51
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Surface engineering of cardiovascular stent with endothelial cell selectivity for in vivo re-endothelialisation. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2588-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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52
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Didar TF, Tabrizian M. Generating multiplex gradients of biomolecules for controlling cellular adhesion in parallel microfluidic channels. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4363-71. [PMID: 22907392 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40233e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a microfluidic platform to generate multiplex gradients of biomolecules within parallel microfluidic channels, in which a range of multiplex concentration gradients with different profile shapes are simultaneously produced. Nonlinear polynomial gradients were also generated using this device. The gradient generation principle is based on implementing parrallel channels with each providing a different hydrodynamic resistance. The generated biomolecule gradients were then covalently functionalized onto the microchannel surfaces. Surface gradients along the channel width were a result of covalent attachments of biomolecules to the surface, which remained functional under high shear stresses (50 dyn/cm(2)). An IgG antibody conjugated to three different fluorescence dyes (FITC, Cy5 and Cy3) was used to demonstrate the resulting multiplex concentration gradients of biomolecules. The device enabled generation of gradients with up to three different biomolecules in each channel with varying concentration profiles. We were also able to produce 2-dimensional gradients in which biomolecules were distributed along the length and width of the channel. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed design, three different multiplex concentration gradients of REDV and KRSR peptides were patterned along the width of three parallel channels and adhesion of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) in each channel was subsequently investigated using a single chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Fatanat Didar
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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53
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Lei Y, Rémy M, Labrugère C, Durrieu MC. Peptide immobilization on polyethylene terephthalate surfaces to study specific endothelial cell adhesion, spreading and migration. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:2761-2772. [PMID: 22878726 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To control specific endothelial cell (EC) functions, cell adhesive RGDS, EC specific REDV and YIGSR peptides, and angiogenic SVVYGLR sequences were covalently immobilized onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) surfaces for the purpose of cell culture. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and contact angle measurement were employed for characterization of surface modifications. The peptide density on PET surfaces was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. The surfaces immobilized with peptides were exposed to human umbilical vein endothelial cells to study their specific effects onto EC functions. The results showed that the surface functionalized by these peptides enhanced the EC adhesion, spreading and migration as compared with native PET surfaces. Specifically, the RGDS peptides induced more cell adhesion than other peptides. The YIGSR and SVVYGLR sequences induced more cell spreading and cell migration, represented by intense focal adhesion at the leading edges of cell spreading and migration. The bi-functionalization of RGDS and SVVYGLR peptides (MIX) combined the advantages of both peptides and induced significant EC adhesion, spreading and migration. Our study indicates that the surface functionalization by peptides specific for ECs, especially the combination of RGDS with SVVYGLR or YIGSR peptides, has potential applications in promoting endothelialization of vascular prostheses and for construction of vascularized tissues in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Lei
- Université Bordeaux Segalen, Inserm U1026, Bioingénierie Tissulaire, Bordeaux, France.
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54
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Li P, Gao Y, Pappas D. Multiparameter cell affinity chromatography: separation and analysis in a single microfluidic channel. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8140-8. [PMID: 22958145 DOI: 10.1021/ac302002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sort and capture more than one cell type from a complex sample will enable a wide variety of studies of cell proliferation and death and the analysis of disease states. In this work, we integrated a pneumatic actuated control layer to an affinity separation layer to create different antibody-coating regions on the same fluidic channel. The comparison of different antibody capture capabilities to the same cell line was demonstrated by flowing Ramos cells through anti-CD19- and anti-CD71-coated regions in the same channel. It was determined that the cell capture density on the anti-CD19 region was 2.44 ± 0.13 times higher than that on the anti-CD71-coated region. This approach can be used to test different affinity molecules for selectivity and capture efficiency using a single cell line in one separation. Selective capture of Ramos and HuT 78 cells from a mixture was also demonstrated using two antibody regions in the same channel. Greater than 90% purity was obtained on both capture areas in both continuous flow and stop flow separation modes. A four-region antibody-coated device was then fabricated to study the simultaneous, serial capture of three different cell lines. In this case the device showed effective capture of cells in a single separation channel, opening up the possibility of multiple cell sorting. Multiparameter sequential blood sample analysis was also demonstrated with high capture specificity (>97% for both CD19+ and CD4+ leukocytes). The chip can also be used to selectively treat cells after affinity separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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55
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Vickers DAL, Chory EJ, Murthy SK. Separation of two phenotypically similar cell types via a single common marker in microfluidic channels. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3399-3407. [PMID: 22782544 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40290d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To isolate clinically and biologically relevant cell types from a heterogeneous population, fluorescent or magnetic tagging together with knowledge of surface biomarker profiles represents the state of the art. To date, it remains exceedingly difficult to separate phenotypically and physically similar cell types from a mixed population. We report a microfluidic platform engineered to separate two highly similar cell types using a single antibody by taking advantage of subtle variations in surface receptor density and cell size. This platform utilizes antibody-conjugated surfaces in microfluidic channels together with precise modulation of fluid shear stresses to accomplish selective fractionation in a continuous flow process. Antibody conjugation density variation on the adhesive surfaces is achieved by covalently immobilizing an antibody in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol). This platform is used to demonstrate separation of two CD31 positive cell types, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human micro vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne A L Vickers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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56
