51
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Wu C, De Visscher A, Gates ID. Reactions of hydroxyl radicals with benzoic acid and benzoate. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05488b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory was used to study the mechanism and kinetics of benzoic acid with hydroxyl radicals in both gas and aqueous phases as well as benzoate with hydroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase at the M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Calgary
- Canada
| | - Alex De Visscher
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Calgary
- Canada
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- Concordia University
| | - Ian Donald Gates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- University of Calgary
- Canada
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52
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Wang C, Huang R, Klamerth N, Chelme-Ayala P, Gamal El-Din M. Positive and negative electrospray ionization analyses of the organic fractions in raw and oxidized oil sands process-affected water. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:239-247. [PMID: 27657816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the oxidative transformation of the organic species in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS) in both negative and positive electrospray ionization (ESI) modes. This is the first time to apply FTICR-MS to investigate species transformation in OSPW treatments by ferrate (VI), UV/H2O2, and molecular ozone, and also this is the first preliminary study to use positive ESI to investigate organic species in addition to naphthenic acids (NAs) in these treatment processes. The oxidation processes with potassium ferrate (VI), UV/H2O2, and ozone transformed the distribution profiles of Ox, OxSy, and OxNy organic fractions (i.e., species containing oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, with x, y specifying the oxygen number and sulfur/nitrogen number, respectively), with OxSy distribution profiles showing the most sensitive responses to the oxidation extent and can be used as a signature fraction to evaluate the oxidation effectiveness. Negative mode UPLC-TOF-MS confirmed the transformation pattern of Ox species observed with FTICR-MS, but positive mode UPLC-TOF-MS results showed severe discrepancies with FTICR-MS results and should be subjected for future further investigation, regarding the relatively low mass resolution of UPLC-TOF-MS. The investigation of the transformation patterns of different organic species using two ionization modes was a preliminary study to enhance the understanding of the efficiency, selectivity, and mechanism of different oxidation processes in OSPW remediation for both NAs and non-NA species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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53
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Wu Z, Fang J, Xiang Y, Shang C, Li X, Meng F, Yang X. Roles of reactive chlorine species in trimethoprim degradation in the UV/chlorine process: Kinetics and transformation pathways. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 104:272-282. [PMID: 27544349 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The UV/chlorine process, which forms several reactive species including hydroxyl radicals (HO) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) to degrade contaminants, is being considered to be an advanced oxidation process. This study investigated the kinetics and mechanism of the degradation of trimethoprim (TMP) by the UV/chlorine process. The degradation of TMP was much faster by UV/chlorine compared to UV/H2O2. The degradation followed pseudo first-order kinetics, and the rate constant (k') increased linearly as the chlorine dosage increased from 20 μM to 200 μM and decreased as pH rose from 6.1 to 8.8. k' was not affected by chloride and bicarbonate but decreased by 50% in the presence of 1-mg/L NOM. The contribution of RCS, including Cl, Cl2- and ClO, to the degradation removal rate was much higher than that of HO and increased from 67% to 87% with increasing pH from 6.1 to 8.8 under the experimental condition. The increasing contribution of RCS to the degradation with increasing pH was attributable to the increase in the ClO concentration. Kinetic modeling and radical scavenging tests verified that ClO mainly attacked the trimethoxybenzyl moiety of TMP. RCS reacted with TMP much faster than HOCl/OCl- to form chlorinated products (i.e., m/z 325) and chlorinated disinfection byproducts such as chloroform, chloral hydrate, dichloroacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane. The hydroxylation and demethylation of m/z 325 driven by HO generated m/z 327 and m/z 341. Meanwhile, reactions of m/z 325 with HO and RCS/HOCl/OCl- generated dichlorinated and hydroxylated products (i.e., m/z 377). All the chlorinated products could be further depleted to produce products with less degree of halogenation in the UV/chlorine process, compared to dark chlorination. The acute toxicity to Vibrio fischeri by UV/chlorine was lower than chlorination at the same removal rate of TMP. This study demonstrated the importance of RCS, in particular, ClO, in the degradation of micropollutants in the UV/chlorine process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xuchun Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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54
