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Thomas BF, Zhang Y, Brackeen M, Page KM, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH. Conformational characteristics of the interaction of SR141716A with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor as determined through the use of conformationally constrained analogs. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E665-71. [PMID: 17233530 PMCID: PMC2751363 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in cannabinoid pharmacology increased dramatically upon the identification of the first cannabinoid receptor (CB1) in 1998 and continues to expand as additional endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors are discovered. Using CB1 receptor (CB1R) systems, medicinal chemistry programs began screening libraries searching for cannabinoid ligands, ultimately leading to the discovery of the first potent cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716A (Rimonabant). Its demonstrated efficacy in treating obesity and facilitating smoking cessation, among other impressive pharmacological activities, has furthered the interest in cannabinoid receptor antagonists as therapeutics, such that the number of patents and publications covering this class of compounds continues to grow at an impressive rate. At this time, medicinal chemistry approaches including combinatorial chemistry, conformational constraint, and scaffold hopping are continuing to generate a large number of cannabinoid antagonists. These molecules provide an opportunity to gain insight into the 3-dimensional structure-activity relationships that appear crucial for CB1R-ligand interaction. In particular, studies in which conformational constraints have been imposed on the various pyrazole ring substituents of SR141716A provide a direct opportunity to characterize changes in conformation/conformational freedom within a single class of compounds. While relatively few conformationally constrained molecules have been synthesized to date, the structure-activity information is often more readily interpreted than in studies where entire substituents are replaced. Thus, it is the focus of this mini-review to examine the structural properties of SR141716A, and to use conformationally constrained molecules to illustrate the importance of conformation and conformational freedom to CB1R affinity, selectivity, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
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52
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Bellina F, Rossi R. Synthesis and biological activity of pyrrole, pyrroline and pyrrolidine derivatives with two aryl groups on adjacent positions. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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53
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Antel J, Gregory PC, Nordheim U. CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists for Treatment of Obesity and Prevention of Comorbid Metabolic Disorders. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4008-16. [PMID: 16821760 DOI: 10.1021/jm058238r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Antel
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Boeckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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54
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Adam J, Cowley PM, Kiyoi T, Morrison AJ, Mort CJW. Recent progress in cannabinoid research. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006; 44:207-329. [PMID: 16697899 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(05)44406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Adam
- Organon Research, Newhouse, Lanarkshire, Scotland, UK
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55
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Salo OMH, Savinainen JR, Parkkari T, Nevalainen T, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Gynther J, Laitinen JT, Järvinen T, Poso A. 3D-QSAR Studies on Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Agonists: G-Protein Activation as Biological Data. J Med Chem 2005; 49:554-66. [PMID: 16420041 DOI: 10.1021/jm0505157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G-protein activation via the CB1 receptor was determined for a group of various CB1 ligands and utilized as biological activity data in subsequent CoMFA and CoMSIA studies. Both manual techniques and automated docking at CB1 receptor models were used to obtain a common alignment of endocannabinoid and classical cannabinoid derivatives. In the final alignment models, the endocannabinoid headgroup occupies a unique region distinct from the classical cannabinoid structures, supporting the hypothesis that these structurally diverse molecules overlap only partially within the receptor binding site. Both CoMFA and CoMSIA produce statistically significant models based on the manual alignment and a docking alignment at one receptor conformer. Leave-half-out cross-validation and progressive scrambling were successfully used in assessing the predictivity of the QSAR models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi M H Salo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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56
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Lange JHM, van Stuivenberg HH, Veerman W, Wals HC, Stork B, Coolen HKAC, McCreary AC, Adolfs TJP, Kruse CG. Novel 3,4-diarylpyrazolines as potent cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists with lower lipophilicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4794-8. [PMID: 16140010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 06/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel 3,4-diarylpyrazolines 1 as potent CB1 receptor antagonists with lipophilicity lower than that of SLV319 are described. The key change is the replacement of the arylsulfonyl group in the original series by a dialkylaminosulfonyl moiety. The absolute configuration (4S) of eutomer 24 was established by X-ray diffraction analysis and 24 showed a close molecular fit with rimonabant in a CB1 receptor-based model. Compound 17 exhibited the highest CB1 receptor affinity (Ki = 24 nM) in this series, as well as very potent CB1 antagonistic activity (pA2 = 8.8) and a high CB1/CB2 subtype selectivity (approximately 147-fold).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos H M Lange
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Research Laboratories, C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands.