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Kshitiz, Park J, Kim P, Helen W, Engler AJ, Levchenko A, Kim DH. Control of stem cell fate and function by engineering physical microenvironments. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:1008-18. [PMID: 23077731 PMCID: PMC3476065 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20080e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic expression and function of stem cells are regulated by their integrated response to variable microenvironmental cues, including growth factors and cytokines, matrix-mediated signals, and cell–cell interactions. Recently, growing evidence suggests that matrix-mediated signals include mechanical stimuli such as strain, shear stress, substrate rigidity and topography, and these stimuli have a more profound impact on stem cell phenotypes than had previously been recognized, e.g. self-renewal and differentiation through the control of gene transcription and signaling pathways. Using a variety of cell culture models enabled by micro and nanoscale technologies, we are beginning to systematically and quantitatively investigate the integrated response of cells to combinations of relevant mechanobiological stimuli. This paper reviews recent advances in engineering physical stimuli for stem cell mechanobiology and discusses how micro- and nanoscale engineered platforms can be used to control stem cell niche environments and regulate stem cell fate and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitiz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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57
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Vickers DAL, Kulik M, Hincapie M, Hancock WS, Dalton S, Murthy SK. Lectin-functionalized microchannels for characterizing pluripotent cells and early differentiation. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:24122-2412210. [PMID: 22712033 PMCID: PMC3371070 DOI: 10.1063/1.4719979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are capable of proliferating and differentiating to form cells of the three embryonic germ layers, namely, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The utilization of human ES cell derivatives requires the ability to direct differentiation to specific lineages in defined, efficient, and scalable systems. Better markers are needed to identify early differentiation. Lectins have been reported as an attractive alternative to the common stem cell markers. They have been used to identify, characterize, and isolate various cell subpopulations on the basis of the presentation of specific carbohydrate groups on the cell surface. This article demonstrates how simple adhesion assays in lectin-coated microfluidic channels can provide key information on the interaction of lectins with ES and definitive endoderm cells and thereby track early differentiation. The microfluidic approach incorporates both binding strength and cell surface receptor density, whereas traditional flow cytometry only incorporates the latter. Both approaches are examined and shown to be complementary with the microfluidic approach providing more biologically relevant information.
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58
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Ji Y, Wei Y, Liu X, Wang J, Ren K, Ji J. Zwitterionic polycarboxybetaine coating functionalized with REDV peptide to improve selectivity for endothelial cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1387-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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59
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Rodríguez-Cabello JC, Girotti A, Ribeiro A, Arias FJ. Synthesis of genetically engineered protein polymers (recombinamers) as an example of advanced self-assembled smart materials. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 811:17-38. [PMID: 22042670 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-388-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe two methods for bio-producing recombinant repetitive polypeptide polymers for use in biomedical devices. These polymers, known as elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs), are derived from the repetition of selected amino acid domains of extracellular matrix proteins with the aim of recreating their mechanical and physiological features. The proteinaceous nature of ELRs allows us to make use of the natural biosynthetic machinery of heterologous hosts to express advanced and large polymers or "recombinamers." Despite the essentially unlimited possibilities for designing recombinamers, the production of synthetic genes to encode them should allow us to overcome the difficulties surrounding bioproduction of these non-natural monotonous DNA and protein sequences. The aim of this work is to supply the biotechnologist with fine-tuning methods to biosynthesize advanced self-assembled smart materials.
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60
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Smits AIPM, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten CVC, Baaijens FPT. A mesofluidics-based test platform for systematic development of scaffolds for in situ cardiovascular tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:475-85. [PMID: 22224590 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, in situ tissue engineering has emerged as a new approach to obtain autologous, living replacement tissues with off-the-shelf availability. The method is based on the use of an instructive biodegradable scaffold that is capable of repopulation with host cells in situ and subsequent tissue formation. This approach imposes high demands on scaffold properties. For cardiovascular grafts, the repopulation with endogenous cells from the circulation is further hypothesized to be influenced by the hemodynamic environment of the scaffold. To systematically study the effect of scaffold properties on the response of circulating cells, we aimed to develop a mesofluidics-based in vitro test platform that enables on-stage investigation of the interaction of circulating cells with three-dimensional (3D) synthetic scaffolds under physiologic hemodynamic conditions. The test platform consists of a custom-developed cross-flow chamber that houses small-scale 3D scaffolds. The cross-flow chamber is incorporated into a flow-loop to drive a cell suspension along the scaffold with physiological wall shear stress and perfusion pressure. The fluidics system is validated numerically and experimentally using a computational fluid dynamics model and real-time microbead tracing studies, demonstrating a fully developed flow profile with a homogeneous shear stress distribution over the scaffold. Wall shear stresses and pressure can be controlled independently, well within the target physiological range (0-8 Pa and 0-100 mmHg, respectively). Bench-top evaluation is performed using electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds with varying fiber diameter, exposed to a suspension of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in pulsatile flow for 72 h. Cell adhesion and infiltration are monitored using time-lapsed confocal laser scanning microscopy. In conclusion, we have successfully developed a mesofluidics platform to study cell-scaffold interactions under hemodynamic conditions in vitro. This platform not only enables us to systematically screen and develop potential scaffolds for future in situ cardiovascular tissue engineering approaches, but also acts as a tool to further elucidate processes as observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthal I P M Smits
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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61
