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Wang X, Sun B, Liu S, Xia T. Structure Activity Relationships of Engineered Nanomaterials in inducing NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Chronic Lung Fibrosis. NANOIMPACT 2017; 6:99-108. [PMID: 28480337 PMCID: PMC5415341 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that certain engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) could induce chronic lung inflammation and fibrosis, however, the key structure activity relationships (SARs) that the link the physicochemical properties and the fibrogenic effects have not been thoroughly reviewed. Recently, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the SAR, and it has been demonstrated that ENMs including rare earth oxides (REOs), graphene and graphene oxides (GO), fumed silica, as well as high aspect ratio materials (such as CNTs and CeO2 nanowires etc.) could trigger the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production in macrophages and subsequent series of profibrogenic cytokines, i.e. TGF-β1 and PDGF-AA in vitro and in vivo, resulting in synergistically cell-cell communication among macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts in a process named epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and collagen deposition in the lung as the adverse outcomes. Interestingly, different ENMs engage a range of distinct pathways leading to the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production in macrophages, which include frustrated phagocytosis, physical piercing, plasma membrane perturbation or damage to lysosomes due to high aspect ratio, particle structure, surface reactivity, transformation, etc. Furthermore, ENM's properties determine the biopersistence in vivo, which also play a major role in chronic lung fibrosis. Based on these progresses, we reviewed recent findings in the literature on the major SARs leading to chronic lung effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine; University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEIN), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Bingbing Sun
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine; University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEIN), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine; University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEIN), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- Corresponding authors:
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52
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Wang Y, Zinonos I, Zysk A, Panagopoulos V, Kaur G, Santos A, Losic D, Evdokiou A. In vivo toxicological assessment of electrochemically engineered anodic alumina nanotubes: a study of biodistribution, subcutaneous implantation and intravenous injection. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2511-2523. [PMID: 32264557 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemically engineered anodic alumina nanotubes (AANTs) have recently shown good in vitro biocompatibility. However, in vivo toxicological and pathological studies are required to clarify the bio-safety of this novel nanomaterial. Herein, we present a pioneering pilot toxicity study on AANTs in immune-competent murine models (Balb/c mice, 8 weeks). AANTs were administered by intravenous (IV) injection and subcutaneous (SC) implantation routes considering the future toxicological implications associated with this nanomaterial for potential biomedical applications. AANTs, 736 nm long and 90 nm in outer diameter, were chosen as a nanomaterial model. We demonstrate that IV injected AANTs do not have any effect on the mortality or body weight of these animal models within 28 days at three different doses (20, 50, 100 mg kg-1). The biodistribution of AANTs characterized by fluorescence imaging and inductively coupled plasma revealed the accumulation of AANTs in the liver and spleen after IV injection. When AANTs were injected intravenously, the highest dose of 100 mg kg-1 caused moderate hepatotoxicity, identified by histopathological analysis. The implantation of AANTs subcutaneously and directly under the skin leads to an inflammatory response, which is a typical foreign body reaction. Taken together, this work provides new insights into the toxicity patterns of new nanomaterials such as AANTs and establishes a rationale for the design of functional AANTs for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Engineering North Building, 5005 Adelaide, Australia.