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57
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Morelli CF, Saladino A, Speranza G, Manitto P. Expeditious Solid-Phase Synthesis of Pyrazoledicarboxylic Acid Derivatives by Functionalization of Resin-Bound Cyanoformate. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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58
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Thomas BF, Francisco MEY, Seltzman HH, Thomas JB, Fix SE, Schulz AK, Gilliam AF, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA. Synthesis of long-chain amide analogs of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist N-(piperidinyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716) with unique binding selectivities and pharmacological activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5463-74. [PMID: 15994087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An extended series of alkyl carboxamide analogs of N-(piperidinyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl- 1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716; 5) was synthesized. Each compound was tested for its ability to displace the prototypical cannabinoid ligands ([3H]CP-55,940, [3H]2; [3H]SR141716, [3H]5; and [3H]WIN55212-2, [3H]3), and selected compounds were further characterized by determining their ability to affect guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-gamma-[35S] binding and their effects in the mouse vas deferens assay. This systematic evaluation has resulted in the discovery of novel compounds with unique binding properties at the central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) and distinctive pharmacological activities in CB1 receptor tissue preparations. Specifically, compounds with nanomolar affinity which are able to fully displace [3H]5 and [3H]2, but unable to displace [3H]3 at similar concentrations, have been synthesized. This selectivity in ligand displacement is unprecedented, in that previously, compounds in every structural class of cannabinoid ligands had always been shown to displace each of these radioligands in a competitive fashion. Furthermore, the selectivity of these compounds appears to impart unique pharmacological properties when tested in a mouse vas deferens assay for CB1 receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Thomas
- Science and Engineering Group, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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59
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Reaction of 3-Aryl-1-(2-methyloxiran-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones with Tosylhydrazine. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-005-0309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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60
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Fay JF, Dunham TD, Farrens DL. Cysteine residues in the human cannabinoid receptor: only C257 and C264 are required for a functional receptor, and steric bulk at C386 impairs antagonist SR141716A binding. Biochemistry 2005; 44:8757-69. [PMID: 15952782 DOI: 10.1021/bi0472651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human neuronal cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) triggered by the psychoactive ingredients in marijuana, as well as endogenous cannabinoids produced in the brain. As with most GPCRs, the mechanism of CB1 activation is poorly understood. In this work, we have assessed the role of cysteine residues in CB1 ligand binding and activation, and demonstrate a method for mapping key determinants in CB1 structure and function. Through mutational analysis, we find that only two cysteines, C257 and C264, are required for high-level expression and receptor function. In addition, through cysteine reactivity studies, we find that a cysteine in transmembrane helix seven, C386 (C7.42), is reactive toward methanethiosulfonate (MTS) sulfhydryl labeling agents, and is thus solvent accessible. Interestingly, steric bulk introduced at this site, either through MTS labeling or by mutation, inhibits binding of the antagonist drug SR141716A (also known as Rimonabant or Accomplia), but does not affect the binding of the agonist CP55940. Our subsequent modeling studies suggest this effect is caused by steric clash of the modified C386 residue with the piperidine ring of SR141716A and/or disruption of an aromatic microdomain in the binding pocket. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that bound SR141716A inhibits the ability of transmembrane helix 6 to move during formation of the functionally active receptor state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Fay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
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61
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Soudijn W, van Wijngaarden I, Ijzerman AP. Structure-activity relationships of inverse agonists for G-protein-coupled receptors. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:398-426. [PMID: 15816047 DOI: 10.1002/med.20031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It has been recently established that G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be constitutively active, i.e., they can be active in the absence of an agonist. This activity can be inhibited by so-called inverse agonists. For a number of GPCRs, such inverse agonists have been developed and studied, now enabling for the first time a study into their structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Soudijn
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, PO Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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62
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Abstract
Over the past 40 years, much research has been carried out directed toward the characterization of the cannabinergic system. With the identification of two G-protein coupled receptors and the endogenous ligand, anandamide, pharmacological targets have expanded to encompass hydrolase and transport proteins as well as novel classes of cannabinoid ligands. Those ligands that demonstrate high affinity for the receptors and good biological efficacy are tied together through lipophilic regions repeatedly demonstrated necessary for activity. This review presents recent developments in the structure-activity relationships of several classes of cannabinoid ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea W Padgett
- Howard L. Hunter Chemistry Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA.
