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Sharma P, Mishra S, Burman N, Chatterjee M, Singh S, Pradhan AK, Khurana P, Khurana JP. Characterization of Cry2 genes (CRY2a and CRY2b) of B. napus and comparative analysis of BnCRY1 and BnCRY2a in regulating seedling photomorphogenesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:161-186. [PMID: 35831732 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) perceives blue/UV-A light and regulates photomorphogenesis in plants. However, besides Arabidopsis, CRY2 has been functionally characterized only in native species of japonica rice and tomato. In the present study, the BnCRY2a, generating a relatively longer cDNA and harboring an intron in its 5'UTR, has been characterized in detail. Western blot analysis revealed that BnCRY2a is light labile and degraded rapidly by 26S proteasome when seedlings are irradiated with blue light. For functional analysis, BnCRY2a was over-expressed in Brassica juncea, a related species more amenable to transformation. The BnCRY2a over-expression (BnCRY2aOE) transgenics developed short hypocotyl and expanded cotyledons, accumulated more anthocyanin in light-grown seedlings, and displayed early flowering on maturity. Early flowering in BnCRY2aOE transgenics was coupled with the up-regulation of many flowering-related genes such as FT. The present study also highlights the differential light sensitivity of cry1 and cry2 in controlling hypocotyl elongation growth in Brassica. BnCRY2aOE seedlings developed much shorter hypocotyl under the low-intensity of blue light, while BnCRY1OE seedling hypocotyls were shorter under the high-intensity blue light, compared to untransformed seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
- Proteus Genomics, 218 Summit Parkway, Birmingham, AL, 35209, USA
| | - Sushma Mishra
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Naini Burman
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Mithu Chatterjee
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
- AeroFarms, Newark, NJ, 07105, USA
| | - Shipra Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Akshay K Pradhan
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Paramjit Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| | - Jitendra P Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
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52
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Gao L, Liu Q, Zhong M, Zeng N, Deng W, Li Y, Wang D, Liu S, Wang Q. Blue light-induced phosphorylation of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 is essential for its photosensitivity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1724-1738. [PMID: 35894630 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess two cryptochrome photoreceptors, cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) and cryptochrome 2 (CRY2), that mediate overlapping and distinct physiological responses. Both CRY1 and CRY2 undergo blue light-induced phosphorylation, but the molecular details of CRY1 phosphorylation remain unclear. Here we identify 19 in vivo phosphorylation sites in CRY1 using mass spectrometry and systematically analyze the physiological and photobiochemical activities of CRY1 variants with phosphosite substitutions. We demonstrate that nonphosphorylatable CRY1 variants have impaired phosphorylation, degradation, and physiological functions, whereas phosphomimetic variants mimic the physiological functions of phosphorylated CRY1 to constitutively inhibit hypocotyl elongation. We further demonstrate that phosphomimetic CRY1 variants exhibit enhanced interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 (CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1). This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that phosphorylation of CRY1 is required for COP1-dependent signaling and regulation of CRY1. We also determine that PHOTOREGULATORY PROTEIN KINASEs (PPKs) phosphorylate CRY1 in a blue light-dependent manner and that this phosphorylation is critical for CRY1 signaling and regulation. These results indicate that, similar to CRY2, blue light-dependent phosphorylation of CRY1 determines its photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Nannan Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weixian Deng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yaxing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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53
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Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the Aureochrome Gene Family in Saccharina japonica and a Comparative Analysis with Six Other Algae. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162088. [PMID: 36015392 PMCID: PMC9416419 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aureochrome (AUREO) is a kind of blue light photoreceptor with both LOV and bZIP structural domains, identified only in Stramenopiles. It functions as a transcription factor that responds to blue light, playing diverse roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of Stramenopiles. Most of its functions are currently unknown, especially in the economically important alga S. japonica farmed on a large scale. This study provided a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of AUREO gene families in seven algae, focusing on the AUREOs of S. japonica. AUREO genes were strictly identified from seven algal genomes. Then AUREO phylogenetic tree was constructed from 44 conserved AUREO genes collected. These AUREO genes were divided into five groups based on phylogenetic relationships. A total of 28 genes unnamed previously were named according to the phylogenetic tree. A large number of different cis-acting elements, especially bZIP transcription factors, were discovered upstream of AUREO genes in brown algae. Different intron/exon structural patterns were identified among all AUREOs. Transcriptomic data indicated that the expression of Sj AUREO varied significantly during the different development stages of S. japonica gametophytes. Periodic rhythms of light induction experiments indicate that Sj AUREO existed in a light-dependent circadian expression pattern, differing from other similar studies in the past. This may indicate that blue light affects gametophyte development through AUREO as a light signal receptor. This study systematically identified and analyzed the AUREO gene family in seven representative brown algae, which lay a good foundation for further study and understanding of AUERO functions in agal growth and development.
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54
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Kyriacou CP, Rosato E. Genetic analysis of cryptochrome in insect magnetosensitivity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:928416. [PMID: 36035470 PMCID: PMC9399412 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.928416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The earth’s magnetic field plays an important role in the spectacular migrations and navigational abilities of many higher animals, particularly birds. However, these organisms are not amenable to genetic analysis, unlike the model fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, which can respond to magnetic fields under laboratory conditions. We therefore review the field of insect magnetosensitivity focusing on the role of the Cryptochromes (CRYs) that were first identified in Arabidopsis and Drosophila as key molecular components of circadian photo-entrainment pathways. Physico-chemical studies suggest that photo-activation of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) bound to CRY generates a FADo− Trpo+ radical pair as electrons skip along a chain of specific Trp residues and that the quantum spin chemistry of these radicals is sensitive to magnetic fields. The manipulation of CRY in several insect species has been performed using gene editing, replacement/rescue and knockdown methods. The effects of these various mutations on magnetosensitivity have revealed a number of surprises that are discussed in the light of recent developments from both in vivo and in vitro studies.
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55
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Palma CFF, Castro-Alves V, Morales LO, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen CO, Hyötyläinen T, Strid Å. Metabolic changes in cucumber leaves are enhanced by blue light but differentially affected by UV interactions with light signalling pathways in the visible spectrum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111326. [PMID: 35696926 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UV, 280-400 nm) as an environmental signal triggers metabolic acclimatory responses. However, how different light qualities affect UV acclimation during growth is poorly understood. Here, cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) were grown under blue, green, red, or white light in combination with UV. Their effects on leaf metabolites were determined using untargeted metabolomics. Blue and white growth light triggered increased levels of compounds related to primary and secondary metabolism, including amino acids, phenolics, hormones, and compounds related to sugar metabolism and the TCA cycle. In contrast, supplementary UV in a blue or white light background decreased leaf content of amino acids, phenolics, sugars, and TCA-related compounds, without affecting abscisic acid, auxin, zeatin, or jasmonic acid levels. However, in plants grown under green light, UV induced increased levels of phenolics, hormones (auxin, zeatin, dihydrozeatin-7-N-dihydrozeatin, jasmonic acid), amino acids, sugars, and TCA cycle-related compounds. Plants grown under red light with UV mainly showed decreased sugar content. These findings highlight the importance of the blue light component for metabolite accumulation. Also, data on interactions of UV with green light on the one hand, and blue or white light on the other, further contributes to our understanding of light quality regulation of plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Castro-Alves
- School of Science and Technology, Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Luis Orlando Morales
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro Life Science Centre, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eva Rosenqvist
- Section of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 9, DK-2630 Tåstrup, Denmark
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Aarhus University, Plant Food and Climate, Department of Food Science, Agrofoodpark 48, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- School of Science and Technology, Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Åke Strid
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro Life Science Centre, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden.
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56
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Srivastava M, Srivastava AK, Roy D, Mansi M, Gough C, Bhagat PK, Zhang C, Sadanandom A. The conjugation of SUMO to the transcription factor MYC2 functions in blue light-mediated seedling development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2892-2906. [PMID: 35567527 PMCID: PMC9338799 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A key function of photoreceptor signaling is the coordinated regulation of a large number of genes to optimize plant growth and development. The basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factor MYC2 is crucial for regulating gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana during development in blue light. Here we demonstrate that blue light induces the SUMOylation of MYC2. Non-SUMOylatable MYC2 is less effective in suppressing blue light-mediated photomorphogenesis than wild-type (WT) MYC2. MYC2 interacts physically with the SUMO proteases SUMO PROTEASE RELATED TO FERTILITY1 (SPF1) and SPF2. Blue light exposure promotes the degradation of SPF1 and SPF2 and enhances the SUMOylation of MYC2. Phenotypic analysis revealed that SPF1/SPF2 function redundantly as positive regulators of blue light-mediated photomorphogenesis. Our data demonstrate that SUMO conjugation does not affect the dimerization of MYC transcription factors but modulates the interaction of MYC2 with its cognate DNA cis-element and with the ubiquitin ligase Plant U-box 10 (PUB10). Finally, we show that non-SUMOylatable MYC2 is less stable and interacts more strongly with PUB10 than the WT. Taken together, we conclude that SUMO functions as a counterpoint to the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of MYC2, thereby enhancing its function in blue light signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dipan Roy
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mansi Mansi
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Catherine Gough
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Cunjin Zhang
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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57
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Kochetova GV, Avercheva OV, Bassarskaya EM, Zhigalova TV. Light quality as a driver of photosynthetic apparatus development. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:779-803. [PMID: 36124269 PMCID: PMC9481803 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light provides energy for photosynthesis and also acts as an important environmental signal. During their evolution, plants acquired sophisticated sensory systems for light perception and light-dependent regulation of their growth and development in accordance with the local light environment. Under natural conditions, plants adapted by using their light sensors to finely distinguish direct sunlight and dark in the soil, deep grey shade under the upper soil layer or litter, green shade under the canopy and even lateral green reflectance from neighbours. Light perception also allows plants to evaluate in detail the weather, time of day, day length and thus the season. However, in artificial lighting conditions, plants are confronted with fundamentally different lighting conditions. The advent of new light sources - light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which emit narrow-band light - allows growing plants with light of different spectral bands or their combinations. This sets the task of finding out how light of different quality affects the development and functioning of plants, and in particular, their photosynthetic apparatus (PSA), which is one of the basic processes determining plant yield. In this review, we briefly describe how plants perceive environment light signals by their five families of photoreceptors and by the PSA as a particular light sensor, and how they use this information to form their PSA under artificial narrow-band LED-based lighting of different spectral composition. We consider light regulation of the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic complexes and chloroplast ATP synthase function, PSA photoprotection mechanisms, carbon assimilation reactions and stomatal development and function.
