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Abstract
Graphene is an ultra-thin material, which has received broad interest in many areas of science and technology because of its unique physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. T. H. Aunkor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - I. M. Mahbubul
- Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy (CoRE-RE)
- Research Institute
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM)
- Dhahran
- Saudi Arabia
| | - R. Saidur
- Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy (CoRE-RE)
- Research Institute
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM)
- Dhahran
- Saudi Arabia
| | - H. S. C. Metselaar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
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52
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Wang F, Liu L, Li WJ. Graphene-Based Glucose Sensors: A Brief Review. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:818-34. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2475338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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53
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Han GS, Song YH, Jin YU, Lee JW, Park NG, Kang BK, Lee JK, Cho IS, Yoon DH, Jung HS. Reduced Graphene Oxide/Mesoporous TiO2 Nanocomposite Based Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:23521-6. [PMID: 26445167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/mesoporous (mp)-TiO2 nanocomposite based mesostructured perovskite solar cells that show an improved electron transport property owing to the reduced interfacial resistance. The amount of rGO added to the TiO2 nanoparticles electron transport layer was optimized, and their impacts on film resistivity, electron diffusion, recombination time, and photovoltaic performance were investigated. The rGO/mp-TiO2 nanocomposite film reduces interfacial resistance when compared to the mp-TiO2 film, and hence, it improves charge collection efficiency. This effect significantly increases the short circuit current density and open circuit voltage. The rGO/mp-TiO2 nanocomposite film with an optimal rGO content of 0.4 vol % shows 18% higher photon conversion efficiency compared with the TiO2 nanoparticles based perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gill Sang Han
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Young Hyun Song
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Un Jin
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Bong Kyun Kang
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - In Sun Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Energy Systems Research, Ajou University , Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Dae Ho Yoon
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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54
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Abstract
The past decade has witnessed an extraordinary increase in research progress on ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials in the fields of condensed matter physics, materials science, and chemistry after the exfoliation of graphene from graphite in 2004. This unique class of nanomaterials has shown many unprecedented properties and thus is being explored for numerous promising applications. In this Perspective, I briefly review the state of the art in the development of ultrathin 2D nanomaterials and highlight their unique advantages. Then, I discuss the typical synthetic methods and some promising applications of ultrathin 2D nanomaterials together with some personal insights on the challenges in this research area. Finally, on the basis of the current achievement on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials, I give some personal perspectives on potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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55
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Zou Y, Kinloch IA, Dryfe RAW. Mesoporous Vertical Co3O4 Nanosheet Arrays on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Foam with Enhanced Charge-Storage Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:22831-22838. [PMID: 26403179 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A hierarchical electrode structure, consisting of cobalt oxide and nitrogen-doped graphene foam (NGF), has been fabricated with the aim of achieving enhanced charge-storage performance. Characterization of the material via electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy demonstrates that the Co3O4 nanosheets grow vertically on NGF and the nanosheets are mesoporous with pore diameters between 3 and 8 nm. The Co3O4/NGF electrode shows an enhanced charge-storage performance, attributed to the 3D hierarchical structure and the synergistic effect of Co3O4 and NGF. The present study shows that specific capacitances as high as 451 F g(-1) can be obtained, indicating that high-performance electrochemical capacitors can be made using electrode materials with advanced structures. The present electrode design can be readily extended to other electroactive materials and their composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Zou
- School of Chemistry and‡School of Materials, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A Kinloch
- School of Chemistry and‡School of Materials, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A W Dryfe
- School of Chemistry and‡School of Materials, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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56
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Jaafar MM, Ciniciato GPMK, Ibrahim SA, Phang SM, Yunus K, Fisher AC, Iwamoto M, Vengadesh P. Preparation of a Three-Dimensional Reduced Graphene Oxide Film by Using the Langmuir-Blodgett Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10426-10434. [PMID: 26348460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Langmuir-Blodgett method has always been traditionally utilized in the deposition of two-dimensional structures. In this work, however, we employed the method to deposit three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide layers using an unconventional protocol for the first time. This was achieved by carrying out the dipping process after the collapse pressure or breaking point, which results in the formation of a highly porous three-dimensional surface topography. By varying the number of deposition layers, the porosity could be optimized from nanometer to micrometer dimensions. Employed as bioelectrodes, these three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide layers may allow improved adhesion and biocompatibility compared to the conventional two-dimensional surfaces. A larger number of pores also improves the mass transport of materials and therefore increases the charge-sustaining capacity and sensitivity. This could ultimately improve the performance of biofuel cells and other electrode-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo P M K Ciniciato
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge , Pembroke Street, New Museum Site, CB2 3RA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - K Yunus
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge , Pembroke Street, New Museum Site, CB2 3RA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C Fisher
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge , Pembroke Street, New Museum Site, CB2 3RA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M Iwamoto
- Department of Physical Electronics, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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57