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Xia T, Zhu Y, Mu L, Zhang ZF, Liu S. Pulmonary diseases induced by ambient ultrafine and engineered nanoparticles in twenty-first century. Natl Sci Rev 2016. [PMID: 28649460 PMCID: PMC5473351 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nww064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is a severe threat to public health globally, affecting everyone in developed and developing countries alike. Among different air pollutants, particulate matter (PM), particularly combustion-produced fine PM (PM2.5) has been shown to play a major role in inducing various adverse health effects. Strong associations have been demonstrated by epidemiological and toxicological studies between increases in PM2.5 concentrations and premature mortality, cardiopulmonary diseases, asthma and allergic sensitization, and lung cancer. The mechanisms of PM-induced toxicological effects are related to their size, chemical composition, lung clearance and retention, cellular oxidative stress responses and pro-inflammatory effects locally and systemically. Particles in the ultrafine range (<100 nm), although they have the highest number counts, surface area and organic chemical content, are often overlooked due to insufficient monitoring and risk assessment. Yet, ample studies have demonstrated that ambient ultrafine particles have higher toxic potential compared with PM2.5. In addition, the rapid development of nanotechnology, bringing ever-increasing production of nanomaterials, has raised concerns about the potential human exposure and health impacts. All these add to the complexity of PM-induced health effects that largely remains to be determined, and mechanistic understanding on the toxicological effects of ambient ultrafine particles and nanomaterials will be the focus of studies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90034, USA
- Corresponding authors. E-mails: ;
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mails: ;
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54
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Sun B, Wang X, Liao YP, Ji Z, Chang CH, Pokhrel S, Ku J, Liu X, Wang M, Dunphy DR, Li R, Meng H, Mädler L, Brinker CJ, Nel AE, Xia T. Repetitive Dosing of Fumed Silica Leads to Profibrogenic Effects through Unique Structure-Activity Relationships and Biopersistence in the Lung. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8054-66. [PMID: 27483033 PMCID: PMC5214959 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to the notion that the use of fumed silica in consumer products can "generally (be) regarded as safe" (GRAS), the high surface reactivity of pyrogenic silica differs from other forms of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), including the capacity to induce membrane damage and acute proinflammatory changes in the murine lung. In addition, the chain-like structure and reactive surface silanols also allow fumed silica to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to IL-1β production. This pathway is known to be associated with subchronic inflammation and profibrogenic effects in the lung by α-quartz and carbon nanotubes. However, different from the latter materials, bolus dose instillation of 21 mg/kg fumed silica did not induce sustained IL-1β production or subchronic pulmonary effects. In contrast, the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway was continuously activated by repetitive-dose administration of 3 × 7 mg/kg fumed silica, 1 week apart. We also found that while single-dose exposure failed to induce profibrotic effects in the lung, repetitive dosing can trigger increased collagen production, even at 3 × 3 mg/kg. The change between bolus and repetitive dosing was due to a change in lung clearance, with recurrent dosing leading to fumed silica biopersistence, sustained macrophage recruitment, and activation of the NLRP3 pathway. These subchronic proinflammatory effects disappeared when less surface-reactive titanium-doped fumed silica was used for recurrent administration. All considered, these data indicate that while fumed silica may be regarded as safe for some applications, we should reconsider the GRAS label during repetitive or chronic inhalation exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Justine Ku
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Meiying Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Darren R. Dunphy
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Ruibin Li
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huan Meng
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Lutz Mädler
- Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - C. Jeffrey Brinker
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Self-Assembled Materials Department, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800 MS1349, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - André E. Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Address correspondence to or
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Address correspondence to or
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55
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Wang X, Mansukhani ND, Guiney LM, Lee JH, Li R, Sun B, Liao YP, Chang CH, Ji Z, Xia T, Hersam MC, Nel AE. Toxicological Profiling of Highly Purified Metallic and Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Rodent Lung and E. coli. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6008-19. [PMID: 27159184 PMCID: PMC4941827 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are potentially useful for electronics, optics, and sensing applications. Depending on the chirality and diameter, individual SWCNTs can be classified as semiconducting (S-SWCNT) or metallic (M-SWCNT). From a biological perspective, the hazard profiling of purified metallic versus semiconducting SWCNTs has been pursued only in bacteria, with the conclusion that aggregated M-SWCNTs are more damaging to bacterial membranes than S-SWCNTs. However, no comparative studies have been performed in a mammalian system, where most toxicity studies have been undertaken using relatively crude SWCNTs that include a M:S mix at 1:2 ratio. In order to compare the toxicological impact of SWCNTs sorted to enrich them for each of the chirality on pulmonary cells and the intact lung, we used density gradient ultracentrifugation and extensive rinsing to prepare S- and M-SWCNTs that are >98% purified. In vitro screening showed that both tube variants trigger similar amounts of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) production in THP-1 and BEAS-2B cells, without cytotoxicity. Oropharyngeal aspiration confirmed that both SWCNT variants induce comparable fibrotic effects in the lung and abundance of IL-1β and TGF-β1 release in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. There was also no change in the morphology, membrane integrity, and viability of E. coli, in contradistinction to the previously published effects of aggregated tubes on the bacterial membrane. Collectively, these data indicate that the electronic properties and chirality do not independently impact SWCNT toxicological impact in the lung, which is of significance to the safety assessment and incremental use of purified tubes by industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Nikhita D. Mansukhani
