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Thibaut R, Gage MC, Pineda-Torra I, Chabrier G, Venteclef N, Alzaid F. Liver macrophages and inflammation in physiology and physiopathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. FEBS J 2021; 289:3024-3057. [PMID: 33860630 PMCID: PMC9290065 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, being a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes and with important links to inflammation and insulin resistance. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver conditions ranging from steatosis in the form of ectopic lipid storage, to inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Macrophages that populate the liver play important roles in maintaining liver homeostasis under normal physiology and in promoting inflammation and mediating fibrosis in the progression of NAFLD toward to NASH. Liver macrophages are a heterogenous group of innate immune cells, originating from the yolk sac or from circulating monocytes, that are required to maintain immune tolerance while being exposed portal and pancreatic blood flow rich in nutrients and hormones. Yet, liver macrophages retain a limited capacity to raise the alarm in response to danger signals. We now know that macrophages in the liver play both inflammatory and noninflammatory roles throughout the progression of NAFLD. Macrophage responses are mediated first at the level of cell surface receptors that integrate environmental stimuli, signals are transduced through multiple levels of regulation in the cell, and specific transcriptional programmes dictate effector functions. These effector functions play paramount roles in determining the course of disease in NAFLD and even more so in the progression towards NASH. The current review covers recent reports in the physiological and pathophysiological roles of liver macrophages in NAFLD. We emphasise the responses of liver macrophages to insulin resistance and the transcriptional machinery that dictates liver macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Thibaut
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Gage
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Inès Pineda-Torra
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Gwladys Chabrier
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
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Moruzzi N, Lazzeri-Barcelo F, Valladolid-Acebes I, Moede T, Paschen M, Leibiger B, Berggren PO, Leibiger IB. Tissue-specific expression of insulin receptor isoforms in obesity/type 2 diabetes mouse models. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4800-4813. [PMID: 33742502 PMCID: PMC8107091 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The two insulin receptor (IR) isoforms IR‐A and IR‐B are responsible for the pleiotropic actions of insulin and insulin‐like growth factors. Consequently, changes in IR isoform expression and in the bioavailability of their ligands will impact on IR‐mediated functions. Although alteration of IR isoform expression has been linked to insulin resistance, knowledge of IR isoform expression and mechanisms underlying tissue/cell‐type‐specific changes in metabolic disease are lacking. Using mouse models of obesity/diabetes and measuring the mRNA of the IR isoforms and mRNA/protein levels of total IR, we provide a data set of IR isoform expression pattern that documents changes in a tissue‐dependent manner. Combining tissue fractionation and a new in situ mRNA hybridization technology to visualize the IR isoforms at cellular resolution, we explored the mechanism underlying the change in IR isoform expression in perigonadal adipose tissue, which is mainly caused by tissue remodelling, rather than by a shift in IR alternative splicing in a particular cell type, e.g. adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Moruzzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Lazzeri-Barcelo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ismael Valladolid-Acebes
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tilo Moede
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meike Paschen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Leibiger
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingo B Leibiger
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abid MSR, Mousavi S, Checco JW. Identifying Receptors for Neuropeptides and Peptide Hormones: Challenges and Recent Progress. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:251-263. [PMID: 33539706 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular signaling events mediated by neuropeptides and peptide hormones represent important targets for both basic science and drug discovery. For many bioactive peptides, the protein receptors that transmit information across the receiving cell membrane are not known, severely limiting these signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets. Identifying the receptor(s) for a given peptide of interest is complicated by several factors. Most notably, cell-cell signaling peptides are generated through dynamic biosynthetic pathways, can act on many different families of receptor proteins, and can participate in complex ligand-receptor interactions that extend beyond a simple one-to-one archetype. Here, we discuss recent methodological advances to identify signaling partners for bioactive peptides. Recent efforts have centered on methods to identify candidate receptors via transcript expression, methods to match peptide-receptor pairs through high throughput screening, and methods to capture direct ligand-receptor interactions using chemical probes. Future applications of the receptor identification approaches discussed here, as well as technical advancements to address their limitations, promise to lead to a greater understanding of how cells communicate to deliver complex physiologies. Importantly, such advancements will likely provide novel targets for the treatment of human diseases within the central nervous and endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shadman Ridwan Abid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Somayeh Mousavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - James W. Checco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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Flier JS, Kahn CR. Insulin: A pacesetter for the shape of modern biomedical science and the Nobel Prize. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101194. [PMID: 33610859 PMCID: PMC8513142 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 100th anniversary of the discovery of insulin in Toronto in 1921 is an important moment in medical and scientific history. The demonstration that an extract of dog pancreas reproducibly lowered blood glucose, initially in diabetic dogs and then in humans with type 1 diabetes, was a medical breakthrough that changed the course of what was until then a largely fatal disease. The discovery of the “activity”, soon named “insulin”, was widely celebrated, garnering a Nobel Prize for Banting and McLeod in 1923. Over the ensuing 100 years, research on insulin has advanced on many fronts, producing insights that have transformed our understanding of diabetes and our approach to its treatment. Scope of Review This paper will review research on insulin that had another consequence of far broader scientific significance, by serving as a pacesetter and catalyst to bioscience research across many fields. Some of this was directly insulin-related and was also recognized by the Nobel Prize. Equally important, however, was research stimulated by the discovery of insulin that has profoundly influenced biomedical research, sometimes also recognized by the Nobel Prize and sometimes without this recognition. Major Conclusions By reviewing some of the most notable examples of both insulin-related and insulin-stimulated research, it becomes apparent that insulin had an enormous and frequently under-appreciated impact on the course of modern bioscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Flier
- Department of Neurobiology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, USA.
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Leroux M, Boutchueng-Djidjou M, Faure R. Insulin's Discovery: New Insights on Its Hundredth Birthday: From Insulin Action and Clearance to Sweet Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031030. [PMID: 33494161 PMCID: PMC7864324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2021, the 100th anniversary of the isolation of insulin and the rescue of a child with type 1 diabetes from death will be marked. In this review, we highlight advances since the ingenious work of the four discoverers, Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod, James Bertram Collip and Charles Herbert Best. Macleoad closed his Nobel Lecture speech by raising the question of the mechanism of insulin action in the body. This challenge attracted many investigators, and the question remained unanswered until the third part of the 20th century. We summarize what has been learned, from the discovery of cell surface receptors, insulin action, and clearance, to network and precision medicine.