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Yoon Y, Samanta K, Lee H, Lee K, Tiwari AP, Lee J, Yang J, Lee H. Highly Stretchable and Conductive Silver Nanoparticle Embedded Graphene Flake Electrode Prepared by In situ Dual Reduction Reaction. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14177. [PMID: 26383845 PMCID: PMC4585658 DOI: 10.1038/srep14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of stretchable devices that combine with conductive properties offers new exciting opportunities for wearable applications. Here, a novel, convenient and inexpensive solution process was demonstrated to prepare in situ silver (Ag) or platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (NPs)-embedded rGO hybrid materials using formic acid duality in the presence of AgNO3 or H2PtCl6 at low temperature. The reduction duality of the formic acid can convert graphene oxide (GO) to rGO and simultaneously deposit the positively charged metal ion to metal NP on rGO while the formic acid itself is converted to a CO2 evolving gas that is eco-friendly. The AgNP-embedded rGO hybrid electrode on an elastomeric substrate exhibited superior stretchable properties including a maximum conductivity of 3012 S cm-1 (at 0 % strain) and 322.8 S cm-1 (at 35 % strain). Its fabrication process using a printing method is scalable. Surprisingly, the electrode can survive even in continuous stretching cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeoheung Yoon
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746. Korea.,Samsung-SKKU Graphene Center (SSGC), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Khokan Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Energy Science, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746. Korea
| | - Hanleem Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Energy Science, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746. Korea
| | - Keunsik Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Energy Science, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746. Korea
| | - Anand P Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Energy Science, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746. Korea
| | - JiHun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Energy Science, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746. Korea
| | - Junghee Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Energy Science, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746. Korea
| | - Hyoyoung Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746. Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Department of Energy Science, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746. Korea.,Samsung-SKKU Graphene Center (SSGC), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea
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58
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Some S, Shackery I, Kim SJ, Jun SC. Phosphorus-Doped Graphene Oxide Layer as a Highly Efficient Flame Retardant. Chemistry 2015; 21:15480-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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59
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Affiliation(s)
- Jea Woong Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Jea Uk Lee
- Composite Materials Research Group; Korea Institute of Materials Science; Changwon Gyeongnam 642-831 Korea
| | - Won Ho Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
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60
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Zheng C, Huang L, Zhang H, Sun Z, Zhang Z, Zhang GJ. Fabrication of Ultrasensitive Field-Effect Transistor DNA Biosensors by a Directional Transfer Technique Based on CVD-Grown Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:16953-16959. [PMID: 26203889 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most graphene field-effect transistor (G-FET) biosensors are fabricated through a routine process, in which graphene is transferred onto a Si/SiO2 substrate and then devices are subsequently produced by micromanufacture processes. However, such a fabrication approach can introduce contamination onto the graphene surface during the lithographic process, resulting in interference for the subsequent biosensing. In this work, we have developed a novel directional transfer technique to fabricate G-FET biosensors based on chemical-vapor-deposition- (CVD-) grown single-layer graphene (SLG) and applied this biosensor for the sensitive detection of DNA. A FET device with six individual array sensors was first fabricated, and SLG obtained by the CVD-growth method was transferred onto the sensor surface in a directional manner. Afterward, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) was covalently immobilized on the graphene surface, and DNA detection was realized by applying specific target DNA to the PNA-functionalized G-FET biosensor. The developed G-FET biosensor was able to detect target DNA at concentrations as low as 10 fM, which is 1 order of magnitude lower than those reported in a previous work. In addition, the biosensor was capable of distinguishing the complementary DNA from one-base-mismatched DNA and noncomplementary DNA. The directional transfer technique for the fabrication of G-FET biosensors is simple, and the as-constructed G-FET DNA biosensor shows ultrasensitivity and high specificity, indicating its potential application in disease diagnostics as a point-of-care tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Huang
- ‡Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | | | | | - Zhiyong Zhang
- ‡Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
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61
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Parak WJ, Nel AE, Weiss PS. Grand Challenges for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6637-40. [PMID: 26192457 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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62
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Jeong H, Lee KM, Ahn YH, Lee S, Park JY. Non-Contact Local Conductance Mapping of Individual Graphene Oxide Sheets during the Reduction Process. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2629-2635. [PMID: 26266745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We used electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) to investigate local conducting states of atomically thin individual graphene oxide (GO) sheets and monitor the spatial evolution of their conducting properties during the reduction process. Because of the thinness of the GO sheets and finite carrier density, the electric field is partially screened in the reduced GO, which is manifested in the EFM phase signals. We found inhomogeneous oxidation states in as-prepared GO sheets and followed the evolution of reduction process in the individual GO sheets during both thermal and chemical reduction. We also compared the EFM measurement results with simultaneous IV characteristics to assess correlations between two measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiseong Jeong
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Kyung Moon Lee
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Y H Ahn
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Soonil Lee
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Park
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
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63
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Lin Z, Ye X, Han J, Chen Q, Fan P, Zhang H, Xie D, Zhu H, Zhong M. Precise Control of the Number of Layers of Graphene by Picosecond Laser Thinning. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11662. [PMID: 26111758 PMCID: PMC4481519 DOI: 10.1038/srep11662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of graphene can vary as a function of the number of layers (NOL). Controlling the NOL in large area graphene is still challenging. In this work, we demonstrate a picosecond (ps) laser thinning removal of graphene layers from multi-layered graphene to obtain desired NOL when appropriate pulse threshold energy is adopted. The thinning process is conducted in atmosphere without any coating and it is applicable for graphene films on arbitrary substrates. This method provides many advantages such as one-step process, non-contact operation, substrate and environment-friendly, and patternable, which will enable its potential applications in the manufacturing of graphene-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohui Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinpeng Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- 1] School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [2] State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peixun Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology (TNList), Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- 1] School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [2] State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Minlin Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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64
