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Honan CA, McDonald S, Gowland A, Fisher A, Randall RK. Deficits in comprehension of speech acts after TBI: The role of theory of mind and executive function. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 150:69-79. [PMID: 26335998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Theory of mind (ToM) is critical to effective communication following traumatic brain injury (TBI) however, whether impairments are specific to social cognition, or reflective of executive demands is unclear. This study examined whether ToM impairments are predicted by executive function difficulties using everyday conversation tasks. Twenty-five individuals with severe-TBI were compared to 25 healthy controls on low- and high-ToM tasks across four conditions: (1) low cognitive load, (2) high flexibility, (3) high working memory (WM) and (4) high inhibition. TBI individuals were impaired on high-ToM tasks in the WM condition. When the WM demands of the task were controlled, the impairments were no longer apparent. TBI individuals were not impaired on high-ToM tasks in the inhibition and flexibility conditions, suggesting these tasks may not have been sufficiently demanding of ToM abilities. The results suggest that ToM impairments in everyday communication may arise due to WM demands, in individuals with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Honan
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Moving Ahead Centre for Research Excellence in Brain Recovery, Australia.
| | - Skye McDonald
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Moving Ahead Centre for Research Excellence in Brain Recovery, Australia.
| | - Alison Gowland
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Alana Fisher
- School of Psychology, Centre for Medical Psychology and Evidence-based Decision Making (CeMPED), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Rebekah K Randall
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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52
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Bello-Morales R, Delgado-García JM. The social neuroscience and the theory of integrative levels. Front Integr Neurosci 2015; 9:54. [PMID: 26578909 PMCID: PMC4625076 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The theory of integrative levels provides a general description of the evolution of matter through successive orders of complexity and integration. Along its development, material forms pass through different levels of organization, such as physical, chemical, biological or sociological. The appearance of novel structures and dynamics during this process of development of matter in complex systems has been called emergence. Social neuroscience (SN), an interdisciplinary field that aims to investigate the biological mechanisms that underlie social structures, processes, and behavior and the influences between social and biological levels of organization, has affirmed the necessity for including social context as an essential element to understand the human behavior. To do this, SN proposes a multilevel integrative approach by means of three principles: multiple determinism, nonadditive determinism and reciprocal determinism. These theoretical principles seem to share the basic tenets of the theory of integrative levels but, in this paper, we aim to reveal the differences among both doctrines. First, SN asserts that combination of neural and social variables can produce emergent phenomena that would not be predictable from a neuroscientific or social psychological analysis alone; SN also suggests that to achieve a complete understanding of social structures we should use an integrative analysis that encompasses levels of organization ranging from the genetic level to the social one; finally, SN establishes that there can be mutual influences between biological and social factors in determining behavior, accepting, therefore, a double influence, upward from biology to social level, and downward, from social level to biology. In contrast, following the theory of integrative levels, emergent phenomena are not produced by the combination of variables from two levels, but by the increment of complexity at one level. In addition, the social behavior and structures might be contemplated not as the result of mixing or summing social and biological influences, but as emergent phenomena that should be described with its own laws. Finally, following the integrative levels view, influences upward, from biology to social level, and downward, from social level to biology, might not be equivalent, since the bottom-up processes are emergent and the downward causation (DC) is not.
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53
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Tognoli E, Kelso JAS. The coordination dynamics of social neuromarkers. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:563. [PMID: 26557067 PMCID: PMC4617382 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Social behavior is a complex integrative function that entails many aspects of the brain’s sensory, cognitive, emotional and movement capacities. Its neural processes are seldom simultaneous but occur according to precise spatiotemporal choreographies, manifested by the coordination of their oscillations within and between brains. Methods with good temporal resolution can help to identify so-called “neuromarkers” of social function and aid in disentangling the dynamical architecture of social brains. In our ongoing research, we have used dual-electroencephalography (EEG) to study neuromarker dynamics during synchronic interactions in which pairs of subjects coordinate behavior spontaneously and intentionally (social coordination) and during diachronic transactions that require subjects to perceive or behave in turn (action observation, delayed imitation). In this paper, after outlining our dynamical approach to the neurophysiological basis of social behavior, we examine commonalities and differences in the neuromarkers that are recruited for both kinds of tasks. We find the neuromarker landscape to be task-specific: synchronic paradigms of social coordination reveal medial mu, alpha and the phi complex as contributing neuromarkers. Diachronic tasks recruit alpha as well, in addition to lateral mu rhythms and the newly discovered nu and kappa rhythms whose functional significance is still unclear. Social coordination, observation, and delayed imitation share commonality of context: in each of our experiments, subjects exchanged information through visual perception and moved in similar ways. Nonetheless, there was little overlap between their neuromarkers, a result that hints strongly of task-specific neural mechanisms for social behavior. The only neuromarker that transcended both synchronic and diachronic social behaviors was the ubiquitous alpha rhythm, which appears to be a key signature of visually-mediated social behaviors. The present paper is both an entry point and a challenge: much work remains to determine the nature and scope of recruitment of other neuromarkers, and to create theoretical models of their within- and between-brain dynamics during social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Tognoli
- Human Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - J A Scott Kelso
- Human Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL, USA ; Intelligent System Research Centre, Ulster University, Derry ~ Londonderry UK
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54
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Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia exhibit impaired social cognition, which manifests as difficulties in identifying emotions, feeing connected to others, inferring people's thoughts and reacting emotionally to others. These social cognitive impairments interfere with social connections and are strong determinants of the degree of impaired daily functioning in such individuals. Here, we review recent findings from the fields of social cognition and social neuroscience and identify the social processes that are impaired in schizophrenia. We also consider empathy as an example of a complex social cognitive function that integrates several social processes and is impaired in schizophrenia. This information may guide interventions to improve social cognition in patients with this disorder.