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Zhou Q, Yu J, Yuan X, Wang C, Zhu Z, Zhang A, Gu W. Clinical and Functional Characterization of Novel INSR Variants in Two Families With Severe Insulin Resistance Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:606964. [PMID: 33995269 PMCID: PMC8117416 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.606964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Defects in the insulin receptor (INSR) gene cause various severe insulin resistance conditions, including Donohue syndrome (DS), Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) and type A insulin resistance (type A-IR). This study aimed to investigate the clinical characterization and molecular defects in three Chinese children with INSR-related insulin resistance syndrome. METHODS We reviewed the clinical data of three Chinese children with INSR-related insulin resistance syndrome from two unrelated kindreds. Genetic analysis was performed using whole-exome sequencing and the effects of the novel variants were further assessed by in vitro functional assays. RESULTS The proband with type A-IR presented with acanthosis nigricans, hypertrichosis, and euglycemia with mild insulin resistance in early childhood. His sister presented with features typical of type A-IR and was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus with severe insulin resistance at the age of 9.8 years. The proband with DS showed typical dysmorphic characteristics, severe intrauterine growth retardation, extreme insulin resistance, fasting hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia from birth. The heterozygote variants c.[3670G>A]; c.[3614C>T] were identified in both siblings with type A-IR; and c.[749_751del]; c.[3355C>T] in the patient with DS. In vitro studies showed that the novel variant c.749_751del [p.(Thr250del)] in the α-subunit, reduced expression of the mature INSR protein and severely impaired INSR function. In contrast, the novel variant c.3670G>A [p.(Val1224Met)] in the β-subunit had no effect on total protein expression and phosphorylation of INSR and Akt, suggesting that the variant p.Val1224Met appeared to be tolerated and was not responsible for the severe insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Our study detailed the clinical features of three patients with type A-IR and DS, and identified two novel variants in the INSR gene. Functional assays indicated the novel variant p.Thr250del was pathogenic. In contrast, the novel variant p.Val1224Met was suggested to be tolerated by our experimental data, even though bioinformatics analyses predicted the variant as deleterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuewen Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyang Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Gu, ; Aihua Zhang,
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Gu, ; Aihua Zhang,
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Bano N, Hossain MM, Bhat AQ, Ayaz MO, Kumari M, Sandhu P, Akhter Y, Dar MJ. Analyzing structural differences between insulin receptor (IR) and IGF1R for designing small molecule allosteric inhibitors of IGF1R as novel anti-cancer agents. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 55:101343. [PMID: 32877816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
IR and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) share high degree of sequence and structural similarity that hinders the development of anticancer drugs targeting IGF1R, which is dysregulated in many cancers. Although IR and IGF1R mediate their activities through similar signalling pathways, yet they show different physiological effects. The exact molecular mechanism(s) how IR and IGF1R exert their distinct functions remain largely unknown. Here, we performed in silico analysis and generated GFP-fusion proteins of wild type IR and its K1079R mutant to analyze their subcellular localization, cytoplasmic and nuclear activities in comparison to IGF1R and its K1055R mutant. We showed that, like K1055R mutation in IGF1R, K1079R mutation does not impede the subcellular localization and nuclear activities of IR. Although K1079R mutation significantly decreases the kinase activity of IR but not as much as K1055R mutation, which was seen to drastically reduce the kinase activity of IGF1R. Moreover, K1079 residue in IR is seen to be sitting in a pocket which is different than the allosteric inhibitor binding pocket present in its homologue (IGF1R). This is for the first time such a study has been conducted to identify structural differences between these receptors that could be exploited for designing small molecule allosteric inhibitor(s) of IGF1R as novel anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasima Bano
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Md Mehedi Hossain
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aadil Qadir Bhat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mir Owais Ayaz
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Monika Kumari
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh 176206, India
| | - Padmani Sandhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Mohd Jamal Dar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Sethi A, Foulds N, Ehtisham S, Ahmed SH, Houghton J, Colclough K, Didi M, Flanagan SE, Senniappan S. Heterozygous Insulin Receptor (INSR) Mutation Associated with Neonatal Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycaemia and Familial Diabetes Mellitus: Case Series. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 12:420-426. [PMID: 31989990 PMCID: PMC7711633 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the insulin receptor (INSR) gene are associated with insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia. Various autosomal dominant heterozygous INSR mutations leading to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia (HH) have been described in adults and children (more than 3 years of age) but not in the neonatal period. Family 1: A small for gestational age (SGA) child born to a mother with gestational diabetes presented with persistent hypoglycaemia, was diagnosed with HH and responded well to diazoxide treatment. Diazoxide was gradually weaned and discontinued by 8 months of age. Later, the younger sibling had a similar course of illness. On genetic analysis a heterozygous INSR missense variant p.(Met1180Lys) was found in the siblings, mother and grandfather but not in the father. Family 2: A twin preterm and SGA baby presented with persistent hypoglycaemia, which was confirmed as HH. He responded to diazoxide, which was subsequently discontinued by 10 weeks of life. Genetic analysis revealed a novel heterozygous INSR missense variant p.(Arg1119Gln) in the affected twin and the mother. Family 3: An SGA child presented with diazoxide responsive HH. Diazoxide was gradually weaned and discontinued by 9 weeks of age. Genetic analysis revealed a novel heterozygous INSR p.(Arg1191Gln) variant in the proband and her father. We report, for the first time, an association of INSR mutation with neonatal HH responsive to diazoxide therapy that resolved subsequently. Our case series emphasizes the need for genetic analysis and long-term follow up of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Sethi
- Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicola Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Services, Clinical Genetics, Southampton, UK
| | - Sarah Ehtisham
- Mediclinic City Hospital, Deparment of Paediatric Endocrinology, Dubai, UAE
| | - Syed Haris Ahmed
- Countess of Chester Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Chester, UK
| | - Jayne Houghton
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Molecular Genetics, Exeter, UK
| | - Kevin Colclough
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Molecular Genetics, Exeter, UK
| | - Mohammed Didi
- Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah E. Flanagan
- University of Exeter Medical School, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Exeter, UK
| | - Senthil Senniappan
- Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Liverpool, UK,* Address for Correspondence: Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Liverpool, UK Phone: +01512525281 E-mail:
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Zaghmi A, Drouin-Ouellet J, Brambilla D, Gauthier MA. Treating brain diseases using systemic parenterally-administered protein therapeutics: Dysfunction of the brain barriers and potential strategies. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120461. [PMID: 33218788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The parenteral administration of protein therapeutics is increasingly gaining importance for the treatment of human diseases. However, the presence of practically impermeable blood-brain barriers greatly restricts access of such pharmaceutics to the brain. Treating brain disorders with proteins thus remains a great challenge, and the slow clinical translation of these therapeutics may be largely ascribed to the lack of appropriate brain delivery system. Exploring new approaches to deliver proteins to the brain by circumventing physiological barriers is thus of great interest. Moreover, parallel advances in the molecular neurosciences are important for better characterizing blood-brain interfaces, particularly under different pathological conditions (e.g., stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease). This review presents the current state of knowledge of the structure and the function of the main physiological barriers of the brain, the mechanisms of transport across these interfaces, as well as alterations to these concomitant with brain disorders. Further, the different strategies to promote protein delivery into the brain are presented, including the use of molecular Trojan horses, the formulation of nanosystems conjugated/loaded with proteins, protein-engineering technologies, the conjugation of proteins to polymers, and the modulation of intercellular junctions. Additionally, therapeutic approaches for brain diseases that do not involve targeting to the brain are presented (i.e., sink and scavenging mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaghmi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - J Drouin-Ouellet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada.
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Li L, Bai Y, Du R, Tang L, Li L. The role of Smad4 in the regulation of insulin resistance, inflammation and cell proliferation in HTR8-Svneo cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:126-138. [PMID: 33079408 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disorder whose major pathophysiological basis is demonstrated as placental insulin resistance (IR), while Smad4 always functions in the signal transduction of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway. Our study aims to figure out the role of Smad4 in an insulin resistance (IR) cellular model using placental trophoblast cell line. Importantly, HTR8-Svneo cells, in the status of IR, indicated a significant increase in the expression of Smad4. Subsequently, the HTR8-Svneo cell line with up-regulated or depleted Smad4 was respectively achieved by the effective over-expressed plasmid or siRNA of Smad4. We found out that the deficiency of Smad4 could promote the insulin sensitivity and restrict the inflammatory response in IR group of cells with significant augment in glucose uptake, up-regulation of insulin signalling-related molecules and attenuation in inflammatory biomarker expressions. On the contrary, the over-expression of Smad4 showed a reversal effect on these alterations in IR group of cells. Besides, the positive effect of Smad4 on cell viability was also observed in our study. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disorder whose major pathophysiological basis is demonstrated as insulin resistance (IR). Importantly, our findings indicate that the deficiency of Smad4 significantly improves the insulin sensitivity and relieves the inflammation in the cellular model of IR. Besides, the positive effect of Smad4 on cell viability was also observed in our study. Our present findings provide novel insights for the investigation on molecular details about the GDM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Runyu Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Mobasheri A, Choi H, Martín-Vasallo P. Over-Production of Therapeutic Growth Factors for Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Protein Production Platforms and Protein Packaging Cell Lines. