Direct Carbonization of Al-Based Porous Coordination Polymer for Synthesis of Nanoporous Carbon

Hierarchical porous carbon fabricated from cellulose-degrading fungus modified rice husks: Ultrahigh surface area and impressive improvement in toluene adsorption

The porous carbon materials formed from biomass precursors are promising candidates for adsorbing organic vapor pollutants. However, these materials have insufficient pores, which hinder their accessibility to adsorbates. This study develops an ultrahigh-surface-area porous carbon adsorbent with interlacing micro-mesoporous structures through Trichoderma viride decomposition. An orthogonal experiment is conducted, and the most suitable conditions for fabricating porous carbon with an ultrahigh S_BET of 3714 m².g^-1 and a hierarchical porous structure are identified. This work achieves one of the highest specific surface areas of biomass carbons among recent studies. T. viride corrodes the internal and external microstructures of rice husks, and regulates the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose contents, which improve the efficiency of carbonization and chemical activation. The carbonaceous materials with microbial pretreatment exhibit better toluene adsorption performances (100 ppm: 708 mg.g^-1), adsorption rates, and cyclic utilization than those without pretreatment (100 pm: 538 mg.g^-1). In addition, grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation is conducted. The micropores and mesopores created after microbial pretreatment are effective toluene adsorption sites. Moreover, the diffusion coefficient calculated by utilizing Thomas model and Chemical diffusion verify that the mesopores accelerate the kinetic process of toluene adsorption.

Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Strategy for Improving Catalytic Performance of a Chromia-Based Catalyst in the Chlorine/Fluorine Exchange Reactions for Unsaturated Fluorocarbons

Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and cyclic hydrofluorocarbons (c-HFCs) have been the most favored alternatives of the ozone depletion substances; however, because of the poor performance of the present chlorine/fluorine (Cl/F) exchange catalysts, the development and production of HFOs and c-HFCs are hindered. Here, we first report a novel and facile route to fabricate high-performance Cl/F exchange catalysts via a metal-organic framework (MOF) carbonization method. The MOF-derived catalyst not only has high selectivity but also can significantly lower the reaction temperature. Moreover, benefiting from the stable structure and coke-inhibiting ability, the MOF-derived catalyst has a long service life compared with the traditional precipitation method. Furthermore, the nanoscopic MOF-derived catalyst can greatly reduce the Cr dosage, which would help to minimize the risk of Cr contamination.

Hierarchically Porous Carbons Derived from Nonporous Coordination Polymers

Hierarchically porous carbons (HPCs) with multimodal pore systems exhibit great technological potentials, especially in the fields of heterogeneous catalysis, energy storage, and conversion. Here, we establish a simple and general approach to HPCs by carbonization of nonporous coordination polymers that are produced by mixing metal salts with polytopic ligands in alkaline aqueous solutions at room temperature. The proposed approach is applicable to a wide scope of ligand molecules (18 examples), thus affording the synthesized HPCs with high diversity in porosity, morphology, and composition. In particular, the prepared HPCs exhibit high specific surface areas (up to 2647 m² g^-1) and large pore volumes (up to 2.39 cm³ g^-1). The HPCs-supported atomically dispersed Fe-N_x catalysts show much-improved fuel cell cathode performance over the micropore-dominated carbon black-supported catalysts, demonstrating the structural superiority of the HPCs for enhancing the mass transport properties.

