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Sarkar DK, Gangisetty O, Wozniak JR, Eckerle JK, Georgieff MK, Foroud TM, Wetherill L, Wertelecki W, Chambers CD, Riley E, Zymak-Zakutnya N, Yevtushok L. Persistent Changes in Stress-Regulatory Genes in Pregnant Women or Children Exposed Prenatally to Alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1887-1897. [PMID: 31329297 PMCID: PMC6722014 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently shown that binge or heavy levels of alcohol drinking increase deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and reduce gene expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and period 2 (PER2) in adult human subjects (Gangisetty et al., Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 43, 2019, 212). One hypothesis would be that methylation of these 2 genes is consistently associated with alcohol exposure and could be used as biomarkers to predict risk of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Results of the present study provided some support for this hypothesis. METHODS We conducted a series of studies to determine DNA methylation changes in stress regulatory genes proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and period 2 (PER2) using biological samples from 3 separate cohorts of patients: (i) pregnant women who consumed moderate-to-high levels of alcohol or low/unexposed controls, (ii) children with PAE and non-alcohol-exposed controls, and (iii) children with PAE treated with or without choline. RESULTS We found pregnant women who consumed moderate-to-high levels of alcohol and gave birth to PAE children had higher DNA methylation of POMC and PER2. PAE children also had increased methylation of POMC and PER2. The differences in the gene methylation of PER2 and POMC between PAE and controls did not differ by maternal smoking status. PAE children had increased levels of stress hormone cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Choline supplementation reduced DNA hypermethylation and increased expression of POMC and PER2 in children with PAE. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that PAE significantly elevates DNA methylation of POMC and PER2 and increases levels of stress hormones. Furthermore, these results suggest the possibility that measuring DNA methylation levels of PER2 and POMC in biological samples from pregnant women or from children may be useful for identification of a woman or a child with PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak K. Sarkar
- Rutgers Endocrine Research Program. Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, 67 Poultry Farm Lane, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Omkaram Gangisetty
- Rutgers Endocrine Research Program. Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, 67 Poultry Farm Lane, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, F282/2A West, 2450 Riverside Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Judith K. Eckerle
- Department Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Michael K. Georgieff
- Division of Pediatric Neonatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
| | - Wladimir Wertelecki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92054, USA
| | - Christina D. Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92054, USA
| | - Edward Riley
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92120, USA
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2
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Allison MB, Pan W, MacKenzie A, Patterson C, Shah K, Barnes T, Cheng W, Rupp A, Olson DP, Myers MG. Defining the Transcriptional Targets of Leptin Reveals a Role for Atf3 in Leptin Action. Diabetes 2018; 67:1093-1104. [PMID: 29535089 PMCID: PMC5961413 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptin acts via its receptor (LepRb) to modulate gene expression in hypothalamic LepRb-expressing neurons, thereby controlling energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Despite the importance of the control of gene expression in hypothalamic LepRb neurons for leptin action, the transcriptional targets of LepRb signaling have remained undefined because LepRb cells contribute a small fraction to the aggregate transcriptome of the brain regions in which they reside. We thus employed translating ribosome affinity purification followed by RNA sequencing to isolate and analyze mRNA from the hypothalamic LepRb neurons of wild-type or leptin-deficient (Lepob/ob) mice treated with vehicle or exogenous leptin. Although the expression of most of the genes encoding the neuropeptides commonly considered to represent the main targets of leptin action were altered only following chronic leptin deprivation, our analysis revealed other transcripts that were coordinately regulated by leptin under multiple treatment conditions. Among these, acute leptin treatment increased expression of the transcription factor Atf3 in LepRb neurons. Furthermore, ablation of Atf3 from LepRb neurons (Atf3LepRbKO mice) decreased leptin efficacy and promoted positive energy balance in mice. Thus, this analysis revealed the gene targets of leptin action, including Atf3, which represents a cellular mediator of leptin action.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/agonists
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/chemistry
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/genetics
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/metabolism
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Hypothalamus/cytology