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9100330. [PMID: 33050357 PMCID: PMC7599991 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis across the world. Most of the existing drugs for OA treat the symptoms of pain and inflammation. There are no drugs that can dure the disease. There are a number of new treatments for OA including cell therapy and gene therapy. This articles outlines the concept behind TissueGene-C, a new biological drug for OA. This new treatment includes cartilage cells mixed with a genetically modified cell line called GP2-293, which is effectively a “drug factory”, over-producing the growth factors that are important for cartilage regeneration and changing the environment inside joints. The mixture is injected into the affected knee joint. These cells are designed to be short-lived and cannot reproduce. Therefore, after they have done their job, they die and are cleared by immune cells. This is a new and modern approach to treating OA and TissueGene-C is the prototype cell therapy for OA. In the future, it is entirely possible to combine different clones of genetically engineered cells like GP2-293 that have been designed to over-produce a growth factor or biological drug with cells from the cartilage endplate of the intervertebral disc to treat degeneration in the spine. Abstract This review article focuses on the current state-of-the-art cellular and molecular biotechnology for the over-production of clinically relevant therapeutic and anabolic growth factors. We discuss how the currently available tools and emerging technologies can be used for the regenerative treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Transfected protein packaging cell lines such as GP-293 cells may be used as “cellular factories” for large-scale production of therapeutic proteins and pro-anabolic growth factors, particularly in the context of cartilage regeneration. However, when irradiated with gamma or x-rays, these cells lose their capacity for replication, which makes them safe for use as a live cell component of intra-articular injections. This innovation is already here, in the form of TissueGene-C, a new biological drug that consists of normal allogeneic primary chondrocytes combined with transduced GP2-293 cells that overexpress the growth factor transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). TissueGene-C has revolutionized the concept of cell therapy, allowing drug companies to develop live cells as biological drug delivery systems for direct intra-articular injection of growth factors whose half-lives are in the order of minutes. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss the potential for new innovations in regenerative medicine for degenerative diseases of synovial joints using mammalian protein production platforms, specifically protein packaging cell lines, for over-producing growth factors for cartilage tissue regeneration and give recent examples. Mammalian protein production platforms that incorporate protein packaging eukaryotic cell lines are superior to prokaryotic bacterial expression systems and are likely to have a significant impact on the development of new humanized biological growth factor therapies for treating focal cartilage defects and more generally for the treatment of degenerative joint diseases such as OA, especially when injected directly into the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Correspondence: or
| | - Heonsik Choi
- Kolon TissueGene, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
- Healthcare Research Institute, Kolon Advanced Research Center, Kolon Industries, Inc., Magok-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07793, Korea
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- UD of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain;
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Sarfstein R, Werner H. Tumor suppressor p53 regulates insulin receptor ( INSR) gene expression via direct binding to the INSR promoter. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2424-2437. [PMID: 32637033 PMCID: PMC7321701 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant volume of clinical and epidemiological data provides support to the concept that insulin and the insulin receptor (INSR) have an important role in breast cancer. Tumor suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated molecule in human cancer. The present study was aimed at evaluating the hypothesis that p53 governs the expression and activation of the INSR gene in breast cancer cells. In addition, the study was designed to investigate the mechanism of action of p53 in the context of INSR gene regulation. The availability of MCF7 breast cancer-derived cell lines with specific disruption of either the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) or INSR allowed us to address the impact of the IGF1R and INSR pathways on p53 expression. Data indicate that the INSR gene constitutes a target for p53 action. Wild-type p53 stimulated INSR promoter activity in control cells while disruption of endogenous IGF1R or INSR led to inhibition of promoter activity by p53. Mutant p53 strongly stimulated INSR promoter. Furthermore, p53 directly binds to the INSR promoter in cells with a disrupted IGF1R. Combined, our results identified complex functional and physical interactions between p53 and the INSR pathway. The implications of the p53-INSR interplay in breast cancer needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rive Sarfstein
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Yoran Institute for Human Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Abstract
The insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family of proteins are part of a complex network that regulates cell proliferation and survival. While this system is undoubtedly important in prenatal development and postnatal cell growth, members of this family have been implicated in several different cancer types. Increased circulating insulin and IGF ligands have been linked to increased risk of cancer incidence. This observation has led to targeting the IGF system as a therapeutic strategy in a number of cancers. This chapter aims to describe the well-characterized biology of the IGF1R system, outline the rationale for targeting this system in cancer, summarize the clinical data as it stands, and discuss where we can go from here.
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64
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Wang C, Liu S, Wu Q, Cheng Y, Feng T, Song J, Yang R, Geng H, Lu G, Wang S, Hao L. Porcine IGF-1R synonymous mutations in the intracellular domain affect cell proliferation and alter kinase activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:147-153. [PMID: 32109480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Miniature pigs are regarded as ideal organ donors for xenotransplantation into humans. Elucidating the formation mechanism of miniature pigs is important. The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is crucial in the regulation of cell proliferation and organismal growth. According to our previous research, the IGF-1R expression levels between large and miniature pigs showed different profiles in liver and muscle tissues. Here, five synonymous mutations of IGF-1R in the coding sequence (CDS) of intracellular domain (ICD) between large and miniature pigs were analysed by constructing expression vectors of two haplotypes and named pcDNA3.1-LP (with the CDS of IGF-1R ICD of Large White pigs, LP group) and pcDNA3.1-BM (with the CDS of IGF-1R ICD of Bama Xiang pigs, BM group). The IGF-1R of the BM group was expressed lower than that of the LP group in transcription, translation and autophosphorylation levels. The IGF-1R of the BM group also down-regulated the protein levels of p-AKT/p-ERK than that of the LP group. PK-15 and C2C12 cell proliferation were detected to further understand the function of the haplotype. Results showed that the proliferation viability of PK-15 and C2C12 cells weakened in the BM group. Moreover, the mRNA and protein stabilities of the BM group were higher than those of the LP group. Our data indicated that two haplotypes of IGF-1R CDS in ICD between large and miniature pigs altered IGF-1R expression and down-regulated AKT and ERK signalling pathways at translation levels, resulting in an inhibitory effect on PK-15 and C2C12 cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Songcai Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; Five-Star Animal Health Pharmaceutical Factory of Jilin Province, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Qingyan Wu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Yunyun Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tianqi Feng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Hongwei Geng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Guanhong Lu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.
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65
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Dievart A, Gottin C, Périn C, Ranwez V, Chantret N. Origin and Diversity of Plant Receptor-Like Kinases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:131-156. [PMID: 32186895 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-073019-025927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Because of their high level of diversity and complex evolutionary histories, most studies on plant receptor-like kinase subfamilies have focused on their kinase domains. With the large amount of genome sequence data available today, particularly on basal land plants and Charophyta, more attention should be paid to primary events that shaped the diversity of the RLK gene family. We thus focus on the motifs and domains found in association with kinase domains to illustrate their origin, organization, and evolutionary dynamics. We discuss when these different domain associations first occurred and how they evolved, based on a literature review complemented by some of our unpublished results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dievart
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Gottin
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Périn
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Ranwez
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Chantret
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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66
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Muhammad T, Li M, Wang J, Huang T, Zhao S, Zhao H, Liu H, Chen ZJ. Roles of insulin-like growth factor II in regulating female reproductive physiology. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:849-865. [PMID: 32291558 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of growth factors involved in female fertility has been extensively studied, but reluctance to add essential growth factors in culture media has limited progress in optimizing embryonic growth and implantation outcomes, a situation that has ultimately led to reduced pregnancy outcomes. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is the most intricately regulated of all known reproduction-related growth factors characterized to date, and is perhaps the predominant growth factor in human ovarian follicles. This review aims to concisely summarize what is known about the role of IGF-II in follicular development, oocyte maturation, embryonic development, implantation success, placentation, fetal growth, and in reducing placental cell apoptosis, as well as present strategies that use growth factors in culture systems to improve the developmental potential of oocytes and embryos in different species. Synthesizing the present knowledge about the physiological roles of IGF-II in follicular development, oocyte maturation, and early embryonic development should, on the one hand, deepen our overall understanding of the potential beneficial effects of growth factors in female reproduction and on the other hand support development (optimization) of improved outcomes for assisted reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Muhammad
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Mengjing Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Shigang Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200000, China. .,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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67
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New Insights from IGF-IR Stimulating Activity Analyses: Pathological Considerations. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040862. [PMID: 32252327 PMCID: PMC7226833 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) play a crucial factor in the growth, differentiation and survival of cells in health and disease. IGF-I and IGF-II primarily activate the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), which is present on the cell surface. Activation of the IGF-IR stimulates multiple pathways which finally results in multiple biological effects in a variety of tissues and cells. In addition, activation of the IGF-IR has been found to be essential for the growth of cancers. The conventional view in the past was that the IGF-IR was exclusively a tyrosine kinase receptor and that phosphorylation of tyrosine residues, after binding of IGF-I to the IGF-IR, started a cascade of post-receptor events. Recent research has shown that this view was too simplistic. It has been found that the IGF-IR also has kinase-independent functions and may even emit signals in the unoccupied state through some yet-to-be-defined non-canonical pathways. The IGF-IR may further form hybrids with the insulin receptors but also with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) outside the insulin-IGF system. In addition, the IGF-IR has extensive cross-talk with many other receptor tyrosine kinases and their downstream effectors. Moreover, there is now emerging evidence that the IGF-IR utilizes parts of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways: the IGF-IR can be considered as a functional RTK/GPCR hybrid, which integrates the kinase signaling with some IGF-IR mediated canonical GPCR characteristics. Like the classical GPCRs the IGF-IR can also show homologous and heterologous desensitization. Recently, it has been found that after activation by a ligand, the IGF-IR may be translocated into the nucleus and function as a transcriptional cofactor. Thus, in recent years, it has become clear that the IGF-IR signaling pathways are much more complex than first thought. Therefore a big challenge for the (near) future will be how all the new knowledge about IGF-IR signaling can be translated into the clinical practice and improve diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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68
