51
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Albors-Vaquer A, Rizvi A, Matzapetakis M, Lamosa P, Coelho AV, Patel AB, Mande SC, Gaddam S, Pineda-Lucena A, Banerjee S, Puchades-Carrasco L. Active and prospective latent tuberculosis are associated with different metabolomic profiles: clinical potential for the identification of rapid and non-invasive biomarkers. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1131-1139. [PMID: 32486916 PMCID: PMC7448900 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1760734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although 23% of world population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), only 5-10% manifest the disease. Individuals surely exposed to M. tb that remain asymptomatic are considered potential latent TB (LTB) cases. Such asymptomatic M. tb.-exposed individuals represent a reservoir for active TB cases. Although accurate discrimination and early treatment of patients with active TB and asymptomatic M. tb.-exposed individuals are necessary to control TB, identifying those individuals at risk of developing active TB still remains a tremendous clinical challenge. This study aimed to characterize the differences in the serum metabolic profile specifically associated to active TB infected individuals or to asymptomatic M. tb.-exposed population. Interestingly, significant changes in a specific set of metabolites were shared when comparing either asymptomatic house-hold contacts of active TB patients (HHC-TB) or active TB patients (A-TB) to clinically healthy controls (HC). Furthermore, this analysis revealed statistically significant lower serum levels of aminoacids such as alanine, lysine, glutamate and glutamine, and citrate and choline in patients with A-TB, when compared to HHC-TB. The predictive ability of these metabolic changes was also evaluated. Although further validation in independent cohorts and comparison with other pulmonary infectious diseases will be necessary to assess the clinical potential, this analysis enabled the discrimination between HHC-TB and A-TB patients with an AUC value of 0.904 (confidence interval 0.81-1.00, p-value < 0.0001). Overall, the strategy described in this work could provide a sensitive, specific, and minimally invasive method that could eventually be translated into a clinical tool for TB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Albors-Vaquer
- Drug Discovery Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - A. Rizvi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - S. C. Mande
- National Centre For Cell Science, Pune, India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - S. Gaddam
- Department of Immunology, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Center, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - A. Pineda-Lucena
- Drug Discovery Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - S. Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - L. Puchades-Carrasco
- Drug Discovery Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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52
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TCA cycle signalling and the evolution of eukaryotes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 68:72-88. [PMID: 33137653 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major question remaining in the field of evolutionary biology is how prokaryotic organisms made the leap to complex eukaryotic life. The prevailing theory depicts the origin of eukaryotic cell complexity as emerging from the symbiosis between an α-proteobacterium, the ancestor of present-day mitochondria, and an archaeal host (endosymbiont theory). A primary contribution of mitochondria to eukaryogenesis has been attributed to the mitochondrial genome, which enabled the successful internalisation of bioenergetic membranes and facilitated remarkable genome expansion. It has also been postulated that a key contribution of the archaeal host during eukaryogenesis was in providing 'archaeal histones' that would enable compaction and regulation of an expanded genome. Yet, how the communication between the host and the symbiont evolved is unclear. Here, we propose an evolutionary concept in which mitochondrial TCA cycle signalling was also a crucial player during eukaryogenesis enabling the dynamic control of an expanded genome via regulation of DNA and histone modifications. Furthermore, we discuss how TCA cycle remodelling is a common evolutionary strategy invoked by eukaryotic organisms to coordinate stress responses and gene expression programmes, with a particular focus on the TCA cycle-derived metabolite itaconate.
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53
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Ogger PP, Albers GJ, Hewitt RJ, O'Sullivan BJ, Powell JE, Calamita E, Ghai P, Walker SA, McErlean P, Saunders P, Kingston S, Molyneaux PL, Halket JM, Gray R, Chambers DC, Maher TM, Lloyd CM, Byrne AJ. Itaconate controls the severity of pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/52/eabc1884. [PMID: 33097591 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abc1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease in which airway macrophages (AMs) play a key role. Itaconate has emerged as a mediator of macrophage function, but its role during fibrosis is unknown. Here, we reveal that itaconate is an endogenous antifibrotic factor in the lung. Itaconate levels are reduced in bronchoalveolar lavage, and itaconate-synthesizing cis-aconitate decarboxylase expression (ACOD1) is reduced in AMs from patients with IPF compared with controls. In the murine bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis, Acod1-/- mice develop persistent fibrosis, unlike wild-type (WT) littermates. Profibrotic gene expression is increased in Acod1-/- tissue-resident AMs compared with WT, and adoptive transfer of WT monocyte-recruited AMs rescued mice from disease phenotype. Culture of lung fibroblasts with itaconate decreased proliferation and wound healing capacity, and inhaled itaconate was protective in mice in vivo. Collectively, these data identify itaconate as critical for controlling the severity of lung fibrosis, and targeting this pathway may be a viable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Ogger
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gesa J Albers
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Richard J Hewitt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Brendan J O'Sullivan
- Queensland Lung Transplant Service, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph E Powell
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia.,Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily Calamita
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Poonam Ghai
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simone A Walker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter McErlean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter Saunders
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Shaun Kingston
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Philip L Molyneaux
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - John M Halket
- Mass Spectrometry Facility King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Robert Gray
- Mass Spectrometry Facility King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Daniel C Chambers
- Queensland Lung Transplant Service, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Toby M Maher
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.,Hastings Centre for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Adam J Byrne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. .,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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54
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Mohareer K, Medikonda J, Vadankula GR, Banerjee S. Mycobacterial Control of Host Mitochondria: Bioenergetic and Metabolic Changes Shaping Cell Fate and Infection Outcome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:457. [PMID: 33102245 PMCID: PMC7554303 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, are undoubtedly critical organelle of a eukaryotic cell, which provide energy and offer a platform for most of the cellular signaling pathways that decide cell fate. The role of mitochondria in immune-metabolism is now emerging as a crucial process governing several pathological states, including infection, cancer, and diabetes. Mitochondria have therefore been a vulnerable target for several bacterial and viral pathogens to control host machinery for their survival, replication, and dissemination. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a highly successful human pathogen, persists inside alveolar macrophages at the primary infection site, applying several strategies to circumvent macrophage defenses, including control of host mitochondria. The infection perse and specific mycobacterial factors that enter the host mitochondrial milieu perturb mitochondrial dynamics and function by disturbing mitochondrial membrane potential, shifting bioenergetics parameters such as ATP and ROS, orienting the host cell fate and thereby infection outcome. In the present review, we attempt to integrate the available information and emerging dogmas to get a holistic view of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection vis-a-vis mycobacterial factors that target host mitochondria and changes therein in terms of morphology, dynamics, proteomic, and bioenergetic alterations that lead to a differential cell fate and immune response determining the disease outcome. We also discuss critical host factors and processes that are overturned by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, such as cAMP-mediated signaling, redox homeostasis, and lipid droplet formation. Further, we also present alternate dogmas as well as the gaps and limitations in understanding some of the present research areas, which can be further explored by understanding some critical processes during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the reasons thereof. Toward the end, we propose to have a set of guidelines for pursuing investigations to maintain uniformity in terms of early and late phase, MOI of infection, infection duration and incubation periods, the strain of mycobacteria, passage numbers, and so on, which all work as probable variables toward different readouts. Such a setup would, therefore, help in the smooth integration of information across laboratories toward a better understanding of the disease and possibilities of host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaveni Mohareer
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jayashankar Medikonda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Govinda Raju Vadankula
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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55
