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Abstract
Lipodystrophies are the result of a range of inherited and acquired causes, but all are characterized by perturbations in white adipose tissue function and, in many instances, its mass or distribution. Though patients are often nonobese, they typically manifest a severe form of the metabolic syndrome, highlighting the importance of white fat in the "safe" storage of surplus energy. Understanding the molecular pathophysiology of congenital lipodystrophies has yielded useful insights into the biology of adipocytes and informed therapeutic strategies. More recently, genome-wide association studies focused on insulin resistance have linked common variants to genes implicated in adipose biology and suggested that subtle forms of lipodystrophy contribute to cardiometabolic disease risk at a population level. These observations underpin the use of aligned treatment strategies in insulin-resistant obese and lipodystrophic patients, the major goal being to alleviate the energetic burden on adipose tissue.
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Ethnic distinctions in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: a focus on black African-Caribbean populations. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 79:184-193. [PMID: 31307560 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665119001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global public health priority, particularly for populations of black African-Caribbean ethnicity, who suffer disproportionately high rates of the disease. While the mechanisms underlying the development of T2D are well documented, there is growing evidence describing distinctions among black African-Caribbean populations. In the present paper, we review the evidence describing the impact of black African-Caribbean ethnicity on T2D pathophysiology. Ethnic differences were first recognised through evidence that metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria fail to detect T2D risk in black populations due to less central obesity and dyslipidaemia. Subsequently more detailed investigations have recognised other mechanistic differences, particularly lower visceral and hepatic fat accumulation and a distinctly hyperinsulinaemic response to glucose stimulation. While epidemiological studies have reported exaggerated insulin resistance in black populations, more detailed and direct measures of insulin sensitivity have provided evidence that insulin sensitivity is not markedly different to other ethnic groups and does not explain the hyperinsulinaemia that is exhibited. These findings lead us to hypothesise that ectopic fat does not play a pivotal role in driving insulin resistance in black populations. Furthermore, we hypothesise that hyperinsulinaemia is driven by lower rates of hepatic insulin clearance rather than heightened insulin resistance and is a primary defect rather than occurring in compensation for insulin resistance. These hypotheses are being investigated in our ongoing South London Diabetes and Ethnicity Phenotyping study, which will enable a more detailed understanding of ethnic distinctions in the pathophysiology of T2D between men of black African and white European ethnicity.
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Sugimoto D, Tamura Y, Takeno K, Kaga H, Someya Y, Kakehi S, Funayama T, Furukawa Y, Suzuki R, Kadowaki S, Nishitani-Yokoyama M, Shimada K, Daida H, Aoki S, Kanazawa A, Kawamori R, Watada H. Clinical Features of Nonobese, Apparently Healthy, Japanese Men With Reduced Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2325-2333. [PMID: 30689902 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adipose tissue insulin resistance has been observed in obese subjects and is considered an early metabolic defect that precedes insulin resistance in muscle and liver. Although Asians can readily develop metabolic disease without obesity, the clinical features of nonobese, apparently healthy, Asians with reduced adipose tissue insulin sensitivity (ATIS) have not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical parameters associated with reduced ATIS in nonobese, apparently healthy (body mass index <25 kg/m2), Japanese men. METHODS We studied 52 nonobese Japanese men without cardiometabolic risk factors. Using a two-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp with a glucose tracer, we evaluated the insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. ATIS was calculated as the percentage of free fatty acid (FFA) suppression/insulin concentration during the first step of the glucose clamp. RESULTS Using the median ATIS value, the subjects were divided into low- and high-FFA suppression groups. The low-FFA suppression group had moderate fat accumulation in the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and liver. Compared with the high-FFA group, they also had a lower fitness level, decreased insulin clearance, impaired insulin sensitivity in muscle, moderately elevated triglycerides, and lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. All these factors correlated significantly with ATIS. Hepatic insulin sensitivity was comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In nonobese, apparently healthy, Japanese men, reduced ATIS was associated with moderate fat accumulation in subcutaneous fat and liver, lower insulin clearance, muscle insulin resistance, and moderate lipedema. These data suggest that reduced ATIS can occur early in the development of the metabolic syndrome, even in nonobese, apparently healthy, men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugimoto
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kageumi Takeno
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Kaga
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Someya
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Kakehi
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Funayama
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ruriko Suzuki
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kadowaki
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Shimada
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Kanazawa
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Kawamori
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Identification of Diabetic Therapeutic Targets, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Molecular Diabetology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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54
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Kadowaki S, Tamura Y, Someya Y, Takeno K, Kaga H, Sugimoto D, Kakehi S, Funayama T, Furukawa Y, Suzuki R, Nishitani-Yokoyama M, Shimada K, Daida H, Aoki S, Kanazawa A, Kawamori R, Watada H. Fatty Liver Has Stronger Association With Insulin Resistance Than Visceral Fat Accumulation in Nonobese Japanese Men. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1409-1416. [PMID: 31286107 PMCID: PMC6608549 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Asians have a high prevalence of insulin resistance, even in the nonobese state. Whereas both visceral fat accumulation (VFA) and fatty liver (FL) have been shown to be associated with insulin resistance, it is still unclear which is a better marker to predict insulin resistance in nonobese Asians. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between VFA or FL and insulin resistance in nondiabetic nonobese Japanese men who do not have diabetes. Design and Participants We studied 87 nonobese (body mass index <25 kg/m2) Japanese men without diabetes. Using a two-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, we evaluated insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver. Intrahepatic lipid and abdominal visceral fat area were measured by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MRI, respectively. Subjects were divided into four groups based on the presence or absence of VFA (visceral fat area ≥100 cm2) and FL (intrahepatic lipid ≥ 5%): control (non-VFA, non-FL; n = 54), VFA only (n = 18), FL only (n = 7), and VFA plus FL (n = 8). Results Subjects in the FL only and VFA plus FL groups had insulin resistance in adipose tissue and muscle, as well as relatively lower hepatic insulin sensitivity. The specific insulin sensitivities in these organs were comparable in the VFA only and control groups. Conclusions In nonobese Japanese men without diabetes, subjects with FL only or VFA plus FL but not VFA only had insulin resistance, suggesting that FL may be a more useful clinical marker than VFA to predict insulin resistance in nonobese Japanese men without diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kadowaki
