51
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Palluotto F, Carotti A, Casini G, Campagna F, Genchi G, Rizzo M, De Sarro GB. Structure-activity relationships of 2-aryl-2,5-dihydropyridazino [4,3-b]indol-3(3H)-ones at the benzodiazepine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 1996; 4:2091-104. [PMID: 9022974 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(96)00220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A large series of 2-aryl-2,5-dihydropyridazino[4,3-b]indol-3(3H)ones (PIs) carrying properly selected substituents at the indole and N2-phenyl rings was prepared and tested as central benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) ligands and potential (anti)convulsant agents. Stereoelectronic requirements for high receptor affinity were detected by means of 2-D and 3-D QSAR analyses. BZR affinities and pharmacological profiles of the compounds were examined in comparison with some other pyridazinoindolones recently described by us and with pyrazoloquinoline (PQ) analogues. An anticonvulsant activity greater than PQs was generally observed for PIs. Notably, in the test of audiogenically induced seizures, one compound showed a potency comparable to that of diazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Palluotto
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università di Bari, Italy
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52
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De Sarro G, Chimirri A, Zappala M, Guisti P, Lipartiti M, De Sarro A. Azirino[1, 2-d][1, 4]benzodiazepine derivatives and related 1,4-benzodiazepines as anticonvulsant agents in DBA/2 mice. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 27:1155-62. [PMID: 8981061 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
1. The behavioral and anticonvulsant effects of several 1, 4-benzodiazepine (BDZ) and azirino[1,2-d] [1, 4]benzodiazepine (ABDZ) derivatives were studied after intraperitoneal administration in DBA/2 mice, a strain genetically susceptible to sound-induced seizures. 2. The anticonvulsant effects were evaluated on seizures evoked by means of auditory stimulation (109 dB, 12-16 kHz) in animals placed singly under a Perspex dome. 3. The 1,4-benzodiazepines were generally more potent than the related azirino[1,2-d] [1,4]benzodiazepine derivatives which, however, showed a remarkable anticonvulsant activity. The rank order of potency for anticonvulsant activity was flunitrazepam > diazepam > pinazepam > ABDZ5 > ABDZ4 > prazepam > halazepam > ABDZ1 > ABDZ3 > camazepam > ABDZ6 > ABDZ2. 4. The impairment of locomotor performance following intraperitoneal (IP) administration of the aforementioned derivatives was also evaluated by means of rotarod test. The rank order of potency for impairment of coordinated motor movements was pinazepam > flunitrazepam > diazepam > ABDZ5 > prazepam > halazepam > ABDZ4 > ABDZ3 > ABDZ1 > camazepam > ABDZ2 = ABDZ6. 5. A hypothermic activity was observed after the highest doses of the benzodiazepines studied. 6. The potency of various 1,4-benzodiazepines and azirino[1, 2-d][1,4]benzodiazepines as inhibitors of specific [3H]flumazenil binding to membranes from cerebellum or cortex was evaluated. In general, they inhibited [3H]flumazenil binding at the micromolar range. However, some ABDZ derivatives, although active as anticonvulsants, failed to displace [3H]flumazenil. 7. The azirino[1,2-d] [1,4]benzodiazepine derivatives are more lipophilic than the related benzodiazepines, but the different degree of anticonvulsant activity and impairment of coordinated motor movements cannot be directly related to the lipophilicity of the compounds studied. 8. The pharmacologic actions of ABDZ4 and ABDZ5, which appeared as the most potent anticonvulsants of the azirino[1,2-d] [1,4]benzodiazepine derivatives, were significantly reduced by treatment with flumazenil (8.24 mumol/kg IP) suggesting a clear involvement of benzodiazepine mechanisms in the anticonvulsant activity of these compounds or their metabolites. 9. The anticonvulsant activity of ABDZ4 and ABDZ5 was also evaluated against seizures induced by the two beta-carbolines, methyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM) and methyl6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM), in DBA/2 mice. Both ABDZ4 and ABDZ5 gave better protection against the seizures induced by beta-CCM than DMCM, suggesting a preferential action on BDZ1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Sarro
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
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53
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De Sarro G, Gitto R, Rizzo M, Zappia M, De Sarro A. 1,4-Benzodiazepine derivatives as anticonvulsant agents in DBA/2 mice. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 27:935-41. [PMID: 8909973 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(95)02147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