Interface Coassembly and Polymerization on Magnetic Colloids: Toward Core-Shell Functional Mesoporous Polymer Microspheres and Their Carbon Derivatives

Core-shell structured magnetic mesoporous polymer or carbon-based microspheres not only possess the combined merits of magnetic particles and stable mesoporous shell but also provide various organic functional groups for further modification and immobilization of active sites, thus opening up more possibility for various applications. Herein, a bottom-up soft-templating strategy is developed to controllably synthesize core-shell magnetic mesoporous polydopamine microspheres (MMP) and their derivative magnetic mesoporous carbon (MMC) microspheres via an amphiphilic block copolymer-directed interface assembly and polymerization (denoted as abc-DIAP) approach. The obtained uniform MMP microspheres have a well-defined structure consisting of magnetic core, silica middle layer and mesoporous PDA shell, uniform mesopores of 11.9 nm, high specific surface areas (235.6 m2 g-1) and rich functional groups. They show fast magnetic separation speed and superior performance in selective adsorption of Cyt.C from complex biosample solutions. Moreover, they can be in situ converted into core-shell magnetic mesoporous carbon (MMC) for efficient in-pore immobilization of ultrafine Au nanoparticles for high-efficiency catalytic epoxidation of styrene with high conversion (88.6%) and selectivity (90.1%) toward styrene oxide.

Template-Free Synthesis of N-Doped Porous Carbon Materials From Furfuryl Amine-Based Protic Salts

Nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials (NPCMs) are usually obtained by carbonization of complicated nitrogen-containing polymers in the presence of template or physical/chemical activation of the as-synthesized carbon materials. Herein we reported the facile synthesis of NPCMs by direct carbonization of a series of furfuryl amine (FA)-based protic salts ([FA][X], X = NTf₂, HSO₄, H₂PO₄, CF₃SO₃, BF₄, NO₃, Cl) without any templates, tedious synthetic steps and other advanced techniques. The thermal decomposition of precursors and structure, elemental composition, surface atomic configuration, and porosity of carbons have been carefully investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), combustion elemental analysis, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and nitrogen isotherm adsorption. Different from the parent amine FA that was evaporated below 130°C and no carbon was finally obtained, it was found that all the prepared protic precursors yield NPCMs. These carbon materials were found to exhibit anion structure- dependent carbon yield, chemical composition, and porous structure. The obtained NPCMs can be further exploited as adsorbents for dye removal and decoloration. Among all NPCMs, [FA][H₂PO₄]-derived carbon owing to its high surface area and special pore structure exhibits the highest adsorption capacities toward both Methylene blue and Rhodamine B.

Al-based metal organic framework derived self-assembled carbon nanosheets as innovative anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

Functional modification and structural design of carbon electrode materials are considered as a cost-effective method to improve their electrochemical performance. In this study, a solvothermal method is applied to realize self-assembly of the metal-organic framework. After simple carbonization and acid treatment, carbon nanosheets with 2D adjustable defective sub-units are successfully prepared for the first time. It is found that carbonization temperature has a significant effect on the carbon skeleton structure. The optimal nanostructures with large specific surface area and appropriate pore size distribution make self-assembled carbon nanosheets having excellent Li/Na-ion storage properties. In addition, the adjustable carbon skeleton structure can effectively avoid irreversible damage when charge-discharge cycles. For Li-ion batteries, a specific capacity of 825 mAh g^-1 is achieved after 100 cycles at 100 mA g^-1, while for Na-ion batteries a specific capacity of 193 mAh g^-1 is observed after 100 cycles at 100 mA g^-1. Moreover, for Na-ion batteries, even at a high rate of 1000 mA g^-1 the material delivers a specific capacity of 109.5 mAh g^-1 after 3500 cycles.

Nanoarchitectonics of Nanoporous Carbon Materials in Supercapacitors Applications

High surface area and large pore volume carbon materials having hierarchical nanoporous structure are required in high performance supercapacitors. Such nanoporous carbon materials can be fabricated from organic precursors with high carbon content, such as synthetic biomass or agricultural wastes containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Using recently developed unique concept of materials nanoarchitectonics, high performance porous carbons with controllable surface area, pore size distribution, and hierarchy in nanoporous structure can be fabricated. In this review, we will overview the recent trends and advancements on the synthetic methods for the production of hierarchical porous carbons with one- to three-dimensional network structure with superior performance in supercapacitors applications. We highlight the promising scope of accessing nanoporous graphitic carbon materials from: (i) direct conversion of single crystalline self-assembled fullerene nanomaterials and metal organic frameworks, (ii) hard- and soft-templating routes, and (iii) the direct carbonization and/or activation of biomass or agricultural wastes as non-templating routes. We discuss the appealing points of the different synthetic carbon sources and natural precursor raw-materials derived nanoporous carbon materials in supercapacitors applications.