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Zhang Y, Klamerth N, Chelme-Ayala P, Gamal El-Din M. Comparison of Nitrilotriacetic Acid and [S,S]-Ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic Acid in UV-Fenton for the Treatment of Oil Sands Process-Affected Water at Natural pH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10535-10544. [PMID: 27588553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of UV-Fenton processes with two chelating agents, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and [S,S]-ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid ([S,S]-EDDS), for the treatment of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) at natural pH was investigated. The half-wave potentials of Fe(III/II)NTA and Fe(III/II)EDDS and the UV photolysis of the complexes in Milli-Q water and OSPW were compared. Under optimum conditions, UV-NTA-Fenton exhibited higher efficiency than UV-EDDS-Fenton in the removal of acid extractable organic fraction (66.8% for the former and 50.0% for the latter) and aromatics (93.5% for the former and 74.2% for the latter). Naphthenic acids (NAs) removals in the UV-NTA-Fenton process (98.4%, 86.0%, and 81.0% for classical NAs, NAs + O (oxidized NAs with one additional oxygen atom), and NAs + 2O (oxidized NAs with two additional oxygen atoms), respectively) under the experimental conditions were much higher than those in the UV-H2O2 (88.9%, 48.7%, and 54.6%, correspondingly) and NTA-Fenton (69.6%, 35.3%, and 44.2%, correspondingly) processes. Both UV-NTA-Fenton and UV-EDDS-Fenton processes presented promoting effect on the acute toxicity of OSPW toward Vibrio fischeri. No significant change of the NTA toxicity occurred during the photolysis of Fe(III)NTA; however, the acute toxicity of EDDS increased as the photolysis of Fe(III)EDDS proceeded. NTA is a much better agent than EDDS for the application of UV-Fenton process in the treatment of OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 1H9
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 1H9
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 1H9
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 1H9
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55
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Yang B, Kookana RS, Williams M, Du J, Doan H, Kumar A. Removal of carbamazepine in aqueous solutions through solar photolysis of free available chlorine. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 100:413-420. [PMID: 27232985 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Removal of a persistent antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ) in aqueous solutions was investigated by using solar photolysis combined with free available chlorine (FAC). The combination of chlorination with simulated or natural sunlight markedly enhanced removal of CBZ in 10 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) and river water (pH 7.0) compared with sunlight or FAC alone. Further analysis indicated that the observed enhancements in CBZ removal can be attributed to the in situ hydroxyl radical (HO) and ozone (O3) production during FAC photolysis. During 70 min simulated sunlight photolysis combined with FAC treatment, HO reaction contributed to 35.8% removal of CBZ and O3 reaction contributed to 40.6% removal, while only 5.3% of CBZ was removed by HOCl reaction. The oxidation products of CBZ, epoxide CBZ, 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy CBZ, 1-(2-benzaldehyde)-4-hydro-(1H,3H)-quinazoline-2-one (BQM), 1-(2-benzaldehyde)-(1H,3H)-quinazoline-2,4-dione (BQD) and 4-aldehyde-9-acridone, were mainly formed from the HO and O3 attack at the double bond on the central heterocyclic ring of CBZ. Formation of these oxidation products did not cause any increase or decrease in toxicity to microbial species tested through Microbial Assay for Toxicity Risk Assessment (MARA). The initial FAC concentration and pH had a major influence on the removal process of CBZ during FAC photolysis, while temperature had a minor effect only. The combination of chlorination with natural sunlight could provide an effective approach for removal of CBZ and other contaminants during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Campus, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Rai S Kookana
- CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Campus, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Mike Williams
- CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Campus, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jun Du
- CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Campus, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Hai Doan
- CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Campus, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Anupama Kumar
- CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Campus, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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56
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Wang C, Klamerth N, Messele SA, Singh A, Belosevic M, Gamal El-Din M. Comparison of UV/hydrogen peroxide, potassium ferrate(VI), and ozone in oxidizing the organic fraction of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). WATER RESEARCH 2016; 100:476-485. [PMID: 27232992 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of three different oxidation processes, UV/H2O2 oxidation, ferrate(VI) oxidation, and ozonation with and without hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenger tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) on the removal of organic compounds from oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) was investigated and compared. The removal of aromatics and naphthenic acids (NAs) was explored by synchronous fluorescence spectra (SFS), ion mobility spectra (IMS), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H and (13)C NMR), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC TOF-MS). UV/H2O2 oxidation occurred through radical reaction and photolysis, transforming