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55
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Tavares RM, Mendelsohn A, Grossman Y, Williams CH, Shapiro M, Trope Y, Schiller D. A Map for Social Navigation in the Human Brain. Neuron 2015; 87:231-43. [PMID: 26139376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the neural mechanisms of social behavior has propelled the growth of social neuroscience. The exact computations of the social brain, however, remain elusive. Here we investigated how the human brain tracks ongoing changes in social relationships using functional neuroimaging. Participants were lead characters in a role-playing game in which they were to find a new home and a job through interactions with virtual cartoon characters. We found that a two-dimensional geometric model of social relationships, a "social space" framed by power and affiliation, predicted hippocampal activity. Moreover, participants who reported better social skills showed stronger covariance between hippocampal activity and "movement" through "social space." The results suggest that the hippocampus is crucial for social cognition, and imply that beyond framing physical locations, the hippocampus computes a more general, inclusive, abstract, and multidimensional cognitive map consistent with its role in episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Morais Tavares
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Avi Mendelsohn
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Yael Grossman
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Matthew Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yaacov Trope
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniela Schiller
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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56
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Cikara M, Van Bavel JJ. The Neuroscience of Intergroup Relations: An Integrative Review. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 9:245-74. [PMID: 26173262 DOI: 10.1177/1745691614527464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We review emerging research on the psychological and biological factors that underlie social group formation, cooperation, and conflict in humans. Our aim is to integrate the intergroup neuroscience literature with classic theories of group processes and intergroup relations in an effort to move beyond merely describing the effects of specific social out-groups on the brain and behavior. Instead, we emphasize the underlying psychological processes that govern intergroup interactions more generally: forming and updating our representations of "us" and "them" via social identification and functional relations between groups. This approach highlights the dynamic nature of social identity and the context-dependent nature of intergroup relations. We argue that this theoretical integration can help reconcile seemingly discrepant findings in the literature, provide organizational principles for understanding the core elements of intergroup dynamics, and highlight several exciting directions for future research at the interface of intergroup relations and neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Cikara
- Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
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57
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Marshall PJ. Relating Psychology and Neuroscience: Taking Up the Challenges. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 4:113-25. [PMID: 26158938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Advances in brain research have invigorated an ongoing debate about the relations between psychology and neuroscience. Cognitive science has historically neglected the study of neuroscience, although the influential subfield of cognitive neuroscience has since attempted to combine information processing approaches with an awareness of brain functioning. Although cognitive neuroscience does not necessarily support a reductionist approach, certain philosophers of mind have suggested that psychological constructs will eventually be replaced with descriptions of neurobiological processes. One implicitly popular response to this proposal is that neuroscience represents a level of implementation that is separate from a level of cognition. Although recent work in the philosophy of mind has gone some way to explicating the concept of psychological and neuroscience approaches as different levels, it is suggested here that a tidy framework of levels is somewhat tenuous. A particular challenge comes from the metatheoretical position of embodiment, which places the mind within the body and brain of an active organism which is deeply embedded in the world. In providing an integration of brain, body, mind, and culture, embodiment exemplifies an important line of defense against claims of the possible reduction of psychology by neuroscience.
