City, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
| | - Jacob St-Gelais
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, PROTEO, 1045 av. De la Médecine, Québec City, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
| | - Maxime Houde
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, PROTEO, 1045 av. De la Médecine, Québec City, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
| | - Denis Giguère
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, PROTEO, 1045 av. De la Médecine, Québec City, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
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90
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Qin X, Ye X. Donor
Preactivation‐Based
Glycosylation: An Efficient Strategy for Glycan Synthesis. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xin‐Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
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91
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Muru K, Gauthier C. Glycosylation and Protecting Group Strategies Towards the Synthesis of Saponins and Bacterial Oligosaccharides: A Personal Account. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2990-3004. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Muru
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) 531, boulevard des Prairies Laval Québec Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) 531, boulevard des Prairies Laval Québec Canada H7V 1B7
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92
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Tyrikos‐Ergas T, Bordoni V, Fittolani G, Chaube MA, Grafmüller A, Seeberger PH, Delbianco M. Systematic Structural Characterization of Chitooligosaccharides Enabled by Automated Glycan Assembly. Chemistry 2021; 27:2321-2325. [PMID: 33290603 PMCID: PMC7898498 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a polymer composed of β(1-4)-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine monomers, and its partially deacetylated analogue chitosan, are abundant biopolymers with outstanding mechanical as well as elastic properties. Their degradation products, chitooligosaccharides (COS), can trigger the innate immune response in humans and plants. Both material and biological properties are dependent on polymer length, acetylation, as well as the pH. Without well-defined samples, a complete molecular description of these factors is still missing. Automated glycan assembly (AGA) enabled rapid access to synthetic well-defined COS. Chitin-cellulose hybrid oligomers were prepared as important tools for a systematic structural analysis. Intramolecular interactions, identified by molecular dynamics simulations and NMR analysis, underscore the importance of the chitosan amino group for the stabilization of specific geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Tyrikos‐Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Vittorio Bordoni
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Manishkumar A. Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Department of TheoryMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
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93
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Crich D. En Route to the Transformation of Glycoscience: A Chemist's Perspective on Internal and External Crossroads in Glycochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17-34. [PMID: 33350830 PMCID: PMC7856254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate chemistry is an essential component of the glycosciences and is fundamental to their progress. This Perspective takes the position that carbohydrate chemistry, or glycochemistry, has reached three crossroads on the path to the transformation of the glycosciences, and illustrates them with examples from the author's and other laboratories. The first of these potential inflexion points concerns the mechanism of the glycosylation reaction and the role of protecting groups. It is argued that the experimental evidence supports bimolecular SN2-like mechanisms for typical glycosylation reactions over unimolecular ones involving stereoselective attack on naked glycosyl oxocarbenium ions. Similarly, it is argued that the experimental evidence does not support long-range stereodirecting participation of remote esters through bridged bicyclic dioxacarbenium ions in organic solution in the presence of typical counterions. Rational design and improvement of glycosylation reactions must take into account the roles of the counterion and of concentration. A second crossroads is that between mainstream organic chemistry and glycan synthesis. The case is made that the only real difference between glycan and organic synthesis is the formation of C-O rather than C-C bonds, with diastereocontrol, strategy, tactics, and elegance being of critical importance in both areas: mainstream organic chemists should feel comfortable taking this fork in the road, just as carbohydrate chemists should traveling in the opposite direction. A third crossroads is that between carbohydrate chemistry and medicinal chemistry, where there are equally many opportunities for traffic in either direction. The glycosciences have advanced enormously in the past decade or so, but creativity, input, and ingenuity of scientists from all fields is needed to address the many sophisticated challenges that remain, not the least of which is the development of a broader and more general array of stereospecific glycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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94
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Hansen T, Ofman TP, Vlaming JGC, Gagarinov IA, van Beek J, Goté TA, Tichem JM, Ruijgrok G, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Reactivity-Stereoselectivity Mapping for the Assembly of Mycobacterium marinum Lipooligosaccharides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:937-945. [PMID: 32856761 PMCID: PMC7821131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of complex bacterial glycans presenting rare structural motifs and cis-glycosidic linkages is significantly obstructed by the lack of knowledge of the reactivity of the constituting building blocks and the stereoselectivity of the reactions in which they partake. We here report a strategy to map the reactivity of carbohydrate building blocks and apply it to understand the reactivity of the bacterial sugar, caryophyllose, a rare C12-monosaccharide, containing a characteristic tetrasubstituted stereocenter. We mapped reactivity-stereoselectivity relationships for caryophyllose donor and acceptor glycosides by a systematic series of glycosylations in combination with the detection and characterization of different reactive intermediates using experimental and computational techniques. The insights garnered from these studies enabled the rational design of building blocks with the required properties to assemble mycobacterial lipooligosaccharide fragments of M. marinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Tim P. Ofman