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Markovic MA, Srikrishnaraj A, Tsang D, Brubaker PL. Requirement for the intestinal epithelial insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the intestinal responses to glucagon-like peptide-2 and dietary fat. FASEB J 2020; 34:6628-6640. [PMID: 32212202 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000169r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal hormone, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), enhances the enterocyte chylomicron production. However, GLP-2 is known to require the intestinal-epithelial insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IE-IGF-1R) for its other actions to increase intestinal growth and barrier function. The role of the IE-IGF-1R in enterocyte lipid handling was thus tested in the GLP-2 signaling pathway, as well as in response to a Western diet (WD). IE-IGF-1R knockout (KO) and control mice were treated for 11 days with h(GLY2 )GLP-2 or fed a WD for 18 weeks followed by a duodenal fat tolerance test with C14 -labeled triolein. Human Caco-2BBE cells were treated with an IGF-1R antagonist or signaling inhibitors to determine triglyceride-associated protein expression. The IE-IGF-1R was required for GLP-2-induced increases in CD36 and FATP-4 in chow-fed mice, and for expression in vitro; FATP-4 also required PI3K/Akt. Although WD-fed IE-IGF-1R KO mice demonstrated normal CD36 expression, the protein was incorrectly localized 2h post-duodenal fat administration. IE-IGF-1R KO also prevented the WD-induced increase in MTP and decrease in APOC3, increased jejunal mucosal C14 -fat accumulation, and elevated plasma triglyceride and C14 -fat levels. Collectively, these studies elucidate new roles for the IE-IGF-1R in enterocyte lipid handling, under basal conditions and in response to GLP-2 and WD-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derek Tsang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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69
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Rachdaoui N. Insulin: The Friend and the Foe in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051770. [PMID: 32150819 PMCID: PMC7084909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin, a hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells, has a primary function of maintaining glucose homeostasis. Deficiencies in β-cell insulin secretion result in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, metabolic disorders characterized by high levels of blood glucose. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by the presence of peripheral insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver and develops when β-cells fail to compensate for the peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin resistance triggers a rise in insulin demand and leads to β-cell compensation by increasing both β-cell mass and insulin secretion and leads to the development of hyperinsulinemia. In a vicious cycle, hyperinsulinemia exacerbates the metabolic dysregulations that lead to β-cell failure and the development of T2DM. Insulin and IGF-1 signaling pathways play critical roles in maintaining the differentiated phenotype of β-cells. The autocrine actions of secreted insulin on β-cells is still controversial; work by us and others has shown positive and negative actions by insulin on β-cells. We discuss findings that support the concept of an autocrine action of secreted insulin on β-cells. The hypothesis of whether, during the development of T2DM, secreted insulin initially acts as a friend and contributes to β-cell compensation and then, at a later stage, becomes a foe and contributes to β-cell decompensation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rachdaoui
- Department of Animal Sciences, Room 108, Foran Hall, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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70
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Hacihamdioğlu B, Baş EG, Delil K. Homozygous Mutation in the Insulin Receptor Gene Associated with Mild Type A Insulin Resistance Syndrome: A Case Report. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 13:100-103. [PMID: 32018348 PMCID: PMC7947722 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2019.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor (INSR) mutations lead to heterogeneous disorders that may be as severe as Donohue syndrome or as mild as “type A insulin resistance syndrome”. Patients with severe disorders usually harbor homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations. In contrast, type A insulin resistance syndrome has been associated with heterozygous mutations; homozygous mutations are rarely responsible for this condition. We report a novel, homozygous mutation, p.Leu260Arg in exon 3, of the INSR gene in a female adolescent patient with type A insulin resistance syndrome together with clinical details of her medical follow-up. Different mutations in the INSR gene cause different phenotype and vary depending on the inheritance pattern. This report adds to the literature, increases understanding of the disease mechanism and aids in genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Hacihamdioğlu
- İstinye University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Kenan Delil
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
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71
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Antihyperglycemic Effects and Mode of Actions of Musa paradisiaca Leaf and Fruit Peel Hydroethanolic Extracts in Nicotinamide/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9276343. [PMID: 32047529 PMCID: PMC7007756 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9276343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effects of Musa paradisiaca (M. paradisiaca) leaf and fruit peel hydroethanolic extracts and to suggest their probable mode of actions in nicotinamide (NA)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The leaf and fruit peel hydroethanolic extracts were analyzed by GC-MS that indicated the presence of phytol, octadecatrienoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and octadecadienoic acid as major components in the leaf extract and vitamin E, octadecenamide, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol as major phytochemicals in the fruit peel extract. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5), 15 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of NA (120 mg/kg body weight). The NA/STZ-induced diabetic rats were, respectively, treated with M. paradisiaca leaf and fruit peel hydroethanolic extracts at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight/day by oral administration for 28 days. The treatment of NA/STZ-induced diabetic rats with leaf and fruit peel extracts significantly improved the impaired oral glucose tolerance and significantly increased the lowered serum insulin and C-peptide levels. The HOMA-IR (as the index of insulin resistance) and QUICKI (as a marker for insulin sensitivity), as well as HOMA-β cell function were significantly alleviated as a result of treatment of diabetic rats with leaf and fruit peel extracts. In association, the elevated serum-free fatty acids, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased. In addition, the suppressed adipose tissue PPARγ, GLUT4, adiponectin, and insulin receptor β-subunit mRNA expressions were upregulated while the elevated adipose tissue resistin expression was downregulated in diabetic rats as a result of treatment with the leaf and peel extract. Based on these results, it can be concluded that M. paradisiaca leaf and fruit peel hydroethanolic extracts have antihyperglycemic effects which may be mediated via their insulinotropic and insulin-sensitizing effects.
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72
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Rajala A, Rajala RVS. A non-canonical rhodopsin-mediated insulin receptor signaling pathway in retinal photoreceptor neurons. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1020-1027. [PMID: 31889373 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported a ligand-independent and rhodopsin-dependent insulin receptor (IR) neuroprotective signaling pathway in both rod and cone photoreceptor cells, which is activated through protein-protein interaction. Our previous studies were performed with either retina or isolated rod or cone outer segment preparations and the expression of IR signaling proteins were examined. The isolation of outer segments with large portions of the attached inner segments is a technical challenge. Optiprep™ density gradient medium has been used to isolate the cells and subcellular organelles, Optiprep™ is a non-ionic iodixanol-based medium with a density of 1.320 g/mL. We employed this method to examine the expression of IR and its signaling proteins, and activation of one of the downstream effectors of the IR in isolated photoreceptor cells. Identification of the signaling complexes will be helpful for therapeutic targeting in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammaji Rajala
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Raju V S Rajala
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
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Rudan Njavro J, Klotz J, Dislich B, Wanngren J, Shmueli MD, Herber J, Kuhn PH, Kumar R, Koeglsperger T, Conrad M, Wurst W, Feederle R, Vlachos A, Michalakis S, Jedlicka P, Müller SA, Lichtenthaler SF. Mouse brain proteomics establishes MDGA1 and CACHD1 as in vivo substrates of the Alzheimer protease BACE1. FASEB J 2019; 34:2465-2482. [PMID: 31908000 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902347r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The protease beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) has fundamental functions in the nervous system. Its inhibition is a major therapeutic approach in Alzheimer's disease, because BACE1 cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP), thereby catalyzing the first step in the generation of the pathogenic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. Yet, BACE1 cleaves numerous additional membrane proteins besides APP. Most of these substrates have been identified in vitro, but only few were further validated or characterized in vivo. To identify BACE1 substrates with in vivo relevance, we used isotope label-based quantitative proteomics of wild type and BACE1-deficient (BACE1 KO) mouse brains. This approach identified known BACE1 substrates, including Close homolog of L1 and contactin-2, which were found to be enriched in the membrane fraction of BACE1 KO brains. VWFA and cache domain-containing protein 1 (CACHD)1 and MAM domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor protein 1 (MDGA1), which have functions in synaptic transmission, were identified and validated as new BACE1 substrates in vivo by immunoblots using primary neurons and mouse brains. Inhibition or deletion of BACE1 from primary neurons resulted in a pronounced inhibition of substrate cleavage and a concomitant increase in full-length protein levels of CACHD1 and MDGA1. The BACE1 cleavage site in both proteins was determined to be located within the juxtamembrane domain. In summary, this study identifies and validates CACHD1 and MDGA1 as novel in vivo substrates for BACE1, suggesting that cleavage of both proteins may contribute to the numerous functions of BACE1 in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasenka Rudan Njavro
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Klotz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Dislich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Wanngren
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Merav D Shmueli
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Julia Herber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rohit Kumar
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Koeglsperger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Genome Engineering, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Developmental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Core Facility Monoclonal Antibodies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Faculty of Medicine, ICAR3R - Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.,Neuroscience Center, Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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74
