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Michiels CF, Kurdi A, Timmermans JP, De Meyer GR, Martinet W. Spermidine reduces lipid accumulation and necrotic core formation in atherosclerotic plaques via induction of autophagy. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:319-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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52
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Zhu YH, Lin G, Dai ZL, Zhou TJ, Yuan TL, Feng CP, Chen F, Wu GY, Wang JJ. Developmental changes in polyamines and autophagic marker levels in normal and growth-restricted fetal pigs. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3503-11. [PMID: 26440019 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are essential for embryonic and fetal survival, growth, and development. Additionally, polyamines may induce autophagy in mammalian cells. However, little is known about the availability of polyamines or autophagy in the porcine conceptus with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The present study was performed to evaluate the developmental changes of polyamine concentrations in IUGR and normal porcine fetuses as well as autophagic marker levels in the fetal intestinal mucosa during the second half of gestation when most fetal growth occurs. Allantoic fluid (ALF), amniotic fluid (AMF), umbilical vein, and the small-intestinal mucosa were obtained from both IUGR and normal fetal pigs at d 60, 90, and 110 of gestation. Concentrations of polyamines in fetal fluids as well as protein abundances of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B), an autophagic marker, in the fetal small-intestinal mucosa were determined. Concentrations of polyamines varied greatly in different fetal compartments and changed substantially with advancing gestation. Concentrations of polyamines in IUGR fetal fluids and the small-intestinal mucosa were markedly different from those in their normal counterparts at d 60 and 90 of gestation, whereas most of the differences were not detected by late (d 110) gestation. Specifically, polyamine levels were lower in the umbilical vein plasma but higher in ALF and AMF from IUGR fetuses. Furthermore, enhanced levels of an autophagic marker were observed in the small-intestinal mucosa of IUGR fetuses throughout mid and late gestation in association with abnormal spermidine levels in fetal plasma. These findings support the notion that enhanced autophagy may be an important survival mechanism in IUGR fetuses. Collectively, our findings provide a new framework for future studies to define the roles for polyamines in the prevention and treatment of IUGR in both human medicine and animal production.
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Abstract
Aging is characterized by the progressive accumulation of degenerative changes, culminating in impaired function and increased probability of death. It is the major risk factor for many human pathologies - including cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases - and consequently exerts an enormous social and economic toll. The major goal of aging research is to develop interventions that can delay the onset of multiple age-related diseases and prolong healthy lifespan (healthspan). The observation that enhanced longevity and health can be achieved in model organisms by dietary restriction or simple genetic manipulations has prompted the hunt for chemical compounds that can increase lifespan. Most of the pathways that modulate the rate of aging in mammals have homologs in yeast, flies, and worms, suggesting that initial screening to identify such pharmacological interventions may be possible using invertebrate models. In recent years, several compounds have been identified that can extend lifespan in invertebrates, and even in rodents. Here, we summarize the strategies employed, and the progress made, in identifying compounds capable of extending lifespan in organisms ranging from invertebrates to mice and discuss the formidable challenges in translating this work to human therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David B Lombard
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Filograna R, Godena VK, Sanchez-Martinez A, Ferrari E, Casella L, Beltramini M, Bubacco L, Whitworth AJ, Bisaglia M. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)-mimetic M40403 Is Protective in Cell and Fly Models of Paraquat Toxicity: IMPLICATIONS FOR PARKINSON DISEASE. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9257-67. [PMID: 26953346 PMCID: PMC4861490 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is a debilitating and incurable neurodegenerative disorder affecting ∼1–2% of people over 65 years of age. Oxidative damage is considered to play a central role in the progression of Parkinson disease and strong evidence links chronic exposure to the pesticide paraquat with the incidence of the disease, most probably through the generation of oxidative damage. In this work, we demonstrated in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells the beneficial role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes against paraquat-induced toxicity, as well as the therapeutic potential of the SOD-mimetic compound M40403. Having verified the beneficial effects of superoxide dismutation in cells, we then evaluated the effects using Drosophila melanogaster as an in vivo model. Besides protecting against the oxidative damage induced by paraquat treatment, our data demonstrated that in Drosophila M40403 was able to compensate for the loss of endogenous SOD enzymes, acting both at a cytosolic and mitochondrial level. Because previous clinical trials have indicated that the M40403 molecule is well tolerated in humans, this study may have important implication for the treatment of Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Filograna
- From the Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Vinay K Godena