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Someya
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kageumi Takeno
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Kaga
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugimoto
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Kakehi
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Funayama
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ruriko Suzuki
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Shimada
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Kanazawa
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Kawamori
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Identification of Diabetic Therapeutic Targets, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Molecular Diabetology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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55
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Interscapular and Perivascular Brown Adipose Tissue Respond Differently to a Short-Term High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051065. [PMID: 31086124 PMCID: PMC6566556 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) function may depend on its anatomical location and developmental origin. Interscapular BAT (iBAT) regulates acute macronutrient metabolism, whilst perivascular BAT (PVAT) regulates vascular function. Although phenotypically similar, whether these depots respond differently to acute nutrient excess is unclear. Given their distinct anatomical locations and developmental origins and we hypothesised that iBAT and PVAT would respond differently to brief period of nutrient excess. Sprague-Dawley rats aged 12 weeks (n=12) were fed either a standard (10% fat, n=6) or high fat diet (HFD: 45% fat, n=6) for 72h and housed at thermoneutrality. Following an assessment of whole body physiology, fat was collected from both depots for analysis of gene expression and the proteome. HFD consumption for 72h induced rapid weight gain (c. 2.6%) and reduced serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) with no change in either total adipose or depot mass. In iBAT, an upregulation of genes involved in insulin signalling and lipid metabolism was accompanied by enrichment of lipid-related processes and functions, plus glucagon and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signalling pathways. In PVAT, HFD induced a pronounced down-regulation of multiple metabolic pathways which was accompanied with increased abundance of proteins involved in apoptosis (e.g., Hdgf and Ywaq) and toll-like receptor signalling (Ube2n). There was also an enrichment of DNA-related processes and functions (e.g., nucleosome assembly and histone exchange) and RNA degradation and cell adhesion pathways. In conclusion, we show that iBAT and PVAT elicit divergent responses to short-term nutrient excess highlighting early adaptations in these depots before changes in fat mass.
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56
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Lee MJ, Jash S, Jones JEC, Puri V, Fried SK. Rosiglitazone remodels the lipid droplet and britens human visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes ex vivo. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:856-868. [PMID: 30782959 PMCID: PMC6446708 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with PPARγ agonists in vivo improves human adipocyte metabolism, but the cellular mechanisms and possible depot differences in responsiveness to their effects are poorly understood. To examine the ex vivo metabolic effects of rosiglitazone (Rosi), we cultured explants of human visceral (omental) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissues for 7 days. Rosi increased mRNA levels of transcriptional regulators of brite/beige adipocytes (PGC1α, PRDM16), triglyceride synthesis (GPAT3, DGAT1), and lipolysis (ATGL) similarly in adipose tissues from both depots. In parallel, Rosi increased key modulators of FA oxidation (UCP1, FABP3, PLIN5 protein), rates of FA oxidation, and protein levels of electron transport complexes, suggesting an enhanced respiratory capacity as confirmed in newly differentiated adipocytes. Rosi led to the formation of small lipid droplets (SLDs) around the adipocyte central lipid droplet; each SLD was decorated with redistributed mitochondria that colocalized with PLIN5. SLD maintenance required lipolysis and FA reesterification. Rosi thus coordinated a structural and metabolic remodeling in adipocytes from both visceral and subcutaneous depots that enhanced oxidative capacity. Selective targeting of these cellular mechanisms to improve adipocyte FA handling may provide a new approach to treat metabolic complications of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Lee
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Obesity Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
| | - Sukanta Jash
- Obesity Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Jessica E C Jones
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Obesity Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Susan K Fried
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Obesity Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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57
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Mouzaki M, Trout AT. Virtual Reality: New Insights Regarding the Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children and Adolescents with Obesity Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Pediatr 2019; 207:8-10. [PMID: 30922506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marialena Mouzaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Andrew T Trout
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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58
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Abulizi A, Camporez JP, Jurczak MJ, Høyer KF, Zhang D, Cline GW, Samuel VT, Shulman GI, Vatner DF. Adipose glucocorticoid action influences whole-body metabolism via modulation of hepatic insulin action. FASEB J 2019; 33:8174-8185. [PMID: 30922125 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802706r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The connection between adipose glucocorticoid action and whole-body metabolism is incompletely understood. Thus, we generated adipose tissue-specific glucocorticoid receptor-knockout (Ad-GcR-/-) mice to explore potential mechanisms. Ad-GcR-/- mice had a lower concentration of fasting plasma nonesterified fatty acids and less hepatic steatosis. This was associated with increased protein kinase B phosphorylation and increased hepatic glycogen synthesis after an oral glucose challenge. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed Ad-GcR-/- mice were protected against the development of hepatic steatosis and diacylglycerol-PKCε-induced impairments in hepatic insulin signaling. Under hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic conditions, hepatic insulin response was ∼10-fold higher in HFD-fed Ad-GcR-/- mice. Insulin-mediated suppression of adipose lipolysis was improved by 40% in Ad-GcR-/- mice. Adipose triglyceride lipase expression was decreased and insulin-mediated perilipin dephosphorylation was increased in Ad-GcR-/- mice. In metabolic cages, food intake decreased by 3 kcal/kg per hour in Ad-GcR-/- mice. Therefore, physiologic adipose glucocorticoid action appears to drive hepatic lipid accumulation during stressors such as fasting. The resultant hepatic insulin resistance prevents hepatic glycogen synthesis, preserving glucose for glucose-dependent organs. Absence of adipose glucocorticoid action attenuates HFD-induced hepatic insulin resistance; potential explanations for reduction in hepatic steatosis include reductions in adipose lipolysis and food intake.-Abulizi, A., Camporez, J.-P., Jurczak, M. J., Høyer, K. F., Zhang, D., Cline, G. W., Samuel, V. T., Shulman, G. I., Vatner, D. F. Adipose glucocorticoid action influences whole-body metabolism via modulation of hepatic insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abudukadier Abulizi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - João-Paulo Camporez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kasper F Høyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Magnetic Resonance Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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59
