51
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Santibáñez L, Fernández-Arrojo L, Guerrero C, Plou FJ, Illanes A. Removal of lactose in crude galacto-oligosaccharides by β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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52
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González-Delgado I, López-Muñoz MJ, Morales G, Segura Y. Optimisation of the synthesis of high galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose with β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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53
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Sun H, You S, Wang M, Qi W, Su R, He Z. Recyclable Strategy for the Production of High-Purity Galacto-oligosaccharides by Kluyveromyces lactis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5679-5685. [PMID: 27366924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A recyclable strategy for the production of high-purity (>95%) galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) was developed using Kluyveromyces lactis in both the synthesis and purification steps. For the synthesis of GOS, ethanol-permeabilized cells (p-cells) of K. lactis were used because the enhanced permeability facilitated the mass transfer of the substrate and the release of oligosaccharide products. For the purification of GOS, non-permeabilized K. lactis cells (np-cells) were preferred as a result of their intrinsic cell membrane barrier toward GOS, which led to the selective consumption of carbohydrate. In this way, undesired glucose, galactose, and lactose in the raw GOS solution can be completely removed. This strategy is recyclable not only because of the high stability and reusability of p-cells and np-cells but also because the ethanol, which is simultaneously generated during the purification, can be reused for the preparation of p-cells. The strategy proposed in this study is a promising candidate for the efficient production of high-purity GOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaisheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengping You
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengfan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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54
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Kamran A, Bibi Z, Aman A, Qader SAU. Hyper Production of Β-Galactosidase From Newly Isolated Strain ofAspergillus nidulans. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Kamran
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE); University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Zainab Bibi
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE); University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Afsheen Aman
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE); University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Shah Ali Ul Qader
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE); University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
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55
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An J, Zhang L, Li L, Liu D, Cheng H, Wang H, Nawaz MZ, Cheng H, Deng Z. An Alternative Approach to Synthesizing Galactooligosaccharides by Cell-Surface Display of β-Galactosidase on Yarrowia lipolytica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3819-3827. [PMID: 27090877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An alternative strategy for synthesizing galactooligosaccharides (GOS) from an erythritol-producing yeast Yarrowia lipolytica using surface display technology was demonstrated. The engineered strain CGMCC11369 was developed by fusion of the β-galactosidase gene from Aspergillus oryzae to the YlPir1 gene, which codes for a cell wall protein. β-Galactosidase was effectively displayed on the cell surface of Yarrowia lipolytica start strain CGMCC7326. This engineered strain with surface-displayed β-galactosidase efficiently synthesized GOS from lactose. An amount of 160 g/L GOS was produced within 6 h in a solution of 500 g/L lactose and 5 mg/mL cell (dry weight) at pH 5.5 and 60 °C, with a yield of 51% of consumed lactose monohydrate. This newly developed method was applied with waste yeast paste from erythritol industry at least 10 times. The optimal reaction temperature increased to 60 °C, about 20 °C higher than that of free β-galactosidase, which was helpful for enhancing the reaction rate and GOS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin An
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huiling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hengwei Wang
- Innovation & Application Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Nawaz
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
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56
