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Alvares GA, Bebbington K, Cleary D, Evans K, Glasson EJ, Maybery MT, Pillar S, Uljarević M, Varcin K, Wray J, Whitehouse AJO. The misnomer of ‘high functioning autism’: Intelligence is an imprecise predictor of functional abilities at diagnosis. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019; 24:221-232. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361319852831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
‘High functioning autism’ is a term often used for individuals with autism spectrum disorder without an intellectual disability. Over time, this term has become synonymous with expectations of greater functional skills and better long-term outcomes, despite contradictory clinical observations. This study investigated the relationship between adaptive behaviour, cognitive estimates (intelligence quotient) and age at diagnosis in autism spectrum disorder. Participants ( n = 2225, 1–18 years of age) were notified at diagnosis to a prospective register and grouped by presence ( n = 1041) or absence ( n = 1184) of intellectual disability. Functional abilities were reported using the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales. Regression models suggested that intelligence quotient was a weak predictor of Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales after controlling for sex. Whereas the intellectual disability group’s adaptive behaviour estimates were close to reported intelligence quotients, Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales scores fell significantly below intelligence quotients for children without intellectual disability. The gap between intelligence quotient and Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales scores remained large with increasing age at diagnosis for all children. These data indicate that estimates from intelligence quotient alone are an imprecise proxy for functional abilities when diagnosing autism spectrum disorder, particularly for those without intellectual disability. We argue that ‘high functioning autism’ is an inaccurate clinical descriptor when based solely on intelligence quotient demarcations and this term should be abandoned in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A Alvares
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Keely Bebbington
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dominique Cleary
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kiah Evans
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emma J Glasson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Murray T Maybery
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Pillar
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Kandice Varcin
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Australia
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52
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Feldman M, Maye M, Levinson S, Carter A, Blacher J, Eisenhower A. Student-teacher relationships of children with autism spectrum disorder: Distinct contributions of language domains. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 89:94-104. [PMID: 30959432 PMCID: PMC6558652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High quality student-teacher relationships (STR) are important for children's academic and social development. We explore how individual child language domains (semantics, syntax, pragmatics), teacher years of experience, and classroom placement (general or special education) relate to STR quality for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across the school year. METHODS AND PROCEDURES 191 children with ASD (Mage = 5.6 years) completed a standardized language assessment and their teachers reported on STR quality twice during the school year. OUTCOME AND RESULTS Pragmatics, but not semantics or syntax, had a direct effect on student-teacher closeness. The association between semantics and closeness was moderated by classroom type; for students with low semantics, teacher-reported closeness was lower in general versus special education. Teachers in special versus general education classrooms reported closer relationships. More experienced teachers reported closer and less conflictual relationships. None of the three language domains were associated with student-teacher conflict. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Pragmatic and semantic language skills were associated with closer relationships. Language-focused therapies may be effective in carrying over to impact STR quality. Given the stability in relationship quality, targeted interventions should be delivered to teachers at the beginning of the school year to support positive relationship development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Feldman
- Department of Psychology, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
| | - Melissa Maye
- Department of Psychology, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Sarah Levinson
- Department of Psychology, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Alice Carter
- Department of Psychology, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Jan Blacher
- Department of Education, 1207 Sproul Hall, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Abbey Eisenhower
- Department of Psychology, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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Ring M, Gaigg SB, Altgassen M, Barr P, Bowler DM. Allocentric Versus Egocentric Spatial Memory in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 48:2101-2111. [PMID: 29380269 PMCID: PMC5948263 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present difficulties in forming relations among items and context. This capacity for relational binding is also involved in spatial navigation and research on this topic in ASD is scarce and inconclusive. Using a computerised version of the Morris Water Maze task, ASD participants showed particular difficulties in performing viewpoint independent (allocentric) navigation, leaving viewpoint dependent navigation (egocentric) intact. Further analyses showed that navigation deficits were not related to poor visual short-term memory or mental rotation in the ASD group. The results further confirm the need of autistic individuals for support at retrieval and have important implications for the design of signposts and maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ring
- Autism Research Group, Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Rhind Building, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of the Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sebastian B Gaigg
- Autism Research Group, Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Rhind Building, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Mareike Altgassen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Barr
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Dermot M Bowler
- Autism Research Group, Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Rhind Building, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
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54
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Zukerman G, Yahav G, Ben-Itzchak E. Increased psychiatric symptoms in university students with autism spectrum disorder are associated with reduced adaptive behavior. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:732-738. [PMID: 31207860 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High variability in adaptive behavior in cognitively-able adults with autism spectrum disorder has been previously reported, and may be caused by the high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in this population. This study's goals were to examine self-reported psychiatric symptoms in students with ASD, and to identify their relative contribution to the variance in adaptive behaviors. The study population included 95 students: 55 diagnosed with ASD (4 females; age range 18-34) who participated in a university integration program (ASD group), and 40 regularly matriculated students (non-ASD group, 7 females; age range 20-36). The ASD group showed a lower adaptive skill level than the non-ASD group as measured by the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (GAC-ABAS). Significantly higher scores for the ASD group were found for social anxiety, trait anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and depression symptoms. The level of adaptive skills correlated negatively and significantly with the severity of social anxiety symptoms in both groups and with severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms only in the ASD group. Additionally, in a regression model, significant contributions of having an ASD diagnosis and severity of social anxiety explained 41.7% of the variance in adaptive skills. Adequate evaluation and treatment, if needed, are recommended in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Zukerman
- Department of Communication Disorders, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Gili Yahav
- Department of Communication Disorders, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Ester Ben-Itzchak
- Department of Communication Disorders, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel; Bruckner Center for Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Ariel, Israel.
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55
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Rabiee A, Samadi SA, Vasaghi-Gharamaleki B, Hosseini S, Seyedin S, Keyhani M, Mahmoodizadeh A, Ranjbar Kermani F. The Cognitive Profile of People with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:bs9020020. [PMID: 30791545 PMCID: PMC6406692 DOI: 10.3390/bs9020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have examined the cognitive profile of people with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (IQ > 70), and its relationship with the symptoms of ASD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV). However, no data exist on the similarities or differences in this profile in less affluent countries. The present study examined the cognitive profile and its relationship with the symptoms of ASD and ADHD in 30 subjects aged 6–16 years with high-functioning ASD and compared the results with those of 30 typically developing (TD) subjects. In line with previous research findings, the WISC-IV cognitive profile analysis of subjects with high-functioning ASD showed a good competence in Matrix Reasoning and weaknesses in Comprehension, but the main distinguishing point was the competence in processing speed in both groups. In the present study, the Verbal Comprehension Index correlated negatively with the communication symptoms, and the Working Memory Index correlated positively with the social symptoms in the ASD group. Given the similarities that exist between the results of the present research and previous studies, it may be concluded that there are similarities in the cognitive profile of individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atusa Rabiee
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 15459-13487, Iran.
| | - Sayyed Ali Samadi
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland BT37 0QB, UK.
| | - Behnoosh Vasaghi-Gharamaleki
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 15459-13487, Iran.
| | - Soode Hosseini
- Department of Psychology, School of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran.
| | - Saba Seyedin
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11489-65111, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Keyhani
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 15459-13487, Iran.
| | - Ameneh Mahmoodizadeh
- Division of Diagnosis and Prevention, Iranian Special Education Organization, Tehran 1416935684, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ranjbar Kermani
- Autism Rehabilitation Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1514945311, Iran.