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58
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Cacioppo JT, Amaral DG, Blanchard JJ, Cameron JL, Carter CS, Crews D, Fiske S, Heatherton T, Johnson MK, Kozak MJ, Levenson RW, Lord C, Miller EK, Ochsner K, Raichle ME, Shea MT, Taylor SE, Young LJ, Quinn KJ. Social Neuroscience: Progress and Implications for Mental Health. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 2:99-123. [PMID: 26151956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Social neuroscience is a new, interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding how biological systems implement social processes and behavior. Social neuroscience capitalizes on biological concepts and methods to inform and refine theories of social behavior, and it uses social and behavioral constructs and data to inform and refine theories of neural organization and function. We focus here on the progress and potential of social neuroscience in the area of mental health. Research in social neuroscience has grown dramatically in recent years. Among the most active areas of research we found are brain-imaging studies in normal children and adults; animal models of social behavior; studies of stroke patients; imaging studies of psychiatric patients; and research on social determinants of peripheral neural, neuroendocrine, and immunological processes. We also found that these areas of research are proceeding along largely independent trajectories. Our goals in this article are to review the development of this field, examine some currently promising approaches, identify obstacles and opportunities for future advances and integration, and consider how this research can inform work on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
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59
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Senior C, Lee N, Braeutigam S. Society, organizations and the brain: building toward a unified cognitive neuroscience perspective. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:289. [PMID: 26042022 PMCID: PMC4436887 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Senior
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University Birmingham, UK
| | - Nick Lee
- School of Business and Economics, Loughborough University Loughborough, UK
| | - Sven Braeutigam
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Oxford University Oxford, UK
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60
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Rossi A, Parada FJ, Latinus M, Puce A. Photographic but not line-drawn faces show early perceptual neural sensitivity to eye gaze direction. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:185. [PMID: 25914636 PMCID: PMC4392689 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our brains readily decode facial movements and changes in social attention, reflected in earlier and larger N170 event-related potentials (ERPs) to viewing gaze aversions vs. direct gaze in real faces (Puce et al., 2000). In contrast, gaze aversions in line-drawn faces do not produce these N170 differences (Rossi et al., 2014), suggesting that physical stimulus properties or experimental context may drive these effects. Here we investigated the role of stimulus-induced context on neurophysiological responses to dynamic gaze. Sixteen healthy adults viewed line-drawn and real faces, with dynamic eye aversion and direct gaze transitions, and control stimuli (scrambled arrays and checkerboards) while continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded. EEG data from 2 temporo-occipital clusters of 9 electrodes in each hemisphere where N170 activity is known to be maximal were selected for analysis. N170 peak amplitude and latency, and temporal dynamics from Event-Related Spectral Perturbations (ERSPs) were measured in 16 healthy subjects. Real faces generated larger N170s for averted vs. direct gaze motion, however, N170s to real and direct gaze were as large as those to respective controls. N170 amplitude did not differ across line-drawn gaze changes. Overall, bilateral mean gamma power changes for faces relative to control stimuli occurred between 150–350 ms, potentially reflecting signal detection of facial motion. Our data indicate that experimental context does not drive N170 differences to viewed gaze changes. Low-level stimulus properties, such as the high sclera/iris contrast change in real eyes likely drive the N170 changes to viewed aversive movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rossi
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA ; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Francisco J Parada
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA ; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marianne Latinus
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA ; Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Aina Puce
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA ; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA ; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
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61
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Hyde LW, Tompson S, Creswell JD, Falk EB. Cultural neuroscience: new directions as the field matures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40167-014-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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62
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Thaler NS, Sutton GP, Allen DN. Social cognition and functional capacity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:309-14. [PMID: 25200189 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Social cognition is a functionally relevant predictor of capacity in schizophrenia (SZ), though research concerning its value for bipolar disorder (BD) is limited. The current investigation examined the relationship between two social cognitive factors and functional capacity in bipolar disorder. This study included 48 individuals with bipolar disorder (24 with psychotic features) and 30 patients with schizophrenia. Multiple regression controlling for estimated IQ scores was used to assess the predictive value of social cognitive factors on the UCSD Performance-Based Functional Skills Assessment (UPSA). Results found that for the bipolar with psychosis and schizophrenia groups, the social/emotion processing factor predicted the UPSA. The theory of mind factor only predicted the UPSA for the schizophrenia group.. Findings support the clinical utility of evaluating emotion processing in individuals with a history of psychosis. For BD, theory of mind may be better explained by a generalized cognitive deficit. In contrast, social/emotion processing may be linked to distinct neurobiological processes associated with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Thaler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Griffin P Sutton
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Daniel N Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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63
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Abstract
In groups, individuals often adjust their behavior to the majority’s. Here, we provide a brief introduction into the research on social conformity and review the first, very recent investigations elucidating the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Multiple studies suggest that conformity is a behavioral adjustment based on reinforcement-learning mechanisms in posterior medial frontal cortex and ventral striatum. It has also been suggested that the detection of cognitive inconsistency and the modulation of basic encoding processes are involved. Together, recent findings provide valuable insight into the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying social conformity and clearly point up the need for further studies in this field.