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/pathology
- Leptin/analogs & derivatives
- Leptin/metabolism
- Leptin/pharmacology
- Leptin/therapeutic use
- Lipotropic Agents/pharmacology
- Lipotropic Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Leptin/agonists
- Receptors, Leptin/genetics
- Receptors, Leptin/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Allison
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Warren Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Christa Patterson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kimi Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Tammy Barnes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Wenwen Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alan Rupp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David P Olson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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3
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Yu Y, Mendoza TM, Ribnicky DM, Poulev A, Noland RC, Mynatt RL, Raskin I, Cefalu WT, Floyd ZE. An Extract of Russian Tarragon Prevents Obesity-Related Ectopic Lipid Accumulation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700856. [PMID: 29476602 PMCID: PMC5929974 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The primary disorder underlying metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance due to excess body weight and abdominal visceral fat accumulation. In this study, it is asked if dietary intake of an ethanolic extract from Russian tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L., termed PMI5011), shown to improve glucose utilization by enhancing insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, could prevent obesity-induced insulin resistance, skeletal muscle metabolic inflexibility, and ectopic lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver. METHODS AND RESULTS Male wild-type mice are fed a high-fat diet alone or supplemented with PMI5011 (1% w/w) over 3 months. Dietary intake of PMI5011 improved fatty acid oxidation and metabolic flexibility in the skeletal muscle, reduced insulin levels, and enhanced insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle and liver independent of robust changes in expression of factors that control fatty acid oxidation. This corresponds with significantly reduced lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver, although body weight gain is comparable to a high-fat diet alone. CONCLUSION Previous studies showed that PMI5011 enhances insulin sensitivity in the setting of established obesity-induced insulin resistance. The current study demonstrates that dietary intake of PMI5011 prevents high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction, and ectopic lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver without reducing body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - David M Ribnicky
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | | | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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4
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Yuan E, Duan X, Xiang L, Ren J, Lai X, Li Q, Sun L, Sun S. Aged Oolong Tea Reduces High-Fat Diet-Induced Fat Accumulation and Dyslipidemia by Regulating the AMPK/ACC Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020187. [PMID: 29419789 PMCID: PMC5852763 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While oolong tea (OT) has been shown to induce weight loss and reduce fat accumulation, the mechanisms remain poorly defined, especially for aged OT. In this study, five groups of mice (n = 9/group) were used including a normal diet with vehicle treatment, and a high-fat diet (HFD) with vehicle or the water extracts from aged OTs (EAOTs, three different storage years) by oral gavage at 1000 mg/kg·BW for 6 weeks. Body weight, fat accumulation, and serum biochemical parameters were used to evaluate obesity. The morphology of hepatocytes and adipocytes was analyzed by being stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The levels of p-AMPK, p-ACC (and non-phosphorylated versions), CPT-1 and FAS were determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. EAOTs decreased HFD-induced body weight, fat accumulation, serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while enhancing the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. At the same time, EAOTs clearly alleviated fatty liver and reduced the size of adipocytes in the epididymal fat, especially in the 2006 group. Most importantly, EAOTs increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC, and up-regulated the expression of CPT-1 but down-regulated the expression of fatty acid synthase, TNF-α and iNOS. Thus, EAOTs may inhibit obesity by up-regulating energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation while inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdong Yuan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Xuefei Duan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Limin Xiang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jiaoyan Ren