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Hassan N, Geiger B, Gandini R, Patel BKC, Kittl R, Haltrich D, Nguyen TH, Divne C, Tan TC. Engineering a thermostable Halothermothrix orenii β-glucosidase for improved galacto-oligosaccharide synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3533-43. [PMID: 26621798 PMCID: PMC4803828 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactose is produced in large amounts as a by-product from the dairy industry. This inexpensive disaccharide can be converted to more useful value-added products such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) by transgalactosylation reactions with retaining β-galactosidases (BGALs) being normally used for this purpose. Hydrolysis is always competing with the transglycosylation reaction, and hence, the yields of GOSs can be too low for industrial use. We have reported that a β-glucosidase from Halothermothrix orenii (HoBGLA) shows promising characteristics for lactose conversion and GOS synthesis. Here, we engineered HoBGLA to investigate the possibility to further improve lactose conversion and GOS production. Five variants that targeted the glycone (-1) and aglycone (+1) subsites (N222F, N294T, F417S, F417Y, and Y296F) were designed and expressed. All variants show significantly impaired catalytic activity with cellobiose and lactose as substrates. Particularly, F417S is hydrolytically crippled with cellobiose as substrate with a 1000-fold decrease in apparent k cat, but to a lesser extent affected when catalyzing hydrolysis of lactose (47-fold lower k cat). This large selective effect on cellobiose hydrolysis is manifested as a change in substrate selectivity from cellobiose to lactose. The least affected variant is F417Y, which retains the capacity to hydrolyze both cellobiose and lactose with the same relative substrate selectivity as the wild type, but with ~10-fold lower turnover numbers. Thin-layer chromatography results show that this effect is accompanied by synthesis of a particular GOS product in higher yields by Y296F and F417S compared with the other variants, whereas the variant F417Y produces a higher yield of total GOSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hassan
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Geiger
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosaria Gandini
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bharat K C Patel
- Microbial Gene Research and Resources Facility, School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Roman Kittl
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thu-Ha Nguyen
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Divne
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tien Chye Tan
- AlbaNova University Center, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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57
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Escobar S, Illanes A, Wilson L, Bernal C, Mesa M. In situ immobilization of β‐galactosidase from
Bacillus circulans
in silica by sol‐gel process: Application in prebiotic synthesis. Eng Life Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Escobar
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales Instituto de Química FCEN Universidad de Antioquia UdeA Medellín Colombia
| | - Andres Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso Chile
| | - Lorena Wilson
- School of Biochemical Engineering Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso Chile
| | - Claudia Bernal
- School of Biochemical Engineering Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso Chile
| | - Monica Mesa
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales Instituto de Química FCEN Universidad de Antioquia UdeA Medellín Colombia
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58
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van Leeuwen SS, Kuipers BJH, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Comparative structural characterization of 7 commercial galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) products. Carbohydr Res 2016; 425:48-58. [PMID: 27035911 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Many β-galactosidase enzymes convert lactose into a mixture of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) when incubated under the right conditions. Recently, the composition of commercial Vivinal GOS produced by Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase was studied in much detail in another study by van Leeuwen et al. As a spin-off of this study, we used the developed analytical strategy for the evaluation of 6 anonymous commercial GOS products, in comparison with Vivinal GOS. These GOS products were first subjected to HPLC-SEC, calibrated HPAEC-PAD profiling (glucose units in relation to a malto-oligosaccharide ladder), and 1D (1)H NMR spectroscopy. For a more detailed analysis and support of the conclusions based on the initial analysis, the GOS products were separated into DP-pure subpools on Bio-Gel P-2 (MALDI-TOF-MS analysis), which were subjected to calibrated HPAEC-PAD profiling and (1)H NMR analysis. Unidentified peaks from different GOS products, not present in Vivinal GOS, were isolated for detailed structural characterization. In this way, the differences between the various GOS products in terms of DP distribution and type of glycosidic linkages were established. A total of 13 new GOS structures were characterized, adding structural-reporter-group signals and HPAEC-PAD based glucose unit G.U. values to the analytical toolbox. The newly characterized products enhance the quality of the database with GOS structures up to DP4. The combined data provide a firm basis for the rapid profiling of the GOS products of microbial β-galactosidase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander S van Leeuwen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas J H Kuipers
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, NL-3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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59
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Misson M, Du X, Jin B, Zhang H. Dendrimer-like nanoparticles based β-galactosidase assembly for enhancing its selectivity toward transgalactosylation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 84:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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60