one-ring, two-ring, and three-ring fluorescing aromatics simultaneously and achieving 42.4% of classical NAs removal at 2.0 mM H2O2 and 950 mJ/cm(2) UV dose provided with medium pressure mercury lamp. Ferrate(VI) oxidation exhibited high selectivity, preferentially removing two-ring and three-ring fluorescing aromatics, sulfur-containing NAs (NAs + S), and NAs with high carbon and high hydrogen deficiency. At 2.0 mM Fe(VI), 46.7% of classical NAs was removed. Ozonation achieved almost complete removal of fluorescing aromatics, NAs + S, and classical NAs (NAs with two oxygen atoms) at the dose of 2.0 mM O3. Both molecular ozone reaction and OH reaction were important pathways in transforming the organics in OSPW as supported by ozonation performance with and without TBA. (1)H NMR analyses further confirmed the removal of aromatics and NAs both qualitatively and quantitatively. All the three oxidation processes reduced the acute toxicity towards Vibrio fischeri and on goldfish primary kidney macrophages (PKMs), with ozonation being the most efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Selamawit Ashagre Messele
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Arvinder Singh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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57
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Quinlan PJ, Grishkewich N, Tam KC. Removal of 2-naphthoxyacetic acid from aqueous solution using quaternized chitosan beads. CAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick James Quinlan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Nathan Grishkewich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Kam Chiu Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
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58
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Wang WL, Wu QY, Huang N, Wang T, Hu HY. Synergistic effect between UV and chlorine (UV/chlorine) on the degradation of carbamazepine: Influence factors and radical species. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 98:190-8. [PMID: 27105033 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
For successful wastewater reclamation, advanced oxidation processes have attracted attention for elimination of emerging contaminants. In this study, the synergistic treatment with UV irradiation and chlorine (UV/chlorine) was used to degrade carbamazepine (CBZ). Neither UV irradiation alone nor chlorination alone could efficiently degraded CBZ. UV/chlorine oxidation showed a significant synergistic effect on CBZ degradation through generation of radical species (OH and Cl), and this process could be well depicted by pseudo first order kinetic. The degradation rate constants (kobs,CBZ) of CBZ increased linearly with increasing UV irradiance and chlorine dosage. The degradation of CBZ by UV/chlorine in acidic solutions was more efficient than that in basic solutions mainly due to the effect of pH on the dissociation of HOCl and OCl(-) and then on the quantum yields and radical species quenching of UV/chlorine. When pH was increased from 5.5 to 9.5, the rate constants of degradation of CBZ by OH decreased from 0.65 to 0.14 min(-1) and that by Cl decreased from 0.40 to 0.11 min(-1). The rate constant for the reaction between Cl and CBZ was 5.6 ± 1.6 × 10(10) M(-1) s(-1). Anions of HCO3(-) (1-50 mM) showed moderate inhibition of CBZ degradation by UV/chlorine, while Cl(-) did not. UV/chlorine could efficiently degrade CBZ in wastewater treatment plant effluent, although the degradation was inhibited by about 30% compared with that in ultrapure water with chlorine dosage of 0.14-0.56 mM. Nine main oxidation products of the CBZ degradation by UV/chlorine were identified using the HPLC-QToF MS/MS. Initial oxidation products arose from hydroxylation, carboxylation and hydrogen atom abstraction of CBZ by OH and Cl, and were then further oxidized to generate acylamino cleavage and decarboxylation products of acridine and acridione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Nan Huang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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59
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Wang C, Klamerth N, Huang R, Elnakar H, Gamal El-Din M. Oxidation of Oil Sands Process-Affected Water by Potassium Ferrate(VI). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4238-4247. [PMID: 27008571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the oxidation of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) by potassium ferrate(VI). Due to the selectivity of ferrate(VI) oxidation, two-ring and three-ring fluorescing aromatics were preferentially removed at doses <100 mg/L Fe(VI), and one-ring aromatics were removed only at doses ≥100 mg/L Fe(VI). Ferrate(VI) oxidation achieved 64.0% and 78.4% removal of naphthenic acids (NAs) at the dose of 200 mg/L and 400 mg/L Fe(VI) respectively, and NAs with high carbon number and ring number were removed preferentially. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectra indicated that the oxidation of fluorescing aromatics resulted in the opening of some aromatic rings. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis detected signals of organic radical intermediates, indicating that one-electron transfer is one of the probable mechanisms in the oxidation of NAs. The inhibition effect of OSPW on Vibrio fischeri and the toxicity effect on goldfish primary kidney macrophages (PKMs) were both reduced after ferrate(VI) oxidation. The fluorescing aromatics in OSPW were proposed to be an important contributor to this acute toxicity. Degradation of model compounds with ferrate(VI) was also investigated and the results confirmed our findings in OSPW study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