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institution, Guangzhou Knowledge City, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Xingfei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Lingli Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Shili Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Shibuya T, Fushimi N, Kawai M, Yoshida Y, Hachiya H, Ito S, Kawai H, Ohashi N, Mori A. Luseogliflozin improves liver fat deposition compared to metformin in type 2 diabetes patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A prospective randomized controlled pilot study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:438-442. [PMID: 28719078 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of luseogliflozin on liver fat deposition and compare luseogliflozin to metformin in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thirty-two T2D patients with NAFLD diagnosed by computed tomography or abdominal sonography were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either luseogliflozin (2.5 mg, newly administered) or metformin (1500 mg, newly or additionally administrated). Data on the liver-to-spleen attenuation ratio (L/S), visceral fat area, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), fasting plasma glucose, C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR), and CPR index were collected at baseline and after 6 months. The change in L/S was significantly greater in the luseogliflozin group than in the metformin group. Similarly, the changes in the visceral fat area, HbA1c, and body mass index were significantly greater in the luseogliflozin group than in the metformin group. The changes in ALT, fasting glucose, CPR, and CPR index were not significant in both groups. In conclusion, luseogliflozin significantly reduced liver fat deposition as compared to metformin, which may indicate clinical relevant benefits for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shibuya
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Fushimi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Miyuka Kawai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Yohei Yoshida
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hachiya
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Shun Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kawai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Noritsugu Ohashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mori
- Internal Medicine, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
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6
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Yang JW, Kim HS, Choi YW, Kim YM, Kang KW. Therapeutic application of GPR119 ligands in metabolic disorders. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:257-269. [PMID: 28722242 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
GPR119 belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family and exhibits dual modes of action upon ligand-dependent activation: pancreatic secretion of insulin in a glucose-dependent manner and intestinal secretion of incretins. Hence, GPR119 has emerged as a promising target for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus without causing hypoglycaemia. However, despite continuous efforts by many major pharmaceutical companies, no synthetic GPR119 ligand has been approved as a new class of anti-diabetic agents thus far, nor has any passed beyond phase II clinical studies. Herein, we summarize recent advances in research concerning the physiological/pharmacological effects of GPR119 and its synthetic ligands on the regulation of energy metabolism, and we speculate on future applications of GPR119 ligands for the treatment of metabolic diseases, focusing on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Seon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Won Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Frøssing S, Nylander M, Chabanova E, Frystyk J, Holst JJ, Kistorp C, Skouby SO, Faber J. Effect of liraglutide on ectopic fat in polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:215-218. [PMID: 28681988 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were treated with the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide to investigate the effect on liver fat content, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial 72 women with PCOS, with a BMI > 25 kg/m2 and/or insulin resistance, were treated with liraglutide or received placebo 1.8 mg/d (2:1) for 26 weeks. Liver fat content was assessed by 1 HMR spectroscopy, VAT by MRI, body composition by DXA, and glucose metabolism by oral glucose tolerance test. Compared with placebo, liraglutide treatment reduced body weight by 5.2 kg (5.6%), liver fat content by 44%, VAT by 18%, and the prevalence of NAFLD by two-thirds (all P < .01). Sex-hormone-binding-globulin (SHBG) levels increased by 19% (P = .03), and free testosterone decreased by 19% (P = .054). HbA1c, fasting glucose and leptin were reduced (all: P < .05), whereas measures of insulin resistance, adiponectin and glucagon did not change. In conclusion, 26 weeks of liraglutide treatment in PCOS resulted in significant reductions in liver fat content, VAT and the prevalence of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Frøssing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malin Nylander