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56
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Doyle LR, Coles CD, Kable JA, May PA, Sowell ER, Jones KL, Riley EP, Mattson SN. Relation between adaptive function and IQ among youth with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:812-821. [PMID: 30719847 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive function and general intellectual function are two important and often correlated domains. While youth with prenatal alcohol exposure frequently demonstrate impairments in both domains, it is not clear whether the relation between these domains is consistent across levels of ability or whether, for example, adaptive function is less affected by intellectual function at higher ability levels. The aim of the current study was to test this relation in youth with and without prenatal alcohol exposure. METHODS As part of the Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Phase II, subjects with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (AE) and nonexposed subjects with and without other clinical conditions or concerns (CON) completed a comprehensive neurobehavioral battery. Multiple regression analyses tested the relation between full scale IQ (FSIQ) and overall adaptive function. Interaction terms between Group and each variable were created to formally test for group differences. Three subsequent regression analyses tested which adaptive function domains (Communication, Daily Living Skills, Socialization) significantly contributed to results. Follow-up analyses examined correlations based on IQ range (low IQ <85; high IQ ≥85). RESULTS The interaction between FSIQ and Group on overall adaptive function was significant; the relationship between FSIQ and adaptive function was weaker in the AE group than in the CON group. Regarding specific adaptive function domains, the interaction between FSIQ and Group was significant only in the Communication domain. Follow-up analyses showed, within the low IQ range, the correlation between FSIQ and Communication was stronger in the CON group than the AE group. Within the high IQ range, the correlation between FSIQ and Communication was significant only in the CON group. CONCLUSIONS Although higher intellectual functioning was associated with better adaptive function ability among controls, this was not found among the alcohol-exposed youth where a general dampening of adaptive ability was noted. Further, the differential relationship between IQ and adaptive function between groups appears to be driven by communication abilities. These findings suggest that level of intellectual functioning of children with prenatal alcohol exposure does not fully account for caregiver-reported communication and overall adaptive function deficits particularly at higher levels of functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Doyle
- Center for Behavioral Teratology and Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Claire D Coles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julie A Kable
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Philip A May
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina.,Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Elizabeth R Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Edward P Riley
- Center for Behavioral Teratology and Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Sarah N Mattson
- Center for Behavioral Teratology and Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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57
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Lansing AE, Plante WY, Golshan S, Fenemma-Notestine C, Thuret S. Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between verbal learning and internalizing, trauma-related and externalizing symptoms among early-onset, persistently delinquent adolescents. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019; 70:201-215. [PMID: 31130798 PMCID: PMC6532995 DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Research supports cascading relationships among internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and academic problems. This constellation of problems characterizes Early-Onset/Persistent Delinquent [EOPD] youth and appropriately targeted interventions accounting for this comorbidity may improve outcomes. To investigate these relationships in EOPD youth, we characterized their cross-diagnostic psychopathology and verbal (word-list) learning/memory and evaluated: 1) verbal learning/memory profiles of Withdrawn/Depressed relative to Non-Withdrawn/Depressed youth; 2) cognitive and psychiatric predictors of verbal learning; and 3) emotion regulation as a mediator of psychiatric and cognitive relationships. Results indicated Withdrawn/Depressed youth recalled significantly fewer words during immediate, and some delayed, recall conditions. Less word-learning was predicted by: Withdrawn/Depressed classification, higher trauma-specific re-experiencing symptoms, greater emotion dysregulation, weaker executive skills, fewer trauma-avoidance and aggressive symptoms, and earlier alcohol-use onset. Emotion regulation strongly mediated the relationship between verbal learning and psychopathology, but not cognitive skills, among youth at high-risk for school dropout. Mental health and education implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Lansing
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry
- San Diego State University, Sociology Department, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
| | - Wendy Y. Plante
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry
- San Diego State University, Sociology Department, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
| | | | - Christine Fenemma-Notestine
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Radiology
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
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58
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Kilincaslan A, Kocas S, Bozkurt S, Kaya I, Derin S, Aydin R. Daily living skills in children with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: A comparative study from Turkey. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 85:187-196. [PMID: 30576945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better daily living skills (DLS) are associated with increased independence and positive functional outcomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). METHOD The present study aimed to investigate daily living skills (DLS) and the associated factors in 51 children with ASD and intellectual disability (ASD group) and 51 age- and gender-matched controls with intellectual disability (ID group). The severity of the autistic symptoms was measured with the clinician-rated Childhood Autism Rating Scale and the parent-reported Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) in all children. The mothers also completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and the Basic DLS Questionnaire. RESULTS The ASD group scored lower than the comparison group in the total DLS score, personal hygiene, dressing, safety and interpersonal skills, despite being comparable in the parent-reported quality of life. Regression analysis of the whole sample demonstrated that the child's age, intellectual level, speech level, autism symptom severity and the monthly household income were independent correlates of the total DLS. Exploratory analyses for each group revealed differential effects of these variables: in the ASD group; a higher speech level and monthly income, while in the ID group; an older age, a higher intellectual level and monthly income and a lower ABC score emerged as significant predictors of higher DLS. CONCLUSIONS Deficient DLS in Turkish children with ASD, given their IQ, suggest that lower level of adaptive skills is inherent in ASD, rather than culture-specific to US and Western Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Kilincaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sule Kocas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sumeyye Bozkurt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilyas Kaya
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Songül Derin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Resa Aydin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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59
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Los Reyes AD, Makol BA, Racz SJ, Youngstrom EA, Lerner MD, Keeley LM. The Work and Social Adjustment Scale for Youth: A Measure for Assessing Youth Psychosocial Impairment Regardless of Mental Health Status. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2019; 28:1-16. [PMID: 33311964 PMCID: PMC7731438 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-018-1238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A key component of delivering mental health services involves evaluating psychosocial impairments linked to mental health concerns. Youth may experience these impairments in various ways (e.g., dysfunctional family and/or peer relationships, poor school performance). Importantly, youth may display symptoms of mental illness without co-occurring psychosocial impairments, and the reverse may be true. However, all available instruments for assessing youth psychosocial impairments presume the presence of mental health concerns among those assessed. Consequently, key gaps exist in knowledge about the developmental psychopathology of psychosocial impairments; and thus how to understand impairments in the context of youth mental health. To address these issues we developed a modified version of a 5-item measure of adult psychosocial impairments (i.e., Work and Social Adjustment Scale for Youth [WSASY]) and tested its psychometric properties. A mixed clinical/community sample of adolescents and parents completed parallel versions of the WSASY, along with a multi-domain, multi-method battery of measures of adolescent internalizing and externalizing concerns, parent psychosocial functioning, adolescent-parent conflict, adolescent peer functioning, and observed social skills. On both versions of the WSASY, increased scores related to increased adolescent mental health concerns, adolescent-parent conflict, parent psychosocial dysfunction, and peer-related impairments. WSASY scores also distinguished adolescents who displayed co-occurring mental health concerns from those who did not, and related to observed social skills deficits within social interactions with unfamiliar peers. The WSASY opens doors to new areas of inquiry regarding the developmental psychopathology of impairment, including questions regarding the onset of impairments and their links to mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres De Los Reyes
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Bridget A Makol
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Sarah J Racz
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Eric A Youngstrom
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Matthew D Lerner
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Lauren M Keeley
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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Righi G, Benevides J, Mazefsky C, Siegel M, Sheinkopf SJ, Morrow EM. Predictors of Inpatient Psychiatric Hospitalization for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:3647-3657. [PMID: 28536960 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with significant healthcare expenditures and a greater utilization of psychiatric health services. High utilization may not be evenly distributed across individuals with ASD. The objective of this study was to identify individual and family characteristics that increase the risk of psychiatric hospitalization. Naturalistic study of two age- and gender-matched ASD cohorts, inpatients enrolled in the Autism Inpatient Collection (AIC) and outpatients enrolled in the Rhode Island Consortium of Autism Research and Treatment (RI-CART), revealed a number of factors associated with hospitalization. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that adaptive functioning, ASD symptom severity, primary caregiver's marital status, the presence of mood disorders, and the presence of sleep problems independently increased the risk of psychiatric hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Righi
- Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI, 02915, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 700 Butler Dr, Providence, RI, 02906, USA. .,Division of Biology and Medicine, Rhode Island Consortium for Autism Research and Treatment (RI-CART), and the Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute (HCHII), Brown University, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI, 02915, USA.