1. The behavioural and anticonvulsant effects of 10 1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives were studied after intraperitoneal administration in DBA/2 mice, a strain genetically susceptible to sound-induced seizures. 2. The anticonvulsant effects were evaluated on seizures evoked by means of auditory stimulation (109 dB, 12-16 kHz) in animals placed singly under a perspex dome. The rank order of potency for anticonvulsant activity was alprazolam > clonazepam > flunitrazepam > diazepam > pinazepam > desmethyldiazepam > oxazepam > prazepam > halazepam > camazepam. 3. The impairment of locomotor performance following IP administration of the above reported derivatives was also evaluated by means of the rotarod test. 4. Hypothermic activity was observed after the highest doses of the benzodiazepines studied. 5. The potency of various 1,4-benzodiazepines as inhibitors of specific [3H] flumazenil binding to membranes from cerebellum or cortex was evaluated. In general, 1,4-benzodiazepines were active as anticonvulsants at micromolar range and inhibited [3H] flumazenil binding at nanomolar range. 6. The different degree of anticonvulsant activity and impairment of coordinated motor movements cannot be directly related to the benzodiazepine binding affinity or to the lipophilicity of the compounds studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Sarro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
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54
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Colotta V, Catarzi D, Varano F, Filacchioni G, Cecchi L, Galli A, Costagli C. Synthesis and binding activity of some pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolines as tools to verify an optional binding site of a benzodiazepine receptor ligand. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2915-21. [PMID: 8709126 DOI: 10.1021/jm9509206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and binding activity at the benzodiazepine receptor of some 2-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolines are reported. The structure-activity relationships and in vitro efficacy of the title compounds, which are devoid of the proton acceptor atom at position 1, are similar to those of some previously reported tricyclic heteroaromatic compounds. This suggests that a proton acceptor at position 1 is an optional binding site of a benzodiazepine receptor ligand which only affects potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Colotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, Italy
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55
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Silverman BD, Platt DE. Comparative molecular moment analysis (CoMMA): 3D-QSAR without molecular superposition. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2129-40. [PMID: 8667357 DOI: 10.1021/jm950589q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
3d-QSAR procedures utilize descriptors that characterize molecular shape and charge distributions responsible for the steric and electrostatic nonbonding interactions intimately involved in ligand-receptor binding. Comparative molecular moment analysis (CoMMA) utilizes moments of the molecular mass and charge distributions up to and including second order in the development of molecular similarity descriptors. As a consequence, two Cartesian reference frames are then defined with respect to each molecular structure. One frame is the principal inertial axes calculated with respect to the center-of-mass. For neutrally charged molecular species, the other reference frame is the principal quadrupolar axes calculated with respect to the molecular "center-of-dipole." QSAR descriptors include quantities that characterize shape and charge independently as well as quantities that characterize their relationship. 3D-QSAR partial least squares (PLS) cross-validation procedures are utilized to predict the activity of several training sets of molecules previously investigated. This is the first time that molecular electrostatic quadrupolar moments have been utilized in a 3D-QSAR analysis, and it is shown that descriptors involving the quadrupolar moments and related quantities are required for the significant cross-validated predictive r2's obtained. CoMMA requires no superposition step, i.e., no step requiring a comparison between two molecules at any stage of the 3D-QSAR calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Silverman
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
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56
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Liu R, Hu RJ, Zhang P, Skolnick P, Cook JM. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of novel 8-substituted imidazobenzodiazepines: high-affinity, selective probes for alpha 5-containing GABAA receptors. J Med Chem 1996; 39:1928-34. [PMID: 8627617 DOI: 10.1021/jm950887n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and pharmacological properties of imidazobenzodiazepines with both high affinity and selectivity for alpha 5-containing GABAA receptors are described. Four of these compounds (5, 6, 8, and 9) inhibited [3H]flunitrazepam binding to recombinant alpha 5 beta 2 gamma 2 GABAA receptors with IC50 values between approximately 0.4 and 5 nM. These compounds were > or = 24-75-fold more selective for recombinant receptors containing alpha 5 subunits compared to other, "diazepam-sensitive" GABAA receptors containing either alpha 1, alpha 2, or alpha 3 subunits. Imidazobenzodiazepine 9 (used as the prototypical alpha 5 selective ligand) inhibited [3H]flunitrazepam binding to hippocampal membranes with high- and