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58
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Genomewide Identification and Characterization of the Genes Involved in the Flowering of Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147940. [PMID: 35887288 PMCID: PMC9323069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering is a prerequisite for flowering plants to complete reproduction, and flowering time has an important effect on the high and stable yields of crops. However, there are limited reports on flowering-related genes at the genomic level in cotton. In this study, genomewide analysis of the evolutionary relationship of flowering-related genes in different cotton species shows that the numbers of flowering-related genes in the genomes of tetraploid cotton species Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense were similar, and that these numbers were approximately twice as much as the number in diploid cotton species Gossypium arboretum. The classification of flowering-related genes shows that most of them belong to the photoperiod and circadian clock flowering pathway. The distribution of flowering-related genes on the chromosomes of the At and Dt subgenomes was similar, with no subgenomic preference detected. In addition, most of the flowering-related core genes in Arabidopsis thaliana had homologs in the cotton genome, but the copy numbers and expression patterns were disparate; moreover, flowering-related genes underwent purifying selection throughout the evolutionary and selection processes. Although the differentiation and reorganization of many key genes of the cotton flowering regulatory network occurred throughout the evolutionary and selection processes, most of them, especially those involved in the important flowering regulatory networks, have been relatively conserved and preferentially selected.
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59
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Ghosh S, Nelson JF, Cobb GMC, Etchells JP, de Lucas M. Light regulates xylem cell differentiation via PIF in Arabidopsis. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111075. [PMID: 35858547 PMCID: PMC9638722 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between cell proliferation and differentiation in the cambium defines the formation of plant vascular tissues. As cambium cells proliferate, subsets of daughter cells differentiate into xylem or phloem. TDIF-PXY/TDR signaling is central to this process. TDIF, encoded by CLE41 and CLE44, activates PXY/TDR receptors to maintain proliferative cambium. Light and water are necessary for photosynthesis; thus, vascular differentiation must occur upon light perception to facilitate the transport of water and minerals to the photosynthetic tissues. However, the molecular mechanism controlling vascular differentiation in response to light remains elusive. In this study we show that the accumulation of PIF transcription factors in the dark promotes TDIF signaling and inhibits vascular cell differentiation. On the contrary, PIF inactivation by light leads to a decay in TDIF activity, which induces vascular cell differentiation. Our study connects light to vascular differentiation and highlights the importance of this crosstalk to fine-tune water transport. Active CLE peptide TDIF inhibits xylem differentiation in etiolated seedlings The expression of the TDIF precursor CLE44 is rapidly inhibited by light PIF transcription factors are necessary for TDIF expression in the dark Blue light signaling prevents TDIF expression, which promotes xylem differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraboni Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Joseph F Nelson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - J Peter Etchells
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Miguel de Lucas
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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60
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Song Y, Zhang R, Gao S, Pan Z, Guo Z, Yu S, Wang Y, Jin Q, Chen X, Zhang L. Transcriptome analysis and phenotyping of walnut seedling roots under nitrogen stresses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12066. [PMID: 35835799 PMCID: PMC9283388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14850-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential core element in walnut seedling growth and development. However, nitrogen starvation and excessive nitrogen stress can cause stunted growth and development of walnut seedlings, and environmental pollution is also of concern. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanism of walnut seedling resistance to nitrogen stress. In this study, morphological and physiological observations and transcriptome sequencing of walnut seedlings under nitrogen starvation and excess nitrogen stress were performed. The results showed that walnut seedlings under nitrogen starvation and excess stress could adapt to the changes in the nitrogen environment by changing the coordination of their root morphology and physiological indexes. Based on an analysis of transcriptome data, 4911 differential genes (DEGs) were obtained (2180 were upregulated and 2731 were downregulated) in a comparison of nitrogen starvation and control groups. A total of 9497 DEGs (5091 upregulated and 4406 downregulated) were obtained in the comparison between the nitrogen overdose and control groups. When these DEGs were analysed, the differential genes in both groups were found to be significantly enriched in the plant’s circadian pathway. Therefore, we selected the circadian rhythm as the focus for further analysis. We made some discoveries by analysing the gene co-expression network of nitrogen metabolism, circadian rhythm, and hormone signal transduction. (a) Nitrite nitrogen (NO2−) or Glu may act as a nitrogen signal to the circadian clock. (b) Nitrogen signalling may be input into the circadian clock by regulating changes in the abundance of the CRY1 gene. (c) After the nitrogen signal enters the circadian clock, the expression of the LHY gene is upregulated, which causes a phase shift in the circadian clock. (d) The RVE protein may send information about the circadian clock’s response to nitrogen stress back to the nitrogen metabolic pathway via the hormone transduction pathway. In conclusion, various metabolic pathways in the roots of walnut seedlings coordinated with one another to resist the ill effects of nitrogen stress on the root cells, and these coordination relationships were regulated by the circadian clock. This study is expected to provide valuable information on the circadian clock regulation of plant resistance to nitrogen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- College of Plant Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency and Quality Cultivation and Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Alar, 843300, China.,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China. .,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency and Quality Cultivation and Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Alar, 843300, China. .,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China.
| | - Shan Gao
- College of Plant Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China.
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Zhongzhong Guo
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency and Quality Cultivation and Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Alar, 843300, China.,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China.,College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Shangqi Yu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency and Quality Cultivation and Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Alar, 843300, China.,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China.,College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency and Quality Cultivation and Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Alar, 843300, China.,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China.,College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- College of Plant Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency and Quality Cultivation and Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in Southern Xinjiang, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- College of Plant Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
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61
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Islam MS, Krom N, Kwon T, Li G, Saha MC. Transcriptome of Endophyte-Positive and Endophyte-Free Tall Fescue Under Field Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:803400. [PMID: 35774806 PMCID: PMC9237612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.803400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tall fescue is one of the primary sources of forage for livestock. It grows well in the marginal soils of the temperate zones. It hosts a fungal endophyte (Epichloë coenophiala), which helps the plants to tolerate abiotic and biotic stresses. The genomic and transcriptomic resources of tall fescue are very limited, due to a complex genetic background and outbreeding modes of pollination. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in two tissues (pseudostem and leaf blade) between novel endophyte positive (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) Texoma MaxQ II tall fescue genotypes. Samples were collected at three diurnal time points: morning (7:40-9:00 am), afternoon (1:15-2:15 pm), and evening (4:45-5:45 pm) in the field environment. By exploring the transcriptional landscape via RNA-seq, for the first time, we generated 226,054 and 224,376 transcripts from E+ and E- tall fescue, respectively through de novo assembly. The upregulated transcripts were detected fewer than the downregulated ones in both tissues (S: 803 up and 878 down; L: 783 up and 846 down) under the freezing temperatures (-3.0-0.5°C) in the morning. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis identified 3 out of top 10 significant GO terms only in the morning samples. Metabolic pathway and biosynthesis of secondary metabolite genes showed lowest number of DEGs under morning freezing stress and highest number in evening cold condition. The 1,085 DEGs were only expressed under morning stress condition and, more importantly, the eight candidate orthologous genes of rice identified under morning freezing temperatures, including orthologs of rice phytochrome A, phytochrome C, and ethylene receptor genes, might be the possible route underlying cold tolerance in tall fescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shofiqul Islam
- Grass Genomics, Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States
- Genetics Laboratory, Indiana Crop Improvement Association, Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nick Krom
- Scientific Computing, Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Genomics Core Facility, Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States
- Genomics Center, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Guifen Li
- Genomics Core Facility, Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Malay C. Saha
- Grass Genomics, Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States
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62
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Nidhi, Kumar P, Pathania D, Thakur S, Sharma M. Environment-mediated mutagenetic interference on genetic stabilization and circadian rhythm in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:358. [PMID: 35687153 PMCID: PMC11072124 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many mortal organisms on this planet have developed the potential to merge all internal as well as external environmental cues to regulate various processes running inside organisms and in turn make them adaptive to the environment through the circadian clock. This moving rotator controls processes like activation of hormonal, metabolic, or defense pathways, initiation of flowering at an accurate period, and developmental processes in plants to ensure their stability in the environment. All these processes that are under the control of this rotating wheel can be changed either by external environmental factors or by an unpredictable phenomenon called mutation that can be generated by either physical mutagens, chemical mutagens, or by internal genetic interruption during metabolic processes, which alters normal functionality of organisms like innate immune responses, entrainment of the clock, biomass reduction, chlorophyll formation, and hormonal signaling, despite its fewer positive roles in plants like changing plant type, loss of vernalization treatment to make them survivable in different latitudes, and defense responses during stress. In addition, with mutation, overexpression of gene components sometimes supresses mutation effect and promote normal circadian genes abundance in the cell, while sometimes it affects circadian functionality by generating arrhythmicity and shows that not only mutation but overexpression also effects normal functional activities of plant. Therefore, this review mainly summarizes the role of each circadian clock genes in regulating rhythmicity, and shows that how circadian outputs are controlled by mutations as well as overexpression phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173212, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharmshala, India
| | - Diksha Pathania
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173212, India
| | - Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mamta Sharma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173212, India.