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Payankaulam S, Raicu AM, Arnosti DN. Transcriptional Regulation of INSR, the Insulin Receptor Gene. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10120984. [PMID: 31795422 PMCID: PMC6947883 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved signaling protein with a wide spectrum of functions in metazoan development. The insulin signaling pathway plays key roles in processes such as metabolic regulation, growth control, and neuronal function. Misregulation of the pathway features in diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, making it an important target for clinical interventions. While much attention has been focused on differential pathway activation through ligand availability, sensitization of overall signaling may also be mediated by differential expression of the insulin receptor itself. Although first characterized as a “housekeeping” gene with stable expression, comparative studies have shown that expression levels of the human INSR mRNA differ by tissue and in response to environmental signals. Our recent analysis of the transcriptional controls affecting expression of the Drosophila insulin receptor gene indicates that a remarkable amount of DNA is dedicated to encoding sophisticated feedback and feed forward signals. The human INSR gene is likely to contain a similar level of transcriptional complexity; here, we summarize over three decades of molecular biology and genetic research that points to a still incompletely understood regulatory control system. Further elucidation of transcriptional controls of INSR will provide the basis for understanding human genetic variation that underlies population-level physiological differences and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Payankaulam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd. 413 Biochemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Ana-Maria Raicu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd. 413 Biochemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - David N. Arnosti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd. 413 Biochemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd. 413 Biochemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(517)-432-5504
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75
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Han X, Zhang E, Shi Y, Song B, Du H, Cao Z. Biomaterial-tight junction interaction and potential impacts. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6310-6320. [PMID: 31364678 PMCID: PMC6812605 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01081e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have to cross the natural barriers and get into the blood to impart the pharmacological effects. The tight junctions (TJs) between the epithelial cells serve as the major selectively permeable barriers and control the paracellular transport of the majority of hydrophilic drugs, in particular, peptides and proteins. TJs perfectly balance the targeted transport and the exclusion of other unexpected pathogens under the normal conditions. Many biomaterials have shown the capability to open the TJs and improve the oral bioavailability and targeting efficacy of the APIs. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of the biomaterial-TJ interactions. The opening of the TJs further poses the risk of autoimmune diseases and infections. This review article summarizes the most updated literature and presents insights into the TJ structure, the biomaterial-TJ interaction mechanism, the benefits and drawbacks of TJ disruption, and methods for evaluating such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Ershuai Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Yuanjie Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Boyi Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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76
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Li Y, Bian X, Wei S, He M, Yang Y. The relationship between pancreatic cancer and type 2 diabetes: cause and consequence. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:8257-8268. [PMID: 31571983 PMCID: PMC6750859 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s211972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a devastating and lethal malignant disease and it is well known that there is a complex bidirectional relationship between PC and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In order to more deeply summarize the relationship between them, this article summarizes the epidemiological data on the relationship between PC and T2DM in the past 5 years, and further explains the mechanism of interaction between them. Meanwhile, it also summed up the effects of drug therapy for T2DM on PC and the impact of T2DM on surgical resection of PC. Epidemiological studies clearly indicate that the risk of PC is increased in patients with T2DM. But increasing epidemiological data points out that PC also acts as a cause of T2DM and new-onset T2DM is sign and consequence of PC. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and chronic inflammation are the mechanisms of T2DM-Associated PC. Metformin decreases the risk of PC, while insulin therapy increases the risk of PC. Besides, studies have shown that T2DM decreases the survival in patients with PC resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Gerontology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Bian
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Wei
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meizhi He
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuelian Yang
- Department of Gerontology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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77
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Uchikawa E, Choi E, Shang G, Yu H, Bai XC. Activation mechanism of the insulin receptor revealed by cryo-EM structure of the fully liganded receptor-ligand complex. eLife 2019; 8:e48630. [PMID: 31436533 PMCID: PMC6721835 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling controls metabolic homeostasis. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of full-length insulin receptor (IR) and insulin complex in the active state. This structure unexpectedly reveals that maximally four insulins can bind the 'T'-shaped IR dimer at four distinct sites related by 2-fold symmetry. Insulins 1 and 1' bind to sites 1 and 1', formed by L1 of one IR protomer and α-CT and FnIII-1 of the other. Insulins 2 and 2' bind to sites 2 and 2' on FnIII-1 of each protomer. Mutagenesis and cellular assays show that both sites 1 and 2 are required for optimal insulin binding and IR activation. We further identify a homotypic FnIII-2-FnIII-2 interaction in mediating the dimerization of membrane proximal domains in the active IR dimer. Our results indicate that binding of multiple insulins at two distinct types of sites disrupts the autoinhibited apo-IR dimer and stabilizes the active dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Uchikawa
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of PharmacologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Guijun Shang
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of PharmacologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Xiao-chen Bai
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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78
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Lawrence MC. Insulin and its receptor: a grand challenge in structural biology. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:543-545. [PMID: 31250315 PMCID: PMC6682184 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Lawrence
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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79
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Flier JS. Starvation in the Midst of Plenty: Reflections on the History and Biology of Insulin and Leptin. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1-16. [PMID: 30357355 PMCID: PMC6270967 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin and leptin are critical metabolic hormones that play essential but distinct roles in regulating the physiologic switch between the fed and starved states. The discoveries of insulin and leptin, in 1922 and 1994, respectively, arose out of radically different scientific environments. Despite the dearth of scientific tools available in 1922, insulin's discovery rapidly launched a life-saving therapy for what we now know to be type I diabetes, and continually enhanced insulin therapeutics are now effectively applied to both major forms of this increasingly prevalent disease. In contrast, although the discovery of leptin provided deep insights into the regulation of central nervous system energy balance circuits, as well as an effective therapy for an extremely rare form of obesity, its therapeutic impact beyond that has been surprisingly limited. Despite an enormous accumulated body of information, many important questions remain unanswered about the mechanisms of action and role in disease of both hormones. Additionally, although many decades apart, both discoveries reveal the complexities inherent to scientific collaboration and the assignment of credit, even when the efforts are spectacularly successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Flier
- Department of Medicine and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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80
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Singh S, Sharma R, Kumari M, Tiwari S. Insulin receptors in the kidneys in health and disease. World J Nephrol 2019; 8:11-22. [PMID: 30705868 PMCID: PMC6354081 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v8.i1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is an important hormone that affects various metabolic processes, including kidney function. Impairment in insulin’s action leads to insulin resistance in the target tissue. Besides defects in post-receptor insulin signaling, impairment at the receptor level could significantly affect insulin sensitivity of the target tissue. The kidney is a known target of insulin; however, whether the kidney develops “insulin resistance” is debatable. Regulation of the insulin receptor (IR) expression and its function is very well studied in major metabolic tissues like liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue. The physiological relevance of IRs in the kidney has recently begun to be clarified. The credit goes to studies that showed a wide distribution of IR throughout the nephron segments and their reduced expression in the insulin resistance state. Moreover, altered renal and systemic metabolism observed in mice with targeted deletion of the IR from various epithelial cells of the kidney has strengthened this proposition. In this review, we recapitulate the crucial findings from literature that have expanded our knowledge regarding the significance of the renal IR in normal- and insulin-resistance states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarojini Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Rajni Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Manju Kumari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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81
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Subiabre M, Villalobos-Labra R, Silva L, Fuentes G, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Role of insulin, adenosine, and adipokine receptors in the foetoplacental vascular dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165370. [PMID: 30660686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease of pregnancy associated with maternal and foetal hyperglycaemia and altered foetoplacental vascular function. Human foetoplacental microvascular and macrovascular endothelium from GDM pregnancy show increased maximal l-arginine transport capacity via the human cationic amino acid transporter 1 (hCAT-1) isoform and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). These alterations are paralleled by lower maximal transport activity of the endogenous nucleoside adenosine via the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) and activation of adenosine receptors. A causal relationship has been described for adenosine-activation of A2A adenosine receptors, hCAT-1, and eNOS activity (i.e. the Adenosine/l-Arginine/Nitric Oxide, ALANO, signalling pathway). Insulin restores these alterations in GDM via activation of insulin receptor A (IR-A) form in the macrovascular but IR-A and IR-B forms in the microcirculation of the human placenta. Adipokines are secreted from adipocytes influencing the foetoplacental metabolic and vascular function. Various adipokines are dysregulated in GDM, with adiponectin and leptin playing major roles. Abnormal plasma concentration of these adipokines and the activation or their receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of GDM. However, involvement of adipokines, adenosine, and insulin receptors and membrane transporters in the aetiology of this disease of pregnancy is unknown. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of insulin and adenosine receptors and l-arginine and adenosine membranes transporters giving an overview of the key adipokines leptin and adiponectin in the foetoplacental vasculature in GDM. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Transporters and Receptors in Pregnancy Metabolic Complications edited by Luis Sobrevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Subiabre
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Roberto Villalobos-Labra
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Luis Silva
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Fuentes
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Cell Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia.