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Segrestin B, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Seyssel K, Alligier M, Meugnier E, Nazare JA, Vidal H, Fernandez-Real JM, Laville M. Adipose Tissue Expansion by Overfeeding Healthy Men Alters Iron Gene Expression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:688-696. [PMID: 30260393 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Iron overload has been associated with greater adipose tissue (AT) depots. We retrospectively studied the potential interactions between iron and AT during an experimental overfeeding in participants without obesity. METHODS Twenty-six participants (mean body mass index ± SD, 24.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2) underwent a 56-day overfeeding (+760 kcal/d). Serum iron biomarkers (ELISA), subcutaneous AT (SAT) gene expression, and abdominal AT distribution assessed by MRI were analyzed at the beginning and the end of the intervention. RESULTS Before intervention: SAT mRNA expression of the iron transporter transferrin (Tf) was positively correlated with the expression of genes related to lipogenesis (lipin 1, ACSL1) and lipid storage (SCD). SAT expression of the ferritin light chain (FTL) gene, encoding ferritin (FT), an intracellular iron storage protein, was negatively correlated to SREBF1, a gene related to lipogenesis. Serum FT (mean, 92 ± 57 ng/mL) was negatively correlated with the expression of SAT genes linked to lipid storage (SCD, DGAT2) and to lipogenesis (SREBF1, ACSL1). After intervention: Overfeeding led to a 2.3 ± 1.3-kg weight gain. In parallel to increased expression of lipid storage-related genes (mitoNEET, SCD, DGAT2, SREBF1), SAT Tf, SLC40A1 (encoding ferroportin 1, a membrane iron export channel) and hephaestin mRNA levels increased, whereas SAT FTL mRNA decreased, suggesting increased AT iron requirement. Serum FT decreased to 67 ± 43 ng/mL. However, no significant associations between serum iron biomarkers and AT distribution or expansion were observed. CONCLUSION In healthy men, iron metabolism gene expression in SAT is associated with lipid storage and lipogenesis genes expression and is modulated during a 56-day overfeeding diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Segrestin
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Benite, France
- Eating Disorder Unit, Groupe Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - José Maria Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Girona, CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion, Girona, Spain
| | - Kevin Seyssel
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Benite, France
| | - Maud Alligier
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Benite, France
- F-CRIN/FORCE Network, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meugnier
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Benite, France
| | - Julie-Anne Nazare
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Benite, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Benite, France
| | - José Manuel Fernandez-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr Josep Trueta, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Girona, CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion, Girona, Spain
| | - Martine Laville
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Benite, France
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Department, Groupe Hospitalier Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Benite, France
- F-CRIN/FORCE Network, Pierre Bénite, France
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60
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Lavrador MSF, Afonso MS, Cintra DE, Koike M, Nunes VS, Demasi M, Lin CJ, Beda LMM, Gioielli LA, Bombo RDPA, Machado RM, Catanozi S, Nakandakare ER, Lottenberg AM. Interesterified Fats Induce Deleterious Effects on Adipose Tissue and Liver in LDLr-KO Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020466. [PMID: 30813339 PMCID: PMC6412707 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interesterified fats are being widely used by the food industry in an attempt to replace trans fatty acids. The effect of interesterified fats containing palmitic or stearic acids on lipid metabolism and inflammatory signaling pathways in adipose and hepatic tissues was evaluated. Male LDLr-KO mice were fed a high-fat diet containing polyunsaturated (PUFA), palmitic (PALM), palmitic interesterified (PALM INTER), stearic (STEAR), or stearic interesterified (STEAR INTER) fats for 16 weeks. The expression of genes and protein levels involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes in liver and white adipose tissue was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and by Western blot, respectively. The infiltration of inflammatory cells in hepatic and adipose tissues was determined by eosin and hematoxylin, while liver collagen content was determined by Sirius Red staining. Both interesterified fats increased liver collagen content and JNK phosphorylation. Additionally, the STEAR INTER group developed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) associated with higher neutrophil infiltration. PALM INTER induced adipose tissue expansion and enlargement of adipocytes. Furthermore, PALM INTER triggered increased IKK phosphorylation and TNFα protein content, conditions associated with the upstream activation of the NFkB signaling pathway. STEAR INTER induced NASH, while PALM INTER triggered hepatic fibrosis and adipocyte hypertrophy with inflammatory response in LDLr-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Silvia Ferrari Lavrador
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Milessa Silva Afonso
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics-School of Applied Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Koike
- Emergency Care Research Unit Laboratory (LIM51), Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Valeria Sutti Nunes
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Marina Demasi
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Chin Jia Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LIM22), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Lis Mie Masuzawa Beda
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Antonio Gioielli
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Renata de Paula Assis Bombo
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Marcondes Machado
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Catanozi
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Edna Regina Nakandakare
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Lottenberg
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR 01246-903, Brazil.
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, BR 05521-200, Brazil.
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Metabolic adaptations during negative energy balance and their potential impact on appetite and food intake. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 78:279-289. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665118002811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the metabolic adaptations that occur in response to negative energy balance and their potential putative or functional impact on appetite and food intake. Sustained negative energy balance will result in weight loss, with body composition changes similar for different dietary interventions if total energy and protein intake are equated. During periods of underfeeding, compensatory metabolic and behavioural responses occur that attenuate the prescribed energy deficit. While losses of metabolically active tissue during energy deficit result in reduced energy expenditure, an additional down-regulation in expenditure has been noted that cannot be explained by changes in body tissue (e.g. adaptive thermogenesis). Sustained negative energy balance is also associated with an increase in orexigenic drive and changes in appetite-related peptides during weight loss that may act as cues for increased hunger and food intake. It has also been suggested that losses of fat-free mass (FFM) could also act as an orexigenic signal during weight loss, but more data are needed to support these findings and the signalling pathways linking FFM and energy intake remain unclear. Taken together, these metabolic and behavioural responses to weight loss point to a highly complex and dynamic energy balance system in which perturbations to individual components can cause co-ordinated and inter-related compensatory responses elsewhere. The strength of these compensatory responses is individually subtle, and early identification of this variability may help identify individuals that respond well or poorly to an intervention.