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Yu C, Chang X, Liu J, Ding L, Peng J, Fang Y. Creation of reduced graphene oxide based field effect transistors and their utilization in the detection and discrimination of nucleoside triphosphates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:10718-10726. [PMID: 25946520 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two low-cost, micropatterned, solution-gated field effect transistors (modified FET and unmodified FET) based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) were developed and used for detection and discrimination of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs). The modified FET was realized by simple deposition of a positively charged bis-pyrenyl derivative, py-diIM-py, onto the conducting RGO strips of the unmodified FET. The electrical properties and sensing behaviors of the as-prepared devices were studied comprehensively. Electrical transfer property tests revealed that both of the two FETs exhibit V-shaped ambipolar field effect behavior from p-type region to n-type region. Sensing performance studies demonstrated that modification of the native FET with py-diIM-py improves its sensing ability to NTPs-GTP and ATP in particular. The detection limit of GTP and ATP was as low as 400 nM, which is the lowest value for graphene-based electronic sensors reported so far. Furthermore, based on the cross-reactive responses of the two devices to NTPs, NTPs can be conveniently distinguished via combining use of the two devices. The enhancement of the modifier (py-diIM-py) to the sensing performance of the FET is tentatively attributed to its possible mediation role in sticking onto RGO strips and accumulating analytes by electrostatic association with the relevant species. Because they are sensitive and fast in response, simple and low-cost in preparation, and possibly useful in sensor-array fabrication, the developed sensors show great potential in real-life application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmeng Yu
- †Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingmao Chang
- ‡Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- †Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Ding
- †Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxia Peng
- †Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fang
- †Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
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65
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Wang JN, Zhang YL, Liu Y, Zheng W, Lee LP, Sun HB. Recent developments in superhydrophobic graphene and graphene-related materials: from preparation to potential applications. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7101-14. [PMID: 25829140 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00719d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, graphene has revealed a cornucopia of both fundamental science and potential applications due to its exceptional electrical, mechanical, thermal, and optical properties. Recently, increasing effort has been devoted to exploiting its new features, for example, wetting properties. Benefitting from its inherent material properties, graphene shows great potential for the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces, which could be potentially used for various anti-water applications. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in superhydrophobic graphene and graphene-related materials. Preparation strategies using pure graphene, graphene oxide, and graphene/polymer hybrids are presented and their potential applications are discussed. Finally, our own perspective of this dynamic field, including both current challenges and future demands, has been discussed. It is anticipated that the cooperation of the numerous merits of graphene and superhydrophobicity will lead to new opportunities for high-performance multifunctional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
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66
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Rao CNR, Gopalakrishnan K, Maitra U. Comparative Study of Potential Applications of Graphene, MoS2, and Other Two-Dimensional Materials in Energy Devices, Sensors, and Related Areas. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7809-32. [PMID: 25822145 DOI: 10.1021/am509096x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Novel properties of graphene have been well documented, whereas the importance of nanosheets of MoS2 and other chalcogenides is increasingly being recognized over the last two to three years. Borocarbonitrides, BxCyNz, with insulating BN and conducting graphene on either side are new materials whose properties have been attracting attention. These two-dimensional (2D) materials contain certain common features. Thus, graphene, MoS2, and borocarbonitrides have all been used in supercapacitor applications, oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs), and lithium-ion batteries. It is instructive, therefore, to make a comparative study of some of the important properties of these layered materials. In this article, we discuss properties related to energy devices at length. We examine the hydrogen evolution reaction facilitated by graphene, MoS2, and related materials. We also discuss gas and radiation sensors based on graphene and MoS2 as well as gas storage properties of graphene and borocarbonitrides. The article should be useful in making a judicious choice of which 2D material to use for a particular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N R Rao
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, New Chemistry Unit, International Centre for Materials Science, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry and Sheik Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - K Gopalakrishnan
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, New Chemistry Unit, International Centre for Materials Science, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry and Sheik Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Urmimala Maitra
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, New Chemistry Unit, International Centre for Materials Science, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry and Sheik Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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67
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Ahadian S, Estili M, Surya VJ, Ramón-Azcón J, Liang X, Shiku H, Ramalingam M, Matsue T, Sakka Y, Bae H, Nakajima K, Kawazoe Y, Khademhosseini A. Facile and green production of aqueous graphene dispersions for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:6436-43. [PMID: 25779762 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07569b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We proposed a facile, low cost, and green approach to produce stable aqueous graphene dispersions from graphite by sonication in aqueous bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution for biomedical applications. The production of high-quality graphene was confirmed using microscopy images, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and XPS. In addition, ab initio calculations revealed molecular interactions between graphene and BSA. The processability of aqueous graphene dispersions was demonstrated by fabricating conductive and mechanically robust hydrogel-graphene materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ahadian
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Abstract
An ability to detect and quantify protein molecules, harbingers of specific pathologies, potentially underpins both early disease diagnosis and an assessment of treatment efficacy. However, the specific detection of a particular protein biomarker in a complex environment is by no means an easy task and requires a progressive improvement in sensor technology. The high surface area, volume, electrical conductance, atomic level thickness and apparent biocompatibility of graphene makes it potentially an exceedingly powerful transducer of biorecognition events; the demands of its application in biosensing, and progress to date are reviewed herein.