- the MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro Sanchez-Martinez
- the MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom, the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB22 LY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Emanuele Ferrari
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Casella
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariano Beltramini
- From the Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- From the Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Alexander J Whitworth
- the MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom, the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB22 LY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Marco Bisaglia
- From the Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy,
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55
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Abstract
AbstractEnergy restriction (ER; also known as caloric restriction) is the only nutritional intervention that has repeatedly been shown to increase lifespan in model organisms and may delay ageing in humans. In the present review we discuss current scientific literature on ER and its molecular, metabolic and hormonal effects. Moreover, criteria for the classification of substances that might induce positive ER-like changes without having to reduce energy intake are summarised. Additionally, the putative ER mimetics (ERM) 2-deoxy-d-glucose, metformin, rapamycin, resveratrol, spermidine and lipoic acid and their suggested molecular targets are discussed. While there are reports on these ERM candidates that describe lifespan extension in model organisms, data on longevity-inducing effects in higher organisms such as mice remain controversial or are missing. Furthermore, some of these candidates produce detrimental side effects such as immunosuppression or lactic acidosis, or have not been tested for safety in long-term studies. Up to now, there are no known ERM that could be recommended without limitations for use in humans.
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Spatiotemporal patterning of polyamines in Drosophila development. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2665-70. [PMID: 26386564 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
While several studies have implicated polyamines (PAs) in development, little research has been done in genetically tractable model systems like Drosophila. Here, we integrate transcriptional and metabolic data across Drosophila development, and are the first to show temporal, stage-specific regulation of PA accumulation in embryonic trachea and eye discs using immunohistochemistry. Understanding the regulation driving this accumulation can provide insight into PA metabolism and transport. Our findings suggest that Drosophila has great potential for investigating PAs in developmental biology.
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Büttner S, Broeskamp F, Sommer C, Markaki M, Habernig L, Alavian-Ghavanini A, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Eisenberg T, Michael E, Kroemer G, Tavernarakis N, Sigrist SJ, Madeo F. Spermidine protects against α-synuclein neurotoxicity. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3903-8. [PMID: 25483063 PMCID: PMC4614020 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.973309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As our society ages, neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson`s disease (PD) are increasing in pandemic proportions. While mechanistic understanding of PD is advancing, a treatment with well tolerable drugs is still elusive. Here, we show that administration of the naturally occurring polyamine spermidine, which declines continuously during aging in various species, alleviates a series of PD-related degenerative processes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, two established model systems for PD pathology. In the fruit fly, simple feeding with spermidine inhibited loss of climbing activity and early organismal death upon heterologous expression of human α-synuclein, which is thought to be the principal toxic trigger of PD. In this line, administration of spermidine rescued α-synuclein-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons, a hallmark of PD, in nematodes. Alleviation of PD-related neurodegeneration by spermidine was accompanied by induction of autophagy, suggesting that this cytoprotective process may be responsible for the beneficial effects of spermidine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Büttner
- a Institute of Molecular Biosciences ; University of Graz ; Graz , Austria
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58
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Castillo-Quan JI, Kinghorn KJ, Bjedov I. Genetics and pharmacology of longevity: the road to therapeutics for healthy aging. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2015; 90:1-101. [PMID: 26296933 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging can be defined as the progressive decline in tissue and organismal function and the ability to respond to stress that occurs in association with homeostatic failure and the accumulation of molecular damage. Aging is the biggest risk factor for human disease and results in a wide range of aging pathologies. Although we do not completely understand the underlying molecular basis that drives the aging process, we have gained exceptional insights into the plasticity of life span and healthspan from the use of model organisms such as the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Single-gene mutations in key cellular pathways that regulate environmental sensing, and the response to stress, have been identified that prolong life span across evolution from yeast to mammals. These genetic manipulations also correlate with a delay in the onset of tissue and organismal dysfunction. While the molecular genetics of aging will remain a prosperous and attractive area of research in biogerontology, we are moving towards an era defined by the search for therapeutic drugs that promote healthy aging. Translational biogerontology will require incorporation of both therapeutic and pharmacological concepts. The use of model organisms will remain central to the quest for drug discovery, but as we uncover molecular processes regulated by repurposed drugs and polypharmacy, studies of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, drug toxicity, and therapeutic index will slowly become more prevalent in aging research. As we move from genetics to pharmacology and therapeutics, studies will not only require demonstration of life span extension and an underlying molecular mechanism, but also the translational relevance for human health and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kerri J Kinghorn