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Tanaka M, Honda T, Yamakage H, Hata J, Yoshida D, Hirakawa Y, Shibata M, Inoue T, Kusakabe T, Satoh-Asahara N, Ninomiya T. A potential novel pathological implication of serum soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 in insulin resistance in a general Japanese population: The Hisayama study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 146:225-232. [PMID: 30339787 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS No cohort study has examined the pathological significance of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2), a cell surface receptor expressed on myeloid lineage cells, and its soluble form, sTREM2, in insulin resistance in a general population. METHODS A total of 2742 community-dwelling Japanese individuals aged ≥40 years were divided into 4 groups according to the serum sTREM2 concentration quartiles. We examined the cross-sectional association of sTREM2 levels with anthropometric parameters and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS The median sTREM2 concentrations was 255.6 (interquartile range, 162.5-419.2) pg/mL. In multivariate analyses, waist circumference and fat mass index increased with elevating sTREM2 levels (P for trend: <0.001 and 0.02, respectively), but there was no significant association between sTREM2 levels and body mass index and fat-free mass index. Among the subjects without taking antidiabetic medications (n = 2610), greater sTREM2 levels were associated with higher HOMA-IR (P for trend <0.001) even after adjusting for waist circumference, fat mass index, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that serum sTREM2 had novel pathological roles in insulin resistance, while obesity and inflammation had no substantial effects on the relationship between sTREM2 and insulin resistance in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tanaka
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Honda
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hajime Yamakage
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Hata
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daigo Yoshida
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hirakawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mao Shibata
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takayuki Inoue
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Toru Kusakabe
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Rynders CA, Pereira RI, Bergouignan A, Kealey EH, Bessesen DH. Associations Among Dietary Fat Oxidation Responses to Overfeeding and Weight Gain in Obesity-Prone and Resistant Adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1758-1766. [PMID: 30358145 PMCID: PMC6214358 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that 3 days of overfeeding (OF) decreases dietary fat oxidation and predicts longitudinal weight change in adults classified as obesity prone (OP) and obesity resistant (OR) based on self-identification and personal and family weight history. Changes in diurnal profiles of plasma metabolites and hormones were measured to probe mechanisms. METHODS Adults identified as OP (n = 22; BMI: 23.9 ± 2.4 kg/m2 ) and OR (n = 30; BMI: 20.5 ± 2.2 kg/m2 ) completed 3 days of eucaloric (EU) feeding and 3 days of OF. On day 3, the 24-hour total and dietary fat oxidation was measured using room calorimetry and an oral 14 C tracer. Plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were frequently sampled over 24 hours. Body composition was measured annually for 4.0 ± 1.4 years in a subsample (n = 19 OP and 23 OR). RESULTS Dietary fat oxidation over 24 hours was not altered by OF versus EU (P = 0.54). Weight gain in OP correlated with lower nocturnal NEFA concentrations during OF (r = -0.60; P = 0.006) and impaired fuel selection over 24 hours (metabolic inflexibility, wake respiratory quotient-sleep respiratory quotient) (r = -0.48; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Short-term OF did not alter dietary fat oxidation. Lower nocturnal NEFA availability and metabolic inflexibility to overfeeding may be factors contributing to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A. Rynders
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rocio I. Pereira
- Denver Health Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Anschutz Health & Wellness Center at the University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- IPHC-DEPE, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- UMR 7178 Centre National de la Recherche scientifique (CNRS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Elizabeth H. Kealey
- Anschutz Health & Wellness Center at the University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel H. Bessesen
- Denver Health Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Anschutz Health & Wellness Center at the University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Hetherington-Rauth M, Bea JW, Blew RM, Funk JL, Lee VR, Varadi TC, Roe DJ, Wheeler MD, Going SB. Effect of cardiometabolic risk factors on the relationship between adiposity and bone mass in girls. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1185-1194. [PMID: 29892038 PMCID: PMC6195820 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Childhood obesity has been separately associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRs) and increased risk of fracture. However, both augmented and compromised bone mass have been reported among overweight/obese children. Metabolic dysfunction, often co-existing with obesity, may explain the discrepancy in previous studies. The aim of this study was to examine whether the relationship between adiposity and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) derived bone mass differed in young girls with and without CMR(s). SUBJECTS/METHODS Whole-body bone and body composition measures by DXA and measures of CMR (fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference (WC)) were obtained from 307, 9- to 12-year-old girls. Girls with 1 or ≥ 2 CMR(s) were considered to be at risk (vs. no CMR). Multiple linear regression was used to test the relationship of total fat mass with total body bone mineral content (BMC) after controlling for height, lean mass, CMR risk, and other potential confounders. RESULTS There was a significant interaction between CMR risk and total body fat mass. When girls were stratified by CMR group, all groups had a significant positive relationship between fat mass and BMC (p < 0.05), however, girls with ≥ 2 CMRs had a lower BMC for a given level of body fat. Total body fat was not significantly related to bone mineral density (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Fat mass has a positive relationship with BMC even after controlling for lean mass. However, the positive relationship of fat mass with BMC may be attenuated if multiple CMRs are present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer W Bea
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA.,Departments of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Robert M Blew
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Janet L Funk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA.,Departments of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Vinson R Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Tiffany C Varadi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Denise J Roe
- Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Mark D Wheeler
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Scott B Going
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