| | - Nikolaus Klamerth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
| | - Haitham Elnakar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada , T6G 1H9
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60
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Xiang Y, Fang J, Shang C. Kinetics and pathways of ibuprofen degradation by the UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 90:301-308. [PMID: 26748208 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process (AOP), which forms reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals (HO) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) such as chlorine atoms (Cl) and Cl2(-), is being considered as an alternative to the UV/H2O2 AOP for the degradation of emerging contaminants. This study investigated the kinetics and pathways of the degradation of a recalcitrant pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP)-ibuprofen (IBP)-by the UV/chlorine AOP. The degradation of IBP followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The first-order rate constant was 3.3 times higher in the UV/chlorine AOP than in the UV/H2O2 AOP for a given chemical molar dosage at pH 6. The first-order rate constant decreased from 3.1 × 10(-3) s(-1) to 5.5 × 10(-4) s(-1) with increasing pH from 6 to 9. Both HO and RCS contributed to the degradation, and the contribution of RCS increased from 22% to 30% with increasing pH from 6 to 9. The degradation was initiated by HO-induced hydroxylation and Cl-induced chlorine substitution, and sustained through decarboxylation, demethylation, chlorination and ring cleavage to form more stable products. Significant amounts of chlorinated intermediates/byproducts were formed from the UV/chlorine AOP, and four chlorinated products were newly identified. The yield of total organic chlorine (TOCl) was 31.6 μM after 90% degradation of 50 μM IBP under the experimental conditions. The known disinfection by-products (DBPs) comprised 17.4% of the TOCl. The effects of water matrix in filtered drinking water on the degradation were not significant, demonstrating the practicality of the UV/chlorine AOP for the control of some refractory PPCPs. However, the toxicity of the chlorinated products should be further assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xiang
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology (SHRCIET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jingyun Fang
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology (SHRCIET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Hong Kong.
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61
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Wu Q, Li Y, Wang W, Wang T, Hu H. Removal of C.I. Reactive Red 2 by low pressure UV/chlorine advanced oxidation. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 41:227-234. [PMID: 26969069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are commonly found as pollutants in wastewater from the textile industry, and can cause environmental problems because of their color and toxicity. The removal of a typical azo dye named C.I. Reactive Red 2 (RR2) during low pressure ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine oxidation was investigated in this study. UV irradiation at 254nm and addition of free chlorine provided much higher removal rates of RR2 and color than UV irradiation or chlorination alone. Increasing the free chlorine dose enhanced the removal efficiency of RR2 and color by UV/chlorine oxidation. Experiments performed with nitrobenzene (NB) or benzoic acid (BA) as scavengers showed that radicals (especially OH) formed during UV/chlorine oxidation are important in the RR2 removal. Addition of HCO3(-) and Cl(-) to the RR2 solution did not inhibit the removal of RR2 during UV/chlorine oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyuan Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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62
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Leshuk T, Wong T, Linley S, Peru KM, Headley JV, Gu F. Solar photocatalytic degradation of naphthenic acids in oil sands process-affected water. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1854-1861. [PMID: 26539710 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen mining in the Canadian oil sands creates large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), the toxicity of which is due in part to naphthenic acids (NAs) and other acid extractable organics (AEO). The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of solar photocatalysis over TiO2 to remove AEO from OSPW. One day of photocatalytic treatment under natural sunlight (25 MJ/m(2) over ∼14 h daylight) eradicated AEO from raw OSPW, and acute toxicity of the OSPW toward Vibrio fischeri was eliminated. Nearly complete mineralization of organic carbon was achieved within 1-7 day equivalents of sunlight exposure, and degradation was shown to proceed through a superoxide-mediated oxidation pathway. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of oxidized intermediate compounds indicated preferential degradation of the heavier and more cyclic NAs (higher number of double bond equivalents), which are the most environmentally persistent fractions. The photocatalyst was shown to be recyclable for multiple uses, and thus solar photocatalysis may be a promising "green" advanced oxidation process (AOP) for OSPW treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Leshuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Timothy Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stuart Linley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Frank Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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63