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ivana Bjedov
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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59
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Enot DP, Niso-Santano M, Durand S, Chery A, Pietrocola F, Vacchelli E, Madeo F, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G. Metabolomic analyses reveal that anti-aging metabolites are depleted by palmitate but increased by oleate in vivo. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2399-407. [PMID: 26098646 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1064206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that saturated and unsaturated fatty acids trigger autophagy through distinct signal transduction pathways. Saturated fatty acids like palmitate (PA) induce autophagic responses that rely on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3, best known as VPS34) and beclin 1 (BECN1). Conversely, unsaturated fatty acids like oleate (OL) promote non-canonical, PIK3C3- and BECN1-independent autophagy. Here, we explored the metabolic effects of autophagy-inducing doses of PA and OL in mice. Mass spectrometry coupled to principal component analysis revealed that PA and OL induce well distinguishable changes in circulating metabolites as well as in the metabolic profile of the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Importantly, PA (but not OL) causes the depletion of multiple autophagy-inhibitory amino acids in the liver. Conversely, OL (but not PA) increased the hepatic levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an obligate co-factor for autophagy-stimulatory enzymes of the sirtuin family. Moreover, PA (but not OL) raised the concentrations of acyl-carnitines in the heart, a phenomenon that perhaps is linked to its cardiotoxicity. PA also depleted the liver from spermine and spermidine, 2 polyamines have been ascribed with lifespan-extending activity. The metabolic changes imposed by unsaturated and saturated fatty acids may contribute to their health-promoting and health-deteriorating effects, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Enot
- a Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris , France
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60
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Longevity extension by phytochemicals. Molecules 2015; 20:6544-72. [PMID: 25871373 PMCID: PMC6272139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals are structurally diverse secondary metabolites synthesized by plants and also by non-pathogenic endophytic microorganisms living within plants. Phytochemicals help plants to survive environmental stresses, protect plants from microbial infections and environmental pollutants, provide them with a defense from herbivorous organisms and attract natural predators of such organisms, as well as lure pollinators and other symbiotes of these plants. In addition, many phytochemicals can extend longevity in heterotrophic organisms across phyla via evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. In this review, we discuss such mechanisms. We outline how structurally diverse phytochemicals modulate a complex network of signaling pathways that orchestrate a distinct set of longevity-defining cellular processes. This review also reflects on how the release of phytochemicals by plants into a natural ecosystem may create selective forces that drive the evolution of longevity regulation mechanisms in heterotrophic organisms inhabiting this ecosystem. We outline the most important unanswered questions and directions for future research in this vibrant and rapidly evolving field.
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61
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Krůček T, Korandová M, Šerý M, Frydrychová RČ, Krůček T, Korandová M, Szakosová K. Effect of low doses of herbicide paraquat on antioxidant defense in Drosophila. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 88:235-248. [PMID: 25557922 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite a high toxicity, paraquat is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Our study evaluated the effect of paraquat exposure on antioxidant response and locomotion activity in Drosophila melanogaster. We examined the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and the transcript levels of both enzymes. Flies were exposed to a wide range of paraquat concentrations (0.25 μM to 25 mM) for 12 h. SOD, at both transcript and enzymatic levels, revealed a biphasic dose-response curve with the peak at 2.5 μM paraquat. A similar dose-response curve was observed at transcript levels of catalase. Males revealed higher susceptibility to paraquat exposure, displaying higher lethality, increased levels of SOD activity, and increased peroxide levels than in females. We found that the exposure of females to 2.5 μM paraquat leads to an increase in locomotion activity. Because susceptibility to paraquat was enhanced by mating, the study supports the hypothesis of elevation of stress sensitivity as a physiological cost of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Krůček