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Vatner DF, Goedeke L, Camporez JPG, Lyu K, Nasiri AR, Zhang D, Bhanot S, Murray SF, Still CD, Gerhard GS, Shulman GI, Samuel VT. Angptl8 antisense oligonucleotide improves adipose lipid metabolism and prevents diet-induced NAFLD and hepatic insulin resistance in rodents. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1435-1446. [PMID: 29497783 PMCID: PMC5940564 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Targeting regulators of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase could enhance adipose lipid clearance, prevent ectopic lipid accumulation and consequently ameliorate insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Angiopoietin-like 8 (ANGPTL8) is an insulin-regulated lipoprotein lipase inhibitor strongly expressed in murine adipose tissue. However, Angptl8 knockout mice do not have improved insulin resistance. We hypothesised that pharmacological inhibition, using a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against Angptl8 in adult high-fat-fed rodents, would prevent ectopic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance by promoting adipose lipid uptake. METHODS ANGPTL8 expression was assessed by quantitative PCR in omental adipose tissue of bariatric surgery patients. High-fat-fed Sprague Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice were treated with ASO against Angptl8 and insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps in rats and glucose tolerance tests in mice. Factors mediating lipid-induced hepatic insulin resistance were assessed, including lipid content, protein kinase Cε (PKCε) activation and insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Rat adipose lipid uptake was assessed by mixed meal tolerance tests. Murine energy balance was assessed by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Omental fat ANGPTL8 mRNA expression is higher in obese individuals with fatty liver and insulin resistance compared with BMI-matched insulin-sensitive individuals. Angptl8 ASO prevented hepatic steatosis, PKCε activation and hepatic insulin resistance in high-fat-fed rats. Postprandial triacylglycerol uptake in white adipose tissue was increased in Angptl8 ASO-treated rats. Angptl8 ASO protected high-fat-fed mice from glucose intolerance. Although there was no change in net energy balance, Angptl8 ASO increased fat mass in high-fat-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Disinhibition of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase is a novel therapeutic modality to enhance adipose lipid uptake and treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. In line with this, adipose ANGPTL8 is a candidate therapeutic target for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Joao-Paulo G Camporez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Kun Lyu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ali R Nasiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Obesity Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, 17822, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 950 Campbell Ave, BLG 5 3rd floor, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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Bray GA, Redman LM, de Jonge L, Rood J, Sutton EF, Smith SR. Plasma fatty acyl-carnitines during 8 weeks of overfeeding: relation to diet energy expenditure and body composition: the PROOF study. Metabolism 2018; 83:1-10. [PMID: 29374510 PMCID: PMC9058975 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overfeeding is a strategy for evaluating the effects of excess energy intake. In this secondary analysis we tested the possibility that different levels of dietary protein might differentially modify the response of fatty acyl-carnitines to overfeeding. METHODS Twenty-three healthy adult men and women were overfed by 40% for 8 weeks while in-patients with diets containing 5% (LPD), 15% (NPD) or 25% (HPD) protein. Plasma fatty acyl-carnitines were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) at baseline and after 8 weeks of overfeeding. Measurements included: body composition by DXA, energy expenditure by ventilated hood and doubly-labeled water, fat cell size from subcutaneous fat biopsies, and fat distribution by CT scan. RESULTS Analysis was done on 5 groups of fatty acyl-carnitines identified by principal components analysis and 6 individual short-chain fatty acyl carnitines. Higher protein intake was associated with significantly lower 8 week levels of medium chain fatty acids and C2, C4-OH and C 6:1, but higher values of C3 and C5:1 acyl-carnitines derived from essential amino acids. In contrast energy and fat intake were only weakly related to changes in fatty acyl-carnitines. A decease or smaller rise in 8 week medium chain acyl-carnitines was associated with an increase in sleeping energy expenditure (P = 0.0004), and fat free mass (P < 0.0001) and a decrease in free fatty acid concentrations (FFA) (P = 0.0067). In contrast changes in short-chain fatty acyl-carnitines were related to changes in resting energy expenditure (P = 0.0026), and fat free mass (P = 0.0007), and C4-OH was positively related to FFA (P = 0006). CONCLUSION Protein intake was the major factor influencing changes in fatty acyl carnitines during overfeeding with higher values of most acyl-fatty acids on the low protein diet. The association of dietary protein and fat intake may explain the changes in energy expenditure and metabolic variables resulting in the observed patterns of fatty acyl carnitines.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Bray
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
| | - Leanne M Redman
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
| | - Lilian de Jonge
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States.
| | - Jennifer Rood
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
| | - Elizabeth F Sutton
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Steven R Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, United States.
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Barazzoni R, Bischoff SC, Boirie Y, Busetto L, Cederholm T, Dicker D, Toplak H, Van Gossum A, Yumuk V, Vettor R. Sarcopenic obesity: Time to meet the challenge. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:1787-1793. [PMID: 29857921 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide due to increasingly pervasive obesogenic lifestyle changes. Obesity poses unprecedented individual, social and multi-disciplinary medical challenges by increasing the risk for metabolic diseases, chronic organ failures and cancer, as well as complication rates in the presence of acute disease conditions. Whereas reducing excess adiposity remains the fundamental pathogenetic treatment for obese individuals, complex metabolic and lifestyle abnormalities as well as weight-reduction therapies per se may also compromise the ability to preserve muscle function and mass, especially when chronic disease co-exists with obesity. Emerging evidence indicates that low muscle mass and quality have a strong negative prognostic impact in obese individuals and may lead to frailty, disability and increased morbidity and mortality. Awareness of the importance of skeletal muscle maintenance in obesity is however low among clinicians and scientists. The term "sarcopenic obesity" has been proposed to identify obesity with low skeletal muscle function and mass, but its utilization is largely limited to the aging patient population, and consensus on its definition and diagnostic criteria remains insufficient. Knowledge on prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in various clinical conditions and patient subgroups, on its clinical impacts in patient risk stratification and on effective prevention and treatment strategies remain therefore dramatically inadequate. In particular, optimal dietary options and medical nutritional support strategies to preserve muscle mass in obese individuals remain largely undefined. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) recognize and indicate obesity with altered body composition due to low skeletal muscle function and mass (sarcopenic obesity) as a scientific and clinical priority for researchers and clinicians. ESPEN and EASO therefore call for coordinated action aimed at reaching consensus on its definition, diagnostic criteria and optimal treatment with particular regard to nutritional therapy. We are convinced that achievement of these goals has strong potential to reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality in the rapidly increasing obese patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Barazzoni
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste (ASUITS), Trieste, Italy.