| | - Jill Benevides
- Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI, 02915, USA
| | - Carla Mazefsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Matthew Siegel
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Spring Harbor Hospital, Tufts University School of Medicine, 123 Andover Road, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - Stephen J Sheinkopf
- Women and Infant's Hospital, 101 Dudley street, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 700 Butler Dr, Providence, RI, 02906, USA.,Division of Biology and Medicine, Rhode Island Consortium for Autism Research and Treatment (RI-CART), and the Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute (HCHII), Brown University, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI, 02915, USA.,Rhode Island Consortium for Autism Research and Treatment (RI-CART), and the Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley street, Providence, RI, 02905, USA
| | - Eric M Morrow
- Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI, 02915, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 700 Butler Dr, Providence, RI, 02906, USA.,Division of Biology and Medicine, Rhode Island Consortium for Autism Research and Treatment (RI-CART), and the Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute (HCHII), Brown University, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI, 02915, USA
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Salomone E, Shephard E, Milosavljevic B, Johnson MH, Charman T. Adaptive Behaviour and Cognitive Skills: Stability and Change from 7 Months to 7 Years in Siblings at High Familial Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:2901-2911. [PMID: 29616486 PMCID: PMC6096837 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive and adaptive behaviour abilities early in life provide important clinical prognostic information. We examined stability of such skills in children at high familial risk for ASD who either met diagnostic criteria for ASD at age 7 years (HR-ASD, n = 15) or did not (HR-non-ASD, n = 24) and low-risk control children (LR, n = 37), prospectively studied from infancy. For both HR groups, cognitive skills were consistently lower across time than those of LR children. HR-ASD children showed increasing difficulties in adaptive behaviour over time compared to LR children, while the HR-non-ASD children showed no such difficulties. This pattern of change may inform our understanding of developmental profiles of HR siblings beyond core ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Salomone
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Po, 14, 10123, Turin, Italy.
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Shephard
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bosiljka Milosavljevic
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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62
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Ali S, Kerns KA, Mulligan BP, Olson HC, Astley SJ. An investigation of intra-individual variability in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Child Neuropsychol 2018; 24:617-637. [PMID: 28301980 PMCID: PMC6309982 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1302579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intra-individual variability (IIV) is defined as systematic within-person variation in performance either across test sessions (e.g., test/retest performance on the same task) or in one session (e.g., variations in performance on multiple trials of a single task). Higher levels of IIV have been noted as a characteristic of neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but IIV is yet to be investigated in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). FASD is a term used to describe a range of conditions resulting from prenatal exposure to alcohol. As part of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, four study groups (1. fetal alcohol syndrome/partial fetal alcohol syndrome; 2. static encephalopathy/alcohol exposed; 3. neurobehavioral disorder/alcohol exposed as diagnosed using the University of Washington FASD 4-Digit Code; 4. typically-developing (TD) age-matched children with no prenatal alcohol exposure) were administered measures of motor response and inhibitory control, attention, and adaptive behavior. The results indicate increased levels of IIV in those with FASD compared to the TD controls. It was found that IIV uniquely contributes to predicting adaptive behavior above and beyond attention, while attention partially mediates the relationship between IIV and adaptive behavior. This is the first study to the authors' knowledge to show the presence of increased IIV in children with FASD. It additionally provides evidence that IIV measures some inherent variability in performance independent of poor attention in children with FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheliza Ali
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Canada
| | | | | | - Heather Carmichael Olson
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA
- c Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Susan J Astley
- d Department of Epidemiology , University of Washington School of Public Health , Seattle , WA , USA
- e Department of Pediatrics , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA
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63
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The Gap Between Adaptive Behavior and Intelligence in Autism Persists into Young Adulthood and is Linked to Psychiatric Co-morbidities. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 47:3007-3017. [PMID: 28710532 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), long-term outcomes have been troubling, and intact IQ has not been shown to be protective. Nevertheless, relatively little research into adaptive functioning among adults with ASD has been completed to date. Therefore, both adaptive functioning and comorbid psychopathology were assessed among 52 adults with ASD without intellectual disability (ID). Adaptive functioning was found to substantially lag behind IQ, and socialization was a particular weakness. Comorbid psychopathology was significantly correlated with the size of IQ-adaptive functioning discrepancy. These findings emphasize key intervention targets of both adaptive skill and psychopathology for transition-age youth and young adults with ASD, as well as the need for ongoing monitoring of anxiety and depression symptoms during this developmental window.