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Kistorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sven O Skouby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Faber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Zhu CG, Liu YX, Wang H, Wang BP, Qu HQ, Wang BL, Zhu M. Active form of vitamin D ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by alleviating oxidative stress in a high-fat diet rat model. Endocr J 2017; 64:663-673. [PMID: 28539530 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether treatment using the active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) could protect against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats and ameliorate oxidative stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups and treated with standard chow, HFD, or HFD plus intraperitoneal injection of 1,25(OH)2D3 (5 μg/kg body weight, twice per week), respectively, for 16 weeks. Serum lipid profiles, hepatic function, intrahepatic lipid, and calcium levels were determined. Hepatic histology was examined using hematoxylin/eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Oil Red O staining. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and F2α-isoprostane content. Expression of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and downstream target genes was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment improved the serum lipid profile, reduced intrahepatic lipid levels, and attenuated hepatic steatosis and inflammation in HFD rats. Furthermore, MDA and F2α-isoprostane levels in liver tissue were reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3 administration. Although 1,25(OH)2D3 did not regulate the expression of Nrf2 mRNA, it did induce Nrf2 nuclear translocation. The expression of Nrf2 target genes, including Gclc, Nqo1, Sod2, and Cat, was up-regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3. We conclude that 1,25(OH)2D3 protects against HFD-induced NAFLD by attenuating oxidative stress, inducing NRF2 nuclear translocation, and up-regulating the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Gui Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ya-Xin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Bao-Ping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hui-Qi Qu
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bao-Li Wang
- Key Lab of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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9
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Takase T, Nakamura A, Miyoshi H, Yamamoto C, Atsumi T. Amelioration of fatty liver index in patients with type 2 diabetes on ipragliflozin: an association with glucose-lowering effects. Endocr J 2017; 64:363-367. [PMID: 27980239 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the ameliorating effects of ipragliflozin on fatty liver in patients with type 2 diabetes. The factors that influenced the amelioration of fatty liver were also examined. Analysis included data of 21 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes obtained from our prospective observational study. After obtaining patients' informed consent, once-daily ipragliflozin (50 mg/day) was given for 16 weeks. In addition to several clinical parameters, body composition was also compared before and after 16 weeks of treatment. The extent of fatty liver was estimated using a fatty liver index (FLI). After 16 weeks, FLI significantly decreased, from 70.1 ± 19.4 to 60.3 ± 25.5 (p = 0.0009) as well as levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, body weight, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and fat mass. To reveal the factors influencing the FLI changes observed on ipragliflozin treatment, correlations between changes in FLI and several other measured parameters were examined. Changes in FPG (correlation coefficient = 0.4683, p = 0.0323) and HbA1c (correlation coefficient = 0.4383, p = 0.0469) showed significant positive correlations with changes in FLI. On the other hand, no correlations of changes in FLI were observed with body weight, VAT, SAT nor fat mass. In conclusion, ipragliflozin ameliorated FLI in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Improvement in FLI was associated with that of glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Takase
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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10
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Abstract
AIM We evaluated the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of Crataegus aronia (C. aronia) in NAFLD induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in rat models. METHODS Protective effect of Crataegus aronia or simvastatin was investigated in Wistar rats fed either low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD. RESULTS Liver histopathological examinations confirmed the development of NAFLD in rats fed HFD. In both protective and therapeutic treatments, C. aronia significantly reduced liver index (3.85 ± 0.21% in HFD plus aronia group versus 6.22 ± 0.58% in HFD model group), increased the HDL-cholesterol and reduced the LDL-cholesterol in blood. The hawthorn plant also significantly ameliorated oxidative stress biomarker (p < 0.002) and liver enzymes (p < 0.0001) that indicate liver damage. CONCLUSION C. aronia exhibits therapeutic and protective effects on NAFLD in an animal model possibly by its lipid lowering and antioxidant effects; thus, may offer therapeutic potential in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Al Humayed
- a Department of Medicine , College of Medicine, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
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11