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Misson M, Dai S, Jin B, Chen BH, Zhang H. Manipulation of nanofiber-based β-galactosidase nanoenvironment for enhancement of galacto-oligosaccharide production. J Biotechnol 2016; 222:56-64. [PMID: 26876609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The nanoenvironment of nanobiocatalysts, such as local hydrophobicity, pH and charge density, plays a significant role in optimizing the enzymatic selectivity and specificity. In this study, Kluyveromyces lactis β-galactosidase (Gal) was assembled onto polystyrene nanofibers (PSNFs) to form PSNF-Gal nanobiocatalysts. We proposed that local hydrophobicity on the nanofiber surface could expel water molecules so that the transgalactosylation would be preferable over hydrolysis during the bioconversion of lactose, thus improve the galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) yield. PSNFs were fabricated by electro-spinning and the operational parameters were optimized to obtain the nanofibers with uniform size and ordered alignment. The resulting nanofibers were functionalized for enzyme immobilization through a chemical oxidation method. The functionalized PSNF improved the enzyme adsorption capacity up to 3100 mg/g nanofiber as well as enhanced the enzyme stability with 80% of its original activity. Importantly, the functionalized PSNF-Gal significantly improved the GOS yield and the production rate was up to 110 g/l/h in comparison with 37 g/l/h by free β-galactosidase. Our research findings demonstrate that the localized nanoenvironment of the PSNF-Gal nanobiocatalysts favour transgalactosylation over hydrolysis in lactose bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailin Misson
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Bing H Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
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61
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Sen P, Bhattacharjee C, Bhattacharya P. Experimental studies and two-dimensional modelling of a packed bed bioreactor used for production of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) from milk whey. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:361-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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62
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Vénica CI, Bergamini CV, Rebechi SR, Perotti MC. Galacto-oligosaccharides formation during manufacture of different varieties of yogurt. Stability through storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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63
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Enzymatic production of HMO mimics by the sialylation of galacto-oligosaccharides. Food Chem 2015; 181:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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64
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Wilbrink MH, ten Kate GA, Sanders P, Gerwig GJ, van Leeuwen SS, Sallomons E, Klarenbeek B, Hage JA, van Vuure CA, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Enzymatic Decoration of Prebiotic Galacto-oligosaccharides (Vivinal GOS) with Sialic Acid Using Trypanosoma cruzi trans-Sialidase and Two Bovine Sialoglycoconjugates as Donor Substrates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5976-5984. [PMID: 26044147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Decoration of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) with sialic acid yields mixtures of GOS and sialylated GOS (Sia-GOS), novel products that are expected to have both prebiotic and antiadhesive functionalities. The recombinantly produced trans-sialidase enzyme from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS), an enzyme with the ability to transfer (α2-3)-linked sialic acid from sialogalactoglycans to asialogalactoglycans, was employed to catalyze this sialylation. As sialic acid acceptor substrates, Vivinal GOS and derived fractions of specific degree of polymerization were taken. As sialic acid donor substrates, bovine κ-casein-derived glycomacropeptide [>99% N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac); <1% N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc)] and bovine blood plasma glycoprotein mixture (45% Neu5Ac; 55% Neu5Gc) were selected, yielding potential food and feed products, respectively. High-pH anion-exchange chromatography, matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used for product analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten H Wilbrink
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert A ten Kate
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Sanders
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Gerwig
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- ‡NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S van Leeuwen
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Sallomons
- §FrieslandCampina Research, Stationsplein 4, NL-3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Klarenbeek
- §FrieslandCampina Research, Stationsplein 4, NL-3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Hage
- #Darling Ingredients Nederland BV, Kanaaldijk Noord 20-21, NL-5691 NM Son, The Netherlands
| | - Carine A van Vuure
- #Darling Ingredients Nederland BV, Kanaaldijk Noord 20-21, NL-5691 NM Son, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- †Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- ‡NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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65