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Linda M. Guiney
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ruibin Li
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Bingbing Sun
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - André E. Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Corresponding Author: André E. Nel, M.D./Ph.D., Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 52-175 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1680. Tel: (310) 825-6620, Fax: (310) 206-8107,
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56
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Mattsson K, Adolfsson K, Ekvall MT, Borgström MT, Linse S, Hansson LA, Cedervall T, Prinz CN. Translocation of 40 nm diameter nanowires through the intestinal epithelium of Daphnia magna. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1160-7. [PMID: 27181920 PMCID: PMC4975093 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1189615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nanowires (NWs) have unique electrical and optical properties of value for many applications including lighting, sensing, and energy harnessing. Consumer products containing NWs increase the risk of NWs being released in the environment, especially into aquatic ecosystems through sewage systems. Daphnia magna is a common, cosmopolitan freshwater organism sensitive to toxicity tests and represents a likely entry point for nanoparticles into food webs of aquatic ecosystems. Here we have evaluated the effect of NW diameter on the gut penetrance of NWs in Daphnia magna. The animals were exposed to NWs of two diameters (40 and 80 nm) and similar length (3.6 and 3.8 μm, respectively) suspended in water. In order to locate the NWs in Daphnia, the NWs were designed to comprise one inherently fluorescent segment of gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) flanked by a gallium phosphide (GaP) segment. Daphnia mortality was assessed directly after 24 h of exposure and 7 days after exposure. Translocation of NWs across the intestinal epithelium was investigated using confocal fluorescence microscopy directly after 24 h of exposure and was observed in 89% of Daphnia exposed to 40 nm NWs and in 11% of Daphnia exposed to 80 nm NWs. A high degree of fragmentation was observed for NWs of both diameters after ingestion by the Daphnia, although 40 nm NWs were fragmented to a greater extent, which could possibly facilitate translocation across the intestinal epithelium. Our results show that the feeding behavior of animals may enhance the ability of NWs to penetrate biological barriers and that penetrance is governed by the NW diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mattsson
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Karl Adolfsson
- b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,c Division of Solid State Physics , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Mikael T Ekvall
- d Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden , and
| | - Magnus T Borgström
- b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,c Division of Solid State Physics , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- d Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden , and
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,c Division of Solid State Physics , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,e Neuronano Research Center, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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57
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Use of compositional and combinatorial nanomaterial libraries for biological studies. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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58
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Wang C, Bai Y, Li H, Liao R, Li J, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang S, Yang ST, Chang XL. Surface modification-mediated biodistribution of ¹³C-fullerene C₆₀ in vivo. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:14. [PMID: 26956156 PMCID: PMC4784322 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functionalization is believed to have a considerable impact on the biodistribution of fullerene in vivo. However, a direct comparison of differently functionalized fullerenes is required to prove the hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of surface modification on the biodistribution of fullerene following its exposure via several routs of administration. METHODS (13)C skeleton-labeled fullerene C60 ((13)C-C60) was functionalized with carboxyl groups ((13)C-C60-COOH) or hydroxyl groups ((13)C-C60-OH). Male ICR mice (~25 g) were exposed to a single dose of 400 μg of (13)C-C60-COOH or (13)C-C60-OH in 200 μL of aqueous 0.9% NaCl solution by three different exposure pathways, including tail vein injection, gavage and intraperitoneal exposure. Tissue samples, including blood, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, kidneys, lungs, brain, large intestine, small intestine, muscle, bone and skin were subsequently collected, dissected, homogenized, lyophilized, and analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS The liver, bone, muscle and skin were found to be the major target organs for C60-COOH and C60-OH after their intravenous injection, whereas unmodified C60 was mainly found in the liver, spleen and lung. The total uptakes in liver and spleen followed the order: C60 > > C60-COOH > C60-OH. The distribution rate over 24 h followed the order: C60 > C60-OH > C60-COOH. C60-COOH and C60-OH were both cleared from the body at 7 d post exposure. C60-COOH was absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract following gavage exposure and distributed into the heart, liver, spleen, stomach, lungs, intestine and bone tissues. The translocation of C60-OH was more widespread than that of C60-COOH after intraperitoneal injection. CONCLUSIONS The surface modification of fullerene C60 led to a decreased in its accumulation level and distribution rate, as well as altering its target organs. These results therefore demonstrate that the chemical functionalization of fullerene had a significant impact on its translocation and biodistribution properties. Further surface modifications could therefore be used to reduce the toxicity of C60 and improve its biocompatibility, which would be beneficial for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wang
- Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China.