Built-In Catalysis in Confined Nanoreactors for High-Loading Li-S Batteries

A cathode host with strong sulfur/polysulfide confinement and fast redox kinetics is a challenging demand for high-loading lithium-sulfur batteries. Recently, porous carbon hosts derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted wide attention due to their unique spatial structure and customizable reaction sites. However, the loading and rate performance of Li-S cells are still restricted by the disordered pore distribution and surface catalysis in these hosts. Here, we propose a concept of built-in catalysis to accelerate lithium polysulfide (LiPSs) conversion in confined nanoreactors, i.e., laterally stacked ordered crevice pores encompassed by MoS₂-decorated carbon thin layers. The functions of S-fixability and LiPS catalysis in these mesoporous cavity reactors benefit from the 2D interface contact between ultrathin catalytic MoS₂ and conductive C pyrolyzed from Al-MOF. The integrated function of adsorption-catalysis-conversion endows the sulfur-infused C@MoS₂ electrode with a high initial capacity of 1240 mAh g^-1 at 0.2 C, long life cycle stability of at least 1000 cycles at 2 C, and high rate endurance up to 20 C. This electrode also exhibits commercial potential in view of considerable capacity release and reversibility under high sulfur loading (6 mg cm^-2 and ∼80 wt %) and lean electrolyte (E/S ratio of 5 μL mg^-1). This study provides a promising design solution of a catalysis-conduction 2D interface in a 3D skeleton for high-loading Li-S batteries.

Rational Design of Nanoporous MoS2 /VS2 Heteroarchitecture for Ultrahigh Performance Ammonia Sensors

2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received widespread interest by virtue of their excellent electrical, optical, and electrochemical characteristics. Recent studies on TMDs have revealed their versatile utilization as electrocatalysts, supercapacitors, battery materials, and sensors, etc. In this study, MoS₂ nanosheets are successfully assembled on the porous VS₂ (P-VS₂ ) scaffold to form a MoS₂ /VS₂ heterostructure. Their gas-sensing features, such as sensitivity and selectivity, are investigated by using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique. The QCM results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the impressive affinity of the MoS₂ /VS₂ heterostructure sensor toward ammonia with a higher adsorption uptake than the pristine MoS₂ or P-VS₂ sensor. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics of the MoS₂ /VS₂ heterostructure sensor toward ammonia follow the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The excellent sensing features of the MoS₂ /VS₂ heterostructure render it attractive for high-performance ammonia sensors in diverse applications.

Co0.85Se Nanoparticles Encapsulated by Nitrogen-Enriched Hierarchically Porous Carbon for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

Coordination compound derivates (CCDs) have been widely applied in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the functionalization of CCDs with open structure and heteroatomic doping is still challenging. Herein, an effective functionalization strategy is presented to prepare a kind of CCD, where Co_0.85Se nanoparticles are encapsulated by nitrogen-enriched hierarchically porous carbon (CS/NPC) based on the heat treatment of a cobalt-complexed hexamethylolmelamine-polyvinylpyrrolidone resin (Co²⁺/HPR). The abundant free volume and enriched N species of the HPR are responsible for the hierarchically porous configuration and high N-doping of the composites. By controlling the content of cobalt salt and the heating rate, high specific surface area (440.7 m² g^-1), high N-doping (8.54 atom %), and suitable mass loading of Co_0.85Se (55.5%) were simultaneously achieved in CS-2/NPC-5, which delivers high reversible capacity (758.5 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1), outstanding rate capability (401.7 mAh g^-1 at 5 A g^-1), and excellent cycling durability (638.4 mAh g^-1 at 1 A g^-1 after 200 cycles), suggesting a promising candidate for LIB anode materials.