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Polyzos SA, Bugianesi E, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Updates on associations with the metabolic syndrome and lipid profile and effects of treatment with PPAR-γ agonists. Metabolism 2017; 66:64-68. [PMID: 27594084 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Koh EH, Kim AR, Kim H, Kim JH, Park HS, Ko MS, Kim MO, Kim HJ, Kim BJ, Yoo HJ, Kim SJ, Oh JS, Woo CY, Jang JE, Leem J, Cho MH, Lee KU. 11β-HSD1 reduces metabolic efficacy and adiponectin synthesis in hypertrophic adipocytes. J Endocrinol 2015; 225:147-58. [PMID: 25869616 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertrophic adipocytes can reduce adiponectin synthesis. We investigated whether 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) expression is increased in hypertrophic adipocytes and whether this is responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced adiponectin synthesis. Differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes were cultured for up to 21 days. The effect of AZD6925, a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, on metabolism was examined. db/db mice were administered 600 mg/kg AZD6925 daily for 4 weeks via gastric lavage. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, mRNA expression levels of 11 β -H sd1 and mitochondrial biogenesis factors, adiponectin synthesis, fatty acid oxidation (FAO), oxygen consumption rate and glycolysis were measured. Adipocyte hypertrophy in 3T3L1 cells exposed to a long duration of culture was associated with increased 11 β -Hsd1 mRNA expression and reduced mtDNA content, mitochondrial biogenesis factor expression and adiponectin synthesis. These cells displayed reduced mitochondrial respiration and increased glycolysis. Treatment of these cells with AZD6925 increased adiponectin synthesis and mitochondrial respiration. Inhibition of FAO by etomoxir blocked the AZD6925-induced increase in adiponectin synthesis, indicating that 11β-HSD1-mediated reductions in FAO are responsible for the reduction in adiponectin synthesis. The expression level of 11 β -Hsd1 was higher in adipose tissues of db/db mice. Administration of AZD6925 to db/db mice increased the plasma adiponectin level and adipose tissue FAO. In conclusion, increased 11β-HSD1 expression contributes to reduced mitochondrial respiration and adiponectin synthesis in hypertrophic adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hee Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Ah-Ram Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Hyunshik Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Myoung Seok Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Mi-Ok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Bum Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jin Sun Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Chang-Yun Woo
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Myung Hwan Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Ki-Up Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea Department of Internal Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea Biomedical Research Center Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea Department of Biological Sciences Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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13
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Liu J, Wang G, Jia Y, Xu Y. GLP-1 receptor agonists: effects on the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:329-35. [PMID: 25066109 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases, and its incidence has been increasing recently. In addition to hepatic complications, NAFLD is also recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, the current therapies for NAFLD display variable efficacy; a novel and effective drug is urgently needed. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a receptor agonist is a new drug approved for treating type 2 diabetes. Recently, these types of agents have shown a novel therapeutic effect on NAFLD. However, the mechanisms of GLP-1 receptor agonists on the treatment of NAFLD have not yet been explained precisely. Recent studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 reverses the progression of NAFLD not only indirectly through an incretin effect that improves key parameters involved in NAFLD, but also a direct effect on lipid metabolism of hepatocytes and inflammation in liver. In this review, we provided an overview of the role and mechanisms of GLP-1 in the therapy of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
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14
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Adefegha SA, Oboh G, Adefegha OM, Boligon AA, Athayde ML. Antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects of dietary clove (Szyzgium aromaticum) bud powder in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:2726-37. [PMID: 24532325 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (clove) bud is an important spice used in the preparation of several delicacies and in folklore for diabetes management. The present study was convened to assess the effects of dietary clove bud powder (CBP) on biochemical parameters in a type 2 diabetes rat model, induced by a combination of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin (35 mg kg⁻¹) for 30 days. RESULTS Diabetic rats were placed on dietary regimen containing 20-40 g kg⁻¹ clove bud powder. The results revealed that there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the average feed intake and weight changes between the rat groups. Furthermore, supplementation with CBP gradually reduced blood glucose level in diabetic rat compared to control diabetic rats without CBP supplementation (DBC). Moreover, reduced activity of α-glucosidase was observed in CBP and metformin-treated rat groups when compared to that of the DBC rat group. In addition, the DBC group had significantly (P < 0.05) higher lipid concentrations (except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) when compared to all other groups. Furthermore, CBP had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced activity of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) and showed elevated levels of antioxidant status (glutathione, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase and catalase). CONCLUSION The results suggest that the clove bud diet may attenuate hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in the type 2 diabetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Adefegha