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64
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Abstract
Research from the interdisciplinary field of social cognitive neuroscience provides insights as to how managers learn and develop, resulting in theoretical propositions and practical implications. Third-generation management development is applied as a conceptual framework for the organization and presentation of relevant evidence from the neuroscience literature. Neuroscience offers potential to theoretically advance our understanding of management development as well as practically enhance managerial capacity to (a) reflect with a deeper sense of self-awareness, (b) analyze with greater balance across hard and soft data, (c) position organizations within broader perspectives, (d) collaborate interpersonally by establishing relationships that engender egalitarianism and trust, and (e) enact change in a nonlinear manner. Ten propositions are developed linking neurological processes to management development. Practical implications are suggested as well as research considerations for future integration between neuroscience and management development.
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65
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Bickart KC, Dickerson BC, Barrett LF. The amygdala as a hub in brain networks that support social life. Neuropsychologia 2014; 63:235-48. [PMID: 25152530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the amygdala is central to handling the demands of complex social life in primates. In this paper, we synthesize extant anatomical and functional data from rodents, monkeys, and humans to describe the topography of three partially distinct large-scale brain networks anchored in the amygdala that each support unique functions for effectively managing social interactions and maintaining social relationships. These findings provide a powerful componential framework for parsing social behavior into partially distinct neural underpinnings that differ among healthy people and disintegrate or fail to develop in neuropsychiatric populations marked by social impairment, such as autism, antisocial personality disorder, and frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Bickart
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Northeastern University, United States
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Program and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Northeastern University, United States; Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Program and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Northeastern University, United States; Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, United States.
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66
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Paul EJ, Chau A, Solomon J, Grafman JH. Lesion mapping of social problem solving. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2823-33. [PMID: 25070511 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating neuroscience evidence indicates that human intelligence is supported by a distributed network of frontal and parietal regions that enable complex, goal-directed behaviour. However, the contributions of this network to social aspects of intellectual function remain to be well characterized. Here, we report a human lesion study (n = 144) that investigates the neural bases of social problem solving (measured by the Everyday Problem Solving Inventory) and examine the degree to which individual differences in performance are predicted by a broad spectrum of psychological variables, including psychometric intelligence (measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), emotional intelligence (measured by the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), and personality traits (measured by the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory). Scores for each variable were obtained, followed by voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that working memory, processing speed, and emotional intelligence predict individual differences in everyday problem solving. A targeted analysis of specific everyday problem solving domains (involving friends, home management, consumerism, work, information management, and family) revealed psychological variables that selectively contribute to each. Lesion mapping results indicated that social problem solving, psychometric intelligence, and emotional intelligence are supported by a shared network of frontal, temporal, and parietal regions, including white matter association tracts that bind these areas into a coordinated system. The results support an integrative framework for understanding social intelligence and make specific recommendations for the application of the Everyday Problem Solving Inventory to the study of social problem solving in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K Barbey
- 1 Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 3 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 4 Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 5 Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 6 Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 7 Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Roberto Colom
- 8 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación CIEN/Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erick J Paul
- 1 Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Aileen Chau
- 9 Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jordan H Grafman
- 9 Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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67
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Abstract
Advances in cognitive neuroscience are creating a significant theoretical rapprochement between neuroscience and humanistic psychology. Since the decade of the brain, there has been a steady increase in neuroscientific research on characteristically humanistic topics such as selfhood, choice, and collaborative meaning making. Moreover, the fundamental postulates of humanistic psychology are playing a central role in a host of contemporary viewpoints within neuroscience. As a result, neuroscience is paving the way for a renewed appreciation of humanistic psychology. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the contemporary currents of neuroscientific thought that are most notably supportive of humanistic psychology’s general understanding of human existence. The theoretical rapprochement between neuroscience and humanistic psychology suggests that humanistic psychology may benefit from enhancing its developmental and multicultural aspects. Humanistic psychology stands to further benefit from the development of an integrated, distinctly humanistic neuroscience viewpoint.
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68
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Schilbach L. On the relationship of online and offline social cognition. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:278. [PMID: 24834045 PMCID: PMC4018539 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Social neuroscience studies the neurobiological underpinnings of people making sense of people. Due to both conceptual and methodological constraints, the majority of studies in this field of research, however, has employed experimental paradigms that focus on social cognition from an observer’s rather than from an interactor’s point of view (offline vs. online social cognition). This calls for an increased effort to systematically investigate the neural bases of participation in real-time social interaction. In light of the ontogenetic primacy of social interaction over observation and the idea that neural networks established during social interaction may be “re-used” during observation, other important objectives of the field will be to relate new findings into the neural bases of social interaction to previous work investigating the neural bases of social observation as well as to find ways to directly compare the two.