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Plouffe BD, Mahalanabis M, Lewis LH, Klapperich CM, Murthy SK. Clinically relevant microfluidic magnetophoretic isolation of rare-cell populations for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring applications. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1336-44. [PMID: 22240089 DOI: 10.1021/ac2022844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cells of biomedical interest are, despite their functional significance, often present in very small numbers. Therefore the analysis and isolation of previously inaccessible rare cells, such as peripheral hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, or circulating tumor cells, require efficient, sensitive, and specific procedures that do not compromise the viability of the cells. The current study builds on previous work on a rationally designed microfluidic magnetophoretic cell separation platform capable of throughputs of 240 μL min(-1). Proof-of-concept was first conducted using MCF-7 (1-1000 total cells) as the target rare cell spiked into high concentrations of Raji B-lymphocyte nontarget cells (~10(6) total cells). These experiments lead to the establishment of a magnet-based separation for the isolation of 50 MCF-7 cells directly from whole blood. Results show an efficiency of collection greater than 85%, with a purity of over 90%. Next, resident endothelial progenitor cells and hematopoietic stem cells are directly isolated from whole human blood in a rapid and efficient fashion (>96%). Both cell populations could be simultaneously isolated and, via immunofluorescent staining, individually identified and enumerated. Overall, the presented device illustrates a viable separation platform for high purity, efficient, and rapid collection of rare cell populations directly from whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Plouffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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62
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Fioretta ES, Fledderus JO, Burakowska-Meise EA, Baaijens FPT, Verhaar MC, Bouten CVC. Polymer-based Scaffold Designs For In Situ Vascular Tissue Engineering: Controlling Recruitment and Differentiation Behavior of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:577-90. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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63
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Tsai MY, Lin CY, Huang CH, Gu JA, Huang ST, Yu J, Chen HY. Vapor-based synthesis of maleimide-functionalized coating for biointerface engineering. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10969-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35892a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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64
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Li P, Gao Y, Pappas D. Negative enrichment of target cells by microfluidic affinity chromatography. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7863-9. [PMID: 21939198 PMCID: PMC3199139 DOI: 10.1021/ac201752s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional microfluidic channel was developed for high-purity cell separations. This system featured high capture affinity using multiple vertical inlets to an affinity surface. In cell separations, positive selection (capture of the target cell) is usually employed. Negative enrichment, the capture of nontarget cells and elution of target cells, has distinct advantages over positive selection. In negative enrichment, target cells are not labeled and are not subjected to strenuous elution conditions or dilution. As a result, negative enrichment systems are amenable to multistep processes in microfluidic systems. In previous work (Li, P.; Tian, Y.; Pappas, D. Anal. Chem.2011, 83, 774-781), we reported cell capture enhancement effects at vertical inlets to the affinity surface. In this study, we designed a chip that has multiple vertical and horizontal channels, forming a three-dimensional separation system. Enrichment of target cells showed separation purities of 92-96%, compared with straight-channel systems (77% purity). A parallelized chip was also developed for increased sample throughput. A two-channel system showed similar separation purity with twice the sample flow rate. This microfluidic system, featuring high separation purity and ease of fabrication and use is suitable for cell separations when subsequent analysis of target cells is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
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65
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Liu W, Wei H, Lin Z, Mao S, Lin JM. Rare cell chemiluminescence detection based on aptamer-specific capture in microfluidic channels. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:438-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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66
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Moraes C, Sun Y, Simmons CA. (Micro)managing the mechanical microenvironment. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:959-71. [PMID: 21931883 DOI: 10.1039/c1ib00056j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are critical components of the cellular microenvironment and play a pivotal role in driving cellular processes in vivo. Dissecting cellular responses to mechanical forces is challenging, as even "simple" mechanical stimulation in vitro can cause multiple interdependent changes in the cellular microenvironment. These stimuli include solid deformation, fluid flows, altered physical and chemical surface features, and a complex transfer of loads between the various interacting components of a biological culture system. The active mechanical and biochemical responses of cells to these stimuli in generating internal forces, reorganizing cellular structures, and initiating intracellular signals that specify cell fate and remodel the surrounding environment further complicates cellular response to mechanical forces. Moreover, cells present a non-linear response to combinations of mechanical forces, materials, chemicals, surface features, matrix properties and other effectors. Microtechnology-based approaches to these challenges can yield key insights into the mechanical nature of cellular behaviour, by decoupling stimulation parameters; enabling multimodal control over combinations of stimuli; and increasing experimental throughput to systematically probe cellular response. In this critical review, we briefly discuss the complexities inherent in the mechanical stimulation of cells; survey and critically assess the applications of present microtechnologies in the field of experimental mechanobiology; and explore opportunities and possibilities to use these tools to obtain a deeper understanding of mechanical interactions between cells and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Moraes
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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67
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Lectin-mediated microfluidic capture and release of leukemic lymphocytes from whole blood. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:565-71. [PMID: 21455756 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-011-9527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are a group of proteins that bind specifically and reversibly to mono- and oligosaccharide carbohydrate structures that are present on the surfaces of mammalian cells. The use of lectins as capture agents in microfluidic channels was examined with a focus on cells associated with T and B lymphocytic leukemia. In addition to examining the adhesion of Jurkat T and Raji B lymphocytes to a broad panel of lectins, this work also examined the capture of these cells from whole blood. Captured T and B lymphocytes were eluted from the microfluidic devices with a solution of the lectin's inhibiting sugar. The capture and release steps were accomplished in under 1 h. The significance of this work lies within the realm of low-cost capture of abundant target cells with non-stimulatory elution capability.