low-affinity components (IC50 0.6 +/- 0.2 and 85.6 +/- 13.1 nM, respectively), representing approximately 16% and approximately 84% of the receptor pool. Inhibition of [3H]flunitrazepam binding to cerebellar membranes with imidazobenzodiazepine 9 was best fitted to a single population of sites with an IC50 of 79.8 +/- 18.3 nM. These imidazobenzodiazepines behaved as GABA negative ligands in recombinant GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes and were convulsant in mice after parenteral administration. The relative potencies of flumazenil and zolpidem in blocking convulsions induced by 9 and DMCM, respectively, indicated that occupation of alpha 5-containing GABAA receptors substantially contributed to the convulsant properties of acetylene analog 9. These 8-substituted imidazobenzodiazepines (5, 6, 8 and 9) should prove useful in examining the physiological roles of GABAA receptors bearing an alpha 5 subunit and may also lead to the development of novel, subtype selective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 53201, USA
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57
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Isosteric replacement of the indole nucleus by benzothiophene and benzofuran in a series of indolylglyoxylylamine derivatives with partial agonist activity at the benzodiazepine receptor. Eur J Med Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(97)86173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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58
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Comparative molecular field analysis: CoMFA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-527x(96)80004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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59
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Trapani G, Franco M, Latrofa A, Carotti A, Gerichi G, Serra M, Biggio G, Liso G. Synthesis and benzodiazepine receptor binding of some imidazoand pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazoles. Eur J Med Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)89553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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60
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Benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 3-, 7- and 8-substituted [5,1-c][1,2,4]benzotriazines and 5-oxide derivatives. Part I. Eur J Med Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)80363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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61
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Fan WH, Parikh M, Snyder JK. Inverse electron demand diels-alder reactions of indole IV. A new route to β-carbolines. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/00404-0399(50)1347-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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62
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Rocca P, Marsais F, Godard A, Quéguiner G, Adams L, Alo B. Carbolines. PartVII. Anisidines, convenient tools to synthesize hydroxy-β-carbolines. J Heterocycl Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570320412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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63
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Codding PW, Roszak AW, Szkaradzinska MB, Cook JM, Hagen TJ, Allen MS. Structure – activity relationships in antagonist and inverse agonist ligands for the benzodiazepine receptor. CAN J CHEM 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/v95-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal and molecular structures of the three benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor ligands are presented and the electronic character of inverse agonist ligands is probed through molecular orbital calculations. Two of the ligands have a 6-benzylamino substituent: 6-benzylamino-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 1, which is a high affinity antagonist with IC50 = 10 nM, and 6-benzylamino-β-carboline, 2, which is a moderate affinity inverse agonist with IC50 = 106 nM. The third compound, 3-ethoxy-β-carboline hydrochloride, 3, displays partial inverse agonist activity with an IC50of 24 nM. Intermolecular interactions, including extensive hydrogen bonding involving both the pyridyl nitrogen atom and the indole N—H as well as π stacking of aromatic rings, are characteristic of β-carbolines and are found in these three structures. In addition, two of these compounds are protonated in the crystalline state, thereby providing a model for interactions in the absence of the 3-carboxylic acid ester function. Electronic calculations show that (1) the partial inverse agonist ligand has the highest charge on the N(2) atom and (2) high affinity β-carbolines possess two neighboring sites that have high electrostatic attraction for a hydrogen atom in an intermolecular interaction. These findings suggest that modifications to the 3-position side chain to enhance the charge on the pyridyl N atom and provide a hydrogen bond acceptor site will facilitate the development of partial inverse agonist ligands. Keywords: β-carbolines, benzodiazepine receptor, crystallography, structure–activity relationships.