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Nakagawa M, Okano K, Saratani Y, Shoji Y, Okano T. Midnight/midday-synchronized expression of cryptochrome genes in the eyes of three teleost species, zebrafish, goldfish, and medaka. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2022; 8:8. [PMID: 35672786 PMCID: PMC9172026 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-022-00192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiodic responses are observed in many organisms living in the temperate zones. The circadian clock is involved in photoperiodic time measurement; however, the underlying molecular mechanism for detection of the day length remains unknown. We previously compared the expression profiles of the Cryptochrome(Cry) genes in the zebrafish eye and reported that Cry1ab has a double peak with variable expression duration depending on the photoperiod. In this study, to understand commonalities and differences in the photoperiodic responses of ocular Cry genes, we identified Cryptochrome genes in two other teleost species, goldfish and medaka, living in temperate zones, and measured ocular Cry mRNA levels in all of the three species, under different photoperiods (long-day [14 h light: 10 h dark] and short-day [10 h light: 14 h dark] and in constant darkness. Cry1ab mRNA levels did not show dual peaks in goldfish or medaka under the examined conditions; however, the mRNA expression profiles of many Crys were altered in all three species, depending on the day length and light condition. Based on their expression profiles, Cry mRNA peaks were classified into three groups that better synchronize to sunrise (light-on), midnight/midday (middle points of the dark/light periods), or sunset (light-off). These results suggest the presence of multiple oscillators that oscillate independently or a complex oscillator in which Cry expression cycles change in a photoperiod-dependent manner in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Nakagawa
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Wakamatsucho 2-2, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
| | - Keiko Okano
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Wakamatsucho 2-2, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
| | - Yuya Saratani
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Wakamatsucho 2-2, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
| | - Yosuke Shoji
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Wakamatsucho 2-2, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Okano
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Wakamatsucho 2-2, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
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64
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Protein interaction networks of the mammalian core clock proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 131:207-233. [PMID: 35871891 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is a 24-h cycle that regulates the biochemical and behavioral changes of organisms. It controls a wide range of functions, from gene expression to behavior, allowing organisms to anticipate daily changes in their environment. In mammals, circadian rhythm is generated by a complex transcriptional and translational feedback loop mechanism. The binding of CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimer to the E-box of DNA located within the promoter region initiates transcription of clock control genes including the transcription of the other two core clock genes of Periods (Pers) and Cryptochromes (Crys). Then PERs and CRYs along with casein kinase 1ɛ/Δ translocate into the nucleus where they suppress CLOCK/BMAL1 transactivation and, in turn, clock-regulated gene expression. Various clock components must be operational to aid in their stabilization and period extension in circadian rhythm. In this review, we have highlighted the recent progress for the core clock interacting proteins to maintain and to stabilize circadian rhythm in mammals.
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Mo W, Zhang J, Zhang L, Yang Z, Yang L, Yao N, Xiao Y, Li T, Li Y, Zhang G, Bian M, Du X, Zuo Z. Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 forms photobodies with TCP22 under blue light and regulates the circadian clock. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2631. [PMID: 35551190 PMCID: PMC9098493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes are blue light receptors that regulate plant growth and development. They also act as the core components of the central clock oscillator in animals. Although plant cryptochromes have been reported to regulate the circadian clock in blue light, how they do so is unclear. Here we show that Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) forms photobodies with the TCP22 transcription factor in response to blue light in plant cells. We provide evidence that PPK kinases influence the characteristics of these photobodies and that together these components, along with LWD transcriptional regulators, can positively regulate the expression of CCA1 encoding a central component of the circadian oscillator. Cryptochrome signaling has been reported to regulate circadian oscillations in plants. Here the authors show that CRY2 and the TCP22 transcription factors can form photobodies in a blue light dependent manner and induce expression of CCA1, a core component of the circadian oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Mo
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Junchuan Zhang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhenming Yang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Nan Yao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Tianhong Li
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yaxing Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Guangmei Zhang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mingdi Bian
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xinglin Du
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zecheng Zuo
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China. .,Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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66
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Genetic Dissection of Light-Regulated Adventitious Root Induction in Arabidopsis thaliana Hypocotyls. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105301. [PMID: 35628112 PMCID: PMC9140560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Photomorphogenic responses of etiolated seedlings include the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and opening of the apical hook. In addition, dark-grown seedlings respond to light by the formation of adventitious roots (AR) on the hypocotyl. How light signaling controls adventitious rooting is less well understood. Hereto, we analyzed adventitious rooting under different light conditions in wild type and photomorphogenesis mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Etiolation was not essential for AR formation but raised the competence to form AR under white and blue light. The blue light receptors CRY1 and PHOT1/PHOT2 are key elements contributing to the induction of AR formation in response to light. Furthermore, etiolation-controlled competence for AR formation depended on the COP9 signalosome, E3 ubiquitin ligase CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC (COP1), the COP1 interacting SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA) kinase family members (SPA1,2 and 3) and Phytochrome-Interacting Factors (PIF). In contrast, ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), suppressed AR formation. These findings provide a genetic framework that explains the high and low AR competence of Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls that were treated with dark, and light, respectively. We propose that light-induced auxin signal dissipation generates a transient auxin maximum that explains AR induction by a dark to light switch.
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Miao L, Zhao J, Yang G, Xu P, Cao X, Du S, Xu F, Jiang L, Zhang S, Wei X, Liu Y, Chen H, Mao Z, Guo T, Kou S, Wang W, Yang HQ. Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 undergoes COP1 and LRBs-dependent degradation in response to high blue light. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1347-1362. [PMID: 34449898 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) is an important blue light photoreceptor that promotes photomorphogenesis under blue light. The blue light photoreceptors CRY2 and phototropin 1, and the red/far-red light photoreceptors phytochromes B and A undergo degradation in response to blue and red light, respectively. This study investigated whether and how CRY1 might undergo degradation in response to high-intensity blue light (HBL). We demonstrated that CRY1 is ubiquitinated and degraded through the 26S proteasome pathway in response to HBL. We found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) is involved in mediating HBL-induced ubiquitination and degradation of CRY1. We also found that the E3 ubiquitin ligases LRBs physically interact with CRY1 and are also involved in mediating CRY1 ubiquitination and degradation in response to HBL. We further demonstrated that blue-light inhibitor of cryptochromes 1 interacts with CRY1 in a blue-light-dependent manner to inhibit CRY1 dimerization/oligomerization, leading to the repression of HBL-induced degradation of CRY1. Our findings indicate that the regulation of CRY1 stability in HBL is coordinated by COP1 and LRBs, which provides a mechanism by which CRY1 attenuates its own signaling and optimizes photomorphogenesis under HBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langxi Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiachen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Guangqiong Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Peng Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaoli Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shasha Du
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shilong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xuxu Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Huiru Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhilei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Tongtong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shuang Kou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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68
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Chen Z, Li M, Liu S, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhu Q, Kohnen MV, Wang Q. The Function and Photoregulatory Mechanisms of Cryptochromes From Moso Bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:866057. [PMID: 35432389 PMCID: PMC9006058 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.866057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light is one of the most important environmental factors affecting growth and geographic distribution of forestry plants. Moso bamboo is the largest temperate bamboo on earth and an important non-woody forestry species that serves not only important functions in the economy of rural areas but also carbon sequestration in the world. Due to its decades-long reproductive timing, the germplasm of moso bamboo cannot be readily improved by conventional breeding methods, arguing for a greater need to study the gene function and regulatory mechanisms of this species. We systematically studied the photoregulatory mechanisms of the moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) cryptochrome 1, PheCRY1. Our results show that, similar to its Arabidopsis counterpart, the bamboo PheCRY1s are functionally restricted to the blue light inhibition of cell elongation without an apparent activity in promoting floral initiation. We demonstrate that PheCRY1s undergo light-dependent oligomerization that is inhibited by PheBIC1s, and light-dependent phosphorylation that is catalyzed by PhePPKs. We hypothesize that light-induced phosphorylation of PheCRY1s facilitate their degradation, which control availability of the PheCRY1 proteins and photosensitivity of bamboo plants. Our results demonstrate the evolutionary conservation of not only the function but also photoregulatory mechanism of PheCRY1 in this monocot forestry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Chen
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Markus V Kohnen
- College of Forestry, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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69
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Zhao J, Yang G, Jiang L, Zhang S, Miao L, Xu P, Chen H, Chen L, Mao Z, Guo T, Kou S, Yang HQ, Wang W. Phytochromes A and B Mediate Light Stabilization of BIN2 to Regulate Brassinosteroid Signaling and Photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:865019. [PMID: 35432407 PMCID: PMC9005995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.865019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB) are the far-red and red lights photoreceptors mediating many light responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Brassinosteroid (BR) is a pivotal phytohormone regulating a variety of plant developmental processes including photomorphogenesis. It is known that phyB interacts with BES1 to inhibit its DNA-binding activity and repress BR signaling. Here, we show that far-red and red lights modulate BR signaling through phyA and phyB regulation of the stability of BIN2, a glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinase that phosphorylates BES1/BZR1 to inhibit BR signaling. The BIN2 gain-of-function mutant bin2-1 displays an enhanced photomorphogenic phenotype in both far-red and red lights. phyA-enhanced accumulation of BIN2 promotes the phosphorylation of BES1 in far-red light. BIN2 acts genetically downstream from PHYA to regulate photomorphogenesis under far-red light. Both phyA and phyB interact directly with BIN2, which may promote the interaction of BIN2 with BES1 and induce the phosphorylation of BES1. Our results suggest that far-red and red lights inhibit BR signaling through phyA and phyB stabilization of BIN2 and promotion of BES1 phosphorylation, which defines a new layer of the regulatory mechanism that allows plants to coordinate light and BR signaling pathways to optimize photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangqiong Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shilong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Langxi Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiru Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongtong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Kou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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70
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Huang C, Li P, Cao J, Zheng Z, Huang J, Zhang X, Shangguan X, Wang L, Chen Z. Comprehensive identification and expression analysis of CRY gene family in Gossypium. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:231. [PMID: 35331129 PMCID: PMC8952943 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cryptochromes (CRY) are specific blue light receptors of plants and animals, which play crucial roles in physiological processes of plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. RESULTS In the present work, a systematic analysis of the CRY gene family was performed on twelve cotton species, resulting in 18, 17, 17, 17, and 17 CRYs identified in five alloteraploid cottons (Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. tomentosum, G. mustelinum and G. darwinii), respectively, and five to nine CRY genes in the seven diploid species. Phylogenetic analysis of protein-coding sequences revealed that CRY genes from cottons and Arabidopsis thaliana could be classified into seven clades. Synteny analysis suggested that the homoeolog of G. hirsutum Gh_A02G0384 has undergone an evolutionary loss event in the other four allotetraploid cotton species. Cis-element analysis predicated the possible functions of CRY genes in G. hirsutum. RNA-seq data revealed that Gh_D09G2225, Gh_A09G2012 and Gh_A11G1040 had high expressions in fiber cells of different developmental states. In addition, the expression levels of one (Gh_A03G0120), 15 and nine GhCRY genes were down-regulated following the PEG, NaCl and high-temperature treatments, respectively. For the low-temperature treatment, five GhCRY genes were induced, and five were repressed. These results indicated that most GhCRY genes negatively regulate the abiotic stress treatments. CONCLUSION We report the structures, domains, divergence, synteny, and cis-elements analyses systematically of G. hirsutum CRY genes. Possible biological functions of GhCRY genes in differential tissues as well as in response to abiotic stress during the cotton plant life cycle were predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochen Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology/CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Pengbo Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Cotton Germplasm Resources Utilization and Molecular Design Breeding, Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng, 044099, China.