- Functional foods and Nutraceuticals, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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15
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Domouzoglou EM, Fisher FM, Astapova I, Fox EC, Kharitonenkov A, Flier JS, Hollenberg AN, Maratos-Flier E. Fibroblast growth factor 21 and thyroid hormone show mutual regulatory dependency but have independent actions in vivo. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2031-40. [PMID: 24564398 PMCID: PMC3990851 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels in the liver and in the adipose tissue. In contrast, peripheral FGF21 administration leads to decreased circulating levels of TH. These data suggest that FGF21 and TH could interact to regulate metabolism. In the present study, we confirmed that TH regulates adipose and hepatic FGF21 expression and serum levels in mice. We next investigated the influence of TH administration on key serum metabolites, gene expression in the liver and brown adipose tissue, and energy expenditure in FGF21 knockout mice. Surprisingly, we did not observe any significant differences in the effects of TH on FGF21 knockout mice compared with those in wild-type animals, indicating that TH acts independently of FGF21 for the specific outcomes studied. Furthermore, exogenous FGF21 administration to hypothyroid mice led to similar changes in serum and liver lipid metabolites and gene expression in both hypothyroid and euthyroid mice. Thus, it appears that FGF21 and TH have similar actions to decrease serum and liver lipids despite having some divergent regulatory effects. Whereas TH leads to up-regulation in the liver and down-regulation in brown adipose tissue of genes involved in the lipid synthesis pathway (eg, fatty acid synthase (FASN) and SPOT14), FGF21 leads to the opposite changes in expression of these genes. In conclusion, TH and FGF21 act independently on the outcomes studied, despite their ability to regulate each other's circulating levels. Thus, TH and FGF21 may modulate the availability of each other in critical metabolic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni M Domouzoglou
- Division of Endocrinology (E.M.D., f.M.F., I.A., E.C.F., J.S.F., A.N.H., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; and Lilly Research Laboratories (A.K.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46225
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16
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Pothuraju R, Sharma RK, Chagalamarri J, Jangra S, Kumar Kavadi P. A systematic review of Gymnema sylvestre in obesity and diabetes management. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:834-840. [PMID: 24166097 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is associated with many health-related problems. Currently, more than 300 million people are considered to be obese. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2030, 87 and 439 million people will be affected in India and the world, respectively. Today, herbal medicines are gaining interest in the treatment of obesity and diabetes, because of their minimal side effects. Gymnemic acid - an active component isolated from Gymnema sylvestre - has anti-obesity and antidiabetic properties, decreases body weight and also inhibits glucose absorption. Several components extracted from Gymnema prevent the accumulation of triglycerides in muscle and liver, and also decrease fatty acid accumulation in the circulation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the effects of various extracts from Gymnema sylvestre in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in both animal and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Pothuraju
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, -132001, (Haryana), India
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17
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Glatz JFC, Angin Y, Steinbusch LKM, Schwenk RW, Luiken JJFP. CD36 as a target to prevent cardiac lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:71-7. [PMID: 22580174 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid transporter and scavenger receptor CD36 is increasingly being implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and its progression towards type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular complications. The redistribution of CD36 from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane is one of the earliest changes occurring in the heart during diet induced obesity and insulin resistance. This elicits an increased rate of fatty acid uptake and enhanced incorporation into triacylglycerol stores and lipid intermediates to subsequently interfere with insulin-induced GLUT4 recruitment (i.e., insulin resistance). In the present paper we discuss the potential of CD36 to serve as a target to rectify abnormal myocardial fatty acid uptake rates in cardiac lipotoxic diseases. Two approaches are described: (i) immunochemical inhibition of CD36 present at the sarcolemma and (ii) interference with the subcellular recycling of CD36. Using in vitro model systems of high-fat diet induced insulin resistance, the results indicate the feasibility of using CD36 as a target for adaptation of cardiac metabolic substrate utilization. In conclusion, CD36 deserves further attention as a promising therapeutic target to redirect fatty acid fluxes in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F C Glatz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht CARIM, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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18