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64
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Syntheses of 5-thienyl and 5-furyl-substituted benzodiazepines: probes of the pharmacophore for benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Eur J Med Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)88259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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65
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Gupta SP. Recent advances in benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) binding studies. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1995; 45:67-106. [PMID: 8545542 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7164-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S P Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
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66
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Schove LT, Perez JJ, Loew GH. Molecular determinants of recognition and activation at the cerebellar benzodiazepine receptor site. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:1029-49. [PMID: 7773620 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Semiempirical quantum mechanical and molecular mechanics calculations were carried out to identify and characterize the steric and electronic properties that modulate ligand recognition and activation of the cerebellar GABAA/benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor. For this hypothesis development, thirteen compounds belonging to structurally diverse chemical families were selected for study. Among the compounds selected were nine that bind and four that do not bind with appreciable affinity to this receptor and some that are known agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists, as measured by their modulation of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) enhanced chloride ion flux in cerebellum. The stereoelectronic requirements for recognition deduced from commonalities among the ligands are the presence of at least two of three hydrogen bonding centers, and a lipophilic aromatic ring, in a specific spatial relationship. The results suggest that the selectivity for the cerebellar or Type I subtype, demonstrated by some of these ligands, could be failure to meet the requirements for binding at other receptors because of the absence of one of the proton accepting centers or the larger surface area and volume of these ligands. The requirement for activation, deduced from comparisons of agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist properties is the presence of an electron accepting aromatic ring in a specific geometric arrangement with respect to the components of recognition. The validity of the '3D-Pharmacophore' developed was probed by using it for predictions of the behavior of 11 additional compounds not used for its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Schove
- Molecular Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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67
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Bruni F, Selleri S, Costanzo A, Guerrini G, Casilli ML. Reactivity of 7-(2-dimethylaminovinyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines: Synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrido[3,4-e]pyrimidine derivatives as potential benzodiazepine receptor ligands.1. J Heterocycl Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570310516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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68
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Karolak-Wojciechowska J, Lange J, Kwiatkowski W, Gniewosz M, Plenkiewicz J. Bicyclic [b]-heteroannulated pyridazine derivatives--II. Structure-activity relationships in the 6-aryltriazolo-[4,3-b]pyridazine ligands of the benzodiazepine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:773-9. [PMID: 7894970 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Electronic parameters (molecular electrostatic potential MEP, charge distribution on the nitrogen atoms, dipole moment mu and ionization potential IP) were calculated by semiempirical quantum chemistry methods for 2 sets (X = H and m-CF3, the syn- and anti-rotamers of the latter being considered separately) of the 6-aryl-3-substituted-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine ligands of the benzodiazepine receptors (Figure 1; for X and Y c.f. Table 1). The calculations located the deepest MEP minimum near the = N-N = fragment of the triazole ring (Figure 2). Activity of the investigated compounds (1 microM), expressed as % inhibition of in vitro 3H-diazepam (1.5 nM) binding, revealed a significant dependence on IP, which combined in correlation studies with the hydrophobic constants pi X and pi Y and the Swain-Lupton field constant FY gave a 100% explanation of variance (Equations 1-3). However, extrapolation pointed to a compound with excessive hydrophobicity. The dipole moment orientation, roughly consistent with the C(6)-aryl main molecular axis, was considered as another factor controlling the docking of the investigated triazolopyridazine ligands to the benzodiazepine receptor (Figure 3). A model of the triazolopyridazine-benzodiazepine receptor interaction was proposed (Figure 4).