| | - Junfeng Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology/CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zishou Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology/CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinquan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology/CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiufang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology/CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxia Shangguan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Cotton Germplasm Resources Utilization and Molecular Design Breeding, Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng, 044099, China
| | - Lingjian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology/CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology/CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Institute of Carbon Materials Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China.
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71
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Wu XM, Wei XR, Li Z, Jia GX, Chen JR, Chen HX, Cao FX, Zheng SX, Li JH, Li YF. Molecular cloning of cryptochrome 1 from Lilium×formolongi and the characterization of its photoperiodic flowering function in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111164. [PMID: 35151449 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lilium × formolongi is an important cut flower species that is able to flower within a year following seed propagation, with flower induction that is very sensitive to the photoperiod. Cryptochromes are blue/UV-A light receptors that regulate many important plant growth and development processes, including photoperiodic flowering. In this study, we isolated the cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) gene from L. × formolongi and analyzed its function in transgenic Arabidopsis. The predicted LfCRY1 protein was strongly homologous to other CRY1 proteins. The transcription of LfCRY1 was induced by blue light, with LfCRY1 exhibiting its highest expression and diurnal expression patterns during the flowering-induction stage under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) photoperiods. Overexpression of LfCRY1 in Arabidopsis promoted flowering under LDs but not SDs and inhibited hypocotyl elongation under blue light. The LfCRY1 protein was located in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. LfCRY1 interacted with the important flowering activator LfCOL9 in both yeast and onion cells. These results provide functional evidence for the role of LfCRY1 in controlling photoperiodic flowering under LDs and indicate that LfCRY1 may be a counterpart of AtCRY1. Understanding the role of LfCRY1 in photoperiodic flowering is beneficial for the molecular breeding of lilies with shorter vegetative stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Wu
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Wei
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Ze Li
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Gui-Xia Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ji-Ren Chen
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hai-Xia Chen
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Fu-Xiang Cao
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Si-Xiang Zheng
- Institute of Agriculture Environment and Agro Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Jian-Hong Li
- Yangming Mountain Provincial Nature Reserve Management Station, Forestry Bureau of Chongyi County, Chongyi, 341300, China
| | - Yu-Fan Li
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Chen E, Chen Z, Chen L, Hu X. The biological effects of geomagnetic field exhibit an important potential for cancer and vascular diseases. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:878-882. [PMID: 35233872 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Xu et al. recently demonstrated that cryptochrome 4 (CRY4) protein, as a light-dependent magnetic receptor, can sense geomagnetic fields to guide night-migratory songbirds' navigation and evolution by the formation of composite radical pairs and electron transport. We aim to comment on CRY4 through radical pairs and electron transport for magnetic sensitive in night-migratory songbirds' migration and evolution. Additionally, we find that the role of magnetic fields is deeply concerning to the scientific community and very enlightening for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and vascular disease. We believe that this commentary makes a significant contribution to the literature because it elaborates on the importance of the geomagnetic field to night-migratory songbirds and extends the diagnostic and therapeutic value to cancer and vascular disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enlin Chen
- Department of anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital Of University of South China,, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, College of Basic Medical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, College of Basic Medical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Department of anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital Of University of South China,, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
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73
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Ponnu J, Hoecker U. Signaling Mechanisms by Arabidopsis Cryptochromes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:844714. [PMID: 35295637 PMCID: PMC8918993 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue light photoreceptors that regulate growth, development, and metabolism in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), CRY1 and CRY2 possess partially redundant and overlapping functions. Upon exposure to blue light, the monomeric inactive CRYs undergo phosphorylation and oligomerization, which are crucial to CRY function. Both the N- and C-terminal domains of CRYs participate in light-induced interaction with multiple signaling proteins. These include the COP1/SPA E3 ubiquitin ligase, several transcription factors, hormone signaling intermediates and proteins involved in chromatin-remodeling and RNA N6 adenosine methylation. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of Arabidopsis CRY signaling in photomorphogenesis and the recent breakthroughs in Arabidopsis CRY research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ute Hoecker
- *Correspondence: Ute Hoecker, , orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-9777
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74
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Plant immunity: Rice XA21-mediated resistance to bacterial infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2121568119. [PMID: 35131901 PMCID: PMC8872720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121568119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms plants employ to resist infection were unknown until just a few decades ago. We now understand that plants utilize diverse classes of immune receptors to recognize and respond to pathogenic microbes and pests. This paper describes the development of the plant immunity field, from early studies on the genetics of disease resistance to our increasing knowledge of how plant receptors interact with their microbial ligands, with an emphasis on the rice immune receptor XA21 and its bacterial ligand. In this article, we describe the development of the plant immunity field, starting with efforts to understand the genetic basis for disease resistance, which ∼30 y ago led to the discovery of diverse classes of immune receptors that recognize and respond to infectious microbes. We focus on knowledge gained from studies of the rice XA21 immune receptor that recognizes RaxX (required for activation of XA21 mediated immunity X), a sulfated microbial peptide secreted by the gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. XA21 is representative of a large class of plant and animal immune receptors that recognize and respond to conserved microbial molecules. We highlight the complexity of this large class of receptors in plants, discuss a possible role for RaxX in Xanthomonas biology, and draw attention to the important role of sulfotyrosine in mediating receptor–ligand interactions.
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75
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Mu R, Lyu X, Ji R, Liu J, Zhao T, Li H, Liu B. GmBICs Modulate Low Blue Light-Induced Stem Elongation in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:803122. [PMID: 35185980 PMCID: PMC8850649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.803122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Blue-light inhibitors of cryptochromes (BICs) promote hypocotyl elongation by suppressing the activity of cryptochromes in Arabidopsis. Nevertheless, the roles of BICs in other plant species are still unclear. Here we investigate their functions by genetic overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9 engineered mutations targeting the six GmBIC genes in soybean. We showed that the GmBICs overexpression (GmBICs-OX) lines strongly promoted stem elongation, while the single, double, and quadruple mutations in the GmBIC genes resulted in incremental dwarfing phenotypes. Furthermore, overexpression of GmBIC2a abolished the low blue light (LBL)-induced stem elongation, demonstrating the involvement of GmBICs in regulating cryptochrome-mediated LBL-induced shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). The Gmbic1a1b2a2b quadruple mutant displayed reduced stem elongation under LBL conditions, which was reminiscent of the GmCRY1b-OX lines. Taken together, this study provided essential genetic resources for elucidating GmBICs functional mechanisms and breeding of shade-tolerant soybean cultivars in future.