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69
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Schwarz DA, Lebedev MA, Hanson TL, Dimitrov DF, Lehew G, Meloy J, Rajangam S, Subramanian V, Ifft PJ, Li Z, Ramakrishnan A, Tate A, Zhuang KZ, Nicolelis MAL. Chronic, wireless recordings of large-scale brain activity in freely moving rhesus monkeys. Nat Methods 2014; 11:670-6. [PMID: 24776634 PMCID: PMC4161037 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Advances in techniques for recording large-scale brain activity contribute to both the elucidation of neurophysiological principles and the development of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). Here we describe a neurophysiological paradigm for performing tethered and wireless large-scale recordings based on movable volumetric three-dimensional (3D) multielectrode implants. This approach allowed us to isolate up to 1,800 units per animal and simultaneously record the extracellular activity of close to 500 cortical neurons, distributed across multiple cortical areas, in freely behaving rhesus monkeys. The method is expandable, in principle, to thousands of simultaneously recorded channels. It also allows increased recording longevity (5 consecutive years), and recording of a broad range of behaviors, e.g. social interactions, and BMI paradigms in freely moving primates. We propose that wireless large-scale recordings could have a profound impact on basic primate neurophysiology research, while providing a framework for the development and testing of clinically relevant neuroprostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Schwarz
- 1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mikhail A Lebedev
- 1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy L Hanson
- 1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gary Lehew
- 1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jim Meloy
- 1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sankaranarayani Rajangam
- 1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vivek Subramanian
- 1] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter J Ifft
- 1] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- 1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arjun Ramakrishnan
- 1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Tate
- 1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katie Z Zhuang
- 1] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miguel A L Nicolelis
- 1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [3] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [4] Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. [5] Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience of Natal, Natal, Brazil
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70
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Liu T, Pelowski M. A new research trend in social neuroscience: Towards an interactive-brain neuroscience. Psych J 2014; 3:177-88. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Cognitive Informatics; Graduate School of Information Science; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Matthew Pelowski
- Department of Cognitive Informatics; Graduate School of Information Science; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
- Copenhagen University; Department of Psychology
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71
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Nielsen J. Die Rezeption systemischer Denk- und Therapieansätze für die klinische Neuropsychologie. ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In den Naturwissenschaften hat durch die Systemtheorie und die Berücksichtigung von Komplexität, Zirkularität und Prozessualität seit langem ein Paradigmenwechsel stattgefunden. Dieses systemtheoretische Denken bildet das Fundament der heutigen Systemischen Therapie (ST). Ihr besonderes Merkmal ist die Einbeziehung des interaktionellen Kontextes unter Beachtung unterschiedlicher Systemebenen (Patient, Familie, Behandlungsteam usw.). Das Aufgabengebiet der klinischen Neuropsychologie umfasst wiederum nicht nur die Diagnostik und Therapie gestörter Hirnfunktionen, sondern der „gesamte Patient” und seine Angehörigen stehen im Behandlerfokus; dies erfordert ein entsprechend aufgestelltes Interventionsrepertoire. Gemäß Autorenmeinung kann die ST diesen „neuropsychologischen Behandlungskoffer” mit ihrem Grundverständnis, ihrer Haltung und ihrem Methodenspektrum bereichern. Im Blickpunkt stehen dabei die „kommunikativen Spielregeln” (Sinndeutungen, Sprache, Interaktionsmuster, Rollenverteilungen), die infolge eines Krankheitsereignisses bei Patienten, Angehörigen und Rehabilitationsteam „systemdynamisch” verändert sein können.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Nielsen
- Neurologisches Rehabilitationszentrum „Godeshöhe” e.V., Abteilung für kognitive Rehabilitation, Bonn
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72
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Abstract
Nearly 25 years ago, the shared interests of psychologists and biologists in understanding the neural basis of social behavior led to the inception of social neuroscience. In the past decade, this field has exploded, in large part due to the infusion of studies that use fMRI. At the same time, tensions have arisen about how to prioritize a diverse range of questions and about the authority of neurobiological data in answering them. The field is now poised to tackle some of the most interesting and important questions about human and animal behavior but at the same time faces uncertainty about how to achieve focus in its research and cohesion among the scientists who tackle it. The next 25 years offer the opportunity to alleviate some of these growing pains, as well as the challenge of answering large questions that encompass the nature and bounds of diverse social interactions (in humans, including interactions through the internet); how to characterize, and treat, social dysfunction in psychiatric illness; and how to compare social cognition in humans with that in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian A Stanley
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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73
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Thaler NS, Allen DN, Sutton GP, Vertinski M, Ringdahl EN. Differential impairment of social cognition factors in bipolar disorder with and without psychotic features and schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:2004-10. [PMID: 24112946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
While it is well-established that patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder exhibit deficits in social cognition, few studies have separately examined bipolar disorder with and without psychotic features. The current study addressed this gap by comparing patients with bipolar disorder with (BD+) and without (BD-) psychotic features, patients with schizophrenia (SZ), and healthy controls (NC) across social cognitive measures. Principal factor analysis on five social cognition tasks extracted a two-factor structure comprised of social/emotional processing and theory of mind. Factor scores were compared among the four groups. Results identified differential patterns of impairment between the BD+ and BD- group on the social/emotional processing factor while all clinical groups performed poorer than controls on the theory of mind factor. This provides evidence that a history of psychosis should be taken into account while evaluating social cognition in patients with bipolar disorder and also raises hypotheses about the relationship between social cognition and psychosis.