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64
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Oswald TM, Winder-Patel B, Ruder S, Xing G, Stahmer A, Solomon M. A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of the ACCESS Program: A Group Intervention to Improve Social, Adaptive Functioning, Stress Coping, and Self-Determination Outcomes in Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:1742-1760. [PMID: 29234931 PMCID: PMC5889958 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot randomized controlled trial was to investigate the acceptability and efficacy of the Acquiring Career, Coping, Executive control, Social Skills (ACCESS) Program, a group intervention tailored for young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to enhance critical skills and beliefs that promote adult functioning, including social and adaptive skills, self-determination skills, and coping self-efficacy. Forty-four adults with ASD (ages 18-38; 13 females) and their caregivers were randomly assigned to treatment or waitlist control. Compared to controls, adults in treatment significantly improved in adaptive and self-determination skills, per caregiver report, and self-reported greater belief in their ability to access social support to cope with stressors. Results provide evidence for the acceptability and efficacy of the ACCESS Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha M Oswald
- MIND Institute, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
- Portia Bell Hume Behavioral Health and Training Center, 5776 Stoneridge Mall Rd, Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA.
| | - Breanna Winder-Patel
- MIND Institute, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2516 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Steven Ruder
- MIND Institute, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Guibo Xing
- Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2103 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Aubyn Stahmer
- MIND Institute, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- MIND Institute, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, U.C. Davis Medical Center, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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65
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Childhood Predictors of Young Adult Social Functioning in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 47:2480-2501. [PMID: 28527096 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary objectives of the current prospective longitudinal study were to (a) describe social functioning outcomes and (b) identify childhood predictors of social functioning in young adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). Childhood predictors of young adult social functioning were examined. Family environment and parental stress in adolescence were investigated as potential mediators between childhood variables and adult social functioning. Parent rated childhood internalizing symptoms significantly predicted young adult social functioning in 22q11.2DS, even after controlling for concurrent positive symptoms of psychosis, and problem behaviors contributing to parenting stress in adolescence partially mediated this relationship. These findings highlight child internalizing symptoms and adolescent problem behaviors as potential targets for social functioning interventions in 22q11.2DS.
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66
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The Effects of Early Language on Age at Diagnosis and Functioning at School Age in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 47:2176-2188. [PMID: 28447306 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that toddlers with no language delay (NLD) should have better outcomes than those with language delay (LD). However, the predictive utility of language milestones relative to co-varying factors such as age at diagnosis, IQ, and ASD symptomatology is unclear. This study compared school-aged children with ASD and NLD (n = 59) to a well-matched group with ASD and LD (n = 59). The LD group was diagnosed at younger ages and their historical ASD symptoms were more severe than the NLD group. The groups were similar in current ASD symptoms and adaptive functioning at school age. Language milestones were correlated with adaptive functioning, but IQ and social symptoms of ASD were stronger predictors of functioning at school age. Therefore, language milestones may not be the best indicators of prognosis for children who are diagnosed after toddlerhood.
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67
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Price JA, Morris ZA, Costello S. The Application of Adaptive Behaviour Models: A Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:E11. [PMID: 29342927 PMCID: PMC5791029 DOI: 10.3390/bs8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive behaviour has been viewed broadly as an individual's ability to meet the standards of social responsibilities and independence; however, this definition has been a source of debate amongst researchers and clinicians. Based on the rich history and the importance of the construct of adaptive behaviour, the current study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the application of adaptive behaviour models to assessment tools, through a systematic review. A plethora of assessment measures for adaptive behaviour have been developed in order to adequately assess the construct; however, it appears that the only definition on which authors seem to agree is that adaptive behaviour is what adaptive behaviour scales measure. The importance of the construct for diagnosis, intervention and planning has been highlighted throughout the literature. It is recommended that researchers and clinicians critically review what measures of adaptive behaviour they are utilising and it is suggested that the definition and theory is revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Price
- Faculty of Education, Krongold Clinic, Monash University, Learning and Teaching Building, 19 Ancora Imparo Way , Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Zoe A Morris
- Faculty of Education, Krongold Clinic, Monash University, Learning and Teaching Building, 19 Ancora Imparo Way , Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Shane Costello
- Faculty of Education, Krongold Clinic, Monash University, Learning and Teaching Building, 19 Ancora Imparo Way , Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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68
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Golya N, McIntyre LL. Variability in adaptive behaviour in young children with autism spectrum disorder. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY 2018; 43:102-111. [PMID: 30581321 PMCID: PMC6300052 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2017.1287886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding adaptive behaviour variability in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may have important implications for early intervention. The purpose of this study was to explore whether autism symptom severity and caregiver depression affected adaptive behaviour in young children with ASD. METHOD Data were collected from 60 primary caregivers of children aged 2-6 years with ASD. A factorial multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted to investigate if different levels of autism symptom severity and caregiver depression affected communication, socialisation, and daily living skills, after controlling for child age. RESULTS Findings suggest that only autism symptom severity accounted for significant variance in adaptive behaviour, with socialisation being most impacted. Although more than half of the caregivers reported heightened depressive symptoms, caregiver depression was not related to adaptive behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the level of functional impairment that young children with ASD experience in relation to autism symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Golya
- Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Laura Lee McIntyre
- Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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69
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Pathak M, Bennett A, Shui AM. Correlates of adaptive behavior profiles in a large cohort of children with autism: The autism speaks Autism Treatment Network registry data. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017; 23:87-99. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361317733113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder have deficits in adaptive functioning. This study examines the adaptive behavior, its association with cognitive ability, gender, age, and symptom severity in children with autism spectrum disorder. Using data from Autism Treatment Network registry, the adaptive behavior profiles were examined in 2538 school-aged children (between 5 and 17 years, mean: 8.8 years, standard deviation: 3.0) who had an overall intelligence quotient and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale scores available. The children were grouped according to their intelligence quotient (low intelligence quotient < 70; borderline intelligence quotient = 70–85; average intelligence quotient > 85), age (5–10 and 11–17 years), and gender for the analyses. Significantly lower Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale scores were found in borderline and average intelligence quotient groups when compared to mean intelligence quotient, while an opposite pattern was seen in the low intelligence quotient group, with better adaptive behavior scores than mean intelligence quotient. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale standard scores were positively correlated with intelligence quotient and poorly associated with autism spectrum disorder severity. Younger children had significantly higher Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale scores. Adjusted comparisons by gender were not significant. Adaptive behavior profiles in the intelligence quotient categories are discussed. This study confirms a positive relationship between adaptive behavior and intellectual function in autism and indicates that children with higher intelligence quotient and older age are specifically impaired, with lower adaptive behavior, highlighting the need for assessment and targeted intervention in these groups. Future directions for research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy M Shui
- Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, USA
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70
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Chaste P, Roeder K, Devlin B. The Yin and Yang of Autism Genetics: How Rare De Novo and Common Variations Affect Liability. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2017; 18:167-187. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083115-022647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Chaste
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France
- Centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 75674 Paris, France
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- Department of Statistics and Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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71
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Social orienting and joint attention in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178859. [PMID: 28599002 PMCID: PMC5466314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) orient less to socially salient stimuli, such as dynamic social images, than typically developing children. In turn, this lack of social orienting is thought to impair affected individuals' socio communicative development. Here, we aim to explore the relationship between time spent on dynamic social images and ASD behaviors, such as joint attention and communication, in preschoolers on the autism spectrum. In this study, social orienting is measured using eye-tracking during a task consisting of side-by-side presentations of dynamic social images and dynamic geometric images. The side of the screen where each type of video was presented alternated between items to avoid visual perseveration from influencing the location of participants' first fixations. Visual exploration patterns recorded during the task from 33 preschoolers with ASD were compared with those of 27 typical developing (TD) children. Additionally, we quantified joint attention behaviors and used standardized parent reports to measure communication. We observed reduced orienting to dynamic social images in preschoolers with ASD compared to TD children. Also, ASD participants went to the dynamic social images less frequently for their first fixations. However, we observed great heterogeneity within the ASD group. ASD preschoolers who spent more time on the dynamic social images also presented more pronounced visual engagement with the dynamic social images (longer mean fixation duration and fewer saccades per second). Moreover, in the ASD group, more time spent on dynamic social images correlated with increased frequency of joint attention behaviors, which in turn correlated with improved communication skills. Our results support reduced social orienting in children with ASD, which correlated with their visual exploration patterns. Further, reduced orienting to the social world in young children with ASD is related to socio communicative deficits and should, therefore, be a focus of intervention programs as early as possible.