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76
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Li C, Wang X, Zhang L, Zhang C, Yu C, Zhao T, Liu B, Li H, Liu J. OsBIC1 Directly Interacts with OsCRYs to Regulate Leaf Sheath Length through Mediating GA-Responsive Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010287. [PMID: 35008710 PMCID: PMC8745657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochrome 1 and 2 (CRY1 and CRY2) are blue light receptors involved in the regulation of hypocotyl elongation, cotyledon expansion, and flowering time in Arabidopsisthaliana. Two cryptochrome-interacting proteins, Blue-light Inhibitor of Cryptochrome 1 and 2 (BIC1 and BIC2), have been found in Arabidopsis. BIC1 plays critical roles in suppressing the physiological activities of CRY2, which include the blue light-dependent dimerization, phosphorylation, photobody formation, and degradation process, but the functional characterization of BIC protein in other crops has not yet been performed. To investigate the function of BIC protein in rice (Oryza sativa), two homologous genes of Arabidopsis BIC1 and BIC2, namely OsBIC1 and OsBIC2 (OsBICs), were identified. The overexpression of OsBIC1 and OsBIC2 led to increased leaf sheath length, whereas mutations in OsBIC1 displayed shorter leaf sheath in a blue light intensity-dependent manner. OsBIC1 regulated blue light-induced leaf sheath elongation through direct interaction with OsCRY1a, OsCRY1b, and OsCRY2 (OsCRYs). Longitudinal sections of the second leaf sheath demonstrated that OsBIC1 and OsCRYs controlled leaf sheath length by influencing the ratio of epidermal cells with different lengths. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis further proved that OsBIC1 and OsCRYs regulated similar transcriptome changes in regulating Gibberellic Acids (GA)-responsive pathway. Taken together, these results suggested that OsBIC1 and OsCRYs worked together to regulate epidermal cell elongation and control blue light-induced leaf sheath elongation through the GA-responsive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
- Institute of Nanfan & Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Liya Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Chunsheng Yu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Tao Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Hongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.L.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Y.); (T.Z.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.L.)
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77
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Zhang L, Li T, Su S, Peng H, Li S, Li K, Ji L, Xing Y, Zhang J, Du X, Bian M, Liao Y, Yang Z, Zuo Z. Functions of COP1/SPA E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Mediated by MpCRY in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha under Blue Light. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010158. [PMID: 35008588 PMCID: PMC8745113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
COP1/SPA1 complex in Arabidopsis inhibits photomorphogenesis through the ubiquitination of multiple photo-responsive transcription factors in darkness, but such inhibiting function of COP1/SPA1 complex would be suppressed by cryptochromes in blue light. Extensive studies have been conducted on these mechanisms in Arabidopsis whereas little attention has been focused on whether another branch of land plants bryophyte utilizes this blue-light regulatory pathway. To study this problem, we conducted a study in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and obtained a MpSPA knock-out mutant, in which Mpspa exhibits the phenotype of an increased percentage of individuals with asymmetrical thallus growth, similar to MpCRY knock-out mutant. We also verified interactions of MpSPA with MpCRY (in a blue light-independent way) and with MpCOP1. Concomitantly, both MpSPA and MpCOP1 could interact with MpHY5, and MpSPA can promote MpCOP1 to ubiquitinate MpHY5 but MpCRY does not regulate the ubiquitination of MpHY5 by MpCOP1/MpSPA complex. These data suggest that COP1/SPA ubiquitinating HY5 is conserved in Marchantia polymorpha, but dissimilar to CRY in Arabidopsis, MpCRY is not an inhibitor of this process under blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (J.Z.); (X.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Tianhong Li
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (J.Z.); (X.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Shengzhong Su
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (J.Z.); (X.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Hao Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (H.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sudi Li
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (J.Z.); (X.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Ke Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (K.L.); (L.J.); (Y.X.)
| | - Luyao Ji
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (K.L.); (L.J.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yaoyun Xing
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (K.L.); (L.J.); (Y.X.)
| | - Junchuan Zhang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (J.Z.); (X.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Xinglin Du
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (J.Z.); (X.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Mingdi Bian
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (J.Z.); (X.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Yuying Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (H.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhenming Yang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (J.Z.); (X.D.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zecheng Zuo
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (J.Z.); (X.D.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (Z.Z.)
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Kabir MP, Orozco-Gonzalez Y, Hastings G, Gozem S. The effect of hydrogen-bonding on flavin's infrared absorption spectrum. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 262:120110. [PMID: 34224983 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cluster and continuum solvation computational models are employed to model the effect of hydrogen bonding interactions on the vibrational modes of lumiflavin. Calculated spectra were compared to experimental Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra in the diagnostic 1450-1800 cm-1 range, where intense νC=C, νC=N, [Formula: see text] , and [Formula: see text] stretching modes of flavin's isoalloxazine ring are found. Local mode analysis is used to describe the strength of hydrogen-bonding in cluster models. The computations indicate that νC=C and νC=N mode frequencies are relatively insensitive to intermolecular interactions while the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] modes are sensitive to direct (and also indirect for [Formula: see text] ) hydrogen-bonding interactions. Although flavin is neutral, basis sets without the diffuse functions provide incorrect relative frequencies and intensities. The 6-31+G* basis set is found to be adequate for this system, and there is limited benefit to considering larger basis sets. Calculated vibrational mode frequencies agree with experimentally determined frequencies in solution when cluster models with multiple water molecules are used. Accurate simulation of relative FTIR band intensities, on the other hand, requires a continuum (or possibly quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical) model that accounts for long-range electrostatic effects. Finally, an experimental peak at ca. 1624 cm-1 that is typically assigned to the [Formula: see text] vibrational stretching mode has a complicated shape that suggests multiple underlying contributions. Our calculations show that this band has contributions from both the C6-C7 and C2 = O stretching vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pabel Kabir
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | | | - Gary Hastings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Center for Nano-Optics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
| | - Samer Gozem
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
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79
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Ma L, Li X, Zhao Z, Hao Y, Shang R, Zeng D, Liu H. Light-Response Bric-A-Brack/Tramtrack/Broad proteins mediate cryptochrome 2 degradation in response to low ambient temperature. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3610-3620. [PMID: 34463721 PMCID: PMC8643628 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (crys) are photolyase-like blue-light receptors first discovered in Arabidopsis thaliana and later identified in all major evolutionary lineages. Crys are involved in not only blue light responses but also in temperature responses; however, whether and how cry protein stability is regulated by temperature remains unknown. Here, we show that cry2 protein abundance is modulated by ambient temperature and cry2 protein is degraded under low ambient temperature via the 26S proteasome. Consistent with this, cry2 shows high levels of ubiquitination under low ambient temperatures. Interestingly, cry2 degradation at low ambient temperatures occurs only under blue light and not under red light or dark conditions, indicating blue-light-dependent degradation of cry2 at low ambient temperature. Furthermore, low ambient temperature promotes physical interaction of Light-Response Bric-a-Brack/Tramtrack/Broad (LRB) proteins with cry2 to modulate its ubiquitination and protein stability in response to ambient temperature. LRBs promote high-temperature-induced hypocotyl elongation by modulating the protein stability of cry2 protein. These results indicate that cry2 accumulation is regulated by not only blue light but also ambient temperature, and LRBs are responsible for cry2 degradation at low ambient temperature. The stabilization of cry2 by high temperature makes cry2 a better negative regulator of temperature responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuhao Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruixin Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Desheng Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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80
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Roles of a Cryptochrome in Carbon Fixation and Sucrose Metabolism in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123387. [PMID: 34943893 PMCID: PMC8699372 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vascular plants, cryptochromes acting as blue-light photoreceptors have various functions to adapt plants to the fluctuating light conditions on land, while the roles of cryptochromes in bryophytes have been rarely reported. In this study, we investigated functions of a single-copy ortholog of cryptochrome (MpCRY) in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Knock-out of MpCRY showed that a large number of the mutant plants exhibited asymmetric growth of thalli under blue light. Transcriptome analyses indicated that MpCRY is mainly involved in photosynthesis and sugar metabolism. Further physiological analysis showed that Mpcry mutant exhibited a reduction in CO2 uptake and sucrose metabolism. In addition, exogenous application of sucrose or glucose partially restored the symmetrical growth of the Mpcry mutant thalli. Together, these results suggest that MpCRY is involved in the symmetrical growth of thallus and the regulation of carbon fixation and sucrose metabolism in M. polymorpha.
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81
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Wu XM, Yang ZM, Yang LH, Chen JR, Chen HX, Zheng SX, Zeng JG, Jia GX, Li YF. Cryptochrome 2 from Lilium × formolongi Regulates Photoperiodic Flowering in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312929. [PMID: 34884732 PMCID: PMC8657805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoperiodic flowering pathway is essential for plant reproduction. As blue and ultraviolet-A light receptors, cryptochromes play an important role in the photoperiodic regulation of flowering. Lilium × formolongi is an important cut flower that flowers within a year after seed propagation. Floral induction is highly sensitive to photoperiod. In this study, we isolated the CRYPTOCHROME2 gene (LfCRY2) from L. × formolongi. The predicted LfCRY2 protein was highly homologous to other CRY2 proteins. The transcription of LfCRY2 was induced by blue light. LfCRY2 exhibits its highest diurnal expression during the floral induction stage under both long-day and short-day photoperiods. Overexpression of LfCRY2 in Arabidopsis thaliana promoted flowering under long days but not short days, and inhibited hypocotyl elongation under blue light. Furthermore, LfCRY2 was located in the nucleus and could interact with L. × formolongi CONSTANS-like 9 (LfCOL9) and A. thaliana CRY-interacting basic-helix-loop-helix 1 (AtCIB1) in both yeast and onion cells, which supports the hypothesis that LfCRY2 hastens the floral transition via the CIB1-CO pathway in a manner similar to AtCRY2. These results provide evidence that LfCRY2 plays a vital role in promoting flowering under long days in L. × formolongi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Wu
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.-M.W.); (Z.-M.Y.); (L.-H.Y.); (J.-R.C.); (H.-X.C.)
| | - Zheng-Min Yang
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.-M.W.); (Z.-M.Y.); (L.-H.Y.); (J.-R.C.); (H.-X.C.)
| | - Lin-Hao Yang
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.-M.W.); (Z.-M.Y.); (L.-H.Y.); (J.-R.C.); (H.-X.C.)
| | - Ji-Ren Chen
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.-M.W.); (Z.-M.Y.); (L.-H.Y.); (J.-R.C.); (H.-X.C.)
| | - Hai-Xia Chen
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.-M.W.); (Z.-M.Y.); (L.-H.Y.); (J.-R.C.); (H.-X.C.)
| | - Si-Xiang Zheng
- Institute of Agriculture Environment and Agro Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Jian-Guo Zeng
- National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resource and Initiative, Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Gui-Xia Jia
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (G.-X.J.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Yu-Fan Li
- Hunan Mid-Subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.-M.W.); (Z.-M.Y.); (L.-H.Y.); (J.-R.C.); (H.-X.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.-X.J.); (Y.-F.L.)