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68
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Hansmann G, Plouffe BD, Hatch A, von Gise A, Sallmon H, Zamanian RT, Murthy SK. Design and validation of an endothelial progenitor cell capture chip and its application in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:971-83. [PMID: 21735044 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) inversely correlates with cardiovascular risk and clinical outcome, and thus has been proposed as a valuable biomarker for risk assessment, disease progression, and response to therapy. However, current strategies for isolation of these rare cells are limited to complex, laborious approaches. The goal of this study was the design and validation of a disposable microfluidic platform capable of selectively capturing and enumerating EPCs directly from human whole blood in healthy and diseased subjects, eliminating sample preprocessing. We then applied the "EPC capture chip" clinically and determined EPC numbers in blood from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Blood was collected in tubes and injected into polymeric microfluidic chips containing microcolumns pre-coated with anti-CD34 antibody. Captured cells were immunofluorescently stained for the expression of stem and endothelial antigens, identified and counted. The EPC capture chip was validated with conventional flow cytometry counts (r = 0.83). The inter- and intra-day reliability of the microfluidic devices was confirmed at different time points in triplicates over 1-5 months. In a cohort of 43 patients with three forms of PAH (idiopathic/heritable, drug-induced, and connective tissue disease), EPC numbers are ≈50% lower in PAH subjects vs. matched controls and inversely related to two potential disease modifiers: body mass index and postmenopausal status. The EPC capture chip (5 × 30 × 0.05 mm(3)) requires only 200 μL of human blood and has the strong potential to serve as a rapid bedside test for the screening and monitoring of patients with PAH and other proliferative cardiovascular, pulmonary, malignant, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hansmann
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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69
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Bouten C, Dankers P, Driessen-Mol A, Pedron S, Brizard A, Baaijens F. Substrates for cardiovascular tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:221-41. [PMID: 21277921 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular tissue engineering aims to find solutions for the suboptimal regeneration of heart valves, arteries and myocardium by creating 'living' tissue replacements outside (in vitro) or inside (in situ) the human body. A combination of cells, biomaterials and environmental cues of tissue development is employed to obtain tissues with targeted structure and functional properties that can survive and develop within the harsh hemodynamic environment of the cardiovascular system. This paper reviews the up-to-date status of cardiovascular tissue engineering with special emphasis on the development and use of biomaterial substrates. Key requirements and properties of these substrates, as well as methods and readout parameters to test their efficacy in the human body, are described in detail and discussed in the light of current trends toward designing biologically inspired microenviroments for in situ tissue engineering purposes.
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70
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Rodríguez-Cabello JC, Martín L, Girotti A, García-Arévalo C, Arias FJ, Alonso M. Emerging applications of multifunctional elastin-like recombinamers. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:111-22. [PMID: 21182423 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin-like recombinamers have grown in popularity in the field of protein-inspired biomimetic materials and have found widespread use in biomedical applications. Modern genetic-engineering techniques have allowed the design of multifunctional materials with an extraordinary control over their architecture and physicochemical properties, such as stimuli-responsiveness, monodispersity, biocompatibility or self-assembly, amongst others. Indeed, these materials are playing an increasingly important role in a diverse range of applications, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering and 'smart' systems. Herein, we review some of the most interesting examples of recent advances and progressive applications of elastin-like recombinamers in biomaterial and nano-engineering sciences in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello
- Bioforge Group, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN, Edificio I+D, Paseo de Belén 11, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
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71
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Abstract
This article reviews existing methods for the isolation, fractionation, or capture of rare cells in microfluidic devices. Rare cell capture devices face the challenge of maintaining the efficiency standard of traditional bulk separation methods such as flow cytometers and immunomagnetic separators while requiring very high purity of the target cell population, which is typically already at very low starting concentrations. Two major classifications of rare cell capture approaches are covered: (1) non-electrokinetic methods (e.g., immobilization via antibody or aptamer chemistry, size-based sorting, and sheath flow and streamline sorting) are discussed for applications using blood cells, cancer cells, and other mammalian cells, and (2) electrokinetic (primarily dielectrophoretic) methods using both electrode-based and insulative geometries are presented with a view towards pathogen detection, blood fractionation, and cancer cell isolation. The included methods were evaluated based on performance criteria including cell type modeled and used, number of steps/stages, cell viability, and enrichment, efficiency, and/or purity. Major areas for improvement are increasing viability and capture efficiency/purity of directly processed biological samples, as a majority of current studies only process spiked cell lines or pre-diluted/lysed samples. Despite these current challenges, multiple advances have been made in the development of devices for rare cell capture and the subsequent elucidation of new biological phenomena; this article serves to highlight this progress as well as the electrokinetic and non-electrokinetic methods that can potentially be combined to improve performance in future studies.
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72
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Plouffe BD, Lewis LH, Murthy SK. Computational design optimization for microfluidic magnetophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:13413. [PMID: 21526007 PMCID: PMC3083238 DOI: 10.1063/1.3553239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Current macro- and microfluidic approaches for the isolation of mammalian cells are limited in both efficiency and purity. In order to design a robust platform for the enumeration of a target cell population, high collection efficiencies are required. Additionally, the ability to isolate pure populations with minimal biological perturbation and efficient off-chip recovery will enable subcellular analyses of these cells for applications in personalized medicine. Here, a rational design approach for a simple and efficient device that isolates target cell populations via magnetic tagging is presented. In this work, two magnetophoretic microfluidic device designs are described, with optimized dimensions and operating conditions determined from a force balance equation that considers two dominant and opposing driving forces exerted on a magnetic-particle-tagged cell, namely, magnetic and viscous drag. Quantitative design criteria for an electromagnetic field displacement-based approach are presented, wherein target cells labeled with commercial magnetic microparticles flowing in a central sample stream are shifted laterally into a collection stream. Furthermore, the final device design is constrained to fit on standard rectangular glass coverslip (60 (L)×24 (W)×0.15 (H) mm(3)) to accommodate small sample volume and point-of-care design considerations. The anticipated performance of the device is examined via a parametric analysis of several key variables within the model. It is observed that minimal currents (<500 mA) are required to generate magnetic fields sufficient to separate cells from the sample streams flowing at rate as high as 7 ml∕h, comparable to the performance of current state-of-the-art magnet-activated cell sorting systems currently used in clinical settings. Experimental validation of the presented model illustrates that a device designed according to the derived rational optimization can effectively isolate (∼100%) a magnetic-particle-tagged cell population from a homogeneous suspension even in a low abundance. Overall, this design analysis provides a rational basis to select the operating conditions, including chamber and wire geometry, flow rates, and applied currents, for a magnetic-microfluidic cell separation device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Plouffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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73