From metal-organic frameworks to porous carbon materials: recent progress and prospects from energy and environmental perspectives

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising materials in the areas of gas storage, magnetism, luminescence, and catalysis owing to their superior property of having highly crystalline structures. However, MOF stability toward heat or humidity is considerably less as compared to carbons because they are constructed from the assembly of ligands with metal ions or clusters via coordination bonds. Transforming MOFs into carbons is bringing the novel potential for MOFs to achieve industrialization, and carbons with controlled pore sizes and surface doping are one of the most important porous materials. By selecting MOFs as a precursor or template, carbons with heteroatom doping and well-developed pores can be achieved. In this review, we discussed the state-of-art study progress made in the new development of MOF-derived metal-free porous carbons. In particular, the potential use of metal-free carbons from environmental and energy perspectives, such as adsorption, supercapacitors, and catalysts, were analyzed in detail. Moreover, an outlook for the sustainable development of MOF-derived porous carbons in the future was also presented.

The Application of Indium Oxide@CPM-5-C-600 Composite Material Derived from MOF in Cathode Material of Lithium Sulfur Batteries

Due to the “shuttle effect”, the cycle performance of lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery is poor and the capacity decays rapidly. Replacing lithium-ion battery is the maximum problem to be overcome. In order to solve this problem, we use a cage like microporous MOF(CPM-5) as a carbon source, which is carbonized at high temperature to get a micro-mesoporous carbon composite material. In addition, indium oxide particles formed during carbonization are deposited on CPM-5 structure, forming a simple core-shell structure CPM-5-C-600. When it is used as the cathode of Li-S battery, the small molecule sulfide can be confined in the micropores, while the existence of large pore size mesopores can provide a channel for the transmission of lithium ions, so as to improve the conductivity of the material and the rate performance of the battery. After 100 cycles, the specific capacity of the battery can be still maintained at 650 mA h·g⁻¹ and the Coulombic efficiency is close to 100%. When the rate goes up to 2 C, the first discharge capacity not only can reach 1400 mA h·g⁻¹, but also still provides 500 mA h·g⁻¹ after 200 cycles, showing excellent rate performance.

Bimetallic ZIF derived Co nanoparticle anchored N-doped porous carbons for an efficient oxygen reduction reaction

A high-performance electrocatalytic material was derived from a new bimetallic ZIF precursor, exhibiting excellent oxygen reduction reaction performance with a half-wave potential (E_1/2) of 0.849 V, superior to that of commercial Pt/C.

Controlling the morphology of metal–organic frameworks and porous carbon materials: metal oxides as primary architecture-directing agents

We give a comprehensive overview of how the morphology control is an effective and versatile way to control the physicochemical properties of metal oxides that can be transferred to metal–organic frameworks and porous carbon materials.

Micro-Blooming: Hierarchically Porous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Flowers Derived from Metal-Organic Mesocrystals

Synthesis of 3D flower-like zinc-nitrilotriacetic acid (ZnNTA) mesocrystals and their conformal transformation to hierarchically porous N-doped carbon superstructures is reported. During the solvothermal reaction, 2D nanosheet primary building blocks undergo oriented attachment and mesoscale assembly forming stacked layers. The secondary nucleation and growth preferentially occurs at the edges and defects of the layers, leading to formation of 3D flower-like mesocrystals comprised of interconnected 2D micropetals. By simply varying the pyrolysis temperature (550-1000 °C) and the removal method of in the situ-generated Zn species, nonporous parent mesocrystals are transformed to hierarchically porous carbon flowers with controllable surface area (970-1605 m² g^-1 ), nitrogen content (3.4-14.1 at%), pore volume (0.95-2.19 cm³ g^-1 ), as well as pore diameter and structures. The carbon flowers prepared at 550 °C show high CO₂ /N₂ selectivity due to the high nitrogen content and the large fraction of (ultra)micropores, which can greatly increase the CO₂ affinity. The results show that the physicochemical properties of carbons are highly dependent on the thermal transformation and associated pore formation process, rather than directly inherited from parent precursors. The present strategy demonstrates metal-organic mesocrystals as a facile and versatile means toward 3D hierarchical carbon superstructures that are attractive for a number of potential applications.