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82
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Yan B, Yang Z, He G, Jing Y, Dong H, Ju L, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Sun J. The blue light receptor CRY1 interacts with GID1 and DELLA proteins to repress gibberellin signaling and plant growth. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100245. [PMID: 34778751 PMCID: PMC8577155 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in plant architecture, such as reduced plant height under high-density planting, are important for agricultural production. Light and gibberellin (GA) are essential external and internal cues that affect plant architecture. In this study, we characterize the direct interaction of distinct receptors that link light and GA signaling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). We show that the light receptor CRY1 represses GA signaling through interaction with all five DELLA proteins and promotion of RGA protein accumulation in Arabidopsis. Genetic analysis shows that CRY1-mediated growth repression is achieved by means of the DELLA proteins. Interestingly, we find that CRY1 also directly interacts with the GA receptor GID1 to competitively inhibit the GID1-GAI interaction. We also show that overexpression of TaCRY1a reduces plant height and coleoptile growth in wheat and that TaCRY1a interacts with both TaGID1 and Rht1 to competitively attenuate the TaGID1-Rht1 interaction. Based on these findings, we propose that the photoreceptor CRY1 competitively inhibits the GID1-DELLA interaction, thereby stabilizing DELLA proteins and enhancing their repression of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiqiang Yan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zongju Yang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guanhua He
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yexing Jing
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huixue Dong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lan Ju
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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83
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Cao X, Xu P, Liu Y, Yang G, Liu M, Chen L, Cheng Y, Xu P, Miao L, Mao Z, Wang W, Kou S, Guo T, Yang HQ. Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 promotes stomatal development through repression of AGB1 inhibition of SPEECHLESS DNA-binding activity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1967-1981. [PMID: 34469075 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are blue light photoreceptors that mediate various light responses in plants and mammals. The heterotrimeric G-protein is known to regulate various physiological processes in plants and mammals. In Arabidopsis, cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) and the G-protein β subunit AGB1 act antagonistically to regulate stomatal development. The molecular mechanism by which CRY1 and AGB1 regulate this process remains unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis CRY1 acts partially through AGB1, and AGB1 acts through SPEECHLESS (SPCH), a master transcription factor that drives stomatal initiation and proliferation, to regulate stomatal development. We demonstrate that AGB1 physically interacts with SPCH to block the bHLH DNA-binding domain of SPCH and inhibit its DNA-binding activity. Moreover, we demonstrate that photoexcited CRY1 represses the interaction of AGB1 with SPCH to release AGB1 inhibition of SPCH DNA-binding activity, leading to the expression of SPCH-target genes promoting stomatal development. Taken together, our results suggest that the mechanism by which CRY1 promotes stomatal development involves positive regulation of the DNA-binding activity of SPCH mediated by CRY1 inhibition of the AGB1-SPCH interaction. We propose that the antagonistic regulation of SPCH DNA-binding activity by CRY1 and AGB1 may allow plants to balance light and G-protein signaling and optimize stomatal density and pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Pengbo Xu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Guangqiong Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Minqing Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Li Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yingyu Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Langxi Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhilei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shuang Kou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Tongtong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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84
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Petersen J, Rredhi A, Szyttenholm J, Oldemeyer S, Kottke T, Mittag M. The World of Algae Reveals a Broad Variety of Cryptochrome Properties and Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:766509. [PMID: 34790217 PMCID: PMC8591175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.766509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic (micro-)organisms, lacking roots, leaves, and other organs that are typical for land plants. They live in freshwater, marine, or terrestrial habitats. Together with the cyanobacteria they contribute to about half of global carbon fixation. As primary producers, they are at the basis of many food webs and they are involved in biogeochemical processes. Algae are evolutionarily distinct and are derived either by primary (e.g., green and red algae) or secondary endosymbiosis (e.g., diatoms, dinoflagellates, and brown algae). Light is a key abiotic factor needed to maintain the fitness of algae as it delivers energy for photosynthesis, regulates algal cell- and life cycles, and entrains their biological clocks. However, excess light can also be harmful, especially in the ultraviolet range. Among the variety of receptors perceiving light information, the cryptochromes originally evolved as UV-A and blue-light receptors and have been found in all studied algal genomes so far. Yet, the classification, biophysical properties, wavelength range of absorbance, and biological functions of cryptochromes are remarkably diverse among algal species, especially when compared to cryptochromes from land plants or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petersen
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Anxhela Rredhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Julie Szyttenholm
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Oldemeyer
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Biophysical Chemistry and Diagnostics, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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85
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Einwich A, Seth PK, Bartölke R, Bolte P, Feederle R, Dedek K, Mouritsen H. Localisation of cryptochrome 2 in the avian retina. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 208:69-81. [PMID: 34677638 PMCID: PMC8918457 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are photolyase-related blue-light receptors acting as core components of the mammalian circadian clock in the cell nuclei. One or more members of the cryptochrome protein family are also assumed to play a role in avian magnetoreception, but the primary sensory molecule in the retina of migratory birds that mediates light-dependent magnetic compass orientation has still not been identified. The mRNA of cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) has been reported to be located in the cell nuclei of the retina, but Cry2 localisation has not yet been demonstrated at the protein level. Here, we provide evidence that Cry2 protein is located in the photoreceptor inner segments, the outer nuclear layer, the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer in the retina of night-migratory European robins, homing pigeons and domestic chickens. At the subcellular level, we find Cry2 both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of cells residing in these layers. This broad nucleic expression rather points to a role for avian Cry2 in the circadian clock and is consistent with a function as a transcription factor, analogous to mammalian Cry2, and speaks against an involvement in magnetoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Einwich
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Pranav Kumar Seth
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Rabea Bartölke
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Petra Bolte
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karin Dedek
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Mouritsen
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany. .,Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
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86
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Balay SD, Hochstoeger T, Vilceanu A, Malkemper EP, Snider W, Dürnberger G, Mechtler K, Schuechner S, Ogris E, Nordmann GC, Ushakova L, Nimpf S, Keays DA. The expression, localisation and interactome of pigeon CRY2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20293. [PMID: 34645873 PMCID: PMC8514597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRY) are highly conserved signalling molecules that regulate circadian rhythms and are candidate radical pair based magnetoreceptors. Birds have at least four cryptochromes (CRY1a, CRY1b, CRY2, and CRY4), but few studies have interrogated their function. Here we investigate the expression, localisation and interactome of clCRY2 in the pigeon retina. We report that clCRY2 has two distinct transcript variants, clCRY2a, and a previously unreported splice isoform, clCRY2b which is larger in size. We show that clCRY2a mRNA is expressed in all retinal layers and clCRY2b is enriched in the inner and outer nuclear layer. To define the localisation and interaction network of clCRY2 we generated and validated a monoclonal antibody that detects both clCRY2 isoforms. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that clCRY2a/b is present in all retinal layers and is enriched in the outer limiting membrane and outer plexiform layer. Proteomic analysis showed clCRY2a/b interacts with typical circadian molecules (PER2, CLOCK, ARTNL), cell junction proteins (CTNNA1, CTNNA2) and components associated with the microtubule motor dynein (DYNC1LI2, DCTN1, DCTN2, DCTN3) within the retina. Collectively these data show that clCRY2 is a component of the avian circadian clock and unexpectedly associates with the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer D Balay
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Hochstoeger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Vilceanu
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Pascal Malkemper
- Max Planck Research Group Neurobiology of Magnetoreception, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (Caesar), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - William Snider
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Gerhard Dürnberger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schuechner
- Monoclonal Antibody Facility, Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Egon Ogris
- Monoclonal Antibody Facility, Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregory C Nordmann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lyubov Ushakova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Nimpf
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - David A Keays
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. .,Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany.