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Kim MY, Lim JH, Youn HH, Hong YA, Yang KS, Park HS, Chung S, Ko SH, Shin SJ, Choi BS, Kim HW, Kim YS, Lee JH, Chang YS, Park CW. Resveratrol prevents renal lipotoxicity and inhibits mesangial cell glucotoxicity in a manner dependent on the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC1α axis in db/db mice. Diabetologia 2013; 56:204-17. [PMID: 23090186 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Many of the effects of resveratrol are consistent with the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), silent information regulator T1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α), which play key roles in the regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis, and in the control of oxidative stress. We investigated whether resveratrol has protective effects on the kidney in type 2 diabetes. METHODS Four groups of male C57BLKS/J db/m and db/db mice were used in this study. Resveratrol was administered via gavage to diabetic and non-diabetic mice, starting at 8 weeks of age, for 12 weeks. RESULTS The db/db mice treated with resveratrol had decreased albuminuria. Resveratrol ameliorated glomerular matrix expansion and inflammation. Resveratrol also lowered the NEFA and triacylglycerol content of the kidney, and this action was related to increases in the phosphorylation of AMPK and the activation of SIRT1-PGC-1α signalling and of the key downstream effectors, the PPARα-oestrogen-related receptor (ERR)-1α-sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Furthermore, resveratrol decreased the activity of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt phosphorylation and class O forkhead box (FOXO)3a phosphorylation, which resulted in a decrease in B cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)-associated X protein (BAX) and increases in BCL-2, superoxide dismutase (SOD)1 and SOD2 production. Consequently, resveratrol reversed the increase in renal apoptotic cells and oxidative stress, as reflected by renal 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), urinary 8-OH-dG and isoprostane concentrations. Resveratrol prevented high-glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in cultured mesangial cells through the phosphorylation of AMPK and activation of SIRT1-PGC-1α signalling and the downstream effectors, PPARα-ERR-1α-SREBP1. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results suggest that resveratrol prevents diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice by the phosphorylation of AMPK and activation of SIRT1-PGC-1α signalling, which appear to prevent lipotoxicity-related apoptosis and oxidative stress in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, #505, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-040, Republic of Korea
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19
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Vitto MF, Luz G, Luciano TF, Marques SO, Souza DR, Pinho RA, Lira FS, Cintra DE, De Souza CT. Reversion of steatosis by SREBP-1c antisense oligonucleotide did not improve hepatic insulin action in diet-induced obesity mice. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44:885-90. [PMID: 22932913 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1321819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The literature has associated hepatic insulin action with NAFLD. In this sense, treatments to revert steatosis and improve hepatic insulin action become important. Our group has demonstrated that inhibition of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins-1c (SREBP-1c) reverses hepatic steatosis. However, insulin signals after NAFLD reversion require better investigation. Thus, in this study, we investigated if the reversal of NAFLD by SREBP-1c inhibitor results in improvement in the hepatic insulin signal in obesity mice. After installation/achievement of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, Swiss mice were divided into 3 groups: i) Lean, ii) D-IHS, diet-induced hepatic steatosis [no treatment with antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)], and iii) RD-IHS, reversion of diet-induced hepatic steatosis (treated with ASO). The mice were treated with ASO SREBP-1c as previously described by our group. After ASO treatment, one set of animals was anesthetized and used for in vivo test, and another mice set was anesthetized and used for histology and Western blot analysis. Reversion of diet-induced hepatic steatosis did not change blood glucose, glucose decay constant (k(ITT)), body weight, or serum insulin levels. In addition, results showed that the protocol did not improve insulin pathway signaling, as confirmed by the absence of changes in IR, IRS1, Akt and Foxo1 phosphorylation in hepatic tissue. In parallel, no alterations were observed in proinflammatory molecules. Thus, our results suggest that the inhibition of SREBP-1c reverts steatosis, but without improving insulin hepatic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Vitto