Electrochemical thrombin aptasensor based on using magnetic nanoparticles and porous carbon prepared by carbonization of a zinc(II)-2-methylimidazole metal-organic framework

A homogeneous electrochemical aptasensor was obtained by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a porous carbon nanomaterial (Z-1000, about 70 nm, deteced by transmission electron microscopic) that was obtained by carbonization of a zinc(II)-2-methylimidazole metal-organic framework. Z-1000 possesses a large specific surface and outstanding electrochemical properties. A thrombin-binding aptamer (CP) was immobilized on the magnetite nanoparticles MNPs by the condensation reaction and further combined with reporter probe (RP) that is functionalized with electroactive methylene blue (MB). In the presence of thrombin, the CP was specifically recognized with it to form the CP/MNP/Thb complex, and the RP was dissociated from MNPs. The released RP was captured by the modified GCE through π-stacking interaction between nucleobases and carbon nanostructure. The electrical signal generated by MB can be monitored by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under the optimized conditions, the DPV peak current at around -0.28 V (vs. SCE) increases with thrombin concentration. The sensor has a detection limit of 0.8 fM of thrombin and a linear range that extends from 10 fM to 100 nM. It was successfully applied to the analysis of spiked serum. The recoveries are 98.1-99.4% and RSDs are 3.9%-4.0%. Conceivably, this aptasensor scheme can be easily extended to other proteins and gives inspiration to manufacture sensitive aptasensor. Graphical abstract A homogeneous electrochemical aptasensor is obtained by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with the MOF-derived porous carbon. The sensor has a detection limit of 0.8 fM and a wide linear range from 10 fM to 100 nM for thrombin detection.

Synthesis using natural functionalization of activated carbon from pumpkin peels for decolourization of aqueous methylene blue

In this study, a novel approach was applied for modification and functionalization of pumpkin peels (PP) derived carbon using natural beetroot extract. PP waste biomass was carbonized at 250 (AC₂₅₀), 350 (AC₃₅₀), 450 (AC₄₅₀) and 550 °C (AC₅₅₀) and used as adsorbent for the scavenging of methylene blue (MB). The adsorption results revealed that AC₂₅₀ was the most efficient material. Thereafter, AC₂₅₀ was further modified with different acids and natural beetroot extract to enhance the adsorption efficiency for MB removal. Modified and functionalized carbon materials were characterized to determine the functional groups, crystalline nature and surface morphology of adsorbents using Fourier Transformed Infra-Red spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The pore size distribution measurements by non-local density functional theory (NLDFT) revealed the presence of large number of mesopores in the beetroot activated carbon (BAC) with the BET specific surface area of 3.6 m².g^-1. The adsorption studies exhibited the highest adsorption (198.15 mg.g^-1) for MB using 0.5 g.L^-1 of adsorbent mass at 200 mg.L^-1 MB concentration and 50 °C within 180 min. Reaction kinetics analysis of the experimental data revealed that adsorption followed pseudo second order kinetic model where BAC₂₅₀ showed highest reaction rate constant value of 0.0095 and correlation coefficient value of 0.9992. The equilibrium data were tested by using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. For both isotherms, the characteristic parameters were determined and the adsorption behaviour was found to fit well with the Langmuir isotherm model indicating monolayer adsorption of MB.