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Misson M, Jin B, Chen B, Zhang H. Enhancing enzyme stability and metabolic functional ability of β-galactosidase through functionalized polymer nanofiber immobilization. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:1915-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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66
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Wang C, Wang H, Ma R, Shi P, Niu C, Luo H, Yang P, Yao B. Biochemical characterization of a novel thermophilic α-galactosidase from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 with significant transglycosylation activity. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 121:7-12. [PMID: 26087712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermophilic α-galactosidases have great potentials in biotechnological and medicinal applications due to their high-temperature activity and specific stability. In this study, a novel α-galactosidase gene of glycoside hydrolase family 27 (aga27A) was cloned from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 and successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. Purified recombinant Aga27A (rAga27A) was thermophilic and thermotolerant, exhibiting the maximum activity at 70°C and retaining stability at 65°C. Like most fungal α-galactosidases, rAga27A had an acidic pH optimum (pH 4.0) but retained stability over a boarder pH range (pH 3.0-11.0) at 70°C. Moreover, the enzyme exhibited strong resistance to most metal ions and chemicals tested (except for Ag(+) and SDS) and great tolerance to galactose (19 mM). The preferable transglycosylation capacity of rAga27A with various substrates further widens its application spectrum. Thus rAga27A with excellent enzymatic properties will be ideal for applications in various industries, especially for the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Biotechnology Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengjun Shi
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Canfang Niu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; CAAS-ICRAF Joint Laboratory on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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67
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Rothenhöfer M, Grundmann M, Bernhardt G, Matysik FM, Buschauer A. High performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) for the sensitive determination of hyaluronan oligosaccharides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:106-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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68
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Transgalactosylation and hydrolytic activities of commercial preparations of β-galactosidase for the synthesis of prebiotic carbohydrates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 70:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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69
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Frenzel M, Zerge K, Clawin-Rädecker I, Lorenzen PC. Comparison of the galacto-oligosaccharide forming activity of different β-galactosidases. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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70
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van Leeuwen SS, Kuipers BJ, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. 1 H NMR analysis of the lactose/β-galactosidase-derived galacto-oligosaccharide components of Vivinal® GOS up to DP5. Carbohydr Res 2014; 400:59-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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71
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Development of a 1 H NMR structural-reporter-group concept for the analysis of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides of the [β- d -Gal p -(1→ x )] n - d -Glc p type. Carbohydr Res 2014; 400:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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72
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Warmerdam A, Benjamins E, de Leeuw TF, Broekhuis TA, Boom RM, Janssen AE. Galacto-oligosaccharide production with immobilized β-galactosidase in a packed-bed reactor vs. free β-galactosidase in a batch reactor. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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73
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Immobilization of thermostable β-galactosidase on epoxy support and its use for lactose hydrolysis and galactooligosaccharides biosynthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:989-98. [PMID: 24122101 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresistant, recombinant β-galactosidase from Thermotoga maritima was purified and immobilized on the surface of epoxy-coated magnetic beads. The enzyme, which has hexameric quaternary structure as shown by gel filtration chromatography, attaches to the resin through multiple covalent linkages that involve different subunits. The bound enzyme shows higher stability than the free form. The immobilized enzyme showed to be efficient for the hydrolysis of lactose and the biosynthesis of galactooligosaccharides (GOS). The chemical structure of synthesized GOS has been determined by NMR revealing that the main product was β-3′-galactosyl lactose. Although β-galactosidases from different sources have been used for the same purposes, the distinct advantage of the methodology described in this communication is that the enzyme can be easily produced, purified and immobilized in large quantities.