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87
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Serrano AM, Vanhaelewyn L, Vandenbussche F, Boccalandro HE, Maldonado B, Van Der Straeten D, Ballaré CL, Arana MV. Cryptochromes are the dominant photoreceptors mediating heliotropic responses of Arabidopsis inflorescences. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3246-3256. [PMID: 34181245 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflorescence movements in response to natural gradients of sunlight are frequently observed in the plant kingdom and are suggested to contribute to reproductive success. Although the physiological and molecular bases of light-mediated tropisms in vegetative organs have been thoroughly investigated, the mechanisms that control inflorescence orientation in response to light gradients under natural conditions are not well understood. In this work, we have used a combination of laboratory and field experiments to investigate light-mediated re-orientation of Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescences. We show that inflorescence phototropism is promoted by photons in the UV and blue spectral range (≤500 nm) and depends on multiple photoreceptor families. Experiments under controlled conditions show that UVR8 is the main photoreceptor mediating the phototropic response to narrowband UV-B radiation, and phototropins and cryptochromes control the response to narrowband blue light. Interestingly, whereas phototropins mediate bending in response to low irradiances of blue, cryptochromes are the principal photoreceptors acting at high irradiances. Moreover, phototropins negatively regulate the action of cryptochromes at high irradiances of blue light. Experiments under natural field conditions demonstrate that cryptochromes are the principal photoreceptors acting in the promotion of the heliotropic response of inflorescences under full sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Vanhaelewyn
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hernán Esteban Boccalandro
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Belén Maldonado
- Instituto Argentino de Investigación de las Zonas Áridas, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Luis Ballaré
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agronomía (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIBio), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Arana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
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88
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Xu Y, Zhu Z. PIF4 and PIF4-Interacting Proteins: At the Nexus of Plant Light, Temperature and Hormone Signal Integrations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10304. [PMID: 34638641 PMCID: PMC8509071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family transcription factor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) is necessary for plant adaption to light or high ambient temperature. PIF4 directly associates with plenty of its target genes and modulates the global transcriptome to induce or reduce gene expression levels. However, PIF4 activity is tightly controlled by its interacting proteins. Until now, twenty-five individual proteins have been reported to physically interact with PIF4. These PIF4-interacting proteins act together with PIF4 and form a unique nexus for plant adaption to light or temperature change. In this review, we will discuss the different categories of PIF4-interacting proteins, including photoreceptors, circadian clock regulators, hormone signaling components, and transcription factors. These distinct PIF4-interacting proteins either integrate light and/or temperature cues with endogenous hormone signaling, or control PIF4 abundances and transcriptional activities. Taken together, PIF4 and PIF4-interacting proteins play major roles for exogenous and endogenous signal integrations, and therefore establish a robust network for plants to cope with their surrounding environmental alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Ziqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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89
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Alvarez-Fernandez R, Penfold CA, Galvez-Valdivieso G, Exposito-Rodriguez M, Stallard EJ, Bowden L, Moore JD, Mead A, Davey PA, Matthews JSA, Beynon J, Buchanan-Wollaston V, Wild DL, Lawson T, Bechtold U, Denby KJ, Mullineaux PM. Time-series transcriptomics reveals a BBX32-directed control of acclimation to high light in mature Arabidopsis leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1363-1386. [PMID: 34160110 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic capacity of mature leaves increases after several days' exposure to constant or intermittent episodes of high light (HL) and is manifested primarily as changes in chloroplast physiology. How this chloroplast-level acclimation to HL is initiated and controlled is unknown. From expanded Arabidopsis leaves, we determined HL-dependent changes in transcript abundance of 3844 genes in a 0-6 h time-series transcriptomics experiment. It was hypothesized that among such genes were those that contribute to the initiation of HL acclimation. By focusing on differentially expressed transcription (co-)factor genes and applying dynamic statistical modelling to the temporal transcriptomics data, a regulatory network of 47 predominantly photoreceptor-regulated transcription (co-)factor genes was inferred. The most connected gene in this network was B-BOX DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN32 (BBX32). Plants overexpressing BBX32 were strongly impaired in acclimation to HL and displayed perturbed expression of photosynthesis-associated genes under LL and after exposure to HL. These observations led to demonstrating that as well as regulation of chloroplast-level acclimation by BBX32, CRYPTOCHROME1, LONG HYPOCOTYL5, CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 and SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 are important. In addition, the BBX32-centric gene regulatory network provides a view of the transcriptional control of acclimation in mature leaves distinct from other photoreceptor-regulated processes, such as seedling photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ellie J Stallard
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Laura Bowden
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jonathan D Moore
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew Mead
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Phillip A Davey
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Jack S A Matthews
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Jim Beynon
- Department of Statistics, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - David L Wild
- Department of Statistics, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ulrike Bechtold
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Katherine J Denby
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Philip M Mullineaux
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
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90
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Xu P, Chen H, Li T, Xu F, Mao Z, Cao X, Miao L, Du S, Hua J, Zhao J, Guo T, Kou S, Wang W, Yang HQ. Blue light-dependent interactions of CRY1 with GID1 and DELLA proteins regulate gibberellin signaling and photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2375-2394. [PMID: 34046684 PMCID: PMC8364249 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are blue light photoreceptors that mediate various light responses in plants and mammals. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) mediates blue light-induced photomorphogenesis, which is characterized by reduced hypocotyl elongation and enhanced anthocyanin production, whereas gibberellin (GA) signaling mediated by the GA receptor GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) and DELLA proteins promotes hypocotyl elongation and inhibits anthocyanin accumulation. Whether CRY1 control of photomorphogenesis involves regulation of GA signaling is largely unknown. Here, we show that CRY1 signaling involves the inhibition of GA signaling through repression of GA-induced degradation of DELLA proteins. CRY1 physically interacts with DELLA proteins in a blue light-dependent manner, leading to their dissociation from SLEEPY1 (SLY1) and the inhibition of their ubiquitination. Moreover, CRY1 interacts directly with GID1 in a blue light-dependent but GA-independent manner, leading to the inhibition of the interaction between GID1 with DELLA proteins. These findings suggest that CRY1 controls photomorphogenesis through inhibition of GA-induced degradation of DELLA proteins and GA signaling, which is mediated by CRY1 inhibition of the interactions of DELLA proteins with GID1 and SCFSLY1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Huiru Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhilei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiaoli Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Langxi Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shasha Du
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jie Hua
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiachen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Tongtong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Shuang Kou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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91
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Zhong M, Zeng B, Tang D, Yang J, Qu L, Yan J, Wang X, Li X, Liu X, Zhao X. The blue light receptor CRY1 interacts with GID1 and DELLA proteins to repress GA signaling during photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1328-1342. [PMID: 33971366 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Light is a critical environmental cue that regulates a variety of diverse plant developmental processes. Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) is the major photoreceptor that mediates blue light-dependent photomorphogenic responses such as the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. Gibberellin (GA) participates in the repression of photomorphogenesis and promotes hypocotyl elongation. However, the antagonistic interaction between blue light and GA is not well understood. Here, we report that blue light represses GA-induced degradation of the DELLA proteins (DELLAs), which are key negative regulators in the GA signaling pathway, via CRY1, thereby inhibiting the GA response during hypocotyl elongation. Both in vitro and in vivo biochemical analyses demonstrated that CRY1 physically interacts with GA receptors-GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 proteins (GID1s)-and DELLAs in a blue light-dependent manner. Furthermore, we showed that CRY1 inhibits the association between GID1s and DELLAs. Genetically, CRY1 antagonizes the function of GID1s to repress the expression of cell elongation-related genes and thus hypocotyl elongation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CRY1 coordinates blue light and GA signaling for plant photomorphogenesis by stabilizing DELLAs through the binding and inactivation of GID1s, providing new insights into the mechanism by which blue light antagonizes the function of GA in photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhong
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Bingjie Zeng
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Dongying Tang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Lina Qu
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jindong Yan
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Hybrid Rape Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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92
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Clerget B, Sidibe M, Bueno CS, Grenier C, Kawakata T, Domingo AJ, Layaoen HL, Gutiérrez-Palacios ND, Bernal JH, Trouche G, Chantereau J. Crop photoperiodism model 2.0 for the flowering time of sorghum and rice that includes daily changes in sunrise and sunset times and temperature acclimation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:97-113. [PMID: 33821947 PMCID: PMC8318259 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Daylength determines flowering dates. However, questions remain regarding flowering dates in the natural environment, such as the synchronous flowering of plants sown simultaneously at highly contrasting latitudes. The daily change in sunrise and sunset times is the cue for the flowering of trees and for the synchronization of moulting in birds at the equator. Sunrise and sunset also synchronize the cell circadian clock, which is involved in the regulation of flowering. The goal of this study was to update the photoperiodism model with knowledge acquired since its conception. METHODS A large dataset was gathered, including four 2-year series of monthly sowings of 28 sorghum varieties in Mali and two 1-year series of monthly sowings of eight rice varieties in the Philippines to compare with previously published monthly sowings in Japan and Malaysia, and data from sorghum breeders in France, Nicaragua and Colombia. An additive linear model of the duration in days to panicle initiation (PI) and flowering time using daylength and daily changes in sunrise and sunset times was implemented. KEY RESULTS Simultaneous with the phyllochron, the duration to PI of field crops acclimated to the mean temperature at seedling emergence within the usual range of mean cropping temperatures. A unique additive linear model combining daylength and daily changes in sunrise and sunset hours was accurately fitted for any type of response in the duration to PI to the sowing date without any temperature input. Once calibrated on a complete and an incomplete monthly sowing series at two tropical latitudes, the model accurately predicted the duration to PI of the concerned varieties from the equatorial to the temperate zone. CONCLUSIONS Including the daily changes in sunrise and sunset times in the updated photoperiodism model largely improved its accuracy at the latitude of each experiment. More research is needed to ascertain its multi-latitudinal accuracy, especially at latitudes close to the equator.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Clerget
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M Sidibe
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Bamako, Mali
| | - C S Bueno
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Metro Manila, Philippines
- Institute of Crop Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - C Grenier
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - T Kawakata
- Tohoku Agricultural Research Center NARO, 4 Akahira Shimo-Kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - A J Domingo
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - H L Layaoen
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Metro Manila, Philippines
| | | | - J H Bernal
- La Libertad Research Center, Agrosavia, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - G Trouche
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - J Chantereau
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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93