Structural Engineering of Low-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Low-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (LD MOFs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years, which successfully combine the unique properties of MOFs, e.g., large surface area, tailorable structure, and uniform cavity, with the distinctive physical and chemical properties of LD nanomaterials, e.g., high aspect ratio, abundant accessible active sites, and flexibility. Significant progress has been made in the morphological and structural regulation of LD MOFs in recent years. It is still of great significance to further explore the synthetic principles and dimensional-dependent properties of LD MOFs. In this review, recent progress in the synthesis of LD MOF-based materials and their applications are summarized, with an emphasis on the distinctive advantages of LD MOFs over their bulk counterparties. First, the unique physical and chemical properties of LD MOF-based materials are briefly introduced. Synthetic strategies of various LD MOFs, including 1D MOFs, 2D MOFs, and LD MOF-based composites, as well as their derivatives, are then summarized. Furthermore, the potential applications of LD MOF-based materials in catalysis, energy storage, gas adsorption and separation, and sensing are introduced. Finally, challenges and opportunities of this fascinating research field are proposed.

Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Derived Materials: Emerging Catalysts for a Sulfate Radicals-Based Advanced Oxidation Process in Water Purification

With the ever-growing environmental issues, sulfate radical (SO₄^•- )-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have been attracting widespread attention due to their high selectivity and oxidative potential in water purification. Among various methods generating SO₄^•- , employing heterogeneous catalysts for activation of peroxymonosulfate or persulfate has been demonstrated as an effective strategy. Therefore, the future advances of SR-AOPs depend on the development of adequate catalysts with high activity and stability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with large surface area, ultrahigh porosity, and diversity of material design have been extensively used in heterogeneous catalysts, and more recently, enormous effort has been made to utilize MOFs-based materials for SR-AOPs applications. In this work, the state-of-the-art research on pristine MOFs, MOFs composites, and their derivatives, such as oxides, metal/carbon hybrids, and carbon materials for SR-AOPs, is summarized. The mechanisms, including radical and nonradical pathways, are also detailed in the discussion. This work will hopefully promote the future development of MOFs-based materials toward SR-AOPs applications.

Hollow Functional Materials Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthetic Strategies, Conversion Mechanisms, and Electrochemical Applications

Hollow materials derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), by virtue of their controllable configuration, composition, porosity, and specific surface area, have shown fascinating physicochemical properties and widespread applications, especially in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Here, the recent advances in the controllable synthesis are discussed, mainly focusing on the conversion mechanisms from MOFs to hollow-structured materials. The synthetic strategies of MOF-derived hollow-structured materials are broadly sorted into two categories: the controllable synthesis of hollow MOFs and subsequent pyrolysis into functional materials, and the controllable conversion of solid MOFs with predesigned composition and morphology into hollow structures. Based on the formation processes of hollow MOFs and the conversion processes of solid MOFs, the synthetic strategies are further conceptually grouped into six categories: template-mediated assembly, stepped dissolution-regrowth, selective chemical etching, interfacial ion exchange, heterogeneous contraction, and self-catalytic pyrolysis. By analyzing and discussing 14 types of reaction processes in detail, a systematic mechanism of conversion from MOFs to hollow-structured materials is exhibited. Afterward, the applications of these hollow structures as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, hybrid supercapacitors, and electrocatalysis are presented. Finally, an outlook on the emergent challenges and future developments in terms of their controllable fabrications and electrochemical applications is further discussed.

Nontemplating Porous Carbon Material from Polyphosphamide Resin for Supercapacitors

The nontemplating preparation of porous carbon materials by using specially designed polymer precursors for supercapacitor is attracting considerable research attention because of the more controllable frame structure and easier processes than templating methods. Herein, a deliberately designed cross-linking polyphosphamide resin with defined N and P structure is synthesized and then carbonized to obtain porous carbon material. The as-obtained porous carbon material has a specific surface area of 2,620 m² g^-1, high porosity of 1.49 cm³ g^-1, and well-distributed micro/mesoporous carbon structure. Different from activation by post-added NH₄H₂PO₄, the confined N and P in the polymer frame are confirmed to play an important role in pore structure development by forming in situ highly dispersed NH₄H₂PO₄ during carbonization. When evaluated as the electrode material for supercapacitors, the polyphosphamide-resin-based porous carbon material demonstrates excellent capacitance (440 F g^-1 under 0.5 A g^-1) and high stability (retention of 93% over 10,000 cycles).