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Cumming BM, Pacl HT, Steyn AJC. Relevance of the Warburg Effect in Tuberculosis for Host-Directed Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:576596. [PMID: 33072629 PMCID: PMC7531540 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.576596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) was responsible for more deaths in 2019 than any other infectious agent. This epidemic is exacerbated by the ongoing development of multi-drug resistance and HIV co-infection. Recent studies have therefore focused on identifying host-directed therapies (HDTs) that can be used in combination with anti-mycobacterial drugs to shorten the duration of TB treatment and improve TB outcomes. In searching for effective HDTs for TB, studies have looked toward immunometabolism, the study of the role of metabolism in host immunity and, in particular, the Warburg effect. Across a variety of experimental paradigms ranging from in vitro systems to the clinic, studies on the role of the Warburg effect in TB have produced seemingly conflicting results and contradictory conclusions. To reconcile this literature, we take a historical approach to revisit the definition of the Warburg effect, re-examine the foundational papers on the Warburg effect in the cancer field and explore its application to immunometabolism. With a firm context established, we assess the literature investigating metabolism and immunometabolism in TB for sufficient evidence to support the role of the Warburg effect in TB immunity. The effects of the differences between animal models, species of origin of the macrophages, duration of infection and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains used for these studies are highlighted. In addition, the shortcomings of using 2-deoxyglucose as an inhibitor of glycolysis are discussed. We conclude by proposing experimental criteria that are essential for future studies on the Warburg effect in TB to assist with the research for HDTs to combat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayden T Pacl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Centers for Free Radical Biology (CFRB) and AIDS Research (CFAR), University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
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56
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Itaconic acid impairs the mitochondrial function by the inhibition of complexes II and IV and induction of the permeability transition pore opening in rat liver mitochondria. Biochimie 2020; 176:150-157. [PMID: 32721502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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57
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Hackett EE, Sheedy FJ. An Army Marches on Its Stomach: Metabolic Intermediates as Antimicrobial Mediators in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:446. [PMID: 32984072 PMCID: PMC7477320 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the immune system are reliant on their metabolic state to launch effective responses to combat mycobacterial infections. The bioenergetic profile of the cell determines the molecular fuels and metabolites available to the host, as well as to the bacterial invader. How cells utilize the nutrients in their microenvironment—including glucose, lipids and amino acids—to sustain their functions and produce antimicrobial metabolites, and how mycobacteria exploit this to evade the immune system is of great interest. Changes in flux through metabolic pathways alters the intermediate metabolites present. These intermediates are beginning to be recognized as key modulators of immune signaling as well as direct antimicrobial effectors, and their impact on tuberculosis infection is becoming apparent. A better understanding of how metabolism impacts immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and how it is regulated and thus can be manipulated will open the potential for novel therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer E Hackett
- Macrophage Homeostasis, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frederick J Sheedy
- Macrophage Homeostasis, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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58
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Wang Q, Li XL, Mei Y, Ye JC, Fan W, Cheng GH, Zeng MS, Feng GK. The anti-inflammatory drug dimethyl itaconate protects against colitis-associated colorectal cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1457-1466. [PMID: 32840638 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed cancer of which risk factors include unhealthy diet, smoking, and chronic inflammation. Weakening the inflammatory response emerges as an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent the progression of CRC. Inflammatory macrophages produce substantial amounts of immunoregulatory metabolite itaconate, which is synthesized by the immune response gene 1 (Irg1). In this study, we use a membrane-permeable itaconate derivative, dimethyl itaconate (DI), for the protection against CRC in mouse model. DI decreased the high inflammatory state of ulcerative colitis and reduced the colitis-associated cancer (CAC) risk. Mechanistically, DI inhibited the secretion of the cytokines IL-1β and CCL2 from intestinal epithelial cells, and therefore reduced the recruitment of macrophages into tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, the decrease of macrophage infiltration was accompanied by a decrease of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) infiltration and the differentiation of T cell subsets into cytotoxic T cells. We showed that itaconate derivative limits inflammatory response, indicating a negative feedback loop that involves an inflammatory agent and itaconate. Our findings demonstrate the potential application of DI for the prevention of colitis-associated CRC. KEY MESSAGES: Dimethyl itaconate (DI) suppresses ulcerative colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer DI decreases infiltration of macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells into tumor DI weakens the inflammatory response via inhibiting the secretion of IL-1β and CCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xin Ling Li
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Radiation Oncology Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yan Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jia-Chong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Radiation Oncology Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Guang-Hui Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Guo-Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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59
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Kim JS, Kim YR, Yang CS. Host-Directed Therapy in Tuberculosis: Targeting Host Metabolism. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1790. [PMID: 32903583 PMCID: PMC7438556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has complex and intricate interactions with host immune cells. Mtb can survive, persist, and grow within macrophages and thereby circumvent detection by the innate immune system. Recently, the field of immunometabolism, which focuses on the link between metabolism and immune function, has provided us with an improved understanding of the role of metabolism in modulating immune function. For example, host immune cells can switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in response to infection, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. In this state, immune cells are capable of amplifying production of both antimicrobial pro-inflammatory mediators that are critical for the elimination of bacteria. Also, cells undergoing the Warburg effect upregulate production of nitric oxide augment the synthesis of bioactive lipids. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the Warburg effect and discuss its role in promoting host immune responses to Mtb. In most settings, immune cells utilize the Warburg effect to promote inflammation and thereby eliminate invading bacteria; interestingly, Mtb exploits this effect to promote its own survival. A better understanding of the dynamics of metabolism within immune cells together with the specific features that contribute to the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) may suggest potential host-directed therapeutic targets for promoting clearance of Mtb and limiting its survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Depatment of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye-Ram Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Depatment of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Depatment of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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60
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Characterization of cytokine profile to distinguish latent tuberculosis from active tuberculosis and healthy controls. Cytokine 2020; 135:155218. [PMID: 32771857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease and its mortality rate ranks first. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) means that a patient is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but has no relative clinical symptoms. It has been estimated that approximately 10% of patients with LTBI would develop into active tuberculosis. Therefore, it was urgent to search for more efficient biomarkers to discriminate LTBI from healthy population. METHODS The Luminex assay was employed to detect the quantity of cytokines secreted by mononuclear cells from peripheral blood stimulated with the ESAT6 protein among TB, LTBI and healthy controls. The cytokine profile was analyzed by principal components analysis and the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS The principal components analysis indicated that LTBI and TB were clearly separated from healthy controls, and that LTBI was also successfully differentiated from healthy controls. The cytokine profiling method to distinguish LTBI from healthy controls has a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Nine potential biomarkers, including IL-23, IL-21, HGF, Bngf, IL-27, IL-31, IL-1β, IL-22 and IL-18, were identified, and these cytokines were considered as a potential cytokine complex for more effectively discriminating LTBI from healthy controls. CONCLUSION IL-23, IL-21, HGF, Bngf, IL-27, IL-31, IL-1β, IL-22 and IL-18 were demonstrated to be the potential cytokine complex for the assessment between LTBI and healthy controls.
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61
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Itaconate: A Metabolite Regulates Inflammation Response and Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5404780. [PMID: 32724492 PMCID: PMC7382747 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5404780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic products can lead to crucial biological function alterations. Itaconate is probably the best example of how a metabolic process can be diverted to generate an immunomodulator effect in macrophages. Through inflammatory stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide, the immune response gene 1 is activated and promotes the production of itaconate from the tricarboxylic acid cycle by decarboxylating cis-aconitate. Itaconate has been reported to have multiple immunoregulatory and antioxidative effects. In addition, reports have described its antibacterial and protumor effects. The involved mechanism in these effects includes the activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 by alkylation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, inhibition of aerobic glycolysis by targeting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, and blockade of IκBζ translation. All of these discoveries elucidated the transformation of the pro- into anti-inflammatory status in macrophages, which is crucial in innate immunity and set the ground for the emerging therapeutic implications of itaconate. In this review, we point out that itaconate is a novel and pivotal metabolic determinant of the immunoregulatory response in macrophages and highlight studies that have improved our understanding of the connection between the immune response and metabolism. In addition, we shed light on the therapeutic potential of itaconate and its derivatives to treat inflammatory diseases.