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69
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Mosciatti T, Haar S, Liscio F, Ciesielski A, Orgiu E, Samorì P. A multifunctional polymer-graphene thin-film transistor with tunable transport regimes. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2357-2367. [PMID: 25689615 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a strategy to fabricate multifunctional graphene-polymer hybrid thin-film transistors (PG-TFT) whose transport properties are tunable by varying the deposition conditions of liquid-phase exfoliated graphene (LPE-G) dispersions onto a dielectric surface and via thermal annealing post-treatments. In particular, the ionization energy (IE) of the LPE-G drop-cast on SiO2 can be finely adjusted prior to polymer deposition via thermal annealing in air environment, exhibiting values gradually changing from 4.8 eV up to 5.7 eV. Such a tunable graphene's IE determines dramatically different electronic interactions between the LPE-G and the semiconducting polymer (p- or n-type) sitting on its top, leading to devices where the output current of the PG-TFT can be operated from being completely turned off up to modulable. In fact upon increasing the surface coverage of graphene nanoflakes on the SiO2 the charge transport properties within the top polymer layer are modified from being semiconducting up to truly conductive (graphite-like). Significantly, when the IE of LPE-G is outside the polymer band gap, the PG-TFT can operate as a multifunctional three terminal switch (transistor) and/or memory device featuring high number of erase-write cycles. Our PG-TFT, based on a fine energy level engineering, represents a memory device operating without the need of a dielectric layer separating a floating gate from the active channel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabiola Liscio
- ‡Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (IMM) - CNR, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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70
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Kim JH, Ko E, Hwang J, Pham XH, Lee JH, Lee SH, Tran VK, Kim JH, Park JG, Choo J, Han KN, Seong GH. Large-scale plasma patterning of transparent graphene electrode on flexible substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2914-2921. [PMID: 25692852 DOI: 10.1021/la504443a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon material, has attracted significant interest for applications in flexible electronics as an alternative transparent electrode to indium tin oxide. However, it still remains a challenge to develop a simple, reproducible, and controllable fabrication technique for producing homogeneous large-scale graphene films and creating uniform patterns with desired shapes at defined positions. Here, we present a simple route to scalable fabrication of flexible transparent graphene electrodes using an oxygen plasma etching technique in a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) system. Ascorbic acid-assisted chemical reduction enables the large-scale production of graphene with solution-based processability. Oxygen plasma in the CCP system facilitates the reproducible patterning of graphene electrodes, which allows controllable feature sizes and shapes on flexible plastic substrates. The resulting graphene electrode exhibits a high conductivity of 80 S cm(-1) and a transparency of 76% and retains excellent flexibility upon hard bending at an angle of ±175° and after repeated bending cycles. A simple LED circuit integrated on the patterned graphene film demonstrates the feasibility of graphene electrodes for use in flexible transparent electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Bionano Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Materials Engineering, Hanyang University , Ansan 425-791, South Korea
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71
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Jang S, Hwang E, Lee JH, Park HS, Cho JH. Graphene-graphene oxide floating gate transistor memory. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:311-318. [PMID: 25163911 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel transparent, flexible, graphene channel floating-gate transistor memory (FGTM) device is fabricated using a graphene oxide (GO) charge trapping layer on a plastic substrate. The GO layer, which bears ammonium groups (NH3+), is prepared at the interface between the crosslinked PVP (cPVP) tunneling dielectric and the Al2 O3 blocking dielectric layers. Important design rules are proposed for a high-performance graphene memory device: (i) precise doping of the graphene channel, and (ii) chemical functionalization of the GO charge trapping layer. How to control memory characteristics by graphene doping is systematically explained, and the optimal conditions for the best performance of the memory devices are found. Note that precise control over the doping of the graphene channel maximizes the conductance difference at a zero gate voltage, which reduces the device power consumption. The proposed optimization via graphene doping can be applied to any graphene channel transistor-type memory device. Additionally, the positively charged GO (GO-NH3+) interacts electrostatically with hydroxyl groups of both UV-treated Al2 O3 and PVP layers, which enhances the interfacial adhesion, and thus the mechanical stability of the device during bending. The resulting graphene-graphene oxide FGTMs exhibit excellent memory characteristics, including a large memory window (11.7 V), fast switching speed (1 μs), cyclic endurance (200 cycles), stable retention (10(5) s), and good mechanical stability (1000 cycles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukjae Jang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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72
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Alaferdov AV, Balashov SM, Canesqui MA, Parada S, Danilov YA, Moshkalev SA. Formation of thin, flexible, conducting films composed of multilayer graphene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3103/s1062873814120326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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73
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Yang J, Ma M, Li L, Zhang Y, Huang W, Dong X. Graphene nanomesh: new versatile materials. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13301-13313. [PMID: 25308060 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04584j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, an atomic-scale honeycomb crystal lattice, is increasingly becoming popular because of its excellent mechanical, electrical, chemical, and physical properties. However, its zero bandgap places restrictions on its applications in field-effect transistors (FETs). Graphene nanomesh (GNM), a new graphene nanostructure with a tunable bandgap, shows more excellent performance. It can be widely applied in electronic or photonic devices such as highly sensitive biosensors, new generation of spintronics and energy materials. These illustrate significant opportunities for the industrial use of GNM, and hence they push nanoscience and nanotechnology one step toward practical applications. This review briefly describes the current status of the design, synthesis, and potential applications of GNM. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of GNM development are presented and some suggestions are made for its further development and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Jiangsu-Singapore Joint Research Center for Organic/Bio-Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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74