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
| | - Yitong Bai
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Rong Liao
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Jiaxin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, P.R. China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, P.R. China.
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, P.R. China.
| | - Sujuan Zhang
- Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng-Tao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Xue-Ling Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
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Osborne OJ, Lin S, Chang CH, Ji Z, Yu X, Wang X, Lin S, Xia T, Nel AE. Organ-Specific and Size-Dependent Ag Nanoparticle Toxicity in Gills and Intestines of Adult Zebrafish. ACS NANO 2015; 9:9573-9584. [PMID: 26327297 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied adult zebrafish to determine whether the size of 20 and 110 nm citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (AgC NPs) differentially impact the gills and intestines, known target organs for Ag toxicity in fish. Following exposure for 4 h, 4 days, or 4 days plus a 7 day depuration period, we obtained different toxicokinetic profiles for different particle sizes, as determined by Ag content of the tissues. Ionic AgNO3 served as a positive control. The gills showed a significantly higher Ag content for the 20 nm particles at 4 h and 4 days than the 110 nm particles, while the values were more similar in the intestines. Both particle types were retained in the intestines even after depuration. These toxicokinetics were accompanied by striking size-dependent differences in the ultrastructural features and histopathology in the target organs in response to the particulates. Ag staining of the gills and intestines confirmed prominent Ag deposition in the basolateral membranes for the 20 nm but not for the 110 nm particles. Furthermore, it was possible to link the site of tissue deposition to disruption of the Na(+)/K(+) ion channel, which is also localized to the basolateral membrane. This was confirmed by a reduction in ATPase activity and immunohistochemical detection of the α subunit of this channel in both target organs, with the 20 nm particles causing significantly higher inhibition and disruption than the larger size particles or AgNO3. These results demonstrate the importance of particle size in determining the hazardous impact of AgNPs in the gills and intestines of adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Osborne
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sijie Lin
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xuechen Yu
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shuo Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, UCLA School of Medicine , 52-175 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - André E Nel
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, UCLA School of Medicine , 52-175 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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60
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Pulido-Reyes G, Rodea-Palomares I, Das S, Sakthivel TS, Leganes F, Rosal R, Seal S, Fernández-Piñas F. Untangling the biological effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles: the role of surface valence states. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15613. [PMID: 26489858 PMCID: PMC4615008 DOI: 10.1038/srep15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria; CNPs) have been found to have both pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant effects on different cell systems or organisms. In order to untangle the mechanisms which underlie the biological activity of nanoceria, we have studied the effect of five different CNPs on a model relevant aquatic microorganism. Neither shape, concentration, synthesis method, surface charge (ζ-potential), nor nominal size had any influence in the observed biological activity. The main driver of toxicity was found to be the percentage of surface content of Ce(3+) sites: CNP1 (58%) and CNP5 (40%) were found to be toxic whereas CNP2 (28%), CNP3 (36%) and CNP4 (26%) were found to be non-toxic. The colloidal stability and redox chemistry of the most and least toxic CNPs, CNP1 and CNP2, respectively, were modified by incubation with iron and phosphate buffers. Blocking surface Ce(3+) sites of the most toxic CNP, CNP1, with phosphate treatment reverted toxicity and stimulated growth. Colloidal destabilization with Fe treatment only increased toxicity of CNP1. The results of this study are relevant in the understanding of the main drivers of biological activity of nanoceria and to define global descriptors of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) bioactivity which may be useful in safer-by-design strategies of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Pulido-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodea-Palomares
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Soumen Das
- Advanced Material Processing Analysis Center and Nanoscience Technology Center, Materials Science and Eng, UCF College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Tamil Selvan Sakthivel