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82
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KASUGA M. Structure and function of the insulin receptor-a personal perspective. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:581-589. [PMID: 31827016 PMCID: PMC6920081 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunoprecipitation with autoantibodies to the insulin receptor derived from patients with extreme insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans revealed that the receptor is comprised of two subunits of 135 kDa (α subunit) and 95 kDa (β subunit) and that insulin induces the rapid phosphorylation of the β subunit in intact cells. Incubation of a highly purified insulin receptor preparation with [γ-32P]ATP also resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of the β subunit in an insulin-dependent manner, suggesting that the receptor itself is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase. Furthermore, a Japanese boy with insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans was found to be heterozygous for a mutation of the insulin receptor gene that resulted in the replacement of glycine-996 with valine in the ATP binding site of the receptor. Expression of the mutant receptor in cultured cells revealed it to be deficient in tyrosine kinase activity and mediation of insulin action, suggesting that the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor is essential for insulin action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato KASUGA
- The Institute for Adult Disease, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: M. Kasuga, The Institute for Adult Disease, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6 Nihonbashi Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan (e-mail: )
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83
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Zheng S, Chiu H, Boudreau J, Papanicolaou T, Bendena W, Chin-Sang I. A functional study of all 40 Caenorhabditis elegans insulin-like peptides. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16912-16922. [PMID: 30206121 PMCID: PMC6204898 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human genome encodes 10 insulin-like genes, whereas the Caenorhabditis elegans genome remarkably encodes 40 insulin-like genes. Knockout strategies to determine the roles of all the insulin/insulin-like peptide ligands (INS) in C. elegans has been challenging due to functional redundancy. Here, we individually overexpressed each of the 40 ins genes pan-neuronally, and monitored multiple phenotypes including: L1 arrest life span, neuroblast divisions under L1 arrest, dauer formation, and fat accumulation, as readouts to characterize the functions of each INS in vivo Of the 40 INS peptides, we found functions for 35 INS peptides and functionally categorized each as agonists, antagonists, or of pleiotropic function. In particular, we found that 9 of 16 agonistic INS peptides shortened L1 arrest life span and promoted neuroblast divisions during L1 arrest. Our study revealed that a subset of β-class INS peptides that contain a distinct F peptide sequence are agonists. Our work is the first to categorize the structures of INS peptides and relate these structures to the functions of all 40 INS peptides in vivo Our findings will promote the study of insulin function on development, metabolism, and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanqing Zheng
- From the Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hilton Chiu
- From the Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Boudreau
- From the Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tony Papanicolaou
- From the Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - William Bendena
- From the Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ian Chin-Sang
- From the Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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84
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Bargal SA, Rafiee R, Crews KR, Wu H, Cao X, Rubnitz JE, Ribeiro RC, Downing JR, Pounds SB, Lamba JK. Genome-wide association analysis identifies SNPs predictive of in vitro leukemic cell sensitivity to cytarabine in pediatric AML. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34859-34875. [PMID: 30405880 PMCID: PMC6201857 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytarabine has been an integral part of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chemotherapy for over four decades. However, development of resistance and high rates of relapse is a significant impediment in successfully treating AML. We performed a genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) and identified 113 (83 after adjusting for Linkage Disequilibrium) SNPs associated with in vitro cytarabine chemosensitivity of diagnostic leukemic cells from a cohort of 50 pediatric AML patients (p<10-4). Further evaluation of diagnostic leukemic cell gene-expression identified 19 SNP-gene pairs with a concordant triad of associations: i)SNP genotype with cytarabine sensitivity (p<0.0001), ii) gene-expression with cytarabine sensitivity (p<0.05), and iii) genotype with gene-expression (p<0.1). Two genes from SNP-gene pairs, rs1376041-GPR56 and rs75400242-IGF1R, were functionally validated by siRNA knockdown in AML cell lines. Consistent with association of rs1376041 and gene-expression in AML patients siRNA mediated knock-down of GPR56 increased cytarabine sensitivity of AML cell lines. Similarly for IGF1R, knockdown increased the cytarabine sensitivity of AML cell lines consistent with results in AML patients. Given both IGF1R and GPR56 are promising drug-targets in AML, our results on SNPs driving the expression/function of these genes will not only enhance our understanding of cytarabine resistance but also hold promise in personalizing AML for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A Bargal
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Roya Rafiee
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kristine R Crews
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Huiyun Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Rubnitz
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Raul C Ribeiro
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stanley B Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jatinder K Lamba
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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85
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Weiss MA, Lawrence MC. A thing of beauty: Structure and function of insulin's "aromatic triplet". Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:51-63. [PMID: 30230175 PMCID: PMC6159917 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The classical crystal structure of insulin was determined in 1969 by D.C. Hodgkin et al. following a 35-year program of research. This structure depicted a hexamer remarkable for its self-assembly as a zinc-coordinated trimer of dimer. Prominent at the dimer interface was an "aromatic triplet" of conserved residues at consecutive positions in the B chain: PheB24 , PheB25 and TyrB26 . The elegance of this interface inspired the Oxford team to poetry: "A thing of beauty is a joy forever" (John Keats as quoted by Blundell, T.L., et al. Advances in Protein Chemistry 26:279-286 [1972]). Here, we revisit this aromatic triplet in light of recent advances in the structural biology of insulin bound as a monomer to fragments of the insulin receptor. Such co-crystal structures have defined how these side chains pack at the primary hormone-binding surface of the receptor ectodomain. On receptor binding, the B-chain β-strand (residues B24-B28) containing the aromatic triplet detaches from the α-helical core of the hormone. Whereas TyrB26 lies at the periphery of the receptor interface and may functionally be replaced by a diverse set of substitutions, PheB24 and PheB25 engage invariant elements of receptor domains L1 and αCT. These critical contacts were anticipated by the discovery of diabetes-associated mutations at these positions by Donald Steiner et al. at the University of Chicago. Conservation of PheB24 , PheB25 and TyrB26 among vertebrate insulins reflects the striking confluence of structure-based evolutionary constraints: foldability, protective self-assembly and hormonal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Michael C. Lawrence
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, AUSTRALIA
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, AUSTRALIA
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86
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Brierley GV, Siddle K, Semple RK. Evaluation of anti-insulin receptor antibodies as potential novel therapies for human insulin receptoropathy using cell culture models. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1662-1675. [PMID: 29700562 PMCID: PMC6445487 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in the INSR gene (encoding the insulin receptor [INSR]) commonly cause extreme insulin resistance and early mortality. Therapeutic options are limited, but anti-INSR antibodies have been shown to activate two mutant receptors, S323L and F382V. This study evaluates four well-characterised murine anti-INSR monoclonal antibodies recognising distinct epitopes (83-7, 83-14, 18-44, 18-146) as surrogate agonists for potential targeted treatment of severe insulin resistance arising from insulin receptoropathies. METHODS Ten naturally occurring mutant human INSRs with defects affecting different aspects of receptor function were modelled and assessed for response to insulin and anti-INSR antibodies. A novel 3T3-L1 adipocyte model of insulin receptoropathy was generated, permitting conditional knockdown of endogenous mouse Insr by lentiviral expression of species-specific short hairpin (sh)RNAs with simultaneous expression of human mutant INSR transgenes. RESULTS All expressed mutant INSR bound to all antibodies tested. Eight mutants showed antibody-induced autophosphorylation, while co-treatment with antibody and insulin increased maximal phosphorylation compared with insulin alone. After knockdown of mouse Insr and expression of mutant INSR in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, two antibodies (83-7 and 83-14) activated signalling via protein kinase B (Akt) preferentially over signalling via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) for seven mutants. These antibodies stimulated glucose uptake via P193L, S323L, F382V and D707A mutant INSRs, with antibody response greater than insulin response for D707A. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Anti-INSR monoclonal antibodies can activate selected naturally occurring mutant human insulin receptors, bringing closer the prospect of novel therapy for severe insulin resistance caused by recessive mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma V Brierley