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74
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Díez-Municio M, Herrero M, Olano A, Moreno FJ. Synthesis of novel bioactive lactose-derived oligosaccharides by microbial glycoside hydrolases. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:315-31. [PMID: 24690139 PMCID: PMC4241725 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic oligosaccharides are increasingly demanded within the Food Science domain because of the interesting healthy properties that these compounds may induce to the organism, thanks to their beneficial intestinal microbiota growth promotion ability. In this regard, the development of new efficient, convenient and affordable methods to obtain this class of compounds might expand even further their use as functional ingredients. This review presents an overview on the most recent interesting approaches to synthesize lactose-derived oligosaccharides with potential prebiotic activity paying special focus on the microbial glycoside hydrolases that can be effectively employed to obtain these prebiotic compounds. The most notable advantages of using lactose-derived carbohydrates such as lactosucrose, galactooligosaccharides from lactulose, lactulosucrose and 2-α-glucosyl-lactose are also described and commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Díez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC)C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Miguel Herrero
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC)C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Agustín Olano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC)C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC)C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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75
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Wang SD, Guo GS, Li L, Cao LC, Tong L, Ren GH, Liu YH. Identification and characterization of an unusual glycosyltransferase-like enzyme with β-galactosidase activity from a soil metagenomic library. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 57:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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76
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Rodriguez-Colinas B, Fernandez-Arrojo L, Ballesteros AO, Plou FJ. Galactooligosaccharides formation during enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose: Towards a prebiotic-enriched milk. Food Chem 2014; 145:388-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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77
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Michalak M, Larsen DM, Jers C, Almeida JR, Willer M, Li H, Kirpekar F, Kjærulff L, Gotfredsen CH, Nordvang RT, Meyer AS, Mikkelsen JD. Biocatalytic production of 3′-sialyllactose by use of a modified sialidase with superior trans-sialidase activity. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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78
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Moreno FJ, Montilla A, Villamiel M, Corzo N, Olano A. Analysis, structural characterization, and bioactivity of oligosaccharides derived from lactose. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1519-34. [PMID: 24446419 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest for prebiotic carbohydrates as functional food ingredients has promoted the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides and new lactose derivatives. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the chromatographic analysis, structural characterization, and bioactivity studies of lactose-derived oligosaccharides. The most common chromatographic techniques used for the separation and structural characterization of this type of oligosaccharides, including GC and HPLC in different operational modes, coupled to various detectors are discussed. Insights on oligosaccharide MS fragmentation patterns, using different ionization sources and mass analyzers, as well as data on structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy are also described. Finally, this article deals with the bioactive effects of galacto oligosaccharides and oligosaccharides derived from lactulose on the gastrointestinal and immune systems, which support their consumption to provide significant health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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79
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Warmerdam A, Zisopoulos FK, Boom RM, Janssen AEM. Kinetic characterization of galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) synthesis by three commercially important β-galactosidases. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 30:38-47. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Warmerdam
- Food Process Engineering Group; Wageningen University; Bomenweg 2 6703 HD Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Filippos K. Zisopoulos
- Food Process Engineering Group; Wageningen University; Bomenweg 2 6703 HD Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Remko M. Boom
- Food Process Engineering Group; Wageningen University; Bomenweg 2 6703 HD Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Anja E. M. Janssen
- Food Process Engineering Group; Wageningen University; Bomenweg 2 6703 HD Wageningen The Netherlands
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80
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de Regil R, Sandoval G. Biocatalysis for biobased chemicals. Biomolecules 2013; 3:812-47. [PMID: 24970192 PMCID: PMC4030974 DOI: 10.3390/biom3040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and development of greener processes that are safe and friendly is an irreversible trend that is driven by sustainable and economic issues. The use of Biocatalysis as part of a manufacturing process fits well in this trend as enzymes are themselves biodegradable, require mild conditions to work and are highly specific and well suited to carry out complex reactions in a simple way. The growth of computational capabilities in the last decades has allowed Biocatalysis to develop sophisticated tools to understand better enzymatic phenomena and to have the power to control not only process conditions but also the enzyme's own nature. Nowadays, Biocatalysis is behind some important products in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and bulk chemicals industry. In this review we want to present some of the most representative examples of industrial chemicals produced in vitro through enzymatic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén de Regil
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, CIATEJ, A.C. Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jal, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
| | - Georgina Sandoval
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, CIATEJ, A.C. Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jal, C.P. 44270, Mexico.