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre AS CR, v.v.i, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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62
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Fang Wang
- Institute of Life Science; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Kun James Shen
- Institute of Life Science; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
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63
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Spermidine induces autophagy by inhibiting the acetyltransferase EP300. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:509-16. [PMID: 25526088 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several natural compounds found in health-related food items can inhibit acetyltransferases as they induce autophagy. Here we show that this applies to anacardic acid, curcumin, garcinol and spermidine, all of which reduce the acetylation level of cultured human cells as they induce signs of increased autophagic flux (such as the formation of green fluorescent protein-microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (GFP-LC3) puncta and the depletion of sequestosome-1, p62/SQSTM1) coupled to the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). We performed a screen to identify the acetyltransferases whose depletion would activate autophagy and simultaneously inhibit mTORC1. The knockdown of only two acetyltransferases (among 43 candidates) had such effects: EP300 (E1A-binding protein p300), which is a lysine acetyltranferase, and NAA20 (N(α)-acetyltransferase 20, also known as NAT5), which catalyzes the N-terminal acetylation of methionine residues. Subsequent studies validated the capacity of a pharmacological EP300 inhibitor, C646, to induce autophagy in both normal and enucleated cells (cytoplasts), underscoring the capacity of EP300 to repress autophagy by cytoplasmic (non-nuclear) effects. Notably, anacardic acid, curcumin, garcinol and spermidine all inhibited the acetyltransferase activity of recombinant EP300 protein in vitro. Altogether, these results support the idea that EP300 acts as an endogenous repressor of autophagy and that potent autophagy inducers including spermidine de facto act as EP300 inhibitors.
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64
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Ost M, Keipert S, Schothorst EM, Donner V, Stelt I, Kipp AP, Petzke K, Jove M, Pamplona R, Portero‐Otin M, Keijer J, Klaus S. Muscle mitohormesis promotes cellular survival via serine/glycine pathway flux. FASEB J 2014; 29:1314-28. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-261503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ost
- German Institute of Human NutritionPotsdam‐RehbrueckeGermany
| | - Susanne Keipert
- German Institute of Human NutritionPotsdam‐RehbrueckeGermany
| | | | - Verena Donner
- German Institute of Human NutritionPotsdam‐RehbrueckeGermany
| | - Inge Stelt
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Anna P. Kipp
- German Institute of Human NutritionPotsdam‐RehbrueckeGermany
| | | | - Mariona Jove
- Biomedical Research InstituteUniversity of LleidaLleidaSpain
| | | | | | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne Klaus
- German Institute of Human NutritionPotsdam‐RehbrueckeGermany
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65
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Minois N, Rockenfeller P, Smith TK, Carmona-Gutierrez D. Spermidine feeding decreases age-related locomotor activity loss and induces changes in lipid composition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102435. [PMID: 25010732 PMCID: PMC4092136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermidine is a natural polyamine involved in many important cellular functions, whose supplementation in food or water increases life span and stress resistance in several model organisms. In this work, we expand spermidine's range of age-related beneficial effects by demonstrating that it is also able to improve locomotor performance in aged flies. Spermidine's mechanism of action on aging has been primarily related to general protein hypoacetylation that subsequently induces autophagy. Here, we suggest that the molecular targets of spermidine also include lipid metabolism: Spermidine-fed flies contain more triglycerides and show altered fatty acid and phospholipid profiles. We further determine that most of these metabolic changes are regulated through autophagy. Collectively, our data suggests an additional and novel lipid-mediated mechanism of action for spermidine-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Minois
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | | | - Terry K. Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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66
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Mulakkal NC, Nagy P, Takats S, Tusco R, Juhász G, Nezis IP. Autophagy in Drosophila: from historical studies to current knowledge. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:273473. [PMID: 24949430 PMCID: PMC4052151 DOI: 10.1155/2014/273473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of evolutionarily conserved Atg genes required for autophagy in yeast truly revolutionized this research field and made it possible to carry out functional studies on model organisms. Insects including Drosophila are classical and still popular models to study autophagy, starting from the 1960s. This review aims to summarize past achievements and our current knowledge about the role and regulation of autophagy in Drosophila, with an outlook to yeast and mammals. The basic mechanisms of autophagy in fruit fly cells appear to be quite similar to other eukaryotes, and the role that this lysosomal self-degradation process plays in Drosophila models of various diseases already made it possible to recognize certain aspects of human pathologies. Future studies in this complete animal hold great promise for the better understanding of such processes and may also help finding new research avenues for the treatment of disorders with misregulated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitha C. Mulakkal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Takats