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Xu C, Feng S, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Wei S. Near-Null Magnetic Field Suppresses Fruit Growth in Arabidopsis. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 42:593-602. [PMID: 34289513 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that a near-null magnetic field affected reproductive growth in Arabidopsis under white light. To test whether the effect of a near-null magnetic field on fruit growth of Arabidopsis is related to cryptochrome, we grew wild-type Arabidopsis and cryptochrome double mutant, cry1/cry2, in a near-null magnetic field under blue light. We found that fruit growth of wild-type Arabidopsis instead of the cry1/cry2 mutant was suppressed by the near-null magnetic field. Furthermore, gibberellin (GA) levels of GA4 , GA9 , GA34 , and GA51 in fruits of wild-type plants in the near-null magnetic fields were significantly lower than local geomagnetic field controls. However, in cry1/cry2 mutants, levels of the four detected GAs in fruits in the near-null magnetic fields did not differ significantly from controls. Expressions of GA20-oxidase (GA20ox) genes (GA20ox1 and GA20ox2) and GA3-oxidase (GA3ox) genes (GA3ox1 and GA3ox3) in fruits of wild-type plants rather than cry1/cry2 mutants were downregulated by the near-null magnetic field. In contrast, expressions of GA2-oxidase (GA2ox) genes and GA signaling genes were not affected by the near-null magnetic field. These results indicate that suppression of fruit growth by the near-null magnetic field is mediated by cryptochrome and that GAs are involved in the regulation of fruit growth by the near-null magnetic field. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shufeng Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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94
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Mao Z, Wei X, Li L, Xu P, Zhang J, Wang W, Guo T, Kou S, Wang W, Miao L, Cao X, Zhao J, Yang G, Zhang S, Lian H, Yang HQ. Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 controls photomorphogenesis through regulation of H2A.Z deposition. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1961-1979. [PMID: 33768238 PMCID: PMC8290288 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light is a key environmental cue that fundamentally regulates plant growth and development, which is mediated by the multiple photoreceptors including the blue light (BL) photoreceptor cryptochrome 1 (CRY1). The signaling mechanism of Arabidopsis thaliana CRY1 involves direct interactions with CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1)/SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 1 and stabilization of COP1 substrate ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5). H2A.Z is an evolutionarily conserved histone variant, which plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation through its deposition in chromatin catalyzed by SWR1 complex. Here we show that CRY1 physically interacts with SWC6 and ARP6, the SWR1 complex core subunits that are essential for mediating H2A.Z deposition, in a BL-dependent manner, and that BL-activated CRY1 enhances the interaction of SWC6 with ARP6. Moreover, HY5 physically interacts with SWC6 and ARP6 to direct the recruitment of SWR1 complex to HY5 target loci. Based on previous studies and our findings, we propose that CRY1 promotes H2A.Z deposition to regulate HY5 target gene expression and photomorphogenesis in BL through the enhancement of both SWR1 complex activity and HY5 recruitment of SWR1 complex to HY5 target loci, which is likely mediated by interactions of CRY1 with SWC6 and ARP6, and CRY1 stabilization of HY5, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xuxu Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Tongtong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Shuang Kou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Wanting Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Langxi Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoli Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiachen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Guangqiong Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Shilong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Hongli Lian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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95
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Wang S, Fang H, Xie J, Wu Y, Tang Z, Liu Z, Lv J, Yu J. Physiological Responses of Cucumber Seedlings to Different Supplemental Light Duration of Red and Blue LED. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:709313. [PMID: 34322149 PMCID: PMC8311605 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.709313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Normal development of plants is inhibited by inadequate light in winter in greenhouses in Northwest China. Growth lamps, using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with red blue light (7R2B), were used to supplement daylight for 1, 2, and 3 h. Seedling growth, photosynthesis, and photosynthetic product; the Calvin cycle key and sugar metabolism-related enzymes and their encoding genes; and the light signal sensing regulation of key gene expression were studied in greenhouse cucumbers under three treatments to determine the best supplemental light durations to enhance cucumber cultivation in greenhouses in winter. Treatment with LED red and blue light for 3 h significantly promoted the growth and development of cucumbers, root growth, and dry matter accumulation. It improved the photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic pigment content, and light energy utilization efficiency in cucumbers. Supplementation with red and blue LED light for 3 h upregulated the expression levels of key genes encoding the Calvin cycle and enzymes related to sugar metabolism in cucumber leaves, which promoted the synthesis and accumulation of photosynthates. The expression levels of phytochrome B, cryptochrome 1, and hypocotyl 5 in the cucumber leaves were also significantly upregulated after 3 h of light supplementation. Combined LED red and blue light for 3 h should be used to supplement natural light to enhance the cucumber cultivation in greenhouses in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hua Fang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zeci Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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96
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Zhang G, Cui X, Niu J, Ma F, Li P. Visible light regulates anthocyanin synthesis via malate dehydrogenases and the ethylene signaling pathway in plum (Prunus salicina L.). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1739-1749. [PMID: 33665852 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light regulates anthocyanins synthesis in plants. Upon exposure to visible light, the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transfer significantly lowered the contents of anthocyanins and the expression levels of key genes involved in anthocyanins synthesis in plum fruit peel. Meanwhile, the expression levels of PsmMDH2 (encoding the malate dehydrogenase in mitochondria) and PschMDH (encoding the malate dehydrogenase in chloroplasts) decreased significantly. The contents of anthocyanins and the levels of the key genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis decreased significantly with the treatment of 1-MCP (an inhibitor of ethylene perception) but were enhanced by the exogenous application of ethylene. The ethylene treatment could also recover the anthocyanin synthesis capacity lowered by the photosynthetic electron transfer inhibition. Silencing PsmMDH2 and PschMDH significantly lowered the contents of anthocyanins in plum fruit. At low temperature, visible light irradiation induced anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis leaves. However, the mmdh, chmdh, and etr1-1 mutants had significantly lower anthocyanins content and expressions of the key genes involved in anthocyanins synthesis compared to wild type. Overall, the present study demonstrates that both photosynthesis and respiration were involved in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in visible light. The visible light regulates anthocyanin synthesis by controlling the malate metabolism via MDHs and the ethylene signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaohui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junping Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Abstract
This article describes my involvement in the development of genetics as an essential tool in the integrated study of plant biology. My research comes from a strong background in plant genetics based on my education as a plant breeder at Wageningen University and collaborations with plant physiologists and molecular geneticists in Wageningen and the wider scientific community. It initially involved the isolation and physiological characterization of mutants defective in biosynthesis or mode of action of plant hormones, photoreceptors and traits such as flowering time in both Arabidopsis and tomato. I also generated a genetic map of Arabidopsis. Subsequently, the exploitation of natural variation became a main area of interest, including the molecular identification of underlying genetic differences. The integration of various disciplines and the adoption of Arabidopsis as a main model species contributed strongly to the impressive progress in our knowledge of plant biology over the past 40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Koornneef
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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98
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Iwata T, Yamada D, Mikuni K, Agata K, Hitomi K, Getzoff ED, Kandori H. ATP binding promotes light-induced structural changes to the protein moiety of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 19:1326-1331. [PMID: 32935701 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00003e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue-light receptors involved in photomorphogenesis in plants. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is one of the chromophores of cryptochromes; its resting state oxidized form is converted into a signalling state neutral semiquionod radical (FADH˙) form. Studies have shown that cryptochrome 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCRY1) can bind ATP at its photolyase homology region (PHR), resulting in accumulation of FADH˙ form. This study used light-induced difference Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to investigate how ATP influences structural changes in AtCRY1-PHR during the photoreaction. In the presence of ATP, there were large changes in the signals from the protein backbone compared with in the absence of ATP. The deprotonation of a carboxylic acid was observed only in the presence of ATP; this was assigned as aspartic acid (Asp) 396 through measurement of Asp to glutamic acid mutants. This corresponds to the protonation state of Asp396 estimated from the reported pKa values of Asp396; that is, the side chain of Asp396 is deprotonated and protonated for the ATP-free and -bound forms, respectively, in our experimental condition at pH8. Therefore, Asp396 acts a proton donor to FAD when it is ptotonated. It was indicated that the protonation/deprotination process of Asp396 is correlated with the accunumulation of FADH˙ and protein conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Iwata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan. and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Daichi Yamada
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Mikuni
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Agata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Hitomi
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Getzoff
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
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99
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Wang W, Mao Z, Guo T, Kou S, Yang HQ. The involvement of the N-terminal PHR domain of Arabidopsis cryptochromes in mediating light signaling. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:146-155. [PMID: 36304752 PMCID: PMC9590466 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Light is a key environmental cue that fundamentally regulates all aspects of plant growth and development, which is mediated by the multiple photoreceptors including the blue light photoreceptors cryptochromes (CRYs). In Arabidopsis, there are two well-characterized homologous CRYs, CRY1 and CRY2. Whereas CRYs are flavoproteins, they lack photolyase activity and are characterized by an N-terminal photolyase-homologous region (PHR) domain and a C-terminal extension domain. It has been established that the C-terminal extension domain of CRYs is involved in mediating light signaling through direct interactions with the master negative regulator of photomorphogenesis, COP1. Recent studies have revealed that the N-terminal PHR domain of CRYs is also involved in mediating light signaling. In this review, we mainly summarize and discuss the recent advances in CRYs signaling mediated by the N-terminal PHR domain, which involves the N-terminal PHR domain-mediated dimerization/oligomerization of CRYs and physical interactions with the pivotal transcription regulators in light and phytohormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Zhilei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Tongtong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Shuang Kou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
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100
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Liu Y, Jafari F, Wang H. Integration of light and hormone signaling pathways in the regulation of plant shade avoidance syndrome. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:131-145. [PMID: 36304753 PMCID: PMC9590540 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are unable to move or escape from their neighboring competitors under high-density planting conditions. Instead, they have evolved the ability to sense changes in light quantity and quality (such as a reduction in photoactive radiation and drop in red/far-red light ratios) and evoke a suite of adaptative responses (such as stem elongation, reduced branching, hyponastic leaf orientation, early flowering and accelerated senescence) collectively termed shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Over the past few decades, much progress has been made in identifying the various photoreceptor systems and light signaling components implicated in regulating SAS, and in elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms, based on extensive molecular genetic studies with the model dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, an emerging synthesis of the field is that light signaling integrates with the signaling pathways of various phytohormones to coordinately regulate different aspects of SAS. In this review, we present a brief summary of the various cross-talks between light and hormone signaling in regulating SAS. We also present a perspective of manipulating SAS to tailor crop architecture for breeding high-density tolerant crop cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Fereshteh Jafari
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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