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Nutritional Medicine, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yves Boirie
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Nutrition Clinique, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Luca Busetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; Center for the Study and the Integrated Management of Obesity (EASO COM), Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Tommy Cederholm
- Uppsala University, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dror Dicker
- Internal Medicine Department & Obesity Clinic, Hasharon Hospital-Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hermann Toplak
- Department of Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - Andre Van Gossum
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinic of Intestinal Diseases and Nutritional Support, Hopital Erasme, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Volkan Yumuk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; Center for the Study and the Integrated Management of Obesity (EASO COM), Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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Waist Circumference Is an Anthropometric Parameter That Identifies Women with Metabolically Unhealthy Phenotypes. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040447. [PMID: 29617320 PMCID: PMC5946232 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolically healthy (MH) and metabolically unhealthy (MUH) phenotypes can be present in any subject independently of their body mass index (BMI). However, factors related to the presence of these phenotypes are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study is to describe the prevalence and characteristics associated with the MH and MUH phenotypes in Mexican subjects with different BMI categories. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated after 12 h of fasting. HMW (High Molecular Weight) adiponectin and insulin levels were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). A total of 345 subjects were included, of which, 73.9% were women. The prevalence of the MH phenotype was 69.9%, 46.7%, and 19% in normal weight, overweight, and obesity, respectively. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis showed that the waist circumference demonstrated a statistical significance (p < 0.01) in detecting the MUH phenotype in each BMI group only in women. Furthermore, subjects with lower HMW adiponectin levels showed a 2.1 increased risk of presenting the MUH phenotype. In conclusion, in this Mexican population, waist circumference was an anthropometric parameter that identified women with the MUH phenotype in all BMI categories and hypoadiponectinemia was a risk factor for the presence of this phenotype.
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Yu Y, Mendoza TM, Ribnicky DM, Poulev A, Noland RC, Mynatt RL, Raskin I, Cefalu WT, Floyd ZE. An Extract of Russian Tarragon Prevents Obesity-Related Ectopic Lipid Accumulation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700856. [PMID: 29476602 PMCID: PMC5929974 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The primary disorder underlying metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance due to excess body weight and abdominal visceral fat accumulation. In this study, it is asked if dietary intake of an ethanolic extract from Russian tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L., termed PMI5011), shown to improve glucose utilization by enhancing insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, could prevent obesity-induced insulin resistance, skeletal muscle metabolic inflexibility, and ectopic lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver. METHODS AND RESULTS Male wild-type mice are fed a high-fat diet alone or supplemented with PMI5011 (1% w/w) over 3 months. Dietary intake of PMI5011 improved fatty acid oxidation and metabolic flexibility in the skeletal muscle, reduced insulin levels, and enhanced insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle and liver independent of robust changes in expression of factors that control fatty acid oxidation. This corresponds with significantly reduced lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver, although body weight gain is comparable to a high-fat diet alone. CONCLUSION Previous studies showed that PMI5011 enhances insulin sensitivity in the setting of established obesity-induced insulin resistance. The current study demonstrates that dietary intake of PMI5011 prevents high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction, and ectopic lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver without reducing body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - David M Ribnicky
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | | | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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Sepa-Kishi DM, Ceddia RB. White and beige adipocytes: are they metabolically distinct? Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2018; 33:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2018-0003/hmbci-2018-0003.xml. [PMID: 29466235 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The white adipose tissue (WAT) exhibits great plasticity and can undergo "browning" and acquire features of the brown adipose tissue (BAT), which takes place following cold exposure, chronic endurance exercise or β3-adrenergic stimulation. WAT that underwent browning is characterized by the presence of "beige" adipocytes, which are morphologically similar to brown adipocytes, express uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and are considered thermogenically competent. Thus, inducing a BAT-like phenotype in the WAT could promote energy dissipation within this depot, reducing the availability of substrate that would otherwise be stored in the WAT. Importantly, BAT in humans only represents a small proportion of total body mass, which limits the thermogenic capacity of this tissue. Therefore, browning of the WAT could significantly expand the energy-dissipating capacity of the organism and be of therapeutic value in the treatment of metabolic diseases. However, the question remains as to whether WAT indeed changes its metabolic profile from an essentially fat storage/release compartment to an energy dissipating compartment that functions much like BAT. Here, we discuss the differences with respect to thermogenic capacity and metabolic characteristics between white and beige adipocytes to determine whether the latter cells indeed significantly enhance their capacity to dissipate energy through UCP1-mediated mitochondrial uncoupling or by the activation of alternative UCP1-independent futile cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Sepa-Kishi
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rolando B Ceddia
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele St., North York, Ontario, M3J 13P, Canada, Phone: 416-736-2100 (Ext. 77204), Fax: 416-736-5774
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71
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Gonzalez-Cantero J, Martin-Rodriguez JL, Gonzalez-Cantero A, Arrebola JP, Gonzalez-Calvin JL. Insulin resistance in lean and overweight non-diabetic Caucasian adults: Study of its relationship with liver triglyceride content, waist circumference and BMI. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192663. [PMID: 29425212 PMCID: PMC5806885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Insulin resistance is the pathophysiological precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2), and its relationship with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been widely studied in patients with obesity or metabolic syndrome using not only ultrasound but also liver biopsies or proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H1-MRS) to assess liver fat content. In contrast, there are no studies on insulin resistance and NAFLD in lean or overweight Caucasian individuals using H1-MRS or liver biopsies for the quantification of hepatic triglyceride content. Our objectives were to study the presence of insulin resistance in lean and overweight Caucasian adults and investigate its possible relationship with liver triglyceride content, waist circumference (as proxy of visceral adiposity), BMI, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 113 non-obese, non-diabetic individuals classified as overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) or lean (BMI 19.5–24.9 kg/m2). Hepatic triglyceride content was quantified by 3T H1-MRS. NAFLD was defined as hepatic triglyceride content >5.56%. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were determined. Results HOMA-IR was significantly correlated with hepatic triglyceride content (r:0.76; p<0.0001). The lean-with-NAFLD group had significantly higher HOMA-IR (p<0.001) and lower serum adiponectin (p<0.05) than the overweight-without-NAFLD group. Insulin resistance was independently associated with NAFLD but not with waist circumference or BMI. Regression analysis showed hepatic triglyceride content to be the most important determinant of insulin resistance (p<0.01). Conclusions Our findings suggest that NAFLD, once established, seems to be involved in insulin resistance and cardio-metabolic risk factors above and beyond waist circumference and BMI in non-obese, non-diabetic Caucasian individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gonzalez-Cantero
- Department of Radiology, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Alvaro Gonzalez-Cantero