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Wei Y, Ji Y, Xiao L, Lin Q, Ji J. Different complex surfaces of polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and REDV ligand to enhance the endothelial cells selectivity over smooth muscle cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 84:369-78. [PMID: 21333506 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV) peptide with endothelial cells (ECs) selectivity was immobilized onto PEG based polymeric coating via the active p-nitrophenyloxycarbonyl group. The adhesion and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) onto surface modified either by REDV end-tethered polyethylene glycol (PEG) or by the complex of free PEG and REDV were investigated to understand the synergic action of nonspecific resistance of PEG and specific recognitions of REDV. Cell culture results indicated that the surfaces end tethered by REDV peptide via PEG "spacer" (n=1, 6, 10) exhibited slight EC selectivity and showed small difference between different lengths of PEG chain. Both separate-culture and co-culture of HUVECs and HASMCs indicated that the introducing of free PEG into REDV tethered surface inhibited HASMCs adhesion significantly and remained a high level of HUVECs growth. Furthermore, the surface with short free PEG chain (n=6) was much more effective to enhance ECs selectivity than long EG chain (n=23). The combination of nonspecific resistance of short free PEG and the ECs selectivity of REDV peptide presents much better ability to enhance the competitive adhesion of HUVECs over HASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
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74
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Guillame-Gentil O, Semenov O, Roca AS, Groth T, Zahn R, Vörös J, Zenobi-Wong M. Engineering the extracellular environment: Strategies for building 2D and 3D cellular structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:5443-62. [PMID: 20842659 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate is regulated by extracellular environmental signals. Receptor specific interaction of the cell with proteins, glycans, soluble factors as well as neighboring cells can steer cells towards proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis or migration. In this review, approaches to build cellular structures by engineering aspects of the extracellular environment are described. These methods include non-specific modifications to control the wettability and stiffness of surfaces using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) as well as methods where the temporal activation and spatial distribution of adhesion ligands is controlled. Building on these techniques, construction of two-dimensional cell sheets using temperature sensitive polymers or electrochemical dissolution is described together with current applications of these grafts in the clinical arena. Finally, methods to pattern cells in three-dimensions as well as to functionalize the 3D environment with biologic motifs take us one step closer to being able to engineer multicellular tissues and organs.
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75
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Didar TF, Tabrizian M. Adhesion based detection, sorting and enrichment of cells in microfluidic Lab-on-Chip devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:3043-53. [PMID: 20877893 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The detection, isolation and sorting of cells are important tools in both clinical diagnostics and fundamental research. Advances in microfluidic cell sorting devices have enabled scientists to attain improved separation with comparative ease and considerable time savings. Despite the great potential of Lab-on-Chip cell sorting devices for targeting cells with desired specificity and selectivity, this field of research remains unexploited. The challenge resides in the detection techniques which has to be specific, fast, cost-effective, and implementable within the fabrication limitations of microchips. Adhesion-based microfluidic devices seem to be a reliable solution compared to the sophisticated detection techniques used in other microfluidic cell sorting systems. It provides the specificity in detection, label-free separation without requirement for a preprocessing step, and the possibility of targeting rare cell types. This review elaborates on recent advances in adhesion-based microfluidic devices for sorting, detection and enrichment of different cell lines, with a particular focus on selective adhesion of desired cells on surfaces modified with ligands specific to target cells. The effect of shear stress on cell adhesion in flow conditions is also discussed. Recently published applications of specific adhesive ligands and surface functionalization methods have been presented to further elucidate the advances in cell adhesive microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Fatanat Didar
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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76
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Vickers DAL, Murthy SK. Receptor expression changes as a basis for endothelial cell identification using microfluidic channels. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2380-2386. [PMID: 20714500 DOI: 10.1039/c004870d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic channels functionalized with adhesive ligands are versatile platforms for cell separation in a variety of applications. However, not much is known about how the adhesiveness of targeted cell types can vary within such channels due to the combined influence of fluid shear forces and exposure to ligands. Using microfluidic channels and the tetrapeptide ligand arg-glu-asp-val (REDV), we demonstrate how such dynamic changes can provide a basis for the identification of three distinct phenotypes of endothelial cells: human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs), and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs). This distinction is accomplished by characterizing changes in the adhesion profiles of the three cell types in REDV-coated microfluidic channels induced by soluble REDV and fluid shear forces. The significance of this technique lies in the ability to distinguish very similar cell-types without fluorescent label-based staining or flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne A L Vickers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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77
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Hold on at the Right Spot: Bioactive Surfaces for the Design of Live-Cell Micropatterns. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2010_77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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78
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Sivagnanam V, Song B, Vandevyver C, Bünzli JCG, Gijs MAM. Selective breast cancer cell capture, culture, and immunocytochemical analysis using self-assembled magnetic bead patterns in a microfluidic chip. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6091-6. [PMID: 20364860 DOI: 10.1021/la9045572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Separation and subsequent culturing of MCF-7 breast cancer cells on self-assembled protein-coated magnetic beads in a microfluidic chip is demonstrated. The beads were patterned in situ inside a sealed microfluidic channel using magnetic-field-assisted electrostatic self-assembly. Hereafter, they were grafted by exposure to a solution of 5D10 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and fibronectin (FN), with the first being used for immunospecific cell capture and the latter being used for cell adhesion and growth. A solution of target MCF-7 cells mixed with Jurkat cells was brought inside the microchannel, leading to specific MCF-7 cell capture; the latter were then cultured and evidenced by cell immuno-luminescence.