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Wang D, Bolton JR, Andrews SA, Hofmann R. UV/chlorine control of drinking water taste and odour at pilot and full-scale. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 136:239-244. [PMID: 26025188 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can be used to destroy taste and odour-causing compounds in drinking water. This work investigated both pilot- and full-scale performance of the novel ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine AOP for the destruction of geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and caffeine (as a surrogate) in two different surface waters. The efficiency of the UV/chlorine process at pH 7.5 and 8.5 was comparable to that of the UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) process under parallel conditions, and was superior at pH 6.5. Caffeine was found to be a suitable surrogate for geosmin and MIB, and could be used as a more economical alternative to geosmin or MIB spiking for site-specific full-scale testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35. St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - James R Bolton
- Bolton Photosciences Inc., 628 Cheriton Cres., NW, Edmonton, AB T6R 2M5, Canada
| | - Susan A Andrews
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35. St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Ron Hofmann
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35. St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
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64
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Wang C, Alpatova A, McPhedran KN, Gamal El-Din M. Coagulation/flocculation process with polyaluminum chloride for the remediation of oil sands process-affected water: Performance and mechanism study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 160:254-262. [PMID: 26119332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the application of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) for the treatment of the oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). These coagulants are commonly used in water treatment with the most effective species reported to be Al13. PACl with 83.6% Al13 was synthesized using the slow base titration method and compared with a commercially available PACl in terms of aluminum species distribution, coagulation/flocculation (CF) performance, floc morphology, and contaminant removal. Both coagulants were effective in removing suspended solids, achieving over 96% turbidity removal at all applied coagulant doses (0.5-3.0 mM Al). The removal efficiencies of metals varied among different metals depending on their pKa values with metal cations having pKa values (Fe, Al, Ga, and Ti) below OSPW pH of 6.9-8.1 (dose dependent) being removed by more than 90%, while cations with higher pKa values (K, Na, Ca, Mg and Ni) had removals of less than 40%. Naphthenic acids were not removed due to their low molecular weights, negative charges, and hydrophilic characteristics at the OSPW pH. At the highest applied coagulant dose of 3.0 mM Al, the synthetic PACl reduced Vibrio fischeri inhibition effect to 43.3 ± 3.0% from 49.5 ± 0.4% in raw OSPW. In contrast, no reduction of toxicity was found for OSPW treated with the commercial PACl. Based on water quality and floc analyses, the dominant CF mechanism for particle removal during OSPW treatment was considered to be enmeshment in the precipitates (i.e., sweep flocculation). Overall, the CF using synthesized PACl can be a valuable pretreatment process for OSPW to create wastewater that is more easily treated by downstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Alla Alpatova
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Kerry N McPhedran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada.
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65
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Chen Y, McPhedran KN, Perez-Estrada L, Gamal El-Din M. An omic approach for the identification of oil sands process-affected water compounds using multivariate statistical analysis of ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry datasets. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:230-237. [PMID: 25546461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a major environmental issue due to its acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic life. Advanced oxidation processes are promising treatments to successfully degrade toxic OSPW compounds. This study applied high resolution mass spectrometry to detect over 1000 compounds in OSPW samples after treatments including general ozonation, and ozone with carbonate, tert-butyl-alcohol, carbonate/tert-butyl-alcohol, tetranitromethane, or iron. Hierarchal clustering analysis showed that samples clustered based on sampling time and principal component analysis corroborated these results while also providing information on significant markers responsible for the clustering. Some markers were uniquely present in certain treatment conditions, while others showed variable behaviors in two or more treatments due to the presence of scavengers/catalysts. This advanced approach to monitoring significant changes of markers by using multivariate analysis can be invaluable for future work on OSPW treatment by-products and their potential toxicity to receiving environment organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 W2, Canada
| | - Kerry N McPhedran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 W2, Canada
| | - Leonidas Perez-Estrada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 W2, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 W2, Canada.
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