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs CIBERESP, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Luis Gonzalez-Calvin
- University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs CIBERESP, Granada, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
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72
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Bray GA, Redman LM, de Jonge L, Rood J, Sutton EF, Smith SR. Plasma Amino Acids During 8 Weeks of Overfeeding: Relation to Diet Body Composition and Fat Cell Size in the PROOF Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:324-331. [PMID: 29280309 PMCID: PMC9048866 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Different amounts of dietary protein during overfeeding produced similar fat gain but different amounts of gain in fat-free body mass. Protein and energy intake may have differential effects on amino acids during overfeeding. METHODS Twenty-three healthy adult men and women were overfed by 40% for 8 weeks with 5%, 15%, or 25% protein diets. Plasma amino acids were measured by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry at baseline and week 8. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, fat cell size (FCS) from subcutaneous fat biopsies, and insulin resistance by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. RESULTS The following three amino acid patterns were seen: increasing concentration of five essential and three nonessential amino acids with increasing protein intake, higher levels of six nonessential amino acids with the low-protein diet, and a pattern that was flat or "V" shaped. Dietary fat and protein were both correlated with changes in valine, leucine/isoleucine/norleucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, but energy intake was not. The change in fat mass and weight was related to the change in several amino acids. Baseline FCS and the interaction between glucose disposal and FCS were associated with changes in several amino acids during overfeeding. CONCLUSIONS Overfeeding dietary protein affects the levels of both essential and nonessential amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Leanne M. Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lilian de Jonge
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth F. Sutton
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steven R. Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
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73
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Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Nexus of Metabolic and Hepatic Diseases. Cell Metab 2018; 27:22-41. [PMID: 28867301 PMCID: PMC5762395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NAFLD is closely linked with hepatic insulin resistance. Accumulation of hepatic diacylglycerol activates PKC-ε, impairing insulin receptor activation and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. Peripheral insulin resistance indirectly influences hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by increasing flux of substrates that promote lipogenesis (glucose and fatty acids) and gluconeogenesis (glycerol and fatty acid-derived acetyl-CoA, an allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase). Weight loss with diet or bariatric surgery effectively treats NAFLD, but drugs specifically approved for NAFLD are not available. Some new pharmacological strategies act broadly to alter energy balance or influence pathways that contribute to NAFLD (e.g., agonists for PPAR γ, PPAR α/δ, FXR and analogs for FGF-21, and GLP-1). Others specifically inhibit key enzymes involved in lipid synthesis (e.g., mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and monoacyl- and diacyl-glycerol transferases). Finally, a novel class of liver-targeted mitochondrial uncoupling agents increases hepatocellular energy expenditure, reversing the metabolic and hepatic complications of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varman T Samuel
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Barazzoni R, Bischoff S, Boirie Y, Busetto L, Cederholm T, Dicker D, Toplak H, Van Gossum A, Yumuk V, Vettor R. Sarcopenic Obesity: Time to Meet the Challenge. Obes Facts 2018; 11:294-305. [PMID: 30016792 PMCID: PMC6189532 DOI: 10.1159/000490361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide due to increasingly pervasive obesogenic lifestyle changes. Obesity poses unprecedented individual, social, and multidisciplinary medical challenges by increasing the risk for metabolic diseases, chronic organ failures, and cancer as well as complication rates in the presence of acute disease conditions. Whereas reducing excess adiposity remains the fundamental pathogenic treatment for obese individuals, complex metabolic and lifestyle abnormalities as well as weight reduction therapies per se may also compromise the ability to preserve muscle function and mass, especially when chronic disease co-exists with obesity. Emerging evidence indicates that low muscle mass and quality have a strong negative prognostic impact in obese individuals and may lead to frailty, disability, and increased morbidity and mortality. Awareness of the importance of skeletal muscle maintenance in obesity is however low among clinicians and scientists. The term 'sarcopenic obesity' has been proposed to identify obesity with low skeletal muscle function and mass, but its utilization is largely limited to the aging patient population, and consensus on its definition and diagnostic criteria remains insufficient. Knowledge on prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in various clinical conditions and patient subgroups, on its clinical impacts in patient risk stratification, and on effective prevention and treatment strategies remain therefore dramatically inadequate. In particular, optimal dietary options and medical nutritional support strategies to preserve muscle mass in obese individuals remain largely undefined. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) recognize and indicate obesity with altered body composition due to low skeletal muscle function and mass (sarcopenic obesity) as a scientific and clinical priority for researchers and clinicians. ESPEN and EASO therefore call for coordinated action aimed at reaching consensus on its definition, diagnostic criteria, and optimal treatment with particular regard to nutritional therapy. We are convinced that achievement of these goals has a strong potential to reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality in the rapidly increasing obese patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Barazzoni
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste (ASUITS), Trieste, Italy
- *Rocco Barazzoni, MD, PhD, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy,
| | - Stephan Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yves Boirie
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service Nutrition Clinique, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Luca Busetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Management of Obesity (EASO COM), Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Tommy Cederholm
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dror Dicker
- Internal Medicine Department & Obesity Clinic, Hasharon Hospital-Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hermann Toplak
- Department of Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andre Van Gossum
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinic of Intestinal Diseases and Nutritional Support, Hopital Erasme, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Volkan Yumuk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Management of Obesity (EASO COM), Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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Insulin resistance and reduced metabolic flexibility: cause or consequence of NAFLD? Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2701-2704. [PMID: 29109303 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Whether non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) precedes insulin resistance (IR) or IR preludes/causes NAFLD has been long debated. Recent studies have shown that there are two phenotypes of NAFLD, 'genetic' vs 'metabolic' NAFLD. The former patients are more at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease the latter are more IR and at increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Even if they are not yet diabetics, from a metabolic point of view having NAFLD is equivalent to T2D with reduced peripheral glucose disposal and impaired suppression of hepatic glucose production, but without fasting hyperglycaemia. T2D develops only when hepatic autoregulation is lost and glucose production exceeds the capacity of muscle glucose disposal.In NAFLD adipocytes are resistant to the effect of insulin, lipolysis is increased and excess plasma free fatty acids (FFA) are taken up by other organs (mainly liver) where they are stored as lipid droplets or oxidized. Increased adiposity is associated with worsen severity of both 'genetic' and 'metabolic' NAFLD. FFA oxidative metabolism is increased in NAFLD and not shifted towards glucose during insulin infusion. Although this reduced metabolic flexibility is an early predictor of T2D, it can be seen also as a protective mechanism against excess FFA.In conclusion, IR precedes and causes 'metabolic' NAFLD, but not 'genetic' NAFLD. Reduced metabolic flexibility in NAFLD might be seen as a protective mechanism against FFA overflow, but together with IR remains a strong risk factor for T2D that develops with the worsening of hepatic regulation of glucose production.