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth Siddle
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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87
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Mandal A, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Gastrointestinal hormones in regulation of memory. Peptides 2018; 102:16-25. [PMID: 29466709 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The connection between the gastrointestinal hormones and the brain has been established many years ago. This relation is termed the gut-brain axis (GBA). The GBA is a bidirectional communication which not only regulates gastrointestinal homeostasis but is also linked with higher emotional and cognitive functions. Hypothalamus plays a critical role in the regulation of energy metabolism, nutrient partitioning and control of feeding behaviors. Various gut hormones are released inside the gastrointestinal tract on food intake. These hormones act peripherally and influence the different responses of the tissues to the food intake, but do also have effects on the brain. The hypothalamus, in turn, integrates visceral function with limbic system structures such as hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex. The hippocampus has been known for its involvement in the cognitive function and the modulation of synaptic plasticity. This review aims to establish the role of various gut hormones in learning and memory, through the interaction of various receptors in the hippocampus. Understanding their role in memory can also aid in finding novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of the neurological disorders associated with memory dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Mandal
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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88
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Bisker G, Bakh NA, Lee MA, Ahn J, Park M, O’Connell EB, Iverson NM, Strano MS. Insulin Detection Using a Corona Phase Molecular Recognition Site on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Sens 2018; 3:367-377. [PMID: 29359558 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Corona phase molecular recognition (CoPhMoRe) is a technique whereby an external, adsorbed phase around a colloidal nanoparticle is selected such that its molecular conformation or interaction recognizes a specific target analyte. In this work, we employ a high-throughput screening of a library of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-conjugated lipids adsorbed onto near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes to discover a corona phase selective for insulin. We find that a C16-PEG(2000 Da)-ceramide causes a 62% fluorescent intensity decrease of the (10,2) chirality nanotube in the presence of 20 μg/mL insulin. The insulin protein has no prior affinity toward the C16-PEG(2000 Da)-ceramide molecules in free solution, verified by isothermal titration calorimetry, and the interaction occurs only upon their adsorption onto the single-walled carbon nanotube scaffolds. Testing a panel of proteins originating from human blood as well as short 7 amino acid fragments of the insulin peptide rules out nonselective recognition mechanisms such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophobicity-based detection. Interestingly, longer fragments of isolated α- and β-peptide chains of insulin are detected by the construct, albeit with lower affinity compared to that of the intact insulin protein, suggesting that the construct recognizes insulin in its native form and conformation. Finally, the insulin recognition and the quantification of its solution concentration were demonstrated both in buffer and in blood serum, showing that the CoPhMoRe construct works in this complex environment despite the presence of potential nonspecific adsorption. Our results further motivate the search for nonbiological synthetic recognition sites and open up a new path for continuous insulin monitoring in vivo with the hope of improving glycemic control in closed-loop artificial pancreas systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicole M. Iverson
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, 223 L.W. Chase Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, United States
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89
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Wasik AA, Lehtonen S. Glucose Transporters in Diabetic Kidney Disease-Friends or Foes? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:155. [PMID: 29686650 PMCID: PMC5900043 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes and a common cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. DKD manifests as an increased urinary protein excretion (albuminuria). Multiple studies have shown that insulin resistance correlates with the development of albuminuria in non-diabetic and diabetic patients. There is also accumulating evidence that glomerular epithelial cells or podocytes are insulin sensitive and that insulin signaling in podocytes is essential for maintaining normal kidney function. At the cellular level, the mechanisms leading to the development of insulin resistance include mutations in the insulin receptor gene, impairments in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway, or perturbations in the trafficking of glucose transporters (GLUTs), which mediate the uptake of glucose into cells. Podocytes express several GLUTs, including GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT4, and GLUT8. Of these, the most studied ones are GLUT1 and GLUT4, both shown to be insulin responsive in podocytes. In the basal state, GLUT4 is preferentially located in perinuclear and cytosolic vesicular structures and to a lesser extent at the plasma membrane. After insulin stimulation, GLUT4 is sorted into GLUT4-containing vesicles (GCVs) that translocate to the plasma membrane. GCV trafficking consists of several steps, including approaching of the GCVs to the plasma membrane, tethering, and docking, after which the lipid bilayers of the GCVs and the plasma membrane fuse, delivering GLUT4 to the cell surface for glucose uptake into the cell. Studies have revealed novel molecular regulators of the GLUT trafficking in podocytes and unraveled unexpected roles for GLUT1 and GLUT4 in the development of DKD, summarized in this review. These findings pave the way for better understanding of the mechanistic pathways associated with the development and progression of DKD and aid in the development of new treatments for this devastating disease.
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90
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Haeusler RA, McGraw TE, Accili D. Biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:31-44. [PMID: 28974775 PMCID: PMC5894887 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of insulin action is a central theme in biology and medicine. In addition to the rather rare condition of insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, genetic and acquired abnormalities of insulin action underlie the far more common conditions of type 2 diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance. The latter predisposes to diseases ranging from hypertension to Alzheimer disease and cancer. Hence, understanding the biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling is arguably a priority in biomedical research. In the past decade, major progress has led to the delineation of mechanisms of glucose transport, lipid synthesis, storage and mobilization. In addition to direct effects of insulin on signalling kinases and metabolic enzymes, the discovery of mechanisms of insulin-regulated gene transcription has led to a reassessment of the general principles of insulin action. These advances will accelerate the discovery of new treatment modalities for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Haeusler
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Departments of Biochemistry and Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, Department of Medicine, New York, New York 10032, USA
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91
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Defferrari MS, Da Silva SR, Orchard I, Lange AB. A Rhodnius prolixus Insulin Receptor and Its Conserved Intracellular Signaling Pathway and Regulation of Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:745. [PMID: 30574120 PMCID: PMC6291494 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin signaling pathway is a modulator of metabolism in insects and can regulate functions associated with growth and development, as well as lipid and carbohydrate balance. We have previously reported the presence of an insulin-like peptide and an insulin-like growth factor in Rhodnius prolixus, which are involved in the homeostasis of lipids and carbohydrates in post-feeding and non-feeding periods. In the present study, we have characterized the first insulin receptor (IR) to be discovered in R. prolixus, Rhopr-IR, and investigated its intracellular signaling cascade and its role in nutrient control. We identified a candidate protein sequence within R. prolixus putative peptidome and predicted its conserved features using bioinformatics. Tissue-specific expression analyses indicated that the Rhopr-IR transcript is differentially-expressed in all tissues tested, with the highest values observed in the central nervous system (CNS). Treatment of insects with the IR kinase activator BpV(phen), glucose, or porcine insulin resulted in the activation of protein phosphorylation in the fat body, and stimulated the phosphorylation of protein kinase Akt, an evolutionarily conserved key regulator of the intracellular insulin signaling cascade. We also observed activation of Akt and phosphorylation of its downstream targets glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β) and the transcription factor FOXO for several days following a blood meal. We used dsRNA to knockdown transcript expression and examined the resulting effects on metabolism and intracellular signaling. Furthermore, knockdown of the Rhopr-IR transcript increased lipid levels in the hemolymph, while reducing lipid content in the fat body. Interestingly, the levels of carbohydrates in the hemolymph and in the fat body did not show any alterations. The activation of Akt and phosphorylation of FOXO were also reduced in knockdown insects, while the phosphorylation pattern of GSK3β did not change. Our results support the identification of the first IR in R. prolixus and suggest that Rhopr-IR signaling is involved in hemolymph nutrient homeostasis and fat body storage both in post-feeding and in non-feeding stages. These metabolic effects are likely regulated by the activation of Akt and downstream cascades similar to mammalian insulin signaling pathways.