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69
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Welch W, Ahmad S, Airey JA, Gerzon K, Humerickhouse RA, Besch HR, Ruest L, Deslongchamps P, Sutko JL. Structural determinants of high-affinity binding of ryanoids to the vertebrate skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor: a comparative molecular field analysis. Biochemistry 1994; 33:6074-85. [PMID: 8193121 DOI: 10.1021/bi00186a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ryanodine binds to specific membrane proteins, altering the calcium permeability of intracellular membranes. In this study 19 ryanoids were isolated or synthesized and the structures correlated to the strength of binding to vertebrate skeletal muscle ryanodine receptors. Global minima were determined by employment of molecular mechanics and dynamics augmented by systematic searching of conformational space. Overall, steric and electrostatic factors contribute about equally to the differences in the experimentally determined dissociation constants. The dominant electrostatic interaction is localized to a hydroxyl group in an apolar region of the molecule. The pyrrole and isopropyl groups located together at one pole of the molecule have the greatest effect on steric interactions between ligand and receptor. We suggest ryanodine binds to the receptor with the pyrrole and isopropyl groups buried deep inside a cleft in the protein. This arrangement places special importance on the conformation of the pyrrole and isopropyl groups. In contrast, the opposite pole appears to be positioned at the entrance of the binding pocket because bulky adducts placed in the 9 position of ryanodine alter binding minimally. For example, a fluorescent ryanodine adduct was synthesized which has a dissociation constant close to that of ryanodine. Detailed examination reveals subtle interactions between ryanoid and receptor. In many cases, the major factors altering the strength of binding were found to be conformational alterations in the molecule remote from the site of covalent modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
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70
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Li JH, Snyder JK. Selective oxidation of canthines to canthin-6-ones with triethylbenzylammonium permanganate. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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71
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Liu R, Matheson LE. Comparative molecular field analysis combined with physicochemical parameters for prediction of polydimethylsiloxane membrane flux in isopropanol. Pharm Res 1994; 11:257-66. [PMID: 8165185 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018959525339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) combined with various physicochemical parameters were used to develop three-dimensional quantitative structure-transportability relationships (3-D QSTR) to predict membrane flux for 108 aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds through polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes in isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Sybyl, a comprehensive computational molecular modeling package, was used to analyze the data. Optimized molecular models were selected using molecular modeling techniques. Partial least-squares (PLS) regression combined with crossvalidation or bootstrapping was used as the statistical method to establish the predictive models. Prediction was good for the steady-state flux using both steric and electrostatic field descriptors combined with a functional group classification technique. Predictive ability was substantially increased in a model using CoMFA descriptors along with log mole fraction solubility for the penetrants in isopropanol, a hydrophobic term, fchex, which is used to estimate the partition coefficient between cyclohexane and water, and the addition of an intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IHB) term. The crossvalidated r2 and the conventional r2 for this model were 0.951 and 0.973, respectively. Excellent predictions are demonstrated for the membrane flux of the compounds both inside and outside the data domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Liu
- American Cyanamid Company, Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, New York 10965
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72
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Campagna F, Carotti A, Casini G, Palluotto F, Genchi G, De Sarro GB. 2-Aryl-2,5-dihydropyridazino[4,3-b]indol-3(3H)-ones: novel rigid planar benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 1993; 1:437-46. [PMID: 8087565 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2-aryl-2,5-dihydropyridazino[4,3-b]indol-3(3H)-ones 5 were prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit radioligand binding to BZR, and to prevent sound and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in mice. The biological and pharmacological results are discussed in the light of some recently proposed pharmacophore models and compared through molecular orbital and molecular modeling studies to those obtained from the close pyrazoloquinoline analogs 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Campagna
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, University of Bari, Italy
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73
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Kim KH, Greco G, Novellino E, Silipo C, Vittoria A. Use of the hydrogen bond potential function in a comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) on a set of benzodiazepines. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1993; 7:263-80. [PMID: 8377024 DOI: 10.1007/bf00125502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The results of the GRID-Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) were compared with those of the SYBYL-CoMFA in a study of benzodiazepines. The results demonstrate that the hydrogen bonding function using the GRID H2O probe in a CoMFA can successfully describe the hydrophobic effects of substituents without any bias or preconcept of their effects in the development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kim
- Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
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74
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Rocca P, Marsais F, Godard A, Queguiner G. A new convergent synthesis of alpha - substituted - beta - carbolines. Tetrahedron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)90161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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75
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Langlois M, Brémont B, Rousselle D, Gaudy F. Structural analysis by the comparative molecular field analysis method of the affinity of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents for 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 244:77-87. [PMID: 8093601 DOI: 10.1016/0922-4106(93)90061-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The affinities of 17 beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists for 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors were evaluated in binding assays. A large range of Ki values (2-10,000 nM) was observed and ortho or meta substitution of the aromatic ring carrying the amino chain was implicated in the high affinity Ki values, whereas para substitution elicited a dramatic drop in activity. These variations were analyzed with two molecular design tools: the active analogue approach (AAA) and the new 3D-QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) method, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). The AAA method emphasized, by superimposition of selected conformations of the molecules, the favorable and unfavorable volumes implicated in the receptor recognition. CoMFA generated a linear expression between the biological data and the different values of electrostatic and steric fields surrounding the molecules. It predicted the values of selected molecules but also those of new molecules not included in the study. The excellent accuracy of the prediction revealed the potential of the method for the design of new compounds. CoMFA demonstrated the important contribution of steric parameters, evaluated at 92%, compared to the electrostatic field (evaluated at 8%) to explain the affinity for 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors. This study emphasizes also the importance of the occupancy of a hydrophobic pocket in the receptor site located near the area interacting with the aromatic moiety, and subsequently its use for the design of new, potent, specific antagonists of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors.