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74
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Grafman J. Neural mechanisms of discourse comprehension: a human lesion study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:277-87. [PMID: 24293267 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Discourse comprehension is a hallmark of human social behaviour and refers to the act of interpreting a written or spoken message by constructing mental representations that integrate incoming language with prior knowledge and experience. Here, we report a human lesion study (n = 145) that investigates the neural mechanisms underlying discourse comprehension (measured by the Discourse Comprehension Test) and systematically examine its relation to a broad range of psychological factors, including psychometric intelligence (measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), emotional intelligence (measured by the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), and personality traits (measured by the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory). Scores obtained from these factors were submitted to voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to elucidate their neural substrates. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that working memory and extraversion reliably predict individual differences in discourse comprehension: higher working memory scores and lower extraversion levels predict better discourse comprehension performance. Lesion mapping results indicated that these convergent variables depend on a shared network of frontal and parietal regions, including white matter association tracts that bind these areas into a coordinated system. The observed findings motivate an integrative framework for understanding the neural foundations of discourse comprehension, suggesting that core elements of discourse processing emerge from a distributed network of brain regions that support specific competencies for executive and social function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K Barbey
- 1 Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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75
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Van Bavel JJ, Hackel LM, Xiao YJ. The Group Mind: The Pervasive Influence of Social Identity on Cognition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02904-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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76
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Becker WJ, Menges JI. Biological implicit measures in HRM and OB: A question of how not if. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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77
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Abstract
AbstractIn spite of the remarkable progress made in the burgeoning field of social neuroscience, the neural mechanisms that underlie social encounters are only beginning to be studied and could – paradoxically – be seen as representing the “dark matter” of social neuroscience. Recent conceptual and empirical developments consistently indicate the need for investigations that allow the study of real-time social encounters in a truly interactive manner. This suggestion is based on the premise that social cognition is fundamentally different when we are in interaction with others rather than merely observing them. In this article, we outline the theoretical conception of a second-person approach to other minds and review evidence from neuroimaging, psychophysiological studies, and related fields to argue for the development of a second-person neuroscience, which will help neuroscience to really “go social”; this may also be relevant for our understanding of psychiatric disorders construed as disorders of social cognition.
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78
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Social outcomes in pediatric traumatic brain injury: perspectives from social neuroscience and developmental psychology. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2013; 19:493-6. [PMID: 23635523 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617713000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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79
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Insights from the application of computational neuroimaging to social neuroscience. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:387-92. [PMID: 23518140 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A recent approach in social neuroscience has been the application of formal computational models for a particular social-cognitive process to neuroimaging data. Here we review preliminary findings from this nascent subfield, focusing on observational learning and strategic interactions. We present evidence consistent with the existence of three distinct learning systems that may contribute to social cognition: an observational-reward-learning system involved in updating expectations of future reward based on observing rewards obtained by others, an action-observational learning system involved in learning about the action tendencies of others, and a third system engaged when it is necessary to learn about the hidden mental-states or traits of another. These three systems appear to map onto distinct neuroanatomical substrates, and depend on unique computational signals.