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92
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Deyev IE, Chachina NA, Zhevlenev ES, Petrenko AG. Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the Fibronectin Domains in Insulin Receptor-Related Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112461. [PMID: 29156593 PMCID: PMC5713427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR), in contrast to its close homologs, the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) can be activated by mildly alkaline extracellular medium. We have previously demonstrated that IRR activation is defined by its extracellular region, involves multiple domains, and shows positive cooperativity with two synergistic sites. By the analyses of point mutants and chimeras of IRR with IR in, we now address the role of the fibronectin type III (FnIII) repeats in the IRR pH-sensing. The first activation site includes the intrinsically disordered subdomain ID (646–716) within the FnIII-2 domain at the C-terminus of IRR alpha subunit together with closely located residues L135, G188, R244, H318, and K319 of L1 and C domains of the second subunit. The second site involves residue T582 of FnIII-1 domain at the top of IRR lambda-shape pyramid together with M406, V407, and D408 from L2 domain within the second subunit. A possible importance of the IRR carbohydrate moiety for its activation was also assessed. IRR is normally less glycosylated than IR and IGF-IR. Swapping both FnIII-2 and FnIII-3 IRR domains with those of IR shifted beta-subunit mass from 68 kDa for IRR to about 100 kDa due to increased glycosylation and abolished the IRR pH response. However, mutations of four asparagine residues, potential glycosylation sites in chimera IRR with swapped FnIII-2/3 domains of IR, decreased the chimera glycosylation and resulted in a partial restoration of IRR pH-sensing activity, suggesting that the extensive glycosylation of FnIII-2/3 provides steric hindrance for the alkali-induced rearrangement of the IRR ectodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor E Deyev
- Group of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia A Chachina
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Egor S Zhevlenev
- Group of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander G Petrenko
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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93
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Wei Y, Gokhale RH, Sonnenschein A, Montgomery KM, Ingersoll A, Arnosti DN. Complex cis-regulatory landscape of the insulin receptor gene underlies the broad expression of a central signaling regulator. Development 2017; 143:3591-3603. [PMID: 27702787 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling plays key roles in development, growth and metabolism through dynamic control of glucose uptake, global protein translation and transcriptional regulation. Altered levels of insulin signaling are known to play key roles in development and disease, yet the molecular basis of such differential signaling remains obscure. Expression of the insulin receptor (InR) gene itself appears to play an important role, but the nature of the molecular wiring controlling InR transcription has not been elucidated. We characterized the regulatory elements driving Drosophila InR expression and found that the generally broad expression of this gene is belied by complex individual switch elements, the dynamic regulation of which reflects direct and indirect contributions of FOXO, EcR, Rbf and additional transcription factors through redundant elements dispersed throughout ∼40 kb of non-coding regions. The control of InR transcription in response to nutritional and tissue-specific inputs represents an integration of multiple cis-regulatory elements, the structure and function of which may have been sculpted by evolutionary selection to provide a highly tailored set of signaling responses on developmental and tissue-specific levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Rewatee H Gokhale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Anne Sonnenschein
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kelly Mone't Montgomery
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Andrew Ingersoll
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - David N Arnosti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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94
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Saeedi Borujeni MJ, Esfandiary E, Taheripak G, Codoñer‐Franch P, Alonso‐Iglesias E, Mirzaei H. Molecular aspects of diabetes mellitus: Resistin, microRNA, and exosome. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1257-1272. [PMID: 28688216 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Saeedi Borujeni
- Department of Anatomical SCIENCES and Molecular BiologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiary
- Department of Anatomical SCIENCES and Molecular BiologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Gholamreza Taheripak
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of BiochemistryIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Pilar Codoñer‐Franch
- Department of PediatricsObstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | | | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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95
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IGF1 and IGF2 specificities to the two insulin receptor isoforms are determined by insulin receptor amino acid 718. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178885. [PMID: 28570711 PMCID: PMC5453582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods Alanine scan of insulin receptor (IR)-B exon 11 and site-directed mutagenesis of amino acid 718 in human IR-A and IR-B were performed. Ligand affinities to wild type and mutated receptors were studied by displacement of radioactive insulin in binding assay on secreted soluble midi receptors or solubilized semi-purified full length receptors stably expressed in Baby Hamster Kidney cells. Phosphorylation of IR in response to insulin, IGF1 and IGF2 was measured using ELISA. Results Insulin, insulin detemir and insulin glargine maximally showed two fold differences in affinity for human IR-A and IR-B, but IGF1 and IGF2 had up to 10 fold preference for IR-A. Alanine scan of exon 11 revealed that position 718 is important for low IGF1 affinity to IR-B. Mutational analysis of amino acid residue 718 in IR-A and IR-B demonstrated that charge is important for IGF1 and IGF2 affinity but not important for insulin affinity. The affinity of IGF1 and IGF2 for the mutant IR-A P718K was comparable to the wild type IR-B whereas the affinity of IGF1 and IGF2 for the mutant IR-B K718P was comparable to the wild type IR-A. Changes in affinity were also reflected in the IR activation pattern. Conclusion Mutating position 718 in human IR-B to the proline found at position 718 in human IR-A increased IGF1 and IGF2 affinity to a level comparable to IR-A and mutating position 718 in IR-A to the lysine found at position 718 in IR-B decreased IGF1 and IGF2 affinity to a level comparable to IR-B, whereas a negatively charged glutamate did not. These changes in the affinities were also reflected in the IR phosphorylation pattern, meaning that position 718 is important for both affinity and activation of the receptor. It should be emphasized that none of the mutations affected insulin affinity, indicating that the mutations did not alter the overall receptor structure and that the effect is ligand specific.
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96
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Imbalanced Insulin Actions in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Key Mouse Models of Insulin Signaling Pathway. Cell Metab 2017; 25:797-810. [PMID: 28380373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor (IR), researchers have been engaged in intensive efforts to resolve physiological functions of IR and its major downstream targets, insulin receptor substrate 1 (Irs1) and Irs2. Studies conducted using systemic and tissue-specific gene-knockout mice of IR, Irs1, and Irs2 have revealed the physiological roles of these molecules in each tissue and interactions among multiple tissues. In obesity and type 2 diabetes, selective downregulation of Irs2 and its downstream actions to cause reduced insulin actions was associated with increased insulin actions through Irs1 in variety tissues. Thus, we propose the novel concept of "organ- and pathway-specific imbalanced insulin action" in obesity and type 2 diabetes, which includes and extends "selective insulin resistance." This Review focuses on recent progress in understanding insulin signaling and insulin resistance using key mouse models for elucidating pathophysiology of human obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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97
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Mohammadiarani H, Vashisth H. Insulin mimetic peptide S371 folds into a helical structure. J Comput Chem 2017; 38:1158-1166. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harish Vashisth
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire
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98
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Mangmool S, Denkaew T, Parichatikanond W, Kurose H. β-Adrenergic Receptor and Insulin Resistance in the Heart. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:44-56. [PMID: 28035081 PMCID: PMC5207462 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is characterized by the reduced ability of insulin to stimulate tissue uptake and disposal of glucose including cardiac muscle. These conditions accelerate the progression of heart failure and increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases. It is noteworthy that some conditions of insulin resistance are characterized by up-regulation of the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in enhanced stimulation of β-adrenergic receptor (βAR). Overstimulation of βARs leads to the development of heart failure and is associated with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in the heart. However, pathological consequences of the cross-talk between the βAR and the insulin sensitivity and the mechanism by which βAR overstimulation promotes insulin resistance remain unclear. This review article examines the hypothesis that βARs overstimulation leads to induction of insulin resistance in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Drug Design and Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tananat Denkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Schlein M. Insulin Formulation Characterization-the Thioflavin T Assays. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 19:397-408. [PMID: 28000098 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-0028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The insulin molecule was discovered in 1921. Shortly thereafter, its propensity towards amyloid fibril formation, fibrillation, was observed and described in the literature as a "precipitate." In the past decades, the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes has reached global epidemic proportions. This has emphasized the demands for both insulin production and the development of modern insulin products for unmet medical needs. Bringing such new insulin drug products to the market for the benefit of patients requires that many CMC-related processes are understood, described, and controlled. One potential undesired process is insulin fibril formation. The compound thioflavin T (ThT) is known as a fluorescent probe for amyloid fibrils. As such, ThT is utilized in a versatile research assay in microtiter plate format, the ThT assay. This review will describe an experimental set-up using not only a ThT microtiter plate assay but also two orthogonal methods. The use of the ThT assay in research and characterization of insulin analogues, as well as formulations of insulin, is described by cases drawn from the scientific literature and patents. The ThT assay is compared to other physical stability tests and in conclusion the advantages and limitations of the assay are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Schlein
- Injectable Formulation Research, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park H6.S.09.1, DK2760, Maaloev, Denmark.
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Perks CM, Zielinska HA, Wang J, Jarrett C, Frankow A, Ladomery MR, Bahl A, Rhodes A, Oxley J, Holly JMP. Insulin Receptor Isoform Variations in Prostate Cancer Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:132. [PMID: 27733843 PMCID: PMC5039983 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Men who develop prostate cancer (PCa) increasingly have one of the co-morbidities associated with a Western lifestyle that are characterized by hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and increased expression of insulin-like growth factors-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II. Each have been associated with poor prognosis and more aggressive cancers that exhibit increased metabolism and increased glucose uptake. The insulin receptor (IR) has two splice isoforms IR-A and IR-B: IR-A has a higher affinity for IGF-II comparable to that for insulin, whereas the IR-B isoform predominantly just binds to insulin. In this study, we assessed alterations in the IR-A and IR-B isoform ratio and associated changes in cell proliferation and migration of PCa cell lines following exposure to altered concentrations of glucose and treatment with IGF-II and insulin. We observed that where IR-B predominated insulin had a greater effect on migration than IGF-II and IGF-II was more effective when IR-A was the main isoform. With regard to proliferation IGF-II was more effective than insulin regardless of which isoform was dominant. We assessed the abundance of the IR isoforms both in vivo and in vitro and observed that the majority of the tissue samples and cell lines expressed more IR-A than IR-B. Alterations in the isoforms in response to changes in their hormonal milieu could have a profound impact on how malignant cells behave and play a role in promoting carcinogenesis. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying changes in alternative splicing of the IR may provide additional targets for future cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Perks
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - H. A. Zielinska
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jing Wang
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline Jarrett
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A. Frankow
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael R. Ladomery
- Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Amit Bahl
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anthony Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jon Oxley
- Department of Cellular Histopathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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