- Advanced Material Processing Analysis Center and Nanoscience Technology Center, Materials Science and Eng, UCF College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Francisco Leganes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Advanced Material Processing Analysis Center and Nanoscience Technology Center, Materials Science and Eng, UCF College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Florida 32826, United States
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Sun B, Pokhrel S, Dunphy DR, Zhang H, Ji Z, Wang X, Wang M, Liao YP, Chang CH, Dong J, Li R, Mädler L, Brinker CJ, Nel AE, Xia T. Reduction of Acute Inflammatory Effects of Fumed Silica Nanoparticles in the Lung by Adjusting Silanol Display through Calcination and Metal Doping. ACS NANO 2015; 9:9357-9372. [PMID: 26200133 PMCID: PMC4687969 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The production of pyrogenic (fumed) silica is increasing worldwide at a 7% annual growth rate, including expanded use in food, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial products. Synthetic amorphous silica, including fumed silica, has been generally recognized as safe for use in food products by the Food and Drug Administration. However, emerging evidence from experimental studies now suggests that fumed silica could be hazardous due to its siloxane ring structure, high silanol density, and "string-of-pearl-like" aggregate structure, which could combine to cause membrane disruption, generation of reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory effects, and liver fibrosis. Based on this structure-activity analysis (SAA), we investigated whether calcination and rehydration of fumed silica changes its hazard potential in the lung due to an effect on silanol density display. This analysis demonstrated that the accompanying change in surface reactivity could indeed impact cytokine production in macrophages and acute inflammation in the lung, in a manner that is dependent on siloxane ring reconstruction. Confirmation of this SAA in vivo, prompted us to consider safer design of fumed silica properties by titanium and aluminum doping (0-7%), using flame spray pyrolysis. Detailed characterization revealed that increased Ti and Al doping could reduce surface silanol density and expression of three-membered siloxane rings, leading to dose-dependent reduction in hydroxyl radical generation, membrane perturbation, potassium efflux, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and cytotoxicity in THP-1 cells. The reduction of NLRP3 inflammasome activation was also confirmed in bone-marrow-derived macrophages. Ti doping, and to a lesser extent Al doping, also ameliorated acute pulmonary inflammation, demonstrating the possibility of a safer design approach for fumed silica, should that be required for specific use circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Darren R. Dunphy
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Meiying Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Juyao Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ruibin Li
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Lutz Mädler
- Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - C. Jeffrey Brinker
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Self-Assembled Materials Department, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800 MS1349, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - André E. Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Address correspondence to or
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Address correspondence to or
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62
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Lee KL, Shukla S, Wu M, Ayat NR, El Sanadi CE, Wen AM, Edelbrock JF, Pokorski JK, Commandeur U, Dubyak GR, Steinmetz NF. Stealth filaments: Polymer chain length and conformation affect the in vivo fate of PEGylated potato virus X. Acta Biomater 2015; 19:166-79. [PMID: 25769228 PMCID: PMC4411193 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles hold great promise for delivering medical cargos to cancerous tissues to enhance contrast and sensitivity of imaging agents or to increase specificity and efficacy of therapeutics. A growing body of data suggests that nanoparticle shape, in combination with surface chemistry, affects their in vivo fates, with elongated filaments showing enhanced tumor targeting and tissue penetration, while promoting immune evasion. The synthesis of high aspect ratio filamentous materials at the nanoscale remains challenging using synthetic routes; therefore we turned toward nature's materials, developing and studying the filamentous structures formed by the plant virus potato virus X (PVX). We recently demonstrated that PVX shows enhanced tumor homing in various preclinical models. Like other nanoparticle systems, the proteinaceous platform is cleared from circulation and tissues by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). To increase bioavailability we set out to develop PEGylated stealth filaments and evaluate the effects of PEG