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80
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Sibley CG, Liu JH. Relocating attitudes as components of representational profiles: Mapping the epidemiology of bicultural policy attitudes using latent class analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James H. Liu
- Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington; New Zealand
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81
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Han S, Northoff G, Vogeley K, Wexler BE, Kitayama S, Varnum ME. A Cultural Neuroscience Approach to the Biosocial Nature of the Human Brain. Annu Rev Psychol 2013; 64:335-59. [PMID: 22994921 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-071112-054629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Han
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China;
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50924, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3), Research Center Juelich, Juelich 52425, Germany
| | - Bruce E. Wexler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1109
| | - Michael E.W. Varnum
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China;
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82
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Venkatraman V. Why bother with the brain? A role for decision neuroscience in understanding strategic variability. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2013; 202:267-88. [PMID: 23317837 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62604-2.00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Neuroscience, by its nature, seems to hold considerable promise for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of decision making. In recent years, several studies in the domain of "neuroeconomics" or "decision neuroscience" have provided important insights into brain function. Yet, the apparent success and value of each of these domains are frequently called into question by researchers in economics and behavioral decision making. Critics often charge that knowledge about the brain is unnecessary for understanding decision preferences. In this chapter, I contend that knowledge about underlying brain mechanisms helps in the development of biologically plausible models of behavior, which can then help elucidate the mechanisms underlying individual choice biases and strategic preferences. Using a novel risky choice paradigm, I will demonstrate that people vary in whether they adopt compensatory or noncompensatory rules in economic decision making. Importantly, neuroimaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging reveal that distinct neural mechanisms support variability in choices and variability in strategic preferences. Converging evidence from a study involving decisions between hypothetical stocks illustrates how knowledge about the underlying mechanisms can help inform neuroanatomical models of cognitive control. Last, I will demonstrate how knowledge about these underlying neural mechanisms can provide novel insights into the effects of decision states like sleep deprivation on decision preferences. Together, these findings suggest that neuroscience can play a critical role in creating robust and flexible models of real-world decision behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Venkatraman
- Department of Marketing, Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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83
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How cultural is ‘cultural neuroscience’? Some comments on an emerging research paradigm. BIOSOCIETIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1057/biosoc.2012.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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84
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Grafman J. Distributed neural system for emotional intelligence revealed by lesion mapping. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 9:265-72. [PMID: 23171618 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience has made considerable progress in understanding the neural architecture of human intelligence, identifying a broadly distributed network of frontal and parietal regions that support goal-directed, intelligent behavior. However, the contributions of this network to social and emotional aspects of intellectual function remain to be well characterized. Here we investigated the neural basis of emotional intelligence in 152 patients with focal brain injuries using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Latent variable modeling was applied to obtain measures of emotional intelligence, general intelligence and personality from the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Inventory, respectively. Regression analyses revealed that latent scores for measures of general intelligence and personality reliably predicted latent scores for emotional intelligence. Lesion mapping results further indicated that these convergent processes depend on a shared network of frontal, temporal and parietal brain regions. The results support an integrative framework for understanding the architecture of executive, social and emotional processes and make specific recommendations for the interpretation and application of the MSCEIT to the study of emotional intelligence in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Lab, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820.
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85
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Abstract
Social cognitive neuroscience is a novel field of interdisciplinary research that examines socio-emotional cognition and behavior by emphasizing the neural substrates of these processes. Insights from this biological perspective have established that socio-emotional processing does not happen in a sequential order but in a recursive and interlinked fashion; that individual brain regions are not associated with one, but multiple, distinct social functions; and that brain regions are organized into dynamically interacting networks. These factors explain why it is difficult to pinpoint the neural substrates of particular social deficits in patients with brain diseases. With that said, there are specific brain regions that are highly specialized for the perception, regulation, and modulation of emotion and behavior. This article will review key aspects of social processing beginning with their underlying neural substrates, including (1) perception of social signals, (2) social and emotional evaluation, and (3) behavioral response generation and selection. Case studies will be used to illustrate the real-life social deficits resulting from distinct patterns of neuroanatomic damage, highlighting the brain regions most critical for adequate social behavior. Continuum Lifelong Learning Neurol 2010;16(4):69-85.
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86
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A geographical history of social cognitive neuroscience. Neuroimage 2012; 61:432-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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87
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Singer T. The past, present and future of social neuroscience: A European perspective. Neuroimage 2012; 61:437-49. [PMID: 22305955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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88
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Huettel SA, Kranton RE. Identity economics and the brain: uncovering the mechanisms of social conflict. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:680-91. [PMID: 22271784 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Social contexts can have dramatic effects on decisions. When individuals recognize each other as coming from the same social group, they can coordinate their actions towards a common goal. Conversely, information about group differences can lead to conflicts both economic and physical. Understanding how social information shapes decision processes is now a core goal both of behavioural economics and neuroeconomics. Here, we describe the foundations for research that combines the theoretical framework from identity economics with the experimental methods of neuroscience. Research at this intersection would fill important gaps in the literature not addressed by current approaches in either of these disciplines, nor within social neuroscience, psychology or other fields. We set forth a simple taxonomy of social contexts based on the information content they provide. And, we highlight the key questions that would be addressed by a new 'identity neuroeconomics'. Such research could serve as an important and novel link between the social and natural sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Huettel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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89
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90
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Balthazard PA, Waldman DA, Thatcher RW, Hannah ST. Differentiating transformational and non-transformational leaders on the basis of neurological imaging. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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91
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Lee N, Senior C, Butler M. Leadership research and cognitive neuroscience: The state of this union. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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92
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Future trends in Neuroimaging: Neural processes as expressed within real-life contexts. Neuroimage 2012; 62:1272-8. [PMID: 22348879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neuroscience research has changed dramatically with the proliferation and refinement of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technologies. The early years of the technique were largely devoted to methods development and validation, and to the coarse-grained mapping of functional topographies. This paper will cover three emerging trends that we believe will be central to fMRI research in the coming decade. In the first section of this paper, we argue in favor of a shift from fine-grained functional labeling toward the characterization of underlying neural processes. In the second section, we examine three methodological developments that have improved our ability to characterize these neural processes using fMRI. In the last section, we highlight the trend towards more ecologically valid fMRI experiments, which engage neural circuits in real life conditions. We note that many of our cognitive faculties emerge from interpersonal interactions, and that a complete understanding of the cognitive processes within a single individual's brain cannot be achieved without understanding the interactions among individuals. Looking forward to the future of human fMRI, we conclude that the major constraint on new discoveries will not be related to the spatiotemporal resolution of the BOLD signal, which is constantly improving, but rather to the precision of our hypotheses and the creativity of our methods for testing them.