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62
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Tuberculosis causes highly conserved metabolic changes in human patients, mycobacteria-infected mice and zebrafish larvae. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11635. [PMID: 32669636 PMCID: PMC7363909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a highly infectious and potentially fatal disease accompanied by wasting symptoms, which cause severe metabolic changes in infected people. In this study we have compared the effect of mycobacteria infection on the level of metabolites in blood of humans and mice and whole zebrafish larvae using one highly standardized mass spectrometry pipeline, ensuring technical comparability of the results. Quantification of a range of circulating small amines showed that the levels of the majority of these compounds were significantly decreased in all three groups of infected organisms. Ten of these metabolites were common between the three different organisms comprising: methionine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, serine, tryptophan, leucine, citrulline, ethanolamine and phenylalanine. The metabolomic changes of zebrafish larvae after infection were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our study identified common biomarkers for tuberculosis disease in humans, mice and zebrafish, showing across species conservation of metabolic reprogramming processes as a result of disease. Apparently, the mechanisms underlying these processes are independent of environmental, developmental and vertebrate evolutionary factors. The zebrafish larval model is highly suited to further investigate the mechanism of metabolic reprogramming and the connection with wasting syndrome due to infection by mycobacteria.
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63
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Huang Y, Wu Q, Zhao L, Xiong C, Xu Y, Dong X, Wen Y, Cao J. UHPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Process of Schistosomiasis in Mice. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1517. [PMID: 32760365 PMCID: PMC7371968 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics, as an emerging technology, has been demonstrated to be a very powerful tool in the study of the host metabolic responses to infections by parasites. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by schistosoma worm via the direct contact with the water containing cercaria, among which Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) is endemic in Asia. In order to characterize the schistosome-induced changes in the host metabolism and further to develop the strategy for early diagnosis of schistosomiasis, we performed comprehensive LC-MS-based metabolomics analysis of serum from mice infected by S. japonicum for 5 weeks. With the developed diagnosis strategy based on our metabolomics data, we were able to successfully detect schistosomiasis at the first week post-infection, which was 3 weeks earlier than "gold standard" methods and 2 weeks earlier than the methods based on 1H NMR spectroscopy. Our metabolomics study revealed that S. japonicum infection induced the metabolic changes involved in a variety of metabolic pathways including amino acid metabolism, DNA and RNA biosynthesis, phospholipid metabolism, depression of energy metabolism, glucose uptake and metabolism, and disruption of gut microbiota metabolism. In addition, we identified seventeen specific metabolites whose down-regulated profiles were closely correlated with the time-course of schistosomiasis progression and can also be used as an indicator for the worm-burdens. Interestingly, the decrease of these seventeen metabolites was particularly remarkable at the first week post-infection. Thus, our findings on mechanisms of host-parasite interaction during the disease process pave the way for the development of an early diagnosis tool and provide more insightful understandings of the potential metabolic process associated with schistosomiasis in mice. Furthermore, the diagnosis strategy developed in this work is cost-effective and is superior to other currently used diagnosis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzheng Huang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chunrong Xiong
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongliang Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Cao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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64
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Bernatchez JA, McCall LI. Insights gained into respiratory infection pathogenesis using lung tissue metabolomics. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008662. [PMID: 32663224 PMCID: PMC7360053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Bernatchez
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
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65
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Wu R, Chen F, Wang N, Tang D, Kang R. ACOD1 in immunometabolism and disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:822-833. [PMID: 32601305 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism plays a fundamental role in health and diseases and involves multiple genes and signals. Aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1; also known as IRG1) is emerging as a regulator of immunometabolism in inflammation and infection. Upregulation of ACOD1 expression occurs in activated immune cells (e.g., macrophages and monocytes) in response to pathogen infection (e.g., bacteria and viruses), pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules (e.g., LPS), cytokines (e.g., TNF and IFNs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (e.g., monosodium urate). Mechanistically, several immune receptors (e.g., TLRs and IFNAR), adapter proteins (e.g., MYD88), ubiquitin ligases (e.g., A20), and transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, IRFs, and STATs) form complex signal transduction networks to control ACOD1 expression in a context-dependent manner. Functionally, ACOD1 mediates itaconate production, oxidative stress, and antigen processing and plays dual roles in immunity and diseases. On the one hand, activation of the ACOD1 pathway may limit pathogen infection and promote embryo implantation. On the other hand, abnormal ACOD1 expression can lead to tumor progression, neurodegenerative disease, and immune paralysis. Further understanding of the function and regulation of ACOD1 is important for the application of ACOD1-based therapeutic strategies in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runliu Wu
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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66
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Cytokine-like Roles for Metabolites in Immunity. Mol Cell 2020; 78:814-823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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67
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Phelan JJ, McQuaid K, Kenny C, Gogan KM, Cox DJ, Basdeo SA, O’Leary S, Tazoll SC, Ó Maoldomhnaigh C, O’Sullivan MP, O’Neill LA, O’Sullivan MJ, Keane J. Desferrioxamine Supports Metabolic Function in Primary Human Macrophages Infected With Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:836. [PMID: 32477344 PMCID: PMC7237728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the single biggest infectious killer in the world and presents a major global health challenge. Antimicrobial therapy requires many months of multiple drugs and incidences of drug resistant tuberculosis continues to rise. Consequently, research is now focused on the development of therapies to support the function of infected immune cells. HIF1α-mediated induction of aerobic glycolysis is integral to the host macrophage response during infection with Mtb, as this promotes bacillary clearance. Some iron chelators have been shown to modulate cellular metabolism through the regulation of HIF1α. We examined if the iron chelator, desferrioxamine (DFX), could support the function of primary human macrophages infected with Mtb. Using RT-PCR, we found that DFX promoted the expression of key glycolytic enzymes in Mtb-infected primary human MDMs and human alveolar macrophages. Using Seahorse technology, we demonstrate that DFX enhances glycolytic metabolism in Mtb-stimulated human MDMs, while helping to enhance glycolysis during mitochondrial distress. Furthermore, the effect of DFX on glycolysis was not limited to Mtb infection as DFX also boosted glycolytic metabolism in uninfected and LPS-stimulated cells. DFX also supports innate immune function by inducing IL1β production in human macrophages during early infection with Mtb and upon stimulation with LPS. Moreover, using hypoxia, Western blot and ChIP-qPCR analyses, we show that DFX modulates IL1β levels in these cells in a HIF1α-mediated manner. Collectively, our data suggests that DFX exhibits potential to enhance immunometabolic responses and augment host immune function during early Mtb infection, in selected clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Joseph Phelan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate McQuaid
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colin Kenny
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karl Michael Gogan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dónal J. Cox
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharee Ann Basdeo
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seónadh O’Leary
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simone Christa Tazoll
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cilian Ó Maoldomhnaigh
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary P. O’Sullivan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke A. O’Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maureen J. O’Sullivan
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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68
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Fernández-García M, Rey-Stolle F, Boccard J, Reddy VP, García A, Cumming BM, Steyn AJC, Rudaz S, Barbas C. Comprehensive Examination of the Mouse Lung Metabolome Following Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Using a Multiplatform Mass Spectrometry Approach. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2053-2070. [PMID: 32285670 PMCID: PMC7199213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) rewires the host metabolism in vivo are surprisingly unexplored. Here, we used three high-resolution mass spectrometry platforms to track altered lung metabolic changes associated with Mtb infection of mice. The multiplatform data sets were merged using consensus orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (cOPLS-DA), an algorithm that allows for the joint interpretation of the results from a single multivariate analysis. We show that Mtb infection triggers a temporal and progressive catabolic state to satisfy the continuously changing energy demand to control infection. This causes dysregulation of metabolic and oxido-reductive pathways culminating in Mtb-associated wasting. Notably, high abundances of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), produced by the host from the bacterial metabolite trimethylamine upon infection, suggest that Mtb could exploit TMAO as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. Overall, these new pathway alterations advance our understanding of the link between Mtb pathogenesis and metabolic dysregulation and could serve as a foundation for new therapeutic intervention strategies. Mass spectrometry data has been deposited in the Metabolomics Workbench repository (data-set identifier: ST001328).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández-García
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | - Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | - Julien Boccard
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Lausanne and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Vineel P. Reddy
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Antonia García
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | | | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Africa
Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
- UAB
Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Lausanne and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
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69
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Analyzing the impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection on primary human macrophages by combined exploratory and targeted metabolomics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7085. [PMID: 32341411 PMCID: PMC7184630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is tightly linked to its ability to recalibrate host metabolic processes in infected host macrophages. Since changes in cellular metabolic intermediates or pathways also affect macrophage function in response to pathogens, we sought to analyse specific metabolic alterations induced by Mtb infection. Stimulation of macrophages with Mtb lysate or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a relative increase in glycolysis versus oxidative phosphorylation. Cellular metabolomics revealed that Mtb infection induced a distinct metabolic profile compared to LPS in both M1 and M2 macrophages. Specifically, Mtb infection resulted in elevated intracellular levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), creatine, creatine phosphate and glutathione compared to uninfected control macrophages. Correspondingly, RNA-sequencing datasets showed altered gene expression of key metabolic enzymes involved in NAD+, creatine, glucose and glutamine metabolism (e.g NAMPT, SLC6A8, HK2) in Mtb-infected M2 macrophages. These findings demonstrate clear modulation of host macrophage metabolic pathways by Mtb infection.