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Radu Tusco
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ioannis P. Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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67
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Moschou PN, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA. Polyamines and programmed cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1285-96. [PMID: 24218329 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) have been considered as important molecules for survival. However, evidence reinforces that PAs are also implicated, directly or indirectly, in pathways regulating programmed cell death (PCD). Direct correlation of PAs with cell death refers to their association with particular biological processes, and their physical contact with molecules or structures involved in cell death. Indirectly, PAs regulate PCD through their metabolic derivatives, such as catabolic and interconversion products. Cytotoxic products of PA metabolism are involved in PCD cascades, whereas it remains largely elusive how PAs directly control pathways leading to PCD. In this review, we present and compare advances in PA-dependent PCD in animals and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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68
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Magnes C, Fauland A, Gander E, Narath S, Ratzer M, Eisenberg T, Madeo F, Pieber T, Sinner F. Polyamines in biological samples: rapid and robust quantification by solid-phase extraction online-coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1331:44-51. [PMID: 24485539 PMCID: PMC3991419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous active biogenic amines which contribute to basic cellular functions. Hence, their quantification in samples of diverse biological origins is essential for understanding how they function, especially in disease-relevant conditions. We present here a robust, high-throughput solid-phase extraction online coupled to a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC/MS/MS) approach for the simultaneous quantification of eight polyamines in various biological samples. The polyamines include 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverin, N-acetyl-putrescine, spermidine, spermine, N(1)-acetyl-spermine, and l-ornithine. The novelty of the work is the use of two SPE columns online coupled to LC/MS/MS, which minimizes the sample pretreatment to a single derivatization step. The analysis is complete within 4min, making the method highly suitable for routine clinical analysis and high throughput screenings. The method was fully validated with serum samples. Dynamic ranges were 0.03 to 15μg/ml for ornithine and 1 to 500ng/ml for other polyamines, which cover physiological concentrations in serum samples. Lower limits of quantification (LLoQ) were found to be between 0.1 and 5ng/ml. As a proof of concept, we investigated gender differences in polyamine levels by analyzing the serum levels of 102 subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Magnes
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Fauland
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - Edgar Gander
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - Sophie Narath
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Ratzer
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Pieber
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Sinner
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Minois N. Molecular Basis of the Anti-Aging' Effect of Spermidine and Other Natural Polyamines - A Mini-Review. Gerontology 2014; 60:319-26. [DOI: 10.1159/000356748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Gupta VK, Scheunemann L, Eisenberg T, Mertel S, Bhukel A, Koemans TS, Kramer JM, Liu KSY, Schroeder S, Stunnenberg HG, Sinner F, Magnes C, Pieber TR, Dipt S, Fiala A, Schenck A, Schwaerzel M, Madeo F, Sigrist SJ. Restoring polyamines protects from age-induced memory impairment in an autophagy-dependent manner. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1453-60. [PMID: 23995066 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Age-dependent memory impairment is known to occur in several organisms, including Drosophila, mouse and human. However, the fundamental cellular mechanisms that underlie these impairments are still poorly understood, effectively hampering the development of pharmacological strategies to treat the condition. Polyamines are among the substances found to decrease with age in the human brain. We found that levels of polyamines (spermidine, putrescine) decreased in aging fruit flies, concomitant with declining memory abilities. Simple spermidine feeding not only restored juvenile polyamine levels, but also suppressed age-induced memory impairment. Ornithine decarboxylase-1, the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo polyamine synthesis, also protected olfactory memories in aged flies when expressed specifically in Kenyon cells, which are crucial for olfactory memory formation. Spermidine-fed flies showed enhanced autophagy (a form of cellular self-digestion), and genetic deficits in the autophagic machinery prevented spermidine-mediated rescue of memory impairments. Our findings indicate that autophagy is critical for suppression of memory impairments by spermidine and that polyamines, which are endogenously present, are candidates for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun K Gupta
- 1] Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. [2] NeuroCure, Charité, Berlin, Germany