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Hu K, Kulkarni DD, Choi I, Tsukruk VV. Graphene-polymer nanocomposites for structural and functional applications. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 815] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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75
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Zhan B, Li C, Yang J, Jenkins G, Huang W, Dong X. Graphene field-effect transistor and its application for electronic sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4042-65. [PMID: 25044546 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, because of its excellent mechanical, electrical, chemical, physical properties, sparked great interest to develop and extend its applications. Particularly, graphene based field-effect transistors (GFETs) present exciting and bright prospects for sensing applications due to their greatly higher sensitivity and stronger selectivity. This Review highlights a selection of important topics pertinent to GFETs and their application in electronic sensors. This article begins with a description of the fabrications and characterizations of GFETs, and then introduces the new developments in physical, chemical, and biological electronic detection using GFETs. Finally, several perspective and current challenges of GFETs development are presented, and some proposals are suggested for further development and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210046, China
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76
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Chen HC, Qiu JT, Yang FL, Liu YC, Chen MC, Tsai RY, Yang HW, Lin CY, Lin CC, Wu TS, Tu YM, Xiao MC, Ho CH, Huang CC, Lai CS, Hua MY. Magnetic-Composite-Modified Polycrystalline Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Detection and Cancer Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9443-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5001898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chien Chen
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jian-Tai Qiu
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fu-Liang Yang
- National Nano Device Laboratories, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30078, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yin-Chih Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Min-Cheng Chen
- National Nano Device Laboratories, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30078, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Rung-Ywan Tsai
- Electronics
and Optoelectronics Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hung-Wei Yang
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Yi Lin
- National Nano Device Laboratories, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30078, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chu-Chi Lin
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzong-Shoon Wu
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ming Tu
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Min-Cong Xiao
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hua Ho
- National Nano Device Laboratories, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30078, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Chao Huang
- National Nano Device Laboratories, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30078, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Sung Lai
- Department
of Electronic Engineering and Biosensor Group,
Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mu-Yi Hua
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Liu L, Tan C, Chai J, Wu S, Radko A, Zhang H, Mandler D. Electrochemically "writing" graphene from graphene oxide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:3555-3559. [PMID: 23922294 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach of patterning graphene on conductive surfaces based on local electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide is reported. Graphene is "written" from typical graphene oxide dispersion by applying negative potential on conductive surfaces vs. a micrometer-sized counter electrode "pen" with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Micrometer scaled patterns are successfully generated on gold and stainless steel surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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78
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Alexandrov GN, Smagulova SA, Kapitonov AN, Vasil’eva FD, Kurkina II, Vinokurov PV, Timofeev VB, Antonova IV. Thin partially reduced oxide-graphene films: structural, optical, and electrical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078014040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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79
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Li J, Niu L, Zheng Z, Yan F. Photosensitive graphene transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:5239-73. [PMID: 24715703 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High performance photodetectors play important roles in the development of innovative technologies in many fields, including medicine, display and imaging, military, optical communication, environment monitoring, security check, scientific research and industrial processing control. Graphene, the most fascinating two-dimensional material, has demonstrated promising applications in various types of photodetectors from terahertz to ultraviolet, due to its ultrahigh carrier mobility and light absorption in broad wavelength range. Graphene field effect transistors are recognized as a type of excellent transducers for photodetection thanks to the inherent amplification function of the transistors, the feasibility of miniaturization and the unique properties of graphene. In this review, we will introduce the applications of graphene transistors as photodetectors in different wavelength ranges including terahertz, infrared, visible, and ultraviolet, focusing on the device design, physics and photosensitive performance. Since the device properties are closely related to the quality of graphene, the devices based on graphene prepared with different methods will be addressed separately with a view to demonstrating more clearly their advantages and shortcomings in practical applications. It is expected that highly sensitive photodetectors based on graphene transistors will find important applications in many emerging areas especially flexible, wearable, printable or transparent electronics and high frequency communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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80
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Er E, Çelikkan H. An efficient way to reduce graphene oxide by water elimination using phosphoric acid. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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81