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81
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Production and secretion of Lactobacillus crispatus β-galactosidase in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:88-93. [PMID: 24012790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus β-galactosidases are mostly heterodimeric proteins, which are encoded by the two overlapping genes, lacL and lacM, and produced in recombinant prokaryotic systems for higher yield. This is the first report on the expression of a heterodimeric β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus crispatus B470 in Pichia pastoris. The overlapping consecutive genes, lacL and lacM, that shared 17 nucleotides were cloned from the genomic DNA of L. crispatus. A recombinant plasmid harboring both expression cassettes of lacL and lacM was constructed and transformed into P. pastoris GS115 competent cells. Two recombinant P. pastoris strains (GSLac01 and GSLac02) showed the highest β-galactosidase activities of 24.5 and 31.0 U/ml in the culture supernatants, respectively. The recombinant β-galactosidase (LcLacLM) from GSLac02 was purified to electrphoretic homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography and molecular sieve chromatography. Similar to most Lactobacillus β-galactosidases that operate at moderately thermophilic and weak acid to neutral conditions, LcLacLM showed optimal activity at 50°C and pH 5.5-6.5. It's the first report on functional and secretory expression of LacLM-type β-galactosidase in eukaryotic system. This strategy might be applied to the expression of other overlapping genes.
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82
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Urrutia P, Mateo C, Guisan J, Wilson L, Illanes A. Immobilization of Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase and its application in the synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides under repeated-batch operation. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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83
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Kinetic study of the colloidal and enzymatic stability of β-galactosidase, for designing its encapsulation route through sol–gel route assisted by Triton X-100 surfactant. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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84
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Rodriguez-Colinas B, Kolida S, Baran M, Ballesteros AO, Rastall RA, Plou FJ. Analysis of fermentation selectivity of purified galacto-oligosaccharides by in vitro human faecal fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5743-52. [PMID: 23624658 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro fermentation of several purified galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), specifically the trisaccharides 4'-galactosyl-lactose and 6'-galactosyl-lactose and a mixture of the disaccharides 6-galactobiose and allolactose, was carried out. The bifidogenic effect of GOS at 1% (w/v) was studied in a pH-controlled batch culture fermentation system inoculated with healthy adult human faeces. Results were compared with those obtained with a commercial GOS mixture (Bimuno-GOS). Changes in bacterial populations measured through fluorescence in situ hybridization and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were determined. Bifidobacteria increased after 10-h fermentation for all the GOS substrates, but the changes were only statistically significant (P<0.05) for the mixture of disaccharides and Bimuno-GOS. Acetic acid, whose formation is consistent with bifidobacteria metabolism, was the major SCFA synthesized. The acetate concentration at 10 h was similar with all the substrates (45-50 mM) and significantly higher than the observed for formic, propionic and butyric acids. All the purified GOS could be considered bifidogenic under the assayed conditions, displaying a selectivity index in the range 2.1-3.0, which was slightly lower than the determined for the commercial mixture Bimuno-GOS.
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85
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Urrutia P, Rodriguez-Colinas B, Fernandez-Arrojo L, Ballesteros AO, Wilson L, Illanes A, Plou FJ. Detailed analysis of galactooligosaccharides synthesis with β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1081-1087. [PMID: 23330921 DOI: 10.1021/jf304354u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) catalyzed by β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae (Enzeco) was studied. Using 400 g/L of lactose and 15 U/mL, maximum GOS yield, measured by HPAEC-PAD, was 26.8% w/w of total carbohydrates, obtained at approximately 70% lactose conversion. No less than 17 carbohydrates were identified; the major transgalactosylation product was 6'-O-β-galactosyl-lactose, representing nearly one-third (in weight) of total GOS. In contrast with previous reports, the presence of at least five disaccharides was detected, which accounted for 40% of the total GOS at the point of maximum GOS concentration (allolactose and 6-galactobiose were the major products). A. oryzae β-galactosidase showed a preference to form β(1→6) bonds, followed by β(1→3) and β(1→4) linkages. Results were compared with those obtained with β-galactosidases from Kluyveromyces lactis and Bacillus circulans. The highest GOS yield and specific productivity were achieved with B. circulans β-galactosidase. The specificity of the linkages formed and distribution of di-, tri-, and higher GOS varied significantly among the three β-galactosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Urrutia
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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