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Fadason T, Ekblad C, Ingram JR, Schierding WS, O'Sullivan JM. Physical Interactions and Expression Quantitative Traits Loci Identify Regulatory Connections for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Associated SNPs. Front Genet 2017; 8:150. [PMID: 29081791 PMCID: PMC5645506 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that underlie the association between obesity and type 2 diabetes are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the role of the 3D genome organization in the pathogeneses of obesity and type-2 diabetes. We interpreted the combined and differential impacts of 196 diabetes and 390 obesity associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by integrating data on the genes with which they physically interact (as captured by Hi-C) and the functional [i.e., expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL)] outcomes associated with these interactions. We identified 861 spatially regulated genes (e.g., AP3S2, ELP5, SVIP, IRS1, FADS2, WFS1, RBM6, HORMAD1, PYROXD2), which are enriched in tissues (e.g., adipose, skeletal muscle, pancreas) and biological processes and canonical pathways (e.g., lipid metabolism, leptin, and glucose-insulin signaling pathways) that are important for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Our discovery-based approach also identifies enrichment for eQTL SNP-gene interactions in tissues that are not classically associated with diabetes or obesity. We propose that the combinatorial action of active obesity and diabetes spatial eQTL SNPs on their gene pairs within different tissues reduces the ability of these tissues to contribute to the maintenance of a healthy energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayaza Fadason
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cameron Ekblad
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Zinman B, Skyler JS, Riddle MC, Ferrannini E. Diabetes Research and Care Through the Ages. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:1302-1313. [PMID: 28931706 DOI: 10.2337/dci17-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As has been well established, the Diabetes Care journal's most visible signature event is the Diabetes Care Symposium held each year during the American Diabetes Association's Scientific Sessions. Held this past year on 10 June 2017 in San Diego, California, at the 77th Scientific Sessions, this event has become one of the most attended sessions during the Scientific Sessions. Each year, in order to continue to have the symposium generate interest, we revise the format and content of this event. For this past year, our 6th annual symposium, I felt it was time to provide a comprehensive overview of our efforts in diabetes care to determine, first and foremost, how we arrived at our current state of management. I also felt the narrative needed to include the current status of management, especially with a focus toward cardiovascular disease, and finally, we wanted to ask what the future holds. Toward this goal, I asked four of the most noted experts in the world to provide their opinion on this topic. The symposium started with a very thoughtful presentation by Dr. Jay Skyler entitled "A Look Back as to How We Got Here." That was followed by two lectures on current concepts by Dr. Bernard Zinman entitled "Current Treatment Paradigms Today-How Well Are We Doing?" and by Dr. Matthew Riddle entitled "Evolving Concepts and Future Directions for Cardiovascular Outcomes Trials." The final lecture for the symposium was delivered by Dr. Ele Ferrannini and was entitled "What Does the Future Hold?" As always, a well-attended and well-received symposium is now the norm for our signature event and our efforts were rewarded by the enthusiasm of the attendees. This narrative summarizes the lectures held at the symposium.-William T. CefaluChief Scientific, Medical & Mission Officer, American Diabetes Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Zinman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay S Skyler
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Matthew C Riddle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, and the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Non alcoholic fatty liver disease is linked to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. As rates of obesity rise it has become the major etiology of liver dysfunction. Despite intense study the molecular mechanisms contributing to the onset of fatty liver remain debatable. Furthermore, few therapies exist and as a result dietary therapy is commonly prescribed and remains problematic. Fibroblast growth factor is a complex metabolic regulator that is synthesized in multiple organs including the liver, with resulting complex systemic effects. Several lines of evidence suggest that effects in the liver lead to decreased fat accumulation and that treatment results in reduced inflammation and fibrosis. Understanding the physiology of FGF21 is important to the understanding of liver disease and may also provide targets for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 7 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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Gao X, Salomon C, Freeman DJ. Extracellular Vesicles from Adipose Tissue-A Potential Role in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:202. [PMID: 28868048 PMCID: PMC5563356 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a key role in the development of insulin resistance and its pathological sequelae, such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Dysfunction in the adipose tissue response to storing excess fatty acids as triglyceride can lead to adipose tissue inflammation and spillover of fatty acids from this tissue and accumulation of fatty acids as lipid droplets in ectopic sites, such as liver and muscle. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from adipocytes and have been proposed to be involved in adipocyte/macrophage cross talk and to affect insulin signaling and transforming growth factor β expression in liver cells leading to metabolic disease. Furthermore EV produced by adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSC) can promote angiogenesis and cancer cell migration and have neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties. ADSC EVs have therapeutic potential in vascular and neurodegenerative disease and may also be used to target specific functional miRNAs to cells. Obesity is associated with an increase in adipose-derived EV which may be related to the metabolic complications of obesity. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of EV produced by adipose tissue and the potential impact of adipose tissue-derived EV on metabolic diseases associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Dilys J. Freeman
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Dilys J. Freeman,
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