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Abstract
In recent years, graphene, the two-dimensional closely packed honeycomb carbon lattice, has been attracting much attention in the field of electrochemistry due to its intrinsic properties and merits. Efforts to create novel graphene based electrochemical biosensors have led to the establishment of effective strategies for diverse bioassays, from simple molecules to complex biotargets. In this Feature Article, we provide an overview of electrochemical biosensing with graphene related materials, and discuss the role of graphene in different sensing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
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82
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Biointerfacial impedance characterization of reduced graphene oxide supported carboxyl pendant conducting copolymer based electrode. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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83
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Yan F, Zhang M, Li J. Solution-gated graphene transistors for chemical and biological sensors. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:313-31. [PMID: 23950074 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Graphene has attracted much attention in biomedical applications for its fascinating properties. Because of the well-known 2D structure, every atom of graphene is exposed to the environment, so the electronic properties of graphene are very sensitive to charged analytes (ions, DNA, cells, etc.) or an electric field around it, which renders graphene an ideal material for high-performance sensors. Solution-gated graphene transistors (SGGTs) can operate in electrolytes and are thus excellent candidates for chemical and biological sensors, which have been extensively studied in the recent 5 years. Here, the device physics, the sensing mechanisms, and the performance of the recently developed SGGT-based chemical and biological sensors, including pH, ion, cell, bacterial, DNA, protein, glucose sensors, etc., are introduced. Their advantages and shortcomings, in comparison with some conventional techniques, are discussed. Conclusions and challenges for the future development of the field are addressed in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon; Hong Kong China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon; Hong Kong China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon; Hong Kong China
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84
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Jung SM, Lee EK, Choi M, Shin D, Jeon IY, Seo JM, Jeong HY, Park N, Oh JH, Baek JB. Direct Solvothermal Synthesis of B/N-Doped Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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85
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Jung SM, Lee EK, Choi M, Shin D, Jeon IY, Seo JM, Jeong HY, Park N, Oh JH, Baek JB. Direct Solvothermal Synthesis of B/N-Doped Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2398-401. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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86
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Kim C, Song JM, Lee JS, Lee MJ. All-solution-processed nonvolatile flexible nano-floating gate memory devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:014016. [PMID: 24334758 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/1/014016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have great potential for future electronic applications owing to their inherent flexibility, low cost, light weight and ability to easily cover large areas. However, all of these advantageous material properties can only be harnessed if simple, cheap and low-temperature fabrication processes, which exclude the need for vacuum deposition and are compatible with flexible plastic substrates, are employed. There are a few solution-based techniques such as spin-coating and inkjet printing that meet the above criteria. In this paper, we describe a novel all-solution-processed nonvolatile memory device fabricated on a flexible plastic substrate. The source, drain and gate electrodes were printed using an inkjet printer with a conducting organic solution, while the semiconducting layer was spin-coated with an n-type polymer. The charge-trapping layer was composed of spin-coated reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which was prepared in the form of a solution using Hummer's method. The fabricated device was characterized in order to confirm the memory characteristics. Device parameters such as threshold voltage shift, retention/endurance characteristics, mechanical robustness and reliability upon bending were also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaewon Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, 861-1 Jeongneung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea
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87
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Hammock ML, Chortos A, Tee BCK, Tok JBH, Bao Z. 25th anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5997-6038. [PMID: 24151185 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a remarkable organ. It consists of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the brain, allowing us to maneuver within our environment safely and effectively. Interest in large-area networks of electronic devices inspired by human skin is motivated by the promise of creating autonomous intelligent robots and biomimetic prosthetics, among other applications. The development of electronic networks comprised of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compatible with large-area implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing an electronic skin (e-skin) akin to human skin. E-skins are already capable of providing augmented performance over their organic counterpart, both in superior spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity. They could be further improved through the incorporation of additional functionalities (e.g., chemical and biological sensing) and desired properties (e.g., biodegradability and self-powering). Continued rapid progress in this area is promising for the development of a fully integrated e-skin in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Hammock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 381 N. South Axis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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88