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79
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XIAO L, WEI Y, JI J. SURFACE TAILORING OF PTFE FOR ENDOTHELEAL CELLS SELECTIVITY BASED ON POLYDOPAMINE-ASSISTED SELF-ASSEMBLY MONOLAYER TECHNIQUE. ACTA POLYM SIN 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2010.09307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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80
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Young EWK, Simmons CA. Macro- and microscale fluid flow systems for endothelial cell biology. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:143-60. [PMID: 20066241 DOI: 10.1039/b913390a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfluidics have brought forth new tools for studying flow-induced effects on mammalian cells, with important applications in cardiovascular, bone and cancer biology. The plethora of microscale systems developed to date demonstrate the flexibility of microfluidic designs, and showcase advantages of the microscale that are simply not available at the macroscale. However, the majority of these systems will likely not achieve widespread use in the biological laboratory due to their complexity and lack of user-friendliness. To gain widespread acceptance in the biological research community, microfluidics engineers must understand the needs of cell biologists, while biologists must be made aware of available technology. This review provides a critical evaluation of cell culture flow (CCF) systems used to study the effects of mechanical forces on endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. To help understand the need for various designs of CCF systems, we first briefly summarize main properties of ECs and their native environments. Basic principles of various macro- and microscale systems are described and evaluated. New opportunities are uncovered for developing technologies that have potential to both improve efficiency of experimentation as well as answer important biological questions that otherwise cannot be tackled with existing systems. Finally, we discuss some of the unresolved issues related to microfluidic cell culture, suggest possible avenues of investigation that could resolve these issues, and provide an outlook for the future of microfluidics in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond W K Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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81
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Microfabricated Devices for Studying Cellular Biomechanics and Mechanobiology. CELLULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR MECHANICS AND MECHANOBIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/8415_2010_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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82
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Rodríguez-Cabello JC, Pierna M, Fernández-Colino A, García-Arévalo C, Arias FJ. Recombinamers: combining molecular complexity with diverse bioactivities for advanced biomedical and biotechnological applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 125:145-79. [PMID: 21072696 DOI: 10.1007/10_2010_94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of polymer science has led to literally thousands of different monomers and an almost endless number of possibilities arising from their combination. The most promising strategy to date has been to consider natural products as macromolecules that provide the best option for obtaining functional materials. Proteins, with their high levels of complexity and functionality, are one of the best examples of this approach. In addition, the development of genetic engineering has permitted the design and highly controlled synthesis of proteinaceous materials with complex and advanced functionalities. Elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) are presented herein as an example of an extraordinary convergence of different properties that is not found in any other synthetic polymer system. These materials are highly biocompatible, stimuli-responsive, show unusual self-assembly properties, and can incorporate bioactive domains and other functionalities along the polypeptide chain. These attributes are an important factor in the development of biomedical and biotechnological applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, purification of recombinant proteins, biosensors or stimuli-responsive surfaces.
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83
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Green JV, Radisic M, Murthy SK. Deterministic lateral displacement as a means to enrich large cells for tissue engineering. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9178-82. [PMID: 19810716 DOI: 10.1021/ac9018395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enrichment or isolation of selected cell types from heterogeneous suspensions is required in the area of tissue engineering. State of the art techniques utilized for this separation include preplating and sieve-based approaches that have limited ranges of purity and variable yield. Here, we present a deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) microfluidic device that is capable of separating large epithelial cells (17.3 +/- 2.7 in diameter) from smaller fibroblast cells (13.7 +/- 3.0 microm in diameter) as a potential alternative approach. The mixed suspension examined is intended to represent the content of digested rat cardiac tissue, which contains equal proportions of cardiomyocyte (17.0 +/- 4.0 microm diameter) and nonmyocyte populations (12.0 +/- 3.0 microm diameter). High purity separation (>97%) of the larger cell type is achieved with 90% yield in a rapid and single-pass process. The significance of this work lies in the recognition that DLD design principles can be applied for the microfluidic enrichment of large cells, up to the 40 microm diameter level examined in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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84
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Toshner M, Voswinckel R, Southwood M, Al-Lamki R, Howard LSG, Marchesan D, Yang J, Suntharalingam J, Soon E, Exley A, Stewart S, Hecker M, Zhu Z, Gehling U, Seeger W, Pepke-Zaba J, Morrell NW. Evidence of dysfunction of endothelial progenitors in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:780-7. [PMID: 19628780 PMCID: PMC2778151 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200810-1662oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by the formation of plexiform lesions and concentric intimal fibrosis in small pulmonary arteries. The origin of cells contributing to these vascular lesions is uncertain. Endogenous endothelial progenitor cells are potential contributors to this process. OBJECTIVES To determine whether progenitors are involved in the pathobiology of PAH. METHODS We performed immunohistochemistry to determine the expression of progenitor cell markers (CD133 and c-Kit) and the major homing signal pathway stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its chemokine receptor (CXCR4) in lung tissue from patients with idiopathic PAH, familial PAH, and PAH associated with congenital heart disease. Two separate flow cytometric methods were employed to determine peripheral blood circulating numbers of angiogenic progenitors. Late-outgrowth progenitor cells were expanded ex vivo from the peripheral blood of patients with mutations in the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPRII), and functional assays of migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis were undertaken. measurements and main results: There was a striking up-regulation of progenitor cell markers in remodeled arteries from all patients with PAH, specifically in plexiform lesions. These lesions also displayed increased stromal cell-derived factor-1 expression. Circulating angiogenic progenitor numbers in patients with PAH were increased compared with control subjects and functional studies of late-outgrowth progenitor cells from patients with PAH with BMPRII mutations revealed a hyperproliferative phenotype with impaired ability to form vascular networks. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence of the involvement of progenitor cells in the vascular remodeling associated with PAH. Dysfunction of circulating progenitors in PAH may contribute to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Toshner
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Voswinckel