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76
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Clark M, Cramer RD. The Probability of Chance Correlation Using Partial Least Squares (PLS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.19930120205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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77
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Rocca P, Marsais F, Godard A, Queguiner G. Connection between metalation and cross-coupling strategies. A new convergent route to azacarbazoles. Tetrahedron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)80505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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78
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Oprea TI, Ciubotariu D, Sulea TI, Simon Z. Comparison of the Minimal Steric Difference (MTD) and Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) Methods for Analysis of Binding of Steroids to Carrier Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.19930120104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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79
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Trapani G, Carotti A, Franco M, Latrofa A, Genchi G, Liso G. Structure-affinity relationships of some alkoxycarbonyl-2H-or-4H-pyrimido [2,1-b]benzothiazol-2- or 4-one benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(93)90074-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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80
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Kellogg GE, Abraham DJ. KEY, LOCK, and LOCKSMITH: complementary hydropathic map predictions of drug structure from a known receptor-receptor structure from known drugs. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR GRAPHICS 1992; 10:212-7, 226. [PMID: 1476993 DOI: 10.1016/0263-7855(92)80070-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Three new routines (LOCK, KEY and LOCKSMITH) for the program HINT (hydrophobic interactions) are described and demonstrated. The KEY routine uses receptor structure to model the hydropathic profile of the ideal substrate for the receptor. The LOCK routine uses substrate or drug structure to model the hydropathic character of the receptor. LOCKSMITH is an algorithm designed to highlight the significant hydropathic features from a collection of agents. Ten allosteric modifiers of hemoglobin that have been characterized biologically and with X-ray diffraction to determine their protein binding sites/conformations illustrate the KEY and LOCKSMITH routines: The LOCKSMITH composite map correctly identifies the structural features and conformation of the more active modifiers. In addition, many hydropathic features of the "ideal" drug predicted by the KEY map overlap with actual structural features of the most active hemoglobin allosteric modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0540
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81
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Nicklaus MC, Milne GW, Burke TR. QSAR of conformationally flexible molecules: comparative molecular field analysis of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1992; 6:487-504. [PMID: 1474396 DOI: 10.1007/bf00130399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) has been applied to a study of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) of conformationally flexible molecules. The relationship between three-dimensional structure and activity of 20 styrene derivatives which inhibit protein-tyrosine kinase was determined. A technique was developed that allows accurate prediction of the inhibitory activity of these molecules and identification in each case of the active conformation. The problem of multiple energetically acceptable conformations was approached in an iterative procedure. Use was made of the varying degrees of symmetry among the molecules. First, CoMFA QSAR models were developed using only those compounds that possess a symmetrical substituent pattern on the phenyl ring. These CoMFA models were then used to select the active conformers of the less symmetrical compounds in the set. Allowing multiple conformers for each compound in the dataset yielded higher crossvalidated r2 values and better predictivity of the QSAR models. Different probe atoms (C+, O-, neutral C) were explored, the O- probe atom exhibiting the highest selectivity in the conformer selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nicklaus
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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82
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Abstract
Structurally diverse compounds have been shown to possess high affinities for benzodiazepine receptors in their 'diazepam-sensitive' (DS) conformations. In contrast, only the imidazobenzodiazepinone Ro 15-4513 has been shown to exhibit a high affinity for the 'diazepam-insensitive' (DI) conformation of benzodiazepine receptors. We examined a series of 1,4-diazepines containing one or more annelated ring systems for their affinities at DI and DS benzodiazepine receptors, several 1,4-diazepinone carboxylates including Ro 19-4603, Ro 16-6028 and Ro 15-3505 were found to possess high affinities (Ki approximately 2.6-20 nM) for DI. Nonetheless, among the ligands examined, Ro 15-4513 was the only substance with a DI/DS potency ratio approximately 1; other substances had ratios ranging from 13 to greater than 1000. Ligands with high to moderate affinities at DI were previously classified as partial agonists, antagonists, or partial inverse agonists at DS benzodiazepine receptors, but behaved as 'GABA neutral' (antagonist) substances at DI. The identification of several additional high affinity ligands at DI benzodiazepine receptors may be helpful in elucidating the pharmacological and physiological importance of these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wong