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72
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Broad Cognitive Profile in Children and Adolescents with HF-ASD and in Their Siblings: Widespread Underperformance and its Clinical and Adaptive Correlates. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:2153-2162. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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73
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Williams DL, Minshew NJ, Goldstein G, Mazefsky CA. Long-term memory in older children/adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2017; 10:1523-1532. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane L. Williams
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology; Duquesne University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy J. Minshew
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | | | - Carla A. Mazefsky
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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74
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Otsuka S, Uono S, Yoshimura S, Zhao S, Toichi M. Emotion Perception Mediates the Predictive Relationship Between Verbal Ability and Functional Outcome in High-Functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:1166-1182. [PMID: 28194554 PMCID: PMC5357301 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify specific cognitive abilities that predict functional outcome in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and to clarify the contribution of those abilities and their relationships. In total, 41 adults with ASD performed cognitive tasks in a broad range of neuro- and social cognitive domains, and information concerning functional outcomes was obtained. Regression analyses revealed that emotion perception and verbal generativity predicted adaptive functioning directly, and the former mediated between the other two. These findings provide the first evidence of a triadic relationship among neuro- and social cognition and functional outcome in this population. Our results suggest that psychosocial interventions targeting these cognitive abilities could benefit social adaptation in adults with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadao Otsuka
- Faculty of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
- The Organization for Promoting Neurodevelopmental Disorder Research (OPNDR), 40 Shogoin Sanno-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8392, Japan.
| | - Shota Uono
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yoshimura
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Faculty of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- International Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 5-3-1, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, 102-0083, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motomi Toichi
- Faculty of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- The Organization for Promoting Neurodevelopmental Disorder Research (OPNDR), 40 Shogoin Sanno-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8392, Japan
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75
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McDonald CA, Donnelly JP, Rodgers JD, Thomeer ML, Lopata C, Jordan AK. Brief Report: Examination of Correlates of Adaptive Behavior in Children with HFASD using the BASC-2 Parent Rating Scale. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:1530-1534. [PMID: 28188464 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study extended the research on correlates of adaptive functioning of high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) using the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Second Edition (BASC-2). Specifically, this study investigated the relationships between adaptive behavior and age, IQ, and ASD symptomology, in a well-characterized sample of 119 children with HFASD, ages 6-11 years. Results revealed age and IQ were not significantly correlated with adaptive ability. However, total autism symptoms [measured by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R)], as well as ASD-social symptoms were negatively correlated with adaptive ability. Mean comparisons revealed that participants falling into the clinically-significant range of the BASC-2 Adaptive Skills Composite (ASC) displayed significantly greater levels of both overall and social ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin A McDonald
- Institute for Autism Research, Canisius College, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA.
| | - James P Donnelly
- Institute for Autism Research, Canisius College, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA
| | - Jonathan D Rodgers
- Institute for Autism Research, Canisius College, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA
| | - Marcus L Thomeer
- Institute for Autism Research, Canisius College, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA
| | - Christopher Lopata
- Institute for Autism Research, Canisius College, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA
| | - Allyson K Jordan
- Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1000, USA
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76
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Chiang HM, Ni X, Lee YS. Life Skills Training for Middle and High School Students with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:1113-1121. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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77
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Frost KM, Hong N, Lord C. Correlates of Adaptive Functioning in Minimally Verbal Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 122:1-10. [PMID: 28095056 PMCID: PMC8939305 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-122.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to have significant delays in adaptive functioning. In this study, the relationship between adaptive behavior and ASD symptomatology was investigated in minimally verbal, school-aged children with ASD (n = 333). Both the social affect (SA) and restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) domains from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) were analyzed in relation to adaptive skills. ADOS SA scores contributed unique variance to scores in each Vineland domain, though cognitive ability and age accounted for considerably more variance across domains. Results indicate that there is a significant, but small, association between social affect deficits and adaptive skills, challenging clinicians, educators, and caregivers to target adaptive skills in addition to more specific features of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Frost
- Kyle M. Frost, Natalie Hong, and Catherine Lord, Weill Cornell Medicine
| | - Natalie Hong
- Kyle M. Frost, Natalie Hong, and Catherine Lord, Weill Cornell Medicine
| | - Catherine Lord
- Kyle M. Frost, Natalie Hong, and Catherine Lord, Weill Cornell Medicine
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78
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Wertalik JL, Kubina RM. Interventions to Improve Personal Care Skills for Individuals with Autism: A Review of the Literature. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-016-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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79
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Harrison AJ, Lu Z(L, McLean RL, Sheinkopf SJ. Cognitive and adaptive correlates of an ADOS-derived joint attention composite. RESEARCH IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 2016; 29-30:66-78. [PMID: 28168003 PMCID: PMC5291343 DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Joint attention skills have been shown to predict language outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Less is known about the relationship between joint attention (JA) abilities in children with ASD and cognitive and adaptive abilities. In the current study, a subset of items from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), designed to quantify JA abilities, were used to investigate social attention among an unusually large cross-sectional sample of children with ASD (n = 1061). An examination of the association between JA and a range of functional correlates (cognitive and adaptive) revealed JA was significantly related to verbal (VIQ) and non-verbal (NVIQ) cognitive ability as well as all domains of adaptive functioning (socialization, communication, and daily living skills). Additional analyses examined the degree to which the relation between adaptive abilities (socialization, communication, and daily living skills) and JA was maintained after taking into account the potentially mediating role of verbal and nonverbal cognitive ability. Results revealed that VIQ fully mediated the relation between JA and adaptive functioning, whereas the relation between these adaptive variables and JA was only partially mediated by NVIQ. Moderation analyses were also conducted to examine how verbal and non-verbal cognitive ability and gender impacted the relation between JA and adaptive functioning. In line with research showing a relation between language and JA, this indicates that while JA is significantly related to functional outcomes, this appears to be mediated specifically through a verbal cognitive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca L. McLean
- New England Pediatric Institute of Neurodevelopment, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, RI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Stephen J. Sheinkopf
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
- Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
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80
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Yang S, Paynter JM, Gilmore L. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: II Profile of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:64-73. [PMID: 26231205 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive behaviour is a crucial area of assessment for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study examined the adaptive behaviour profile of 77 young children with ASD using the Vineland-II, and analysed factors associated with adaptive functioning. Consistent with previous research with the original Vineland a distinct autism profile of Vineland-II age equivalent scores, but not standard scores, was found. Highest scores were in motor skills and lowest scores were in socialisation. The addition of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule calibrated severity score did not contribute significant variance to Vineland-II scores beyond that accounted for by age and nonverbal ability. Limitations, future directions, and implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Yang
- Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Jessica M Paynter
- AEIOU Foundation, PO Box 226, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia. .,Mater Research Institute - UQ, Level 3 Aubigny Place Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.