Tunable Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbons from Fe₃O(BDC)₃ for Chloramphenicol Antibiotic Remediation

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is commonly employed in veterinary clinics, but illegal and uncontrollable consumption can result in its potential contamination in environmental soil, and aquatic matrix, and thereby, regenerating microbial resistance, and antibiotic-resistant genes. Adsorption by efficient, and recyclable adsorbents such as mesoporous carbons (MPCs) is commonly regarded as a “green and sustainable” approach. Herein, the MPCs were facilely synthesized via the pyrolysis of the metal–organic framework Fe₃O(BDC)₃ with calcination temperatures (x °C) between 600 and 900 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The characterization results pointed out mesoporous carbon matrix (MPC700) coating zero-valent iron particles with high surface area (~225 m²/g). Also, significant investigations including fabrication condition, CAP concentration, effect of pH, dosage, and ionic strength on the absorptive removal of CAP were systematically studied. The optimal conditions consisted of pH = 6, concentration 10 mg/L and dose 0.5 g/L for the highest chloramphenicol removal efficiency at nearly 100% after 4 h. Furthermore, the nonlinear kinetic and isotherm adsorption studies revealed the monolayer adsorption behavior of CAP onto MPC700 and Fe₃O(BDC)₃ materials via chemisorption, while the thermodynamic studies implied that the adsorption of CAP was a spontaneous process. Finally, adsorption mechanism including H-bonding, electrostatic attraction, π–π interaction, and metal–bridging interaction was proposed to elucidate how chloramphenicol molecules were adsorbed on the surface of materials. With excellent maximum adsorption capacity (96.3 mg/g), high stability, and good recyclability (4 cycles), the MPC700 nanocomposite could be utilized as a promising alternative for decontamination of chloramphenicol antibiotic from wastewater.

Self-assembly as a key player for materials nanoarchitectonics

The development of science and technology of advanced materials using nanoscale units can be conducted by a novel concept involving combination of nanotechnology methodology with various research disciplines, especially supramolecular chemistry. The novel concept is called 'nanoarchitectonics' where self-assembly processes are crucial in many cases involving a wide range of component materials. This review of self-assembly processes re-examines recent progress in materials nanoarchitectonics. It is composed of three main sections: (1) the first short section describes typical examples of self-assembly research to outline the matters discussed in this review; (2) the second section summarizes self-assemblies at interfaces from general viewpoints; and (3) the final section is focused on self-assembly processes at interfaces. The examples presented demonstrate the strikingly wide range of possibilities and future potential of self-assembly processes and their important contribution to materials nanoarchitectonics. The research examples described in this review cover variously structured objects including molecular machines, molecular receptors, molecular pliers, molecular rotors, nanoparticles, nanosheets, nanotubes, nanowires, nanoflakes, nanocubes, nanodisks, nanoring, block copolymers, hyperbranched polymers, supramolecular polymers, supramolecular gels, liquid crystals, Langmuir monolayers, Langmuir-Blodgett films, self-assembled monolayers, thin films, layer-by-layer structures, breath figure motif structures, two-dimensional molecular patterns, fullerene crystals, metal-organic frameworks, coordination polymers, coordination capsules, porous carbon spheres, mesoporous materials, polynuclear catalysts, DNA origamis, transmembrane channels, peptide conjugates, and vesicles, as well as functional materials for sensing, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, photovoltaics, charge transport, excitation energy transfer, light-harvesting, photocatalysts, field effect transistors, logic gates, organic semiconductors, thin-film-based devices, drug delivery, cell culture, supramolecular differentiation, molecular recognition, molecular tuning, and hand-operating (hand-operated) nanotechnology.