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Southwood
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rafia Al-Lamki
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luke S. G. Howard
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Denis Marchesan
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jun Yang
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jay Suntharalingam
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elaine Soon
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Exley
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susan Stewart
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zhenping Zhu
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Gehling
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Pepke-Zaba
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- Papworth Hospital and University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Hammersmith Hospital, London and Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom; Department Antibody Technology, ImClone Systems, Inc., New York; and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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85
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Rodríguez-Cabello JC, Martín L, Alonso M, Arias FJ, Testera AM. “Recombinamers” as advanced materials for the post-oil age. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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86
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Martín L, Alonso M, Girotti A, Arias FJ, Rodríguez-Cabello JC. Synthesis and Characterization of Macroporous Thermosensitive Hydrogels from Recombinant Elastin-Like Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:3015-22. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900560a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín
- GIR Bioforge, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Belén 1, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Matilde Alonso
- GIR Bioforge, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Belén 1, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Girotti
- GIR Bioforge, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Belén 1, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - F. Javier Arias
- GIR Bioforge, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Belén 1, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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87
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Green JV, Murthy SK. Microfluidic enrichment of a target cell type from a heterogenous suspension by adhesion-based negative selection. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2245-8. [PMID: 19606304 DOI: 10.1039/b906768j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The enrichment or isolation of a selected type of cells in a heterogeneous suspension is challenging when the surface markers of these cells are not completely known. Here, we present a 3-stage arrangement of peptide-coated microfluidic channels that can recover a small number of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from a heterogenous suspension by negative selection depletion of the non-target cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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88
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Plouffe BD, Brown MA, Iyer RK, Radisic M, Murthy SK. Controlled capture and release of cardiac fibroblasts using peptide-functionalized alginate gels in microfluidic channels. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:1507-10. [PMID: 19458855 DOI: 10.1039/b823523f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of peptide-functionalized hydrogels in combination with a divalent chelator offers an effective methodology for capture and release of cells within microfluidic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Plouffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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89
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Plouffe BD, Kniazeva T, Mayer JE, Murthy SK, Sales VL. Development of microfluidics as endothelial progenitor cell capture technology for cardiovascular tissue engineering and diagnostic medicine. FASEB J 2009; 23:3309-14. [PMID: 19487310 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-130260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a unique microfluidic platform capable of capturing circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by understanding surface chemistries and adhesion profiles. The surface of a variable-shear-stress microfluidic device was conjugated with 6 different antibodies [anti-CD34, -CD31, -vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), -CD146, -CD45, and -von Willebrand factor (vWF)] designed to match the surface antigens on ovine peripheral blood-derived EPCs. Microfluidic analysis showed a shear-stress-dependent decrease in EPC adhesion on attached surface antigens. EPCs exhibited increased adhesion to antibodies against CD34, VEGFR-2, CD31, and CD146 compared to CD45, consistent with their endothelial cell-specific surface profile, when exposed to a minimum shear stress of 1.47 dyn/cm(2). Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and artery-derived endothelial and smooth muscle cells were used to demonstrate the specificity of the EPC microfluidic device. Coated hematopoietic specific-surface (CD45) and granular vWF antibodies, as well as uncoated bare glass and substrate (1% BSA), were utilized as controls. Microfluidic devices have been developed as an EPC capture platform using immobilized antibodies targeted as EPC surface antigens. This EPC chip may provide a new and effective tool for addressing challenges in cardiovascular disease and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Plouffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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90
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Tkachenko E, Gutierrez E, Ginsberg MH, Groisman A. An easy to assemble microfluidic perfusion device with a magnetic clamp. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:1085-95. [PMID: 19350090 PMCID: PMC2742503 DOI: 10.1039/b812184b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We have built and characterized a magnetic clamp for reversible sealing of PDMS microfluidic chips against cover glasses with cell cultures and a microfluidic chip for experiments on shear stress response of endothelial cells. The magnetic clamp exerts a reproducible uniform pressure on the microfluidic chip, achieving fast and reliable sealing for liquid pressures up to 40 kPa inside the chip with <10% deformations of microchannels and minimal variations of the substrate shear stress in perfusion flow. The microfluidic chip has 8 test regions with the substrate shear stress varying by a factor of 2 between each region, thus covering a 128-fold range from low venous to arterial. The perfusion is driven by differential pressure, which makes it possible to create pulsatile flows mimicking pulsing in the vasculature. The setup is tested by 15-40 hours perfusions over endothelial monolayers with shear stress in the range of 0.07-9 dyn/cm(2). Excellent cell viability at all shear stresses and alignment of cells along the flow at high shear stresses are repeatedly observed. A scratch wound healing assay under a shear flow is demonstrated and cell migration velocities are measured. Transfection of cells with a fluorescent protein is performed, and migrating fluorescent cells are imaged at a high resolution under shear flow in real time. The magnetic clamp can be closed with minimal mechanical perturbation to cells on the substrate and used with a variety of microfluidic chips for experiments with adherent and non-adherent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Tkachenko
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0726, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Edgar Gutierrez
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0374, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mark H. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0726, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alex Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0374, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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91