| | - Linda Gilmore
- Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
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81
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Syriopoulou-Delli CK, Agaliotis I, Papaefstathiou E. Social skills characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 64:35-44. [PMID: 34141289 PMCID: PMC8115498 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2016.1219101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: This study examines differences in social skills among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In order to investigate these differences, social skills were associated with variables like gender, age, intellectual disability, language development, and school type. Methods: For the purposes of the study a total of 63 students with ASD attending primary and secondary special education units were selected in Northern Greece. A structured questionnaire was filled in by their teachers. Results: The results showed major differences between children with ASD and intellectual disability and those without. Likewise, verbal children obtained higher scores than non-verbal. These higher scores indicate better social skills. Age, gender, and school type differentiated the scores of the groups only in a few factors of the questionnaire. Conclusion: Intellectual disability and language are variables that clearly influence the socialization of children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Agaliotis
- Department of Educational & Social Policy, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elpis Papaefstathiou
- Department of Educational & Social Policy, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
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82
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Hill TL, Gray SAO, Kamps JL, Enrique Varela R. Age and Adaptive Functioning in Children and Adolescents with ASD: The Effects of Intellectual Functioning and ASD Symptom Severity. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 45:4074-83. [PMID: 26174048 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the moderating effects of intellectual functioning and ASD symptom severity on the relation between age and adaptive functioning in 220 youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Regression analysis indicated that intellectual functioning and ASD symptom severity moderated the relation between age and adaptive functioning. For younger children with lower intellectual functioning, higher ASD symptom severity was associated with better adaptive functioning than that of those with lower ASD symptom severity. Similarly, for older children with higher intellectual functioning, higher ASD symptom severity was associated with better adaptive functioning than that of those with lower ASD symptom severity. Analyses by subscales suggest that this pattern is driven by the Conceptual subscale. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenesha L Hill
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, 2007 Percival Stern Hall, 6400 Freret St., New Orleans, LA, 70118-5636, USA
| | - Sarah A O Gray
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, 2007 Percival Stern Hall, 6400 Freret St., New Orleans, LA, 70118-5636, USA.
| | - Jodi L Kamps
- Children's Hospital, New Orleans, 200 Henry Clay Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - R Enrique Varela
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, Box 194, 6363 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
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83
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Lundervold AJ, Stickert M, Hysing M, Sørensen L, Gillberg C, Posserud MB. Attention Deficits in Children With Combined Autism and ADHD: A CPT Study. J Atten Disord 2016; 20:599-609. [PMID: 22940852 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712453168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate characteristics of attention in children with the combination of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ADHD. METHOD Four groups of 8- to 10-year-old children were compared on the Conners' Continuous Performance Test-Second Edition (CCPT-II): (a) ASD + ADHD (n = 11), (b) ASD only (n = 9), (c) ADHD only (n = 38), and (d) no diagnosis (n = 134). RESULTS There was an overall effect of group on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) index and measures of hit reaction time, accuracy, response style, variability, and consistency. The ASD + ADHD group, much like the ADHD only group, had a more risky response style, a higher variability, and a lower consistency than the ASD only group. The impact of intellectual function on CCPT-II performance was considerable in children within the ASD subgroups. CONCLUSION The findings underscore the importance of including measures of attention and intellectual function when assessing children with the combination of ASD and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway Uni Research, Bergen, Norway K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marte Stickert
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Mari Hysing
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lin Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Uni Research, Bergen, Norway Gillberg Neuropsychiatric Centre, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maj-Britt Posserud
- Uni Research, Bergen, Norway Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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84
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O'Brien G, Pearson J. Autism and Learning Disability. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016; 8:125-40. [PMID: 15165430 DOI: 10.1177/1362361304042718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article a short overview is given of the relationship between autism and learning disability. Autism exists with any level of intelligence, but many individuals with autism suffer also from learning disability. Although both disorders show overlap in some behaviours they are different in many aspects. Are they distinct syndromes which influence each other, or do they belong to a broad spectrum of a condition?
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85
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Zander E, Bölte S. The New DSM-5 Impairment Criterion: A Challenge to Early Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis? J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 45:3634-43. [PMID: 26123009 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The possible effect of the DSM-5 impairment criterion on diagnosing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in young children was examined in 127 children aged 20-47 months with a DSM-IV-TR clinical consensus diagnosis of ASD. The composite score of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) served as a proxy for the DSM-5 impairment criterion. When applying a mild level of impairment (cutoff: 1 SD below the mean on the VABS), 88 % of the cases fulfilled the impairment criterion. Sixty-nine percent fulfilled the impairment criterion at a moderate level (1.5 SDs) and 33 % at a severe level (2 SDs). Findings indicate that a strict application of the new DSM-5 impairment criterion might compromise early diagnosis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Zander
- Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Children's and Women's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Gävlegatan 22B, 113 30, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sven Bölte
- Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Children's and Women's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Gävlegatan 22B, 113 30, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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86
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Treble-Barna A, Zang H, Zhang N, Taylor HG, Yeates KO, Wade S. Long-Term Neuropsychological Profiles and Their Role as Mediators of Adaptive Functioning after Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Childhood. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:353-362. [PMID: 27080734 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to characterize long-term neuropsychological outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) sustained during early childhood, and determine whether identified neuropsychological impairments mediated the effect of TBI on long-term adaptive functioning. Participants included 16 children with severe TBI, 42 children with moderate TBI, and 72 children with orthopedic injuries (OI) sustained between ages 3 and 7 years. Children completed neuropsychological tests and caregivers completed a structured interview of child adaptive functioning at 6.9 (±1.10) years post-injury. Profile analysis and multiple mediator modeling were employed. Children with severe TBI demonstrated poorer fluid reasoning and inhibitory control than both children with moderate TBI and OI, as well as slower processing speed than the OI group. Both fluid reasoning and processing speed were significant independent mediators of the effect of severe TBI on adaptive functioning. No neuropsychological measure significantly mediated the effect of moderate TBI on adaptive functioning. Children sustaining early severe TBI demonstrate persisting neuropsychological impairments into adolescence and young adulthood. The impact of severe TBI on children's long-term adaptive functioning is mediated in part by its effects on fluid reasoning and processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amery Treble-Barna
- 1 Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Huaiyu Zang
- 2 Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nanhua Zhang
- 2 Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - H Gerry Taylor
- 3 Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics and Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center , Rainbow Child Development Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- 4 Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shari Wade
- 1 Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
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87
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Fage C, Pommereau L, Consel C, Balland E, Sauzéon H. Tablet-Based Activity Schedule in Mainstream Environment for Children with Autism and Children with ID. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON ACCESSIBLE COMPUTING 2016. [DOI: 10.1145/2854156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Including children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in mainstream environments creates a need for new interventions whose efficacy must be assessed in situ. This article presents a tablet-based application for activity schedules that has been designed following a participatory design approach involving mainstream teachers, special education teachers, and school aides. This application addresses two domains of activities: classroom routines and verbal communications.