chain length and conformation on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, as well as potential immune and inflammatory responses. We demonstrate that PEGylation effectively reduces immune recognition while increasing pharmacokinetic profiles. Stealth filaments show reduced interaction with cells of the MPS; the protein:polymer hybrids are cleared from the body tissues within hours to days indicating biodegradability and biocompatibility. Tissue compatibility is indicated with no apparent inflammatory signaling in vivo. Tailoring PEG chain length and conformation (brush vs. mushroom) allows tuning of the pharmacokinetics, yielding long-circulating stealth filaments for applications in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin L Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Mengzhi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Nadia R Ayat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Caroline E El Sanadi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - John F Edelbrock
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - George R Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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63
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Wang Y, Kaur G, Zysk A, Liapis V, Hay S, Santos A, Losic D, Evdokiou A. Systematic in vitro nanotoxicity study on anodic alumina nanotubes with engineered aspect ratio: Understanding nanotoxicity by a nanomaterial model. Biomaterials 2015; 46:117-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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64
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Dwyer JT, Wiemer KL, Dary O, Keen CL, King JC, Miller KB, Philbert MA, Tarasuk V, Taylor CL, Gaine PC, Jarvis AB, Bailey RL. Fortification and health: challenges and opportunities. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:124-31. [PMID: 25593151 PMCID: PMC4288271 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fortification is the process of adding nutrients or non-nutrient bioactive components to edible products (e.g., food, food constituents, or supplements). Fortification can be used to correct or prevent widespread nutrient intake shortfalls and associated deficiencies, to balance the total nutrient profile of a diet, to restore nutrients lost in processing, or to appeal to consumers looking to supplement their diet. Food fortification could be considered as a public health strategy to enhance nutrient intakes of a population. Over the past century, fortification has been effective at reducing the risk of nutrient deficiency diseases such as beriberi, goiter, pellagra, and rickets. However, the world today is very different from when fortification emerged in the 1920s. Although early fortification programs were designed to eliminate deficiency diseases, current fortification programs are based on low dietary intakes rather than a diagnosable condition. Moving forward, we must be diligent in our approach to achieving effective and responsible fortification practices and policies, including responsible marketing of fortified products. Fortification must be applied prudently, its effects monitored diligently, and the public informed effectively about its benefits through consumer education efforts. Clear lines of authority for establishing fortification guidelines should be developed and should take into account changing population demographics, changes in the food supply, and advances in technology. This article is a summary of a symposium presented at the ASN Scientific Sessions and Annual Meeting at Experimental Biology 2014 on current issues involving fortification focusing primarily on the United States and Canada and recommendations for the development of responsible fortification practices to ensure their safety and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omar Dary
- Bureau for Global Health, Infectious Diseases, Washington, DC
| | | | - Janet C King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
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65
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Docter D, Westmeier D, Markiewicz M, Stolte S, Knauer SK, Stauber RH. The nanoparticle biomolecule corona: lessons learned – challenge accepted? Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6094-121. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00217f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Besides the wide use of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) in technical products, their applications are not only increasing in biotechnology and biomedicine, but also in the environmental field.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Docter
- Department of Nanobiomedicine/ENT
- University Medical Center of Mainz
- 55101 Mainz
- Germany
| | - D. Westmeier
- Department of Nanobiomedicine/ENT
- University Medical Center of Mainz
- 55101 Mainz
- Germany
| | - M. Markiewicz
- Department Sustainable Chemistry
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT)
- University of Bremen
- Bremen
| | - S. Stolte
- Department Sustainable Chemistry
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT)