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70
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Abstract
A striking change has happened in the field of immunology whereby specific metabolic processes have been shown to be a critical determinant of immune cell activation. Multiple immune receptor types rewire metabolic pathways as a key part of how they promote effector functions. Perhaps surprisingly for immunologists, the Krebs cycle has emerged as the central immunometabolic hub of the macrophage. During proinflammatory macrophage activation, there is an accumulation of the Krebs cycle intermediates succinate and citrate, and the Krebs cycle–derived metabolite itaconate. These metabolites have distinct nonmetabolic signaling roles that influence inflammatory gene expression. A key bioenergetic target for the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, also becomes altered, generating reactive oxygen species from Complexes I and III. Similarly, alternatively activated macrophages require α-ketoglutarate-dependent epigenetic reprogramming to elicit anti-inflammatory gene expression. In this review, we discuss these advances and speculate on the possibility of targeting these events therapeutically for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G. Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luke A.J. O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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71
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Lavalett L, Ortega H, Barrera LF. Human Alveolar and Splenic Macrophage Populations Display a Distinct Transcriptomic Response to Infection With Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:630. [PMID: 32373118 PMCID: PMC7186480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects alveolar macrophages (AMs), causing pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), the most common form of the disease. Less frequently, Mtb is disseminated to many other organs and tissues, resulting in different extrapulmonary forms of TB. Nevertheless, very few studies have addressed the global mRNA response of human AMs, particularly from humans with the active form of the disease. Strikingly, almost no studies have addressed the response of human extrapulmonary macrophages to Mtb infection. In this pilot study, using microarray technology, we examined the transcriptomic ex vivo response of AMs from PTB patients (AMTBs) and AMs from control subjects (AMCTs) infected with two clinical isolates of Mtb. Furthermore, we also studied the infection response of human splenic macrophages (SMs) to Mtb isolates, as a model for extrapulmonary infection, and compared the transcriptomic response between AMs and SMs. Our results showed a striking difference in global mRNA profiles in response to infection between AMs and SMs, implicating a tissue-specific macrophage response to Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelia Lavalett
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Hector Ortega
- Clínica Cardiovascular Santa María, Medellín, Colombia.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis F Barrera
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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72
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Osada-Oka M, Goda N, Saiga H, Yamamoto M, Takeda K, Ozeki Y, Yamaguchi T, Soga T, Tateishi Y, Miura K, Okuzaki D, Kobayashi K, Matsumoto S. Metabolic adaptation to glycolysis is a basic defense mechanism of macrophages for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Int Immunol 2020; 31:781-793. [PMID: 31201418 PMCID: PMC6839748 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are major components of tuberculosis (TB) granulomas and are responsible for host defenses against the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We herein showed the strong expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in TB granulomas and more rapid death of HIF-1α-conditional knockout mice than wild-type (WT) mice after M. tuberculosis infection. Although interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a critical host-protective cytokine against intracellular pathogens, HIF-1-deficient macrophages permitted M. tuberculosis growth even after activation with IFN-γ. These results prompted us to investigate the role of HIF-1α in host defenses against infection. We found that the expression of lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A) was controlled by HIF-1α in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages IFN-γ independently. LDH-A is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate and we found that the intracellular level of pyruvate in HIF-1α-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) was significantly higher than in WT BMDMs. Intracellular bacillus replication was enhanced by an increase in intracellular pyruvate concentrations, which were decreased by LDH-A. Mycobacteria in phagosomes took up exogenous pyruvate more efficiently than glucose, and used it as the feasible carbon source for intracellular growth. These results demonstrate that HIF-1α prevents the hijacking of pyruvate in macrophages, making it a fundamental host-protective mechanism against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Osada-Oka
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Goda
- Department of Life Science and Medical BioScience, Waseda University School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saiga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ozeki
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yu Tateishi
- Department of Applied Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Applied Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi
- Division of Public Health, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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73
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Abstract
Experiments in culture systems where one cell type is provided with abundant nutrients and oxygen have been used to inform much of our understanding of cancer metabolism. However, many differences have been observed between the metabolism of tumors and the metabolism of cancer cells grown in monoculture. These differences reflect, at least in part, the presence of nonmalignant cells in the tumor microenvironment and the interactions between those cells and cancer cells. However, less is known about how the metabolism of various tumor stromal cell types differs from that of cancer cells, and how this difference might inform therapeutic targeting of metabolic pathways. Emerging data have identified both cooperative and competitive relationships between different cell types in a tumor, and this review examines how four abundant stromal cell types in the tumor microenvironment, fibroblasts, T cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, contribute to the metabolism of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N. Lau
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;,
| | - Matthew G. Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;,
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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74
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Alipoor SD, Adcock IM, Folkerts G, Garssen J, Mortaz E. A bioinformatics analysis of exosomal microRNAs released following mycobacterial infection. Int J Mycobacteriol 2020; 8:218-222. [PMID: 31512596 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_88_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a major health threat worldwide. The current TB diagnostics are suboptimal, and there is a high clinical need for identifying novel biomarkers of disease prevalence. Circulating exosomes have been currently attractive as novel biomarkers in a wide range of pathological conditions. Methods In this study, we performed bioinformatics analysis on the downstream targets of a dysregulated microRNA (miRNA) cluster induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection of human macrophages to provide greater understanding of their potential roles in disease pathogenesis. Results Our analysis demonstrated that these dysregulated miRNAs have central roles in the host metabolic and energy pathways. Conclusion This suggests that the host miRNA network is perturbed by Mycobacterium to re-patterning host metabolism machinery to favor its intracellular survival. The dysregulated miRNAs can be delivered to local and distal cells by exosomes and thereby modulate their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D Alipoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Airways Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University; Immunology Section, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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75
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Jones AE, Divakaruni AS. Macrophage activation as an archetype of mitochondrial repurposing. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 71:100838. [PMID: 31954522 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are metabolic organelles essential not only for energy transduction, but also a range of other functions such as biosynthesis, ion and metal homeostasis, maintenance of redox balance, and cell signaling. A hallmark example of how mitochondria can rebalance these processes to adjust cell function is observed in macrophages. These innate immune cells are responsible for a remarkable breadth of processes including pathogen elimination, antigen presentation, debris clearance, and wound healing. These diverse, polarized functions often include similarly disparate alterations in the metabolic phenotype associated with their execution. In this chapter, mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling are viewed through the lens of macrophage polarization: both classical, pro-inflammatory activation and alternative, anti-inflammatory activation are associated with substantive changes to mitochondrial metabolism. Emphasis is placed on recent evidence that aims to clarify the essential - rather than associative - mitochondrial alterations, as well as accumulating data suggesting a degree of plasticity within the metabolic phenotypes that can support pro- and anti-inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Jones
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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76
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Mitochondrial TCA cycle metabolites control physiology and disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:102. [PMID: 31900386 PMCID: PMC6941980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1152] [Impact Index Per Article: 288.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are signaling organelles that regulate a wide variety of cellular functions and can dictate cell fate. Multiple mechanisms contribute to communicate mitochondrial fitness to the rest of the cell. Recent evidence confers a new role for TCA cycle intermediates, generally thought to be important for biosynthetic purposes, as signaling molecules with functions controlling chromatin modifications, DNA methylation, the hypoxic response, and immunity. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which the abundance of different TCA cycle metabolites controls cellular function and fate in different contexts. We will focus on how these metabolites mediated signaling can affect physiology and disease. Mitochondrial metabolites contribute to more than biosynthesis, and it is clear that they influence multiple cellular functions in a variety of ways. Here, Martínez-Reyes and Chandel review key metabolites and describe their effects on processes involved in physiology and disease including chromatin dynamics, immunity, and hypoxia.