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade em Ciênicas da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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20
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Jiang H, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Maclean KN. Altered expression of apoA-I, apoA-IV and PON-1 activity in CBS deficient homocystinuria in the presence and absence of treatment: possible implications for cardiovascular outcomes. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:55-65. [PMID: 22633282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Classical homocystinuria (HCU) is caused by mutations in cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) which, if untreated, typically results in cognitive impairment, thromboembolic complications and connective tissue disturbances. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and apolipoprotein apoA-I are both synthesized in the liver and contribute to much of the cardioprotective effects of high density lipoprotein. Additionally, apoA-I exerts significant neuro-protective effects that act to preserve cognition. Previous work in a Cbs null mouse model that incurs significant liver injury, reported that HCU dramatically decreases PON1 expression. Conflicting reports exist in the literature concerning the relative influence of homocysteine and cysteine upon apoA-I expression. We investigated expression of PON1 and apoA-I in the presence and absence of homocysteine lowering therapy, in both the HO mouse model of HCU and human subjects with this disorder. We observed no significant change in plasma PON1 paraoxonase activity in either mice or humans with HCU indicating that this enzyme is unlikely to contribute to the cardiovascular sequelae of HCU. Plasma levels of apoA-I were unchanged in mice with mildly elevated homocysteine due to CBS deficiency but were significantly diminished in both mice and humans with HCU. Subsequent experiments revealed that HCU acts to dramatically decrease apoA-I levels in the brain. Cysteine supplementation in HO mice had no discernible effect on plasma levels of apoA-I while treatment to lower homocysteine normalized plasma levels of this lipoprotein in both HO mice and humans with HCU. Our results indicate that plasma apoA-I levels in HCU are inversely related to homocysteine and are consistent with a plausible role for decreased expression of apoA-I as a contributory factor for both cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment in HCU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-0511, USA
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21
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Abstract
Lipid lowering is established as a proven intervention to reduce atherosclerosis and its complications. Statins form the basis of care but are not able to treat all aspects of dyslipidaemia. Many novel therapeutic compounds are being developed. These include additional therapeutics for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, for example, thyroid mimetics (thyroid receptor beta-agonists), antisense oligonucleotides or microsomal transfer protein inhibitors (MTPI); triglycerides, for example, novel peroxosimal proliferator activating receptors agonists, MTPIs, diacylglycerol acyl transferase-1 inhibitors and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), for example, mimetic peptides; HDL delipidation strategies and cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors and modulators of inflammation, for example, phospholipase inhibitors. Gene therapy for specific rare disorders, for example, lipoprotein lipase deficiency using alipogene tiparvovec is also in clinical trials. Lipid-lowering drugs are likely to prove a fast-developing area for novel treatments as possible synergies exist between new and established compounds for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Wierzbicki
- Metabolic Medicine/Chemical Pathology, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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22
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Gonchar NV, Mel'nikova II, Il'ina TV, Rudenko NN, Udalova AN. [Correction of secondary hyperlipidemia in children with diabetes]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2012:34-37. [PMID: 22808776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
At 25 children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, Type I) in a decompensation stage was estimated efficiency of correction secondary hyperlipidemia. The basic group (n = 11) along with insulinotherapy and a lipotrophic preparation (methionine) accepted probiotic Bifiform Baby in a dose 0.5 g once a day within 10 days; the comparison group (n = 14) received insulin therapy and a lipotrophic preparation. Efficiency of treatment was estimated on dynamics of lipids in serum of blood: triglycerides (TG), the total cholesterol (TH), betalipoproteides (BLP). At patients of the basic group authentic decrease TG, TH, BLP was established; at patients of group of comparison--decrease TH and BLP. Advantage of therapy secondary hyperlipidemia at children with diabetic ketoacidosis with use of Bifiform Baby consists in the elimination of the main infringement of a metabolismus of lipids in the given disease--hypertriglyceridemia.
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Lever M, George PM