- University of Bremen
- Bremen
- Department of Environmental Analytics
| | - S. K. Knauer
- Institute for Molecular Biology
- CENIDE
- Mainz Scientific Screening Center UG&Co. KG
- University Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
| | - R. H. Stauber
- Department of Nanobiomedicine/ENT
- University Medical Center of Mainz
- 55101 Mainz
- Germany
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66
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Ruyra À, Yazdi A, Espín J, Carné-Sánchez A, Roher N, Lorenzo J, Imaz I, Maspoch D. Synthesis, culture medium stability, and in vitro and in vivo zebrafish embryo toxicity of metal-organic framework nanoparticles. Chemistry 2014; 21:2508-18. [PMID: 25504892 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are among the most attractive porous materials available today. They have garnered much attention for their potential utility in many different areas such as gas storage, separation, catalysis, and biomedicine. However, very little is known about the possible health or environmental risks of these materials. Here, the results of toxicity studies on sixteen representative uncoated MOF nanoparticles (nanoMOFs), which were assessed for cytotoxicity to HepG2 and MCF7 cells in vitro, and for toxicity to zebrafish embryos in vivo, are reported. Interestingly, there is a strong correlation between their in vitro toxicity and their in vivo toxicity. NanoMOFs were ranked according to their respective in vivo toxicity (in terms of the amount and severity of phenotypic changes observed in the treated zebrafish embryos), which varied widely. Altogether these results show different levels of toxicity of these materials; however, leaching of solubilized metal ions plays a main role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Ruyra
- ICN2 (ICN-CSIC), Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia, Esfera UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain); Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Parc de Recerca UAB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain)
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67
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Abstract
The widespread entry of nanomaterials into manifold life fields posed serious concerns on environmental health and safety issues. Potential adverse effects of nanoparticles (NPs) are continuously faced using in vitro cell systems and by mean of cell and molecular biology tools, several mechanisms have been found beyond their toxicity. The evaluation of the in vivo possible consequences derived from exposure of living organisms to NPs is instead more complex but compulsory in view of their application for diagnosis or therapeutic purposes. Here the effects of NP-induced genetic alteration on the progeny of treated animals will be treated, considering selected species from invertebrate and vertebrates as examples of transgenerational transmission of NP toxicity. The effects on reproductive capability, fertility and embryogenesis observed in different animal species upon treatment with different materials will provide an overview of the current knowledge on the heritable feature of nanotoxicity.
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68
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Park EJ, Lee GH, Shim JH, Cho MH, Lee BS, Kim YB, Kim JH, Kim Y, Kim DW. Comparison of the toxicity of aluminum oxide nanorods with different aspect ratio. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1771-82. [PMID: 25155191 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum oxide nanoparticles are listed among 14 high-priority nanomaterials published by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, but limited information is available on their potential hazards. In this study, we compared the toxicity of two different aluminum oxide nanorods (AlNRs) commercially available in vivo and in vitro. Considering aspect ratio, one was 6.2 ± 0.6 (long-AlNRs) and the other was 2.1 ± 0.4 (short-AlNRs). In mice, long-AlNRs induced longer and stronger inflammatory responses than short-AlNRs, and the degree reached the maximum on day 7 for both types and decreased with time. In addition, in vitro tests were performed on six cell lines derived from potential target organs for AlNPs, HEK-293 (kidney), HACAT (skin), Chang (liver), BEAS-2B (lung), T98G (brain), and H9C2 (heart), using MTT assay, ATP assay, LDH release, and xCELLigence system. Long-AlNRs generally produced stronger toxicity than short-AlNRs, and HEK-293 cells were the most sensitive for both AlNRs, followed by BEAS-2B cells, although results from 4 kinds of toxicity tests conflicted among the cell lines. Based on these results, we suggest that toxicity of AlNRs may be related to aspect ratio (and resultant surface area). Furthermore, novel in vitro toxicity testing methods are needed to resolve questionable results caused by the unique properties of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea.
| | - Gwang-Hee Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Shim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea.
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