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77
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Surendran Nair M, Yao D, Chen C, Pieters M. Serum metabolite markers of early Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs. Vet Res 2019; 50:98. [PMID: 31771624 PMCID: PMC6878661 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the primary pathogenic bacterium causing enzootic pneumonia, significantly affects worldwide swine production. The infection is usually persistent and bacterial identification and isolation of M. hyopneumoniae in clinical samples are challenging due to the fastidious requirements for its growth. Hence, new practical surveillance tools that improve or complement existing diagnostics on M. hyopneumoniae are desirable, especially in early infection. The objective of this study was to identify potential metabolite markers of early M. hyopneumoniae infection in pigs through metabolomics analysis. Samples obtained from pigs in a previous M. hyopneumoniae experimental infection were used in this study. Briefly, two pigs served as mock inoculated controls and ten pigs were intra-tracheally inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae. Sera, laryngeal swabs (LS), and tracheo-bronchial lavage fluid (TBLF) were collected from all pigs at 0, 2, 5, 9, 14, 21 and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi). Bronchial swabs (BS) were collected post-mortem at 28 dpi. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection was confirmed by PCR in LS, TBLF and BS. Serum metabolites were profiled using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Metabolite markers were identified by structural analysis following multivariate analysis of LC-MS data. The results showed that M. hyopneumoniae infection time-dependently altered the serum levels of selective amino acids and fatty acids. α-Aminobutyric acid and long-chain fatty acids were markedly increased at 14 and 21 dpi in inoculated pigs (p < 0.05). These results indicated that M. hyopneumoniae infection caused systemic changes in host metabolism, warranting further studies to determine underlying biochemical and physiological mechanisms responsible for the observed changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Surendran Nair
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55018 USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55018 USA
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
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78
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Liao ST, Han C, Xu DQ, Fu XW, Wang JS, Kong LY. 4-Octyl itaconate inhibits aerobic glycolysis by targeting GAPDH to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5091. [PMID: 31704924 PMCID: PMC6841710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated macrophages switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, similar to the Warburg effect, presenting a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory disease. The endogenous metabolite itaconate has been reported to regulate macrophage function, but its precise mechanism is not clear. Here, we show that 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI, a cell-permeable itaconate derivative) directly alkylates cysteine residue 22 on the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH and decreases its enzyme activity. Glycolytic flux analysis by U13C glucose tracing provides evidence that 4-OI blocks glycolytic flux at GAPDH. 4-OI thereby downregulates aerobic glycolysis in activated macrophages, which is required for its anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory effects of 4-OI are replicated by heptelidic acid, 2-DG and reversed by increasing wild-type (but not C22A mutant) GAPDH expression. 4-OI protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality in vivo and inhibits cytokine release. These findings show that 4-OI has anti-inflammatory effects by targeting GAPDH to decrease aerobic glycolysis in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ting Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Ding-Qiao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Song Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, 210014, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, 210009, Nanjing, China.
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79
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Plasma metabolites Xanthine, 4-Pyridoxate, and d-glutamic acid as novel potential biomarkers for pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 498:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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80
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Ruetz M, Campanello GC, Purchal M, Shen H, McDevitt L, Gouda H, Wakabayashi S, Zhu J, Rubin EJ, Warncke K, Mootha VK, Koutmos M, Banerjee R. Itaconyl-CoA forms a stable biradical in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and derails its activity and repair. Science 2019; 366:589-593. [PMID: 31672889 PMCID: PMC7070230 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Itaconate is an immunometabolite with both anti-inflammatory and bactericidal effects. Its coenzyme A (CoA) derivative, itaconyl-CoA, inhibits B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) by an unknown mechanism. We demonstrate that itaconyl-CoA is a suicide inactivator of human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis MCM, which forms a markedly air-stable biradical adduct with the 5'-deoxyadenosyl moiety of the B12 coenzyme. Termination of the catalytic cycle in this way impairs communication between MCM and its auxiliary repair proteins. Crystallography and spectroscopy of the inhibited enzyme are consistent with a metal-centered cobalt radical ~6 angstroms away from the tertiary carbon-centered radical and suggest a means of controlling radical trajectories during MCM catalysis. Mycobacterial MCM thus joins enzymes in the glyoxylate shunt and the methylcitrate cycle as targets of itaconate in pathogen propionate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ruetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory C Campanello
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meredith Purchal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongying Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Liam McDevitt
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Harsha Gouda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shoko Wakabayashi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junhao Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kurt Warncke
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Markos Koutmos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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81
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Kumar R, Singh P, Kolloli A, Shi L, Bushkin Y, Tyagi S, Subbian S. Immunometabolism of Phagocytes During Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:105. [PMID: 31681793 PMCID: PMC6803600 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains as a leading killer among infectious diseases worldwide. The nature of the host immune response dictates whether the initial Mtb infection is cleared or progresses toward active disease, and is ultimately determined by intricate host-pathogen interactions that are yet to be fully understood. The early immune response to infection is mediated by innate immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils that can phagocytose Mtb and mount an antimicrobial response. However, Mtb can exploit these innate immune cells for its survival and dissemination. Recently, it has become clear that the immune response and metabolic remodeling are interconnected, which is highlighted by the rapid evolution of the interdisciplinary field of immunometabolism. It has been proposed that the net outcome to Mtb infection—clearance or chronic disease—is likely a result of combined immunologic and metabolic activities of the immune cells. Indeed, host cells activated by Mtb infection have strikingly different metabolic requirements than naïve/non-infected cells. Macrophages activated by Mtb-derived molecules or upon phagocytosis acquire a phenotype similar to M1 with elevated production of pro-inflammatory molecules and rely on glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway to meet their bioenergetic and metabolic requirements. In these macrophages, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation are dampened. However, the non-infected/naive, M2-type macrophages are anti-inflammatory and derive their energy from oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. Similar metabolic adaptations also occur in other phagocytes, including dendritic cells, neutrophils upon Mtb infection. This metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells during Mtb infection can differentially regulate their effector functions, such as the production of cytokines and chemokines, and antimicrobial response, all of which can ultimately determine the outcome of Mtb-host interactions within the granulomas. In this review, we describe key immune cells bolstering host innate response and discuss the metabolic reprogramming in these phagocytes during Mtb infection. We focused on the major phagocytes, including macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils and the key regulators involved in metabolic reprogramming, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1, mammalian target of rapamycin, the cellular myelocytomatosis, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors, sirtuins, arginases, inducible nitric acid synthase and sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Pooja Singh
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Lanbo Shi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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82