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Mishra SK, Srivastava AK, Kumar D, Biradar AM. Microstructural and electrochemical impedance characterization of bio-functionalized ultrafine ZnS nanocrystals-reduced graphene oxide hybrid for immunosensor applications. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:10494-10503. [PMID: 24056976 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02575f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a mercaptopropionic acid capped ZnS nanocrystals decorated reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hybrid film on a silane modified indium-tin-oxide glass plate, as a bioelectrode for the quantitative detection of human cardiac myoglobin (Ag-cMb). The ZnS nanocrystals were anchored over electrochemically reduced GO sheets through a cross linker, 1-pyrenemethylamine hydrochloride, by carbodiimide reaction and have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The transmission electron microscopic characterization of the ZnS-RGO hybrid shows the uniform distribution of ultra-fine nanoparticles of ZnS in nano-sheets of GO throughout the material. The protein antibody, Ab-cMb, was covalently linked to ZnS-RGO nanocomposite hybrid for the fabrication of the bioelectrode. A detailed electrochemical immunosensing study has been carried out on the bioelectrode towards the detection of target Ag-cMb. The optimal fitted equivalent circuit model that matches the impedance response has been studied to delineate the biocompatibility, sensitivity and selectivity of the bioelectrode. The bioelectrode exhibited a linear electrochemical impedance response to Ag-cMb in a range of 10 ng to 1 μg mL(-1) in PBS (pH 7.4) with a sensitivity of 177.56 Ω cm(2) per decade. The combined synergistic effects of the high surface-to-volume ratio of ZnS(MPA) nanocrystals and conducting RGO has provided a dominant charge transfer characteristic (R(et)) at the lower frequency region of <10 Hz showing a good biocompatibility and enhanced impedance sensitivity towards target Ag-cMb. The impedance response sensitivity of the ZnS-RGO hybrid bioelectrode towards Ag-cMb has been found to be about 2.5 fold higher than that of a bare RGO modified bioelectrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeet K Mishra
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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89
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Cao X, Shi Y, Shi W, Rui X, Yan Q, Kong J, Zhang H. Preparation of MoS2-coated three-dimensional graphene networks for high-performance anode material in lithium-ion batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3433-3438. [PMID: 23637090 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel composite, MoS2 -coated three-dimensional graphene network (3DGN), referred to as MoS2 /3DGN, is synthesized by a facile CVD method. The 3DGN, composed of interconnected graphene sheets, not only serves as template for the deposition of MoS2 , but also provides good electrical contact between the current collector and deposited MoS2 . As a proof of concept, the MoS2 /3DGN composite, used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, shows excellent electrochemical performance, which exhibits reversible capacities of 877 and 665 mAh g(-1) during the 50(th) cycle at current densities of 100 and 500 mA g(-1) , respectively, indicating its good cycling performance. Furthermore, the MoS2 /3DGN composite also shows excellent high-current-density performance, e.g., depicts a 10(th) -cycle capacity of 466 mAh g(-1) at a high current density of 4 A g(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiehong Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore, Tel: (+65) 67905175; Fax: (+ 65) 67909081, Website: http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/hzhang
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90
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High-quality reduced graphene oxide by a dual-function chemical reduction and healing process. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1929. [PMID: 23722643 PMCID: PMC3668319 DOI: 10.1038/srep01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new chemical dual-functional reducing agent, thiophene, was used to produce high-quality reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a result of a chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the healing of rGO. Thiophene reduced GO by donation of electrons with acceptance of oxygen while it was converted into an intermediate oxidised polymerised thiophene that was eventually transformed into polyhydrocarbon by loss of sulphur atoms. Surprisingly, the polyhydrocarbon template helped to produce good-quality rGOC (chemically reduced) and high-quality rGOCT after thermal treatment. The resulting rGOCT nanosheets did not contain any nitrogen or sulphur impurities, were highly deoxygenated and showed a healing effect. Thus the electrical properties of the as-prepared rGOCT were superior to those of conventional hydrazine-produced rGO that require harsh reaction conditions. Our novel dual reduction and healing method with thiophene could potentially save energy and facilitate the commercial mass production of high-quality graphene.
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91
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Mao S, Yu K, Chang J, Steeber DA, Ocola LE, Chen J. Direct growth of vertically-oriented graphene for field-effect transistor biosensor. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1696. [PMID: 23603871 PMCID: PMC3631944 DOI: 10.1038/srep01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and selective field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor is demonstrated using vertically-oriented graphene (VG) sheets labeled with gold nanoparticle (NP)-antibody conjugates. VG sheets are directly grown on the sensor electrode using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method and function as the sensing channel. The protein detection is accomplished through measuring changes in the electrical signal from the FET sensor upon the antibody-antigen binding. The novel biosensor with unique graphene morphology shows high sensitivity (down to ~2 ng/ml or 13 pM) and selectivity towards specific proteins. The PECVD growth of VG presents a one-step and reliable approach to prepare graphene-based electronic biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Mao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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92
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Kim DJ, Park HC, Sohn IY, Jung JH, Yoon OJ, Park JS, Yoon MY, Lee NE. Electrical graphene aptasensor for ultra-sensitive detection of anthrax toxin with amplified signal transduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3352-3360. [PMID: 23589198 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201203245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Detection of the anthrax toxin, the protective antigen (PA), at the attomolar (aM) level is demonstrated by an electrical aptamer sensor based on a chemically derived graphene field-effect transistor (FET) platform. Higher affinity of the aptamer probes to PA in the aptamer-immobilized FET enables significant improvements in the limit of detection (LOD), dynamic range, and sensitivity compared to the antibody-immobilized FET. Transduction signal enhancement in the aptamer FET due to an increase in captured PA molecules results in a larger 30 mV/decade shift in the charge neutrality point (Vg,min ) as a sensitivity parameter, with the dynamic range of the PA concentration between 12 aM (LOD) and 120 fM. An additional signal enhancement is obtained by the secondary aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs-aptamer), which have a sandwich structure of aptamer/PA/aptamer-AuNPs, induce an increase in charge-doping in the graphene channel, resulting in a reduction of the LOD to 1.2 aM with a three-fold increase in the Vg,min shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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93