We assessed the efficiency of our application with two overlapping user studies in mainstream inclusion, sharing a group of children with ASD. The first experiment involved 10 children with ASD, where five children were equipped with our tabled-based application and five were not equipped. We show that (1) the use of the application is rapidly self-initiated (after 2 months for almost all the participants) and (2) the tablet-supported routines are better performed after 3 months of intervention. The second experiment involved 10 children equipped with our application; it shared the data collected for the five children with ASD and compared them with data collected for five children with intellectual disability (ID).
We show that (1) children with ID are not autonomous in the use of the application at the end of the intervention, (2) both groups exhibited the same benefits on classroom routines, and (3) children with ID improve significantly less their performance on verbal communication routines. These results are discussed in relation with our design principles. Importantly, the inclusion of a group with another neurodevelopmental condition provided insights about the applicability of these principles beyond the target population of children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Fage
- University of Bordeaux, Inria Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, TALENCE CEDEX
| | | | | | | | - Hélène Sauzéon
- University of Bordeaux, Inria Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, TALENCE CEDEX
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88
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Functional Outcomes and Physical Impairments in Pediatric Critical Care Survivors: A Scoping Review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17:e247-59. [PMID: 27030932 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although more children are surviving critical illness, little is known about long-term physical impairment. This scoping review aims to critically appraise existing literature on functional outcome measurement tools, prevalence, and risk factors for physical impairments in pediatric critical care survivors. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, using a combination of MeSH terms and keywords (critical illness, intensive care, and functional outcomes/status). STUDY SELECTION All human studies reporting functional outcomes in children 0-18 years old admitted to the PICU. Non-English language, adult and preterm infant studies were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS Three global assessment tools and eight multidimensional measures were used to measure functional outcome in pediatric survivors of critical illness. Rates of acquired functional impairment in a general pediatric intensive care cohort ranged from 10% to 36% at discharge and 10% to 13% after more than 2 years. Risk factors for acquired functional impairment include illness severity, the presence of organ dysfunction, length of ICU stay, and younger age. There is some evidence that physical impairment may be more severe and persistent than psychosocial components. CONCLUSIONS Functional impairment may be persistent in pediatric survivors of critical care. Unfortunately, studies varied largely in measurement timing and tools used. The lack of differentiation between impairment in different functional domains limited the generalizability of data. Further studies using a combination of standardized measures at various time points of the disease process can help establish more comprehensive rates of physical impairment.
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89
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Pugliese CE, Anthony LG, Strang JF, Dudley K, Wallace GL, Naiman DQ, Kenworthy L. Longitudinal Examination of Adaptive Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Influence of Executive Function. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:467-77. [PMID: 26349921 PMCID: PMC4726475 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study characterizes longitudinal change in adaptive behavior in 64 children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) without intellectual disability evaluated on multiple occasions, and examines whether prior estimate of executive function (EF) problems predicts future adaptive behavior scores. Compared to standardized estimates for their developmental stage, adaptive behavior in most participants was impaired and did not improve over time. Prior EF predicted later adaptive behavior in daily living skills and socialization domains after controlling for age and IQ. Self-monitoring behaviors robustly predicted later adaptive behavior in all domains (d = 0.60-0.94). Results support targeting treatment of adaptive skills in ASD, as well as the importance of assessing for EF problems that may contribute to adaptive behavior difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Pugliese
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders & Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Laura Gutermuth Anthony
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders & Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John F Strang
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders & Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katerina Dudley
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders & Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gregory L Wallace
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel Q Naiman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Kenworthy
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders & Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
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90
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occur. Children with ASD and ADHD demonstrate deficits in adaptive functioning, yet pure and comorbid groups have not been directly compared. Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS-II) data were examined in boys with ASD (n = 17), ADHD (n = 31) and ASD + ADHD (n = 38). Results demonstrated lower socialisation and composite scores and greater discrepancy between cognitive and adaptive abilities in the ASD + ADHD group compared to the ADHD-only group. Significant associations were shown between reduced adaptive functioning and autism symptoms, but not ADHD symptoms. Children with ASD + ADHD present with exacerbated impairments in adaptive functioning relative to children with ADHD, associated with ASD symptoms. Disentangling variation in adaptive skills may aid the assessment of complex cases.