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Voronin D, Schnall E, Grote A, Jawahar S, Ali W, Unnasch TR, Ghedin E, Lustigman S. Pyruvate produced by Brugia spp. via glycolysis is essential for maintaining the mutualistic association between the parasite and its endosymbiont, Wolbachia. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008085. [PMID: 31568486 PMCID: PMC6791551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parasitic nematodes are the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and onchocerciasis (river blindness), diseases that are endemic to more than 80 countries and that consistently rank in the top ten for the highest number of years lived with disability. These filarial nematodes have evolved an obligate mutualistic association with an intracellular bacterium, Wolbachia, a symbiont that is essential for the successful development, reproduction, and survival of adult filarial worms. Elimination of the bacteria causes adult worms to die, making Wolbachia a primary target for developing new interventional tools to combat filariases. To further explore Wolbachia as a promising indirect macrofilaricidal drug target, the essential cellular processes that define the symbiotic Wolbachia-host interactions need to be identified. Genomic analyses revealed that while filarial nematodes encode all the enzymes necessary for glycolysis, Wolbachia does not encode the genes for three glycolytic enzymes: hexokinase, 6-phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. These enzymes are necessary for converting glucose into pyruvate. Wolbachia, however, has the full complement of genes required for gluconeogenesis starting with pyruvate, and for energy metabolism via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Therefore, we hypothesized that Wolbachia might depend on host glycolysis to maintain a mutualistic association with their parasitic host. We did conditional experiments in vitro that confirmed that glycolysis and its end-product, pyruvate, sustain this symbiotic relationship. Analysis of alternative sources of pyruvate within the worm indicated that the filarial lactate dehydrogenase could also regulate the local intracellular concentration of pyruvate in proximity to Wolbachia and thus help control bacterial growth via molecular interactions with the bacteria. Lastly, we have shown that the parasite's pyruvate kinase, the enzyme that performs the last step in glycolysis, could be a potential novel anti-filarial drug target. Establishing that glycolysis is an essential component of symbiosis in filarial worms could have a broader impact on research focused on other intracellular bacteria-host interactions where the role of glycolysis in supporting intracellular survival of bacteria has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Voronin
- Molecular Parasitology, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Emily Schnall
- Molecular Parasitology, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Grote
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shabnam Jawahar
- Molecular Parasitology, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Waleed Ali
- Molecular Parasitology, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Unnasch
- Center for Global Health Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, College of Public Health, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Molecular Parasitology, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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83
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Hooftman A, O’Neill LA. The Immunomodulatory Potential of the Metabolite Itaconate. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:687-698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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84
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Van Nguyen T, Alfaro AC. Targeted metabolomics to investigate antimicrobial activity of itaconic acid in marine molluscs. Metabolomics 2019; 15:97. [PMID: 31230148 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Itaconic acid (ITA) has recently been identified as an antimicrobial metabolite in mammalian immune cells. The presence of ITA was also reported in different tissues of marine molluscs, indicating its role as an endogenous metabolite of molluscs. In addition, the accumulation of ITA has been observed in different tissues of mussels following pathogen challenges. However, the concentration of ITA in mussel tissues and the possible role of this metabolite in the molluscan innate immune system remain unknown. OBJECTIVES This study aims to quantitatively measure ITA levels in different tissues of marine mussels following an experimental challenge with Vibrio sp. DO1 isolate, and to identify the antimicrobial role of ITA in the innate immune system through the measurement of metabolic and immune alterations in tissues following the challenge. METHODS In this study, adult Perna canaliculus mussels were experimentally challenged with a pathogenic Vibrio sp. DO1 isolate. The metabolite profiles of five different tissues, including mantle, gill, muscle, hepatopancreas and haemolymph were obtained, and levels of ITA in each tissue were characterized using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics approach. Flow cytometry was also employed to measure cell health parameters, including oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis via changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and haemocyte viability. RESULTS The ITA levels in mantle, gill, muscle and hepatopancreas tissues at 18-h post infection (hpi) with Vibrio sp. were 40.31, 41.71, 11.61 and 41.66 ng mg-1, respectively. In haemolymph, the level of ITA was significantly increased from 95.25 ng ml-1 at 6 hpi to 174.36 ng ml-1 at 18 hpi and 572.12 ng ml-1 at 60 hpi. In line with the accumulation of ITA, we observed increased levels of metabolites within the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, anti-inflammatory metabolites and alterations of other metabolites associated with immune responses of the host. The flow cytometry analyses revealed increases in ROS production, apoptotic cells and decreases in cell viability. CONCLUSIONS We reported on the production of ITA in different tissues of P. canaliculus mussels challenged with a marine pathogen which confirmed ITA as an antimicrobial metabolite. The findings revealed insights into the biosynthesis of ITA and suggests its role in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities in the innate immune system. This study also provided insights into the innate immune system of bivalves and highlighted the potential use of ITA as a biomarker for shellfish health assessment in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Van Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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85
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Iaccarino N, Amato J, Pagano B, Di Porzio A, Micucci M, Bolelli L, Aldini R, Novellino E, Budriesi R, Randazzo A. Impact of phytosterols on liver and distal colon metabolome in experimental murine colitis model: an explorative study. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1041-1050. [PMID: 31074304 PMCID: PMC6522980 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1611802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols are known to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and thereby reduce cardiovascular risk. Studies conducted on human and animal models have demonstrated that these compounds have also anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, an experimental colitis model (dextran sulphate sodium-induced) has shown that pre-treatment with phytosterols decreases infiltration of inflammatory cells and accelerates mucosal healing. This study aims to understand the mechanism underlying the colitis by analysing the end-products of the metabolism in distal colon and liver excised from the same mice used in the previous work. In particular, an unsupervised gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and NMR based metabolomics approach was employed to identify the metabolic pathways perturbed by the dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) insult (i.e. Krebs cycle, carbohydrate, amino acids, and nucleotide metabolism). Interestingly, phytosterols were able to restore the homeostatic equilibrium of the hepatic and colonic metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Iaccarino
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Jussara Amato
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Bruno Pagano
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Anna Di Porzio
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Matteo Micucci
- b Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Luca Bolelli
- b Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Rita Aldini
- b Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- b Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
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86
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Song N, Li Z, Cui Z, Chen L, Cui Y, Dang G, Li Z, Li H, Liu S. The prominent alteration in transcriptome and metabolome of Mycobacterium bovis BCG str. Tokyo 172 induced by vitamin B 1. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:104. [PMID: 31117936 PMCID: PMC6530141 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin B1 (VB1) is a crucial dietary nutrient and essential cofactor for several key enzymes in the regulation of cellular and metabolic processes, and more importantly in the activation of immune system. To date, the precise role of VB1 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains to be fully understood. RESULTS In this study, the transcriptional and metabolic profiles of VB1-treated Mycobacterium. bovis BCG were analyzed by RNA-sequencing and LC-MS (Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry). The selection of BCG strain was based on its common physiological features shared with M. tuberculosis. The results of cell growth assays demonstrated that VB1 inhibited the BCG growth rate in vitro. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression levels of genes related to fatty acid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, glycolipid catabolism, DNA replication, protein translation, cell division and cell wall formation were significantly downregulated in M. bovis BCG treated with VB1. In addition, the metabolomics LC-MS data indicated that most of the amino acids and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were decreased in M. bovis BCG strain after VB1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the molecular and metabolic bases to understand the impacts of VB1 on M.bovis BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ziyin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yingying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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87
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Abstract
Mitochondria are essential and highly dynamic organelles whose morphology is determined by a steady-state balance between fusion and fission. Mitochondrial morphology and function are tightly connected. Because they are involved in many important cellular processes, including energy production, cell-autonomous immunity, and apoptosis, mitochondria present an attractive target for pathogens. Here, we explore the relationship between host cell mitochondria and intracellular bacteria, with a focus on mitochondrial morphology and function, as well as apoptosis. Modulation of apoptosis can allow bacteria to establish their replicative niche or support bacterial dissemination. Furthermore, bacteria can manipulate mitochondrial morphology and function through secreted effector proteins and can also contribute to the establishment of a successful infection, e.g., by favoring access to nutrients and/or evasion of the immune system.