MOF-5 derived carbon as material for CO2 absorption

In our study we prepared MOF-5 derived carbon to reveal the thermodynamics of CO₂ absorption processes in great detail.

Multifunctional nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbons derived from metal–organic frameworks for efficient CO2 storage and high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbons were prepared, capturing CO₂ of 10 mmol g⁻¹ at 45 bar and achieving a reversible capacity of 762 mA h g⁻¹.

Three 3D Co(ii) cluster-based MOFs constructed from polycarboxylate acids and bis(imidazole) ligands and their derivatives: magnetic properties and catalytic performance for the ORR

Three 3D Co-MOFs constructed from polycarboxylate acids and bis(imidazole) ligands were prepared by urothermal synthesis and the derived porous carbon material shows comparable electrocatalytic property toward the ORR.

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

Many recent advances in sensor technology have been possible due to nanotechnological advancements together with contributions from other research fields. Such interdisciplinary collaborations fit well with the emerging concept of nanoarchitectonics, which is a novel conceptual methodology to engineer functional materials and systems from nanoscale units through the fusion of nanotechnology with other research fields, including organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, materials science and biology. In this review article, we discuss recent advancements in sensor devices and sensor materials that take advantage of advanced nanoarchitectonics concepts for improved performance. In the first part, recent progress on sensor systems are roughly classified according to the sensor targets, such as chemical substances, physical conditions, and biological phenomena. In the following sections, advancements in various nanoarchitectonic motifs, including nanoporous structures, ultrathin films, and interfacial effects for improved sensor function are discussed to realize the importance of nanoarchitectonic structures. Many of these examples show that advancements in sensor technology are no longer limited by progress in microfabrication and nanofabrication of device structures - opening a new avenue for highly engineered, high performing sensor systems through the application of nanoarchitectonics concepts.

An in situ coupling strategy for the preparation of heterometal-doped carbon frameworks as efficient bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalysts

Heterometal-doped carbon frameworks derived from metallophthalocyanine based conjugated microporous polymers display excellent ORR/OER bifunctional activity and long-time durability.

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

Much attention has been paid to the synthesis of low-dimensional materials from small units such as functional molecules. Bottom-up approaches to create new low-dimensional materials with various functional units can be realized with the emerging concept of nanoarchitectonics. In this review article, we overview recent research progresses on materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces, which are dimensionally restricted media with some freedoms of molecular motion. Specific characteristics of molecular interactions and functions at liquid interfaces are briefly explained in the first parts. The following sections overview several topics on materials nanoarchitectonics at liquid interfaces, such as the preparation of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks, and the fabrication of low-dimensional and specifically structured nanocarbons and their assemblies at liquid-liquid interfaces. Finally, interfacial nanoarchitectonics of biomaterials including the regulation of orientation and differentiation of living cells are explained. In the recent examples described in this review, various materials such as molecular machines, molecular receptors, block-copolymer, DNA origami, nanocarbon, phages, and stem cells were assembled at liquid interfaces by using various useful techniques. This review overviews techniques such as conventional Langmuir-Blodgett method, vortex Langmuir-Blodgett method, liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation, instructed assembly, and layer-by-layer assembly to give low-dimensional materials including nanowires, nanowhiskers, nanosheets, cubic objects, molecular patterns, supramolecular polymers, metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks. The nanoarchitecture materials can be used for various applications such as molecular recognition, sensors, photodetectors, supercapacitors, supramolecular differentiation, enzyme reactors, cell differentiation control, and hemodialysis.

Zinc oxide/nanoporous carbon hybrid materials derived from metal–organic frameworks with different dielectric and absorption performances

An outstanding microwave attenuation ability of ZnO/nanoporous carbon composite was obtained with conductivity and a nanoporous structure.