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63
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Lange JHM, Kruse CG. Keynote review: Medicinal chemistry strategies to CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonists. Drug Discov Today 2005; 10:693-702. [PMID: 15896682 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The proven clinical efficacy of the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor antagonist rimonabant in both obesity and smoking cessation and its therapeutic potential in other disorders has given a tremendous impetus to the discovery of novel CB(1) antagonists. The number of disclosed patents wherein novel chemical entities having CB(1) antagonistic or inverse agonistic properties have been claimed has exploded. Besides novel compound classes that were identified in screening, rational medicinal chemistry approaches such as conformational constraint and scaffold hopping have been successfully applied. CB(1) receptor modelling has provided insight into crucial receptor-ligand interaction points thereby leading to a general CB(1) inverse agonist pharmacophore model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos H M Lange
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Research Laboratories, C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands.
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64
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Alekseeva OO, Mahadevan A, Wiley JL, Martin BR, Razdan RK. Synthesis of novel 5-substituted pyrazole derivatives as cannabinoid antagonists. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.01.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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65
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Thakur GA, Nikas SP, Li C, Makriyannis A. Structural requirements for cannabinoid receptor probes. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2005:209-46. [PMID: 16596776 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26573-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and cloning of CB1 and CB2, the two known G(i/o) protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, as well as the isolation and characterization of two families of endogenous cannabinergic ligands represented by arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), have opened new horizons in this newly discovered field of biology. Furthermore, a considerable number of cannabinoid analogs belonging to structurally diverse classes of compounds have been synthesized and tested, thus providing substantial information on the structural requirements for cannabinoid receptor recognition and activation. Experiments with site-directed mutated receptors and computer modeling studies have suggested that these diverse classes of ligands may interact with the receptors through different binding motifs. The information about the exact binding site may be obtained with the help of suitably designed molecular probes. These ligands either interact with the receptors in a reversible fashion (reversible probes) or alternatively attach at or near the receptor active site with the formation of covalent bonds (irreversible probes). This review focuses on structural requirements of cannabinoid receptor ligands and highlights their pharmacological and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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66
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Krishnamurthy M, Li W, Moore BM. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and structural studies on N1 and C5 substituted cycloalkyl analogues of the pyrazole class of CB1 and CB2 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:393-404. [PMID: 14723958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of N1 and C5 substituted cycloalkyl and C5 4-methylphenyl analogues of the N-(piperidin-1-yl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide class of cannabinoid ligands were synthesized. The analogues were evaluated for CB1 and CB2 receptor binding affinities and receptor subtype selectivity. The effects of pyrazole substitution on ligand conformation and as such receptor affinities was not readily apparent; therefore, the geometries of the N1 and C5 substituents relative to the pyrazole ring were studied using high field NMR spectroscopy and systematic molecular mechanics geometry searches. An analysis of the relative ring geometries and functional group orientations provides new insight into the structural requirements of the CB1 and CB2 ligand binding pocket.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biochemistry/methods
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Humans
- Ligands
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Piperidines/chemistry
- Piperidines/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/chemistry
- Pyrazoles/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathangi Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee-Memphis, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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67
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Dyck B, Goodfellow VS, Phillips T, Grey J, Haddach M, Rowbottom M, Naeve GS, Brown B, Saunders J. Potent imidazole and triazole CB 1 receptor antagonists related to SR141716. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1151-4. [PMID: 14980654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2003] [Revised: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diarylimidazolecarboxamides and diaryltriazolecarboxamides related to SR141716 were synthesized and tested for binding to the human CB(1) receptor. Suitably substituted imidazoles are comparably potent to the clinical candidate, whereas the analogous triazoles are less so due to the absence of an additional substituent on the azole ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dyck
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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68
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Liu G. Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery World Summit. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2003; 8:577-82. [PMID: 14662006 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.8.2.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This year's Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery World Summit, consisting of a gathering of mostly researchers from pharmaceutical and biotech industry, was held in picturesque San Diego. The diverse programme covered recent advances in drug discovery and development for the treatment of type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity. The ranges of topics included basic physiology, therapeutic target identification/validation, lead development/optimisation, profiling of development candidates and update on clinical trials. This report will attempt to highlight some of the important developments presented at this symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Metabolic Disease Research, R4MC, AP10, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6098, USA.
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69
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Chapter 24. Obesity therapeutics: Prospects and perspectives. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(03)38025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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