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72
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LaRocca TJ, Gioscia-Ryan RA, Hearon CM, Seals DR. The autophagy enhancer spermidine reverses arterial aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:314-20. [PMID: 23612189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Arterial aging, characterized by stiffening of large elastic arteries and the development of arterial endothelial dysfunction, increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We tested the hypothesis that spermidine, a nutrient associated with the anti-aging process autophagy, would improve arterial aging. Aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), a measure of arterial stiffness, was ~20% greater in old (O, 28 months) compared with young C57BL6 mice (Y, 4 months, P<0.05). Arterial endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD), a measure of endothelial function, was ~25% lower in O (P<0.05 vs. Y) due to reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. These impairments were associated with greater arterial oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine), superoxide production, and protein cross-linking (advanced glycation end-products, AGEs) in O (all P<0.05). Spermidine supplementation normalized aPWV, restored NO-mediated EDD and reduced nitrotyrosine, superoxide, AGEs and collagen in O. These effects of spermidine were associated with enhanced arterial expression of autophagy markers, and in vitro experiments demonstrated that vascular protection by spermidine was autophagy-dependent. Our results indicate that spermidine exerts a potent anti-aging influence on arteries by increasing NO bioavailability, reducing oxidative stress, modifying structural factors and enhancing autophagy. Spermidine may be a promising nutraceutical treatment for arterial aging and prevention of age-associated CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J LaRocca
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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73
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Metabolic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles, a common component of sunscreens and cosmetics, on human keratinocytes. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e549. [PMID: 23519118 PMCID: PMC3615742 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The long-term health risks of nanoparticles remain poorly understood, which is a serious concern given their prevalence in the environment from increased industrial and domestic use. The extent to which such compounds contribute to cellular toxicity is unclear, and although it is known that induction of oxidative stress pathways is associated with this process, the proteins and the metabolic pathways involved with nanoparticle-mediated oxidative stress and toxicity are largely unknown. To investigate this problem further, the effect of TiO2 on the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line was examined. The data show that although TiO2 does not affect cell cycle phase distribution, nor cell death, these nanoparticles have a considerable and rapid effect on mitochondrial function. Metabolic analysis was performed to identify 268 metabolites of the specific pathways involved and 85 biochemical metabolites were found to be significantly altered, many of which are known to be associated with the cellular stress response. Importantly, the uptake of nanoparticles into the cultured cells was restricted to phagosomes, TiO2 nanoparticles did not enter into the nucleus or any other cytoplasmic organelle. No other morphological changes were detected after 24-h exposure consistent with a specific role of mitochondria in this response.
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Rufini A, Tucci P, Celardo I, Melino G. Senescence and aging: the critical roles of p53. Oncogene 2013; 32:5129-43. [PMID: 23416979 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
p53 functions as a transcription factor involved in cell-cycle control, DNA repair, apoptosis and cellular stress responses. However, besides inducing cell growth arrest and apoptosis, p53 activation also modulates cellular senescence and organismal aging. Senescence is an irreversible cell-cycle arrest that has a crucial role both in aging and as a robust physiological antitumor response, which counteracts oncogenic insults. Therefore, via the regulation of senescence, p53 contributes to tumor growth suppression, in a manner strictly dependent by its expression and cellular context. In this review, we focus on the recent advances on the contribution of p53 to cellular senescence and its implication for cancer therapy, and we will discuss p53's impact on animal lifespan. Moreover, we describe p53-mediated regulation of several physiological pathways that could mediate its role in both senescence and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rufini
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
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75
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Menendez JA, Joven J, Aragonès G, Barrajón-Catalán E, Beltrán-Debón R, Borrás-Linares I, Camps J, Corominas-Faja B, Cufí S, Fernández-Arroyo S, Garcia-Heredia A, Hernández-Aguilera A, Herranz-López M, Jiménez-Sánchez C, López-Bonet E, Lozano-Sánchez J, Luciano-Mateo F, Martin-Castillo B, Martin-Paredero V, Pérez-Sánchez A, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Riera-Borrull M, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Quirantes-Piné R, Rull A, Tomás-Menor L, Vazquez-Martin A, Alonso-Villaverde C, Micol V, Segura-Carretero A. Xenohormetic and anti-aging activity of secoiridoid polyphenols present in extra virgin olive oil: a new family of gerosuppressant agents. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:555-78. [PMID: 23370395 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging can be viewed as a quasi-programmed phenomenon driven by the overactivation of the nutrient-sensing mTOR gerogene. mTOR-driven aging can be triggered or accelerated by a decline or loss of responsiveness to activation of the energy-sensing protein AMPK, a critical gerosuppressor of mTOR. The occurrence of age-related diseases, therefore, reflects the synergistic interaction between our evolutionary path to sedentarism, which chronically increases a number of mTOR activating gero-promoters (e.g., food, growth factors, cytokines and insulin) and the "defective design" of central metabolic integrators such as mTOR and AMPK. Our laboratories at the Bioactive Food Component Platform in Spain have initiated a systematic approach to molecularly elucidate and clinically explore whether the "xenohormesis hypothesis," which states that stress-induced synthesis of plant polyphenols and many other phytochemicals provides an environmental chemical signature that upregulates stress-resistance pathways in plant consumers, can be explained in terms of the reactivity of the AMPK/mTOR-axis to so-called xenohormetins. Here, we explore the AMPK/mTOR-xenohormetic nature of complex polyphenols naturally present in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), a pivotal component of the Mediterranean style diet that has been repeatedly associated with a reduction in age-related morbid conditions and longer life expectancy. Using crude EVOO phenolic extracts highly enriched in the secoiridoids oleuropein aglycon and decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycon, we show for the first time that (1) the anticancer activity of EVOO secoiridoids is related to the activation of anti-aging/cellular stress-like gene signatures, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response, spermidine and polyamine metabolism, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and NRF2 signaling; (2) EVOO secoiridoids activate AMPK and suppress crucial genes involved in the Warburg effect and the self-renewal capacity of "immortal" cancer stem cells; (3) EVOO secoiridoids prevent age-related changes in the cell size, morphological heterogeneity, arrayed cell arrangement and senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining of normal diploid human fibroblasts at the end of their proliferative lifespans. EVOO secoiridoids, which provide an effective defense against plant attack by herbivores and pathogens, are bona fide xenohormetins that are able to activate the gerosuppressor AMPK and trigger numerous resveratrol-like anti-aging transcriptomic signatures. As such, EVOO secoiridoids constitute a new family of plant-produced gerosuppressant agents that molecularly "repair" the aimless (and harmful) AMPK/mTOR-driven quasi-program that leads to aging and aging-related diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain.
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Bauer MA, Carmona-Gutiérrez D, Ruckenstuhl C, Reisenbichler A, Megalou EV, Eisenberg T, Magnes C, Jungwirth H, Sinner FM, Pieber TR, Fröhlich KU, Kroemer G, Tavernarakis N, Madeo F. Spermidine promotes mating and fertilization efficiency in model organisms. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:346-52. [PMID: 23255134 PMCID: PMC3575463 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine involved in multiple biological processes, including DNA metabolism, autophagy and aging. Like other polyamines, spermidine is also indispensable for successful reproduction at several stages. However, a direct influence on the actual fertilization process, i.e., the fusion of an oocyte with a spermatocyte, remains uncertain. To explore this possibility, we established the mating process in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for fertilization in higher eukaryotes. During human fertilization, the sperm capacitates and the acrosome reaction is necessary for penetration of the oocyte. Similarly, sexually active yeasts form a protrusion called "shmoo" as a prerequisite for mating. In this study, we demonstrate that pheromone-induced shmoo formation requires spermidine. In addition, we show that spermidine is essential for mating in yeast as well as for egg fertilization in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In both cases, this occurs independently from autophagy. In synthesis, we identify spermidine as an important mating component in unicellular and multicellular model organisms, supporting an unprecedented evolutionary conservation of the mechanisms governing fertilization-related cellular fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anna Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Angela Reisenbichler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Evgenia V. Megalou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas; Heraklion, Greece
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Magnes
- Institute of Medical Technologies and Health Management; Joanneum Research; Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Diabetes and Metabolism; Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Jungwirth
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Frank M. Sinner
- Institute of Medical Technologies and Health Management; Joanneum Research; Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Diabetes and Metabolism; Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas R. Pieber
- Institute of Medical Technologies and Health Management; Joanneum Research; Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Diabetes and Metabolism; Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Kai-Uwe Fröhlich
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM; U848 and Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Metabolomics Platform; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris 5; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas; Heraklion, Greece
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; Karl-Franzens University of Graz; Graz, Austria
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