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88
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Nguyen TV, Alfaro AC, Young T, Green S, Zarate E, Merien F. Itaconic acid inhibits growth of a pathogenic marine Vibrio strain: A metabolomics approach. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5937. [PMID: 30976014 PMCID: PMC6459830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial role of itaconic acid (ITA) has been recently discovered in mammalian cells. In our previous studies, we discovered that marine molluscs biosynthesise substantial quantities of ITA when exposed to marine pathogens, but its antimicrobial function to Vibrio bacteria is currently unknown. Thus, in this study, we used an untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) platform to identify metabolic changes of Vibrio sp. DO1 (V. corallyliticus/neptunius-like isolate) caused by ITA exposure. Vibrio sp. DO1 was cultured in Luria-Bertani broth supplemented with 3 mM sodium acetate and with different concentrations of ITA (0, 3 and 6 mM) for 24 h. The results showed that ITA completely inhibited Vibrio sp. growth at 6 mM and partially inhibited the bacterial growth at 3 mM. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear separation between metabolite profiles of Vibrio sp. DO1 in the 3 mM ITA treatment and the control, which were different in 25 metabolites. Among the altered metabolites, the accumulation of glyoxylic acid and other metabolites in glyoxylate cycle (cis-aconitic acid, isocitric acid and fumaric acid) together with the increase of isocitrate lyase (ICL) activity in the 3 mM ITA treatment compared to the control suggest that ITA inhibited Vibrio sp. growth via disruption of central carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Van Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Saras Green
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erica Zarate
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Merien
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Remot A, Doz E, Winter N. Neutrophils and Close Relatives in the Hypoxic Environment of the Tuberculous Granuloma: New Avenues for Host-Directed Therapies? Front Immunol 2019; 10:417. [PMID: 30915076 PMCID: PMC6423059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most prevalent lung infections of humans and kills ~1.7 million people each year. TB pathophysiology is complex with a central role played by granuloma where a delicate balance takes place to both constrain bacilli and prevent excessive inflammation that may destroy lung functions. Neutrophils reach the lung in waves following first encounter with bacilli and contribute both to early Mtb elimination and late deleterious inflammation. The hypoxic milieu where cells and bacilli cohabit inside the granuloma favors metabolism changes and the impact on TB infection needs to be more thoroughly understood. At the cellular level while the key role of the alveolar macrophage has long been established, behavior of neutrophils in the hypoxic granuloma remains poorly explored. This review will bring to the front new questions that are now emerging regarding neutrophils activity in TB. Are different neutrophil subsets involved in Mtb infection and how? How do neutrophils and close relatives contribute to shaping the granuloma immune environment? What is the role of hypoxia and hypoxia induced factors inside granuloma on neutrophil fate and functions and TB pathophysiology? Addressing these questions is key to the development of innovative host-directed therapies to fight TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Remot
- INRA, Universite de Tours, UMR Infectiologie et Sante Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Emilie Doz
- INRA, Universite de Tours, UMR Infectiologie et Sante Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nathalie Winter
- INRA, Universite de Tours, UMR Infectiologie et Sante Publique, Nouzilly, France
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90
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du Preez I, Luies L, Loots DT. The application of metabolomics toward pulmonary tuberculosis research. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:126-139. [PMID: 30948167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the quest to identify novel biomarkers for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), high-throughput systems biology approaches such as metabolomics has become increasingly widespread. Such biomarkers have not only successfully been used for better disease characterization, but have also provided new insights toward the future development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this review, we give a summary of the metabolomics studies done to date, with a specific focus on those investigating various aspects of pulmonary TB, and the infectious agent responsible, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These studies, done on a variety of sample matrices, including bacteriological culture, sputum, blood, urine, tissue, and breath, are discussed in terms of their intended research outcomes or future clinical applications. Additionally, a summary of the research model, sample cohort, analytical apparatus and statistical methods used for biomarker identification in each of these studies, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse du Preez
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
| | - Laneke Luies
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
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91
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Patil NK, Bohannon JK, Hernandez A, Patil TK, Sherwood ER. Regulation of leukocyte function by citric acid cycle intermediates. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:105-117. [PMID: 30791134 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir1118-415r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is a means of generating ATP to provide energy for key cellular functions. However, recent research shows that citric acid cycle intermediates target vital cellular functions of the innate immune system. Succinate, itaconate, citrate, and fumarate have been shown to mediate or regulate important myeloid cell functions during infection and inflammation. This review covers the regulatory functions of citric acid cycle intermediates in myeloid cells and discusses potential translational applications, key mechanistic questions, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tazeen K Patil
- Department of Microbiology, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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92
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Noe JT, Mitchell RA. Tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites in the control of macrophage activation and effector phenotypes. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:359-367. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru1218-496r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T. Noe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
- J.G. Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
| | - Robert A. Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
- J.G. Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
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93
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Serum Exosomal miRNAs Are Associated with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:1907426. [PMID: 30886653 PMCID: PMC6388314 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1907426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major threat to human health. Due to the limited accuracy of the current TB diagnostic tests, it is critical to determine novel biomarkers for this disease. Circulating exosomes have been used as diagnostic biomarkers in various diseases. Objective of the Study In this pilot study, we examined the expression of miRNAs as biomarker candidates for the diagnosis of TB infection. Methods Serum-derived exosomes were isolated from TB patients and matched control subjects. The expression of miR-484, miR-425, and miR-96 was examined by RT-PCR methods. Results The expression of miR-484, miR-425, and miR-96 were significantly increased in serum of TB patients which correlated with the TB infection level. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed the diagnostic potency of each individual serum exosomal miRNA with an area under the curve (AUC) = 0.72 for miR-484 (p < 0.05), 0.66 for miR-425 (p < 0.05), and 0.62 for miR-96 (p < 0.05). Conclusion These results demonstrate that exosomal miRNAs have diagnostic potential in active tuberculosis. The diagnostic power may be improved when combined with conventional diagnostic markers.
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94
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O’Neill LAJ, Artyomov MN. Itaconate: the poster child of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage function. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:273-281. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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95
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Mateos J, Estévez O, González-Fernández Á, Anibarro L, Pallarés Á, Reljic R, Gallardo JM, Medina I, Carrera M. High-resolution quantitative proteomics applied to the study of the specific protein signature in the sputum and saliva of active tuberculosis patients and their infected and uninfected contacts. J Proteomics 2019; 195:41-52. [PMID: 30660769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to establish panels of protein biomarkers that are characteristic of patients with microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and their contacts, including latent TB-infected (LTBI) and uninfected patients. Since the first pathogen-host contact occurs in the oral and nasal passages the saliva and sputum were chosen as the biological fluids to be studied. Quantitative shotgun proteomics was performed using a LTQ-Orbitrap-Elite platform. For active TB patients, both fluids exhibited a specific accumulation of proteins that were related to complement activation, inflammation and modulation of immune response. In the saliva of TB patients, a decrease of in proteins related to glucose and lipid metabolism was detected. In contrast, the sputum of uninfected contacts presented a specific proteomic signature that was composed of proteins involved in the perception of bitter taste, defense against pathogens and innate immune response, suggesting that those are key events during the initial entry of the pathogen in the host. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study to compare the saliva and sputum from active TB patients and their contacts. Our findings strongly suggest that TB patients show not only an activation of processes that are related to complement activation and modulation of inflammation but also an imbalance in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In addition, those individuals who do not get infected after direct exposure to the pathogen display a typical proteomic signature in the sputum, which is a reflection of the secretion from the nasal and oral mucosa, the first immunological barriers that M. tuberculosis encounters in the host. Thus, this result indicates the importance of the processes related to the innate immune response in fighting the initial events of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mateos
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Olivia Estévez
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Galician Singular Center of Research, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Galician Singular Center of Research, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Luis Anibarro
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Galician Singular Center of Research, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; Tuberculosis Unit, Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine Service, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Pontevedra, Spain; Mycobacterial Infections Study Group (GEIM) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Pallarés
- Tuberculosis Unit, Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine Service, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - José M Gallardo
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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96