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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83
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Wieland HA, Lüddens H, Seeburg PH. A single histidine in GABAA receptors is essential for benzodiazepine agonist binding. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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84
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85
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Drug Modeling at Cell Membrane Receptors: The Concept of Pseudoreceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-88931-7.50026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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86
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Kellogg GE, Semus SF, Abraham DJ. HINT: a new method of empirical hydrophobic field calculation for CoMFA. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1991; 5:545-52. [PMID: 1818090 DOI: 10.1007/bf00135313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An empirical hydrophobic field-like 3D function has been calculated with the program HINT (hydrophobic interactions) and imported into the SYBYL implementation of CoMFA (Comparative Molecular Field Analysis). The addition of hydrophobicity appears to offer increased chemical interpretability of CoMFA models. An example is given using the steroid model reported by Cramer et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110 (1988) 5959). While addition of the HINT field did not improve statistical parameters in this model, the CoMFA coefficient contours from the hydrophobic field unambiguously define the most active steroid molecules in the chemical terms of hydrophobic and polar substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0540
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87
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Snyder
- Drug Design, Searle Research & Development, Skokie, Illinois 60077
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88
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89
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Diaz-Arauzo H, Koehler KF, Hagen TJ, Cook JM. Synthetic and computer assisted analysis of the pharmacophore for agonists at benzodiazepine receptors. Life Sci 1991; 49:207-16. [PMID: 1648158 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90005-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to employ rational drug design in the discovery of selective benzodiazepine receptor agonists and inverse agonists, pharmacophore/receptor models for both these activities must first be established. Recently, a pharmacophore for the inverse agonist site has been formulated employing the most recent receptor mapping techniques (22). The continuation of this approach to the pharmacophore for agonist ligands has permitted a definition of this site independently of the inverse agonist model. The agonist pharmacophore/receptor contains two hydrogen bond donating sites of interaction (H1 and H2) located about 6.5 A from each other, as well as three areas of lipophilic interaction (L1-L3). The areas L1 and L2 are critical for agonist activity; moreover, some ligands also require an interaction in a third lipophilic area termed L3. This is in agreement with previous work (12-23). In addition, an area of negative steric interaction (S1) between the ligand and receptor-binding protein is defined. In regard to the pharmacophore, it was established that the alignment rule for agonist beta-carbolines is different from that which elicits inverse agonist activity. Consideration of the pharmacophore has resulted in the synthesis of a new beta-carboline 16 which elicits agonist activity. This ligand 16 not only satisfied the requirements of the pharmacophore, but more importantly it elicited both anticonvulsant and anxiolytic activity, but was devoid of the myorelaxant/ataxic properties associated with the benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Diaz-Arauzo
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 53201
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90
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Chapter 1. New Anxiolytics. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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91
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Villar HO, Davies MF, Loew GH, Maguire PA. Molecular models for recognition and activation at the benzodiazepine receptor: a review. Life Sci 1991; 48:593-602. [PMID: 1671294 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90533-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this minireview an overview description of the different pharmacophores that have been proposed for the benzodiazepine receptor is presented. The methodology as well as the experimental information used in the development of each model will be described. Finally, the new experimental discoveries that are likely to affect the models presented are briefly indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Villar
- Molecular Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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