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Karthick R, Brindha M, Selvaraj M, Ramu S. Stable colloidal dispersion of functionalized reduced graphene oxide in aqueous medium for transparent conductive film. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 406:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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94
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Lee JS, Kim NH, Kang MS, Yu H, Lee DR, Oh JH, Chang ST, Cho JH. Wafer-scale patterning of reduced graphene oxide electrodes by transfer-and-reverse stamping for high performance OFETs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2817-2825. [PMID: 23589341 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A wafer-scale patterning method for solution-processed graphene electrodes, named the transfer-and-reverse stamping method, is universally applicable for fabricating source/drain electrodes of n- and p-type organic field-effect transistors with excellent performance. The patterning method begins with transferring a highly uniform reduced graphene oxide thin film, which is pre-prepared on a glass substrate, onto hydrophobic silanized (rigid/flexible) substrates. Patterns of the as-prepared reduced graphene oxide films are then formed by modulating the surface energy of the films and selectively delaminating the films using an oxygen-plasma-treated elastomeric stamp with patterns. Reduced graphene oxide patterns with various sizes and shapes can be readily formed onto an entire wafer. Also, they can serve as the source/drain electrodes for benchmark n- and p-type organic field-effect transistors with enhanced performance, compared to those using conventional metal electrodes. These results demonstrate the general utility of this technique. Furthermore, this simple, inexpensive, and scalable electrode-patterning-technique leads to assembling organic complementary circuits onto a flexible substrate successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Suk Lee
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-746, Republic of Korea
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95
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Niu L, Li M, Tao X, Xie Z, Zhou X, Raju APA, Young RJ, Zheng Z. Salt-assisted direct exfoliation of graphite into high-quality, large-size, few-layer graphene sheets. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7202-7208. [PMID: 23824229 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02173d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile and low-cost method to directly exfoliate graphite powders into large-size, high-quality, and solution-dispersible few-layer graphene sheets. In this method, aqueous mixtures of graphite and inorganic salts such as NaCl and CuCl2 are stirred, and subsequently dried by evaporation. Finally, the mixture powders are dispersed into an orthogonal organic solvent solution of the salt by low-power and short-time ultrasonication, which exfoliates graphite into few-layer graphene sheets. We find that the as-made graphene sheets contain little oxygen, and 86% of them are 1-5 layers with lateral sizes as large as 210 μm(2). Importantly, the as-made graphene can be readily dispersed into aqueous solution in the presence of surfactant and thus is compatible with various solution-processing techniques towards graphene-based thin film devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Niu
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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96
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Li J, Ye F, Vaziri S, Muhammed M, Lemme MC, Östling M. Efficient inkjet printing of graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3985-92. [PMID: 23728928 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and mature inkjet printing technology is introduced for mass production of coffee-ring-free patterns of high-quality graphene at high resolution (unmarked scale bars are 100 μm). Typically, several passes of printing and a simple baking allow fabricating a variety of good-performance electronic devices, including transparent conductors, embedded resistors, thin film transistors, and micro-supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Li
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Information and Communication Technology, Electrum 229, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden.
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97
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Zhang Y, Guo Y, Xianyu Y, Chen W, Zhao Y, Jiang X. Nanomaterials for ultrasensitive protein detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3802-3819. [PMID: 23740753 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The advances of nanomaterials have provided exciting technologies and novel materials for protein detection, based on the unique properties associated with nanoscale phenomena such as plasmon resonance, catalysis and energy transfer. This article reviews a series of nanomaterials including nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanowires, and nanosheets, and evaluates their performances in the application for protein detection, focusing on approaches that realize ultrasensitive detection. Many of these nanomaterials were used to analyze clinically relevant protein biomarkers. Their detection in the picomolar, femtomolar or even zeptomolar regime has been realized, sometimes even with naked-eye readout. We summarize the detection methods and results according to materials and targets, review the current challenges, and discuss the solution in the context of technological integration such as combining nanomaterials with microfluidics, and classical analytical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China
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98
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Sohn IY, Kim DJ, Jung JH, Yoon OJ, Nguyen Thanh T, Tran Quang T, Lee NE. pH sensing characteristics and biosensing application of solution-gated reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 45:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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99
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Cao X, Zeng Z, Shi W, Yep P, Yan Q, Zhang H. Three-dimensional graphene network composites for detection of hydrogen peroxide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1703-1707. [PMID: 22933478 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional graphene network (3DGN) prepared by CVD is used as a template to synthesize various composites. These composites are further used as electrodes for electrochemical sensors, which exhibit a low detection limit, quick response time, and wide linear range toward the detection of H2O2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiehong Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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100
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Lee JW, In SI, Kim JD. Remarkable Stability of Graphene/Ni-Al Layered Double Hydroxide Hybrid Composites for Electrochemical Capacitor Electrodes. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2013. [DOI: 10.5229/jecst.2013.4.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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