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Ryan DG, Murphy MP, Frezza C, Prag HA, Chouchani ET, O'Neill LA, Mills EL. Coupling Krebs cycle metabolites to signalling in immunity and cancer. Nat Metab 2019; 1:16-33. [PMID: 31032474 PMCID: PMC6485344 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming has become a key focus for both immunologists and cancer biologists, with exciting advances providing new insights into underlying mechanisms of disease. Metabolites traditionally associated with bioenergetics or biosynthesis have been implicated in immunity and malignancy in transformed cells, with a particular focus on intermediates of the mitochondrial pathway known as the Krebs cycle. Among these, the intermediates succinate, fumarate, itaconate, 2-hydroxyglutarate isomers (D-2-hydroxyglutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate) and acetyl-CoA now have extensive evidence for "non-metabolic" signalling functions in both physiological immune contexts and in disease contexts, such as the initiation of carcinogenesis. This review will describe how metabolic reprogramming, with emphasis placed on these metabolites, leads to altered immune cell and transformed cell function. The latest findings are informative for new therapeutic approaches which could be transformative for a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Hiran A Prag
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Edward T Chouchani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke A O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evanna L Mills
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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97
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Phelan JJ, Basdeo SA, Tazoll SC, McGivern S, Saborido JR, Keane J. Modulating Iron for Metabolic Support of TB Host Defense. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2296. [PMID: 30374347 PMCID: PMC6196273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the world's biggest infectious disease killer. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB demonstrates that current treatments are inadequate and there is an urgent need for novel therapies. Research is now focused on the development of host-directed therapies (HDTs) which can be used in combination with existing antimicrobials, with a special focus on promoting host defense. Immunometabolic reprogramming is integral to TB host defense, therefore, understanding and supporting the immunometabolic pathways that are altered after infection will be important for the development of new HDTs. Moreover, TB pathophysiology is interconnected with iron metabolism. Iron is essential for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacteria that causes TB disease. Mtb struggles to replicate and persist in low iron environments. Iron chelation has therefore been suggested as a HDT. In addition to its direct effects on iron availability, iron chelators modulate immunometabolism through the stabilization of HIF1α. This review examines immunometabolism in the context of Mtb and its links to iron metabolism. We suggest that iron chelation, and subsequent stabilization of HIF1α, will have multifaceted effects on immunometabolic function and holds potential to be utilized as a HDT to boost the host immune response to Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Phelan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharee A Basdeo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simone C Tazoll
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sadhbh McGivern
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judit R Saborido
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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98
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LeGouëllec A, Moyne O, Meynet E, Toussaint B, Fauvelle F. High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR-Based Metabolomics Revealing Metabolic Changes in Lung of Mice Infected with P. aeruginosa Consistent with the Degree of Disease Severity. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3409-3417. [PMID: 30129763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a critical pathogen for human health, due to increased resistances to antibiotics and to nosocomial infections. There is an urgent need for tools allowing for better understanding mechanisms underlying the disease processes and for evaluating new therapeutic strategies with animal models. Here, we used a novel approach, applying high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HRMAS NMR) directly to lung biopsies of mice to better understand the impact of infection on the tissue at a molecular level. Mice were infected with two P. aeruginosa strains of different virulence levels. Statistical analysis applied to HRMAS NMR data allowed us to build a multivariate discriminant model to distinguish the lungs' metabolic profiles of mice, infected or not. Moreover, a second model was built to appreciate the degree of severity of infection, demonstrating sufficient sensitivity of HRMAS NMR-based metabolomics to investigate this type of infection. The metabolic features that discriminate infection statuses are dominated by some key differentially expressed metabolites that are related, respectively, to bacterial carbon metabolism (glycerophosphocholine) and to septic hypoxic stress response of host (succinate). Finally, to get closer to clinical and diagnosis issues, we proposed to build simple logistic regression models to predict the infection status on the basis of only one metabolite intensity. Thus, we have demonstrated that succinate intensity could discriminate the infected/noninfected status infection with a sensibility of 89% and a specificity of 95%, and leucine/isoleucine intensity could predict the severe/not severe status of infection with a sensibility of 100% and a specificity of 95%. We also looked for the interest of this model in order to predict the efficacy of anti- P. aeruginosa treatment. By HRMAS metabolomics analysis of lungs infected with P. aeruginosa after vaccination, we demonstrated that this model could be a useful tool to predict the efficacy of new anti- P. aeruginosa drugs. This metabolomics approach could therefore be useful both for the definition of biomarkers of severity of infection and for an earlier characterization of therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey LeGouëllec
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG , F38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Oriane Moyne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG , F38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Elodie Meynet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG , F38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Bertrand Toussaint
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG , F38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Florence Fauvelle
- GIN Inserm U1216 GIN Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, U1216 Inserm/UGA F-38000 Grenoble , France.,MRI facility, IRMaGe, UGA/Inserm US17/CNRS UMS 3552/CHU , F-38000 Grenoble , France
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99
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Wang ZX, Bi YN, Yuan XM, Song L, Jiang MM, Sun LK, Zhou K. A Study of NMR-Based Hepatic and Serum Metabolomics in a Liver Injury Sprague-Dawley Rat Model Induced by Psoralen. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:852-860. [PMID: 30132663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Psoralen is the main active component of Psoralea corylifolia and is used as a marker to assess its quality. The effects of psoralen on animals have been well characterized. However, the molecular pathway of its toxicity is not fully understood. In this study, the toxic effects of psoralen administration (60 mg/kg) for 7 days in Sprague-Dawley rats were observed. Serum biochemistry and liver histopathology were further investigated. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance was applied to characterize the metabolic profile of liver toxicity induced by psoralen and to find changed metabolites in rat serum and liver. It was revealed that visceral coefficients and serum biochemistry indexes were significantly changed in rats with psoralen-induced liver injury. Furthermore, the histopathological examination exhibited that the liver might be the target organ for psoralen. Metabolic analysis of both serum and liver samples further proved the liver was the target of toxicity of psoralen. Multivariate analysis identified 7 metabolites in serum samples and 15 in liver samples as potential biomarkers in liver injury induced by psoralen. In addition, our results suggest that psoralen can cause a disturbance in amino acid metabolism, especially valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis in both serum and liver samples. In conclusion, we combined the results of toxicity and metabolomics induced by psoralen and provide useful information about the safety and potential risks of psoralen and Psoralea corylifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China.,Key Laboratory of Formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China
| | - Qin Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China
| | - Zhao-Xin Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China
| | - Ya-Nan Bi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yuan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China
| | - Lei Song
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China.,Key Laboratory of Formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China
| | - Miao-Miao Jiang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China
| | - Li-Kang Sun
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China.,Key Laboratory of Formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine , Tianjin 300193 , China
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100
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Shan J, Peng L, Qian W, Xie T, Kang A, Gao B, Di L. Integrated Serum and Fecal Metabolomics Study of Collagen-Induced Arthritis Rats and the Therapeutic Effects of the Zushima Tablet. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:891. [PMID: 30154719 PMCID: PMC6102586 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zushima tablet (ZT) has been used for decades in the clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China. However, its therapeutic mechanism is unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the distinctive metabolic patterns in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats and evaluate the therapeutic effects of ZT on RA using untargeted serum and fecal metabolomics approaches based on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Body weight, hind paw swelling, TNF-α and IL-1β levels, arthritis scores, and histopathological parameters were assessed. In the metabolomics study, 31 altered metabolites in the serum and 30 in the feces were identified by comparing the model with the control group using statistical processing. These altered metabolites revealed that the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and purine metabolism were disturbed in CIA rats, and most of these altered metabolites including l-isoleucine, l-aspartic acid, pyruvic acid, cholic acid, and hypoxanthine, were rectified by ZT. Furthermore, short-chain fatty acids in feces were quantitatively determined, and the results showed that ZT could regulate the levels of propionate, butyrate, and valerate in CIA rats. Then, gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA analysis. Our results showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant bacteria in rats. The levels of 19 types of bacteria at the family level were altered in RA rats, and most of them could be regulated by ZT. This study demonstrated that metabolomics analysis is a powerful tool for providing novel insight into RA and for elucidating the potential mechanism of ZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Linxiu Peng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjuan Qian
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - An Kang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Gao
- Genome Center of UC Davis, NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Liuqing Di
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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