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93
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94
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Erbe JK, Diamond D, Fertuck EA. Mental Representation, Social Cognition, and the Neural Underpinnings of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Multilevel Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15294145.2012.10773703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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95
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Waldman DA, Balthazard PA, Peterson SJ. Social cognitive neuroscience and leadership. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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96
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Lanius RA, Bluhm RL, Frewen PA. How understanding the neurobiology of complex post-traumatic stress disorder can inform clinical practice: a social cognitive and affective neuroscience approach. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011; 124:331-48. [PMID: 21854369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this review, we examine the relevance of the social cognitive and affective neuroscience (SCAN) paradigm for an understanding of the psychology and neurobiology of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its effective treatment. METHOD The relevant literature pertaining to SCAN and PTSD was reviewed. RESULTS We suggest that SCAN offers a novel theoretical paradigm for understanding psychological trauma and its numerous clinical outcomes, most notably problems in emotional/self-awareness, emotion regulation, social emotional processing and self-referential processing. A core set of brain regions appear to mediate these collective psychological functions, most notably the cortical midline structures, the amygdala, the insula, posterior parietal cortex and temporal poles, suggesting that problems in one area (e.g. emotional awareness) may relate to difficulties in another (e.g. self-referential processing). We further propose, drawing on clinical research, that the experiences of individuals with PTSD related to chronic trauma often reflect impairments in multiple social cognitive and affective functions. CONCLUSION It is important that the assessment and treatment of individuals with complex PTSD not only addresses traumatic memories but also takes a SCAN-informed approach that focuses on the underlying deficits in emotional/self-awareness, emotion regulation, social emotional processing and self-referential processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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97
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98
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99
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Berkman ET, Lieberman MD. What's outside the black box?: The status of behavioral outcomes in neuroscience research. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2011; 22:100-107. [PMID: 21984865 DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2011.550182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Kievit et al.'s target paper exemplifies a trend in recent years in psychology and neuroscience to focus on internal mental and neural processes without integrating actual behavior. We discuss the theoretical status of behavior in the context of their model, and present an extension of the model that explicitly includes behavior. Several theoretical and methodological issues relevant to integrating behavior into the model are considered, particularly the distinction between behavior as measured in the laboratory along with neural and psychological processes (proximal behavior) and behavior as measured in situ as part of ongoing daily experience (distal behavior). We conclude by describing several studies that integrate neural, psychological, and behavioral indicators and discuss how these kinds of studies can facilitate a better understanding of behavior and contribute to theory development.
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100
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Johnson R, Simon EJ, Henkell H, Zhu J. The role of episodic memory in controlled evaluative judgments about attitudes: an event-related potential study. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:945-960. [PMID: 21262245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are unique in their ability to provide information about the timing of activity in the neural networks that perform complex cognitive processes. Given the dearth of extant data from normal controls on the question of whether attitude representations are stored in episodic or semantic memory, the goal here was to study the nature of the memory representations used during conscious attitude evaluations. Thus, we recorded ERPs while participants performed three tasks: attitude evaluations (i.e., agree/disagree), autobiographical cued recall (i.e., You/Not You) and semantic evaluations (i.e., active/inactive). The key finding was that the parietal episodic memory (EM) effect, a well-established correlate of episodic recollection, was elicited by both attitude evaluations and autobiographical retrievals. By contrast, semantic evaluations of the same attitude items elicited less parietal activity, like that elicited by Not You cues, which only access semantic memory. In accord with hemodynamic results, attitude evaluations and autobiographical retrievals also produced overlapping patterns of slow potential (SP) activity from 500 to 900ms preceding the response over left and right inferior frontal, anterior medial frontal and occipital brain areas. Significantly different patterns of SP activity were elicited in these locations for semantic evaluations and Not You cues. Taken together, the results indicate that attitude representations are stored in episodic memory. Retrieval timing varied as a function of task, with earlier retrievals in both evaluation conditions relative to those in the autobiographical condition. The differential roles and timing of memory retrieval in evaluative judgment and memory retrieval tasks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Queens College/CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
| | - Elizabeth J Simon
- Department of Psychology, Queens College/CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, United States
| | - Heather Henkell
- Department of Psychology, Queens College/CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, United States
| | - John Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Queens College/CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, United States
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