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91
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Woodman AC, Smith LE, Greenberg JS, Mailick MR. Contextual Factors Predict Patterns of Change in Functioning over 10 Years Among Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:176-189. [PMID: 26319253 PMCID: PMC4707127 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we jointly employ and integrate variable- and person-centered approaches to identify groups of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who have similar profiles of change over a period of 10 years across three critical domains of functioning: maladaptive behaviors, autism symptoms, and daily living skills. Two distinct developmental profiles were identified. Above and beyond demographic and individual characteristics, aspects of both the educational context (level of inclusion) and the family context (maternal positivity) were found to predict the likelihood of following a positive pattern of change. Implementing evidence-based interventions that target the school and home environments during childhood and adolescence may have lasting impacts on functioning into adulthood for individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Woodman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Tobin Hall 509, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Leann E. Smith
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jan S. Greenberg
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Marsha R. Mailick
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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92
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Pugliese CE, Anthony L, Strang JF, Dudley K, Wallace GL, Kenworthy L. Increasing adaptive behavior skill deficits from childhood to adolescence in autism spectrum disorder: role of executive function. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45:1579-87. [PMID: 25398602 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Almost half of all children with autism spectrum disorder have average cognitive abilities, yet outcome remains poor. Because outcome in HFASD is more related to adaptive behavior skills than cognitive level it is important to identify predictors of adaptive behavior. This study examines cognitive and demographic factors related to adaptive behavior, with specific attention to the role of executive function (EF) in youth with HFASD aged 4-23. There was a negative relationship between age and adaptive behavior and the discrepancy between IQ and adaptive behavior increased with age. EF problems contributed to lower adaptive behavior scores across domains. As such, it is important to target adaptive skills, and the EF problems that may contribute to them, in youth with HFASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Pugliese
- Division of Neuropsychology, Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Health System, Rockville, MD, USA,
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93
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Abstract
Anxiety disorders are one of the most common psychiatric comorbidities among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). There has been a recent proliferation of research examining the prevalence, phenomenology, assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders among youth with ASD. While there is currently very limited support for the use of pharmacological agents to treat anxiety among youth with ASD and comorbid anxiety, there has been overwhelming support across numerous modestly sized controlled studies for the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy. This review discusses advances in the treatment literature for anxiety in youth with ASD, and discusses the current evidence base for whether standard treatment needs to be adapted for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Johnco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida
| | - Eric A. Storch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of South Florida
- Rogers Behavioral Health – Tampa Bay
- All Children’s Hospital – Johns Hopkins Medicine
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94
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Valkenburg AJ, Tibboel D, van Dijk M. Pain sensitivity of children with Down syndrome and their siblings: quantitative sensory testing versus parental reports. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57:1049-55. [PMID: 26095920 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to compare thermal detection and pain thresholds in children with Down syndrome with those of their siblings. METHOD Sensory detection and pain thresholds were assessed in children with Down syndrome and their siblings using quantitative testing methods. Parental questionnaires addressing developmental age, pain coping, pain behaviour, and chronic pain were also utilized. RESULTS Forty-two children with Down syndrome (mean age 12y 10mo) and 24 siblings (mean age 15y) participated in this observational study. The different sensory tests proved feasible in 13 to 29 (33-88%) of the children with Down syndrome. These children were less sensitive to cold and warmth than their siblings, but only when measured with a reaction time-dependent method, and not with a reaction time-independent method. Children with Down syndrome were more sensitive to heat pain, and only 6 (14%) of them were able to adequately self-report pain, compared with 22 (92%) of siblings (p<0.001). INTERPRETATION Children with Down syndrome will remain dependent on pain assessment by proxy, since self-reporting is not adequate. Parents believe that their children with Down syndrome are less sensitive to pain than their siblings, but this was not confirmed by quantitative sensory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Valkenburg
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique van Dijk
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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95
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Schmidt L, Kirchner J, Strunz S, Broźus J, Ritter K, Roepke S, Dziobek I. Psychosocial Functioning and Life Satisfaction in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder Without Intellectual Impairment. J Clin Psychol 2015; 71:1259-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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96
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Mouga S, Almeida J, Café C, Duque F, Oliveira G. Adaptive profiles in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45:1001-12. [PMID: 25241010 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of specific autism spectrum disorder (ASD) deficits in learning adaptive behaviour, besides intelligence quotient (IQ). Participated 217 school-aged: ASD (N = 115), and other neurodevelopmental disorders (OND) groups (N = 102) matched by Full-Scale IQ. We compared standard scores of Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale (VABS) in communication, daily living skills, socialization and adaptive behaviour composite. Pearson-correlation analysis was performed between each domain of VABS and Full-Scale, Verbal and Performance IQ, and chronological age (CA). Results indicated that impairment in adaptive behaviour within the domain of socialization skills remains a distinctive factor of ASD versus OND, independently of intellectual disability (ID). Co-occurring ID result in further debilitating effects on overall functioning, especially in ASD. CA is negatively associated with VABS scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Mouga
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
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97
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Adaptive Behavior Functioning in Children with Autism. Indian J Pediatr 2015; 82:677-81. [PMID: 25673293 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-015-1692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between intellectual functioning, symptom severity, and adaptive behavior functioning of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). METHODS Retrospective case records (1999 to 2013) of 523 children [Mean age 4.79y (SD 2.37)] maintained by the Pediatric Psychology Unit at the Department of Pediatrics of a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India were examined. The adaptive behavior functioning was measured by the Indian adaptation of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale. Symptom severity was assessed using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). RESULTS The mean Social Quotient (SQ) of the sample was 62.40 (SD = 20.41). Nearly two-third (63.3%) of the ASD had SQs less than 70 and only 15% of the ASD children had SQs above 85. Adaptive behavior scores in the lower functioning ASD children were significantly higher than their Intelligence Quotient (IQ) scores while for the high functioning ASD group, the SQs were significantly lower than their IQs. Multiple regression analysis revealed that IQ, age of the child, CARS score, and education of the mother accounted for 62.5% of the variance in the SQ of children with ASD (F = 198.01, P 0.000). CONCLUSIONS Adaptive behavior measures must constitute a crucial component of not only diagnostic assessment of ASD children but also as an important goal of treatment.
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98
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Fu TJ, Lincoln AJ, Bellugi U, Searcy YM. The Association of Intelligence, Visual-Motor Functioning, and Personality Characteristics With Adaptive Behavior in Individuals With Williams Syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 120:273-288. [PMID: 26161466 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-120.4.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is associated with deficits in adaptive behavior and an uneven adaptive profile. This study investigated the association of intelligence, visual-motor functioning, and personality characteristics with the adaptive behavior in individuals with WS. One hundred individuals with WS and 25 individuals with developmental disabilities of other etiologies were included in this study. This study found that IQ and visual-motor functioning significantly predicted adaptive behavior in individuals of WS. Visual-motor functioning especially predicted the most amount of unique variance in overall adaptive behavior and contributed to the variance above and beyond that of IQ. Present study highlights the need for interventions that address visual-motor and motor functioning in individuals with WS.
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99
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King TZ, Smith KM, Ivanisevic M. The Mediating Role of Visuospatial Planning Skills on Adaptive Function Among Young–Adult Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumor. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015; 30:394-403. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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100
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Alaniz ML, Galit E, Necesito CI, Rosario ER. Hand Strength, Handwriting, and Functional Skills in Children With Autism. Am J Occup Ther 2015; 69:6904220030p1-9. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2015.016022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. To establish hand strength development trends in children with autism and to investigate correlations between grip and pinch strength, components of handwriting, and functional activities in children with and without autism.
METHOD. Fifty-one children were divided into two groups: typically developing children and children on the autism spectrum. Each child completed testing for pinch and grip strength, handwriting legibility, pencil control, and independence in functional activities.
RESULTS. The children with autism followed the same strength development trends as the typically developing children. Grip strength correlated with pencil control in both groups and with handwriting legibility in the typically developing children but not in the children with autism. Grip and pinch strength correlated with independence with functional activities in both groups.
CONCLUSION. This study provides evidence that grip and pinch strength are important components in developing pencil control, handwriting legibility, and independence with functional fine motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L. Alaniz
- Michele L. Alaniz, OTR/L, is Occupational Therapist and Clinical Supervisor, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, CA
| | - Eleanor Galit
- Eleanor Galit, is Research Assistant, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, CA
| | - Corina Isabel Necesito
- Corina Isabel Necesito, MS, OTR/L, is Occupational Therapist, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, CA
| | - Emily R. Rosario
- Emily R. Rosario, PhD, is Director of Research Institute, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, CA;
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