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Green JV, Kniazeva T, Abedi M, Sokhey DS, Taslim ME, Murthy SK. Effect of channel geometry on cell adhesion in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:677-85. [PMID: 19224017 DOI: 10.1039/b813516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic channels coated with ligands are a versatile platform for the separation or enrichment of cells from small sample volumes. This adhesion-based mode of separation is mediated by ligand-receptor bonds between the cells and channel surface and also by fluid shear stress. This paper demonstrates how aspects of microchannel geometry can play an additional role in controlling cell adhesion. With a combination of computational fluid dynamics modeling and cell adhesion experiments, channels with sharp turns are shown to have regions with near-zero velocity at the turn regions where large numbers of cells adhere or become collected. The lack of uniform adhesion in the turn regions compared to other regions of these channels, together with the large variability in observed cell adhesion indicates that channels with sharp turns are not optimal for cell-capture applications where predictable cell adhesion is desired. Channels with curved turns, on the other hand are shown to provide more uniform and predictable cell adhesion provided the gap between parallel arms of the channels is sufficiently wide. The magnitude of cell adhesion in these curved channels is comparable to that in straight channels with no turns.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave. 342 SN, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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92
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Phillips JA, Xu Y, Xia Z, Fan ZH, Tan W. Enrichment of cancer cells using aptamers immobilized on a microfluidic channel. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1033-9. [PMID: 19115856 DOI: 10.1021/ac802092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the development and investigation of an aptamer modified microfluidic device that captures rare cells to achieve a rapid assay without pretreatment of cells. To accomplish this, aptamers are first immobilized on the surface of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannel, followed by pumping a mixture of cells through the device. This process permits the use of optical microscopy to measure the cell-surface density from which we calculate the percentage of cells captured as a function of cell and aptamer concentration, flow velocity, and incubation time. This aptamer-based device was demonstrated to capture target cells with >97% purity and >80% efficiency. Since the cell capture assay is completed within minutes and requires no pretreatment of cells, the device promises to play a key role in the early detection and diagnosis of cancer where rare diseased cells can first be enriched and then captured for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Phillips
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry, UF Genetics Institute, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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93
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de Mel A, Jell G, Stevens MM, Seifalian AM. Biofunctionalization of biomaterials for accelerated in situ endothelialization: a review. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2969-79. [PMID: 18831592 DOI: 10.1021/bm800681k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The higher patency rates of cardiovascular implants, including vascular bypass grafts, stents, and heart valves are related to their ability to inhibit thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and calcification. In native tissue, the endothelium plays a major role in inhibiting these processes. Various bioengineering research strategies thereby aspire to induce endothelialization of graft surfaces either prior to implantation or by accelerating in situ graft endothelialization. This article reviews potential bioresponsive molecular components that can be incorporated into (and/or released from) biomaterial surfaces to obtain accelerated in situ endothelialization of vascular grafts. These molecules could promote in situ endothelialization by the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) from the bone marrow, encouraging cell-specific adhesion (endothelial cells (EC) and/or EPC) to the graft and, once attached, by controlling the proliferation and differentiation of these cells. EC and EPC interactions with the extracellular matrix continue to be a principal source of inspiration for material biofunctionalization, and therefore, the latest developments in understanding these interactions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achala de Mel
- Centre of Nanotechnology, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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94
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Plouffe BD, Radisic M, Murthy SK. Microfluidic depletion of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts from heterogeneous suspensions. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:462-472. [PMID: 18305866 DOI: 10.1039/b715707j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between ligands and cell surface receptors can be exploited to design adhesion-based microfluidic cell separation systems. When ligands are immobilized on the microfluidic channel surfaces, the resulting cell capture devices offer the typical advantages of small sample volumes and low cost associated with microfluidic systems, with the added benefit of not requiring complex fabrication schemes or extensive operational infrastructure. Cell-ligand interactions can range from highly specific to highly non-specific. This paper describes the design of an adhesion-based microfluidic separation system that takes advantage of both types of interactions. A 3-stage system of microfluidic devices coated with the tetrapeptides arg-glu-asp-val (REDV), val-ala-pro-gly (VAPG), and arg-gly-asp-ser (RGDS) is utilized to deplete a heterogeneous suspension containing endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. The ligand-coated channels together with a large surface area allow effective depletion of all three cell types in a stagewise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Plouffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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95
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Kwon KW, Choi SS, Lee SH, Kim B, Lee SN, Park MC, Kim P, Hwang SY, Suh KY. Label-free, microfluidic separation and enrichment of human breast cancer cells by adhesion difference. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1461-8. [PMID: 17960272 DOI: 10.1039/b710054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A label-free microfluidic method for separation and enrichment of human breast cancer cells is presented using cell adhesion as a physical marker. To maximize the adhesion difference between normal epithelial and cancer cells, flat or nanostructured polymer surfaces (400 nm pillars, 400 nm perpendicular, or 400 nm parallel lines) were constructed on the bottom of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channels in a parallel fashion using a UV-assisted capillary moulding technique. The adhesion of human breast epithelial cells (MCF10A) and cancer cells (MCF7) on each channel was independently measured based on detachment assays where the adherent cells were counted with increasing flow rate after a pre-culture for a period of time (e.g., one, two, and four hours). It was found that MCF10A cells showed higher adhesion than MCF7 cells regardless of culture time and surface nanotopography at all flow rates, resulting in label-free separation and enrichment of cancer cells. For the cell types used in our study, an optimum separation was found for 2 hours pre-culture on the 400 nm perpendicular line pattern followed by flow-induced detachment at a flow rate of 200 microl min(-1). The fraction of MCF7 cells was increased from 0.36 +/- 0.04 to 0.83 +/- 0.04 under these optimized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Woo Kwon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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96
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Monchaux E, Vermette P. Bioactive Microarrays Immobilized on Low-Fouling Surfaces to Study Specific Endothelial Cell Adhesion. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3668-73. [DOI: 10.1021/bm7007907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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