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Joey G. C. Vlaming
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Ivan A. Gagarinov
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jessey van Beek
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Tessa A. Goté
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jacoba M. Tichem
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Gijs Ruijgrok
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
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95
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Kajimoto T, Morimoto K, Yanase K, Kamitanaka T. N-Glycosylation of Thio-glycoside Derived from Odorless Thiols Using Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-s(k)47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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96
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Moon S, Chatterjee S, Seeberger PH, Gilmore K. Predicting glycosylation stereoselectivity using machine learning. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2931-2939. [PMID: 34164060 PMCID: PMC8179398 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the stereochemical outcome of chemical reactions is challenging in mechanistically ambiguous transformations. The stereoselectivity of glycosylation reactions is influenced by at least eleven factors across four chemical participants and temperature. A random forest algorithm was trained using a highly reproducible, concise dataset to accurately predict the stereoselective outcome of glycosylations. The steric and electronic contributions of all chemical reagents and solvents were quantified by quantum mechanical calculations. The trained model accurately predicts stereoselectivities for unseen nucleophiles, electrophiles, acid catalyst, and solvents across a wide temperature range (overall root mean square error 6.8%). All predictions were validated experimentally on a standardized microreactor platform. The model helped to identify novel ways to control glycosylation stereoselectivity and accurately predicts previously unknown means of stereocontrol. By quantifying the degree of influence of each variable, we begin to gain a better general understanding of the transformation, for example that environmental factors influence the stereoselectivity of glycosylations more than the coupling partners in this area of chemical space. A random forest algorithm, trained on a concise dataset and validated experimentally, accurately predicts the stereoselectivity of a complex organic coupling varying all reaction parameters as well as previously unknown mechanistic influences.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Moon
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany .,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sourav Chatterjee
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany .,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
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97
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Wallace MD, Ficko-Blean E, Stubbs KA. Red Algal Molecules - Synthesis of Methyl Neo-β-carrabioside and Its S-Linked Variant via Two Synthetic Routes: A Late Stage Ring Closure and Using a 3,6-Anhydro-d-galactosyl Donor. J Org Chem 2020; 85:16182-16195. [PMID: 33182999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methyl neo-β-carrabioside has been synthesized for the first time, employing either a late stage ring closure to install the required 3,6-anhydro-bridge or a suitable 3,6-anhydro-galactosyl donor to form the unfavored 1,2-cis-equatorial α-linkage. Using the late stage ring closure approach, an S-linked analogue of methyl neo-β-carrabioside was also realized. These compounds have applications in the identification and characterization of marine bacterial exo-α-3,6-anhydro-d-galactosidases that have specific activity on red algal neo-carrageenan oligosaccharides, such as those found in both family 127 and 129 of the glycoside hydrolases. In addition a biochemical assay using the synthesized methyl neo-β-carrabioside and the marine bacterial exo-α-3,6-anhydro-d-galactosidase ZgGH129 demonstrates that the minimum substrate unit for the enzyme is neo-β-carrabiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wallace
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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98
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Chang CW, Lin MH, Wang CC. Statistical Analysis of Glycosylation Reactions. Chemistry 2020; 27:2556-2568. [PMID: 32939892 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis is one of the practical approaches to access carbohydrate-based natural products and their derivatives with high quality and in a large quantity. However, stereoselectivity during the glycosylation reaction is the main challenge because the reaction can generate both α- and β-glycosides. The main focus of the present article is the concept of recent mechanistic studies that have applied statistical analysis and quantitation for defining stereoselective changes during the reaction process. Based on experimental evidence, a detailed discussion associated with the mechanism and degree of influence affecting the stereoselective outcome of glycosylation is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program (Taiwan), International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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99
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Design, synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of thioglycosides of a novel class of 2-mercaptonicotinonitriles. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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100
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Ito Y, Kajihara Y, Takeda Y. Chemical‐Synthesis‐Based Approach to Glycoprotein Functions in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Chemistry 2020; 26:15461-15470. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukishige Ito
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences Graduate School of Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 5600043 Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research Wako Saitama 3510198 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences Graduate School of Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 5600043 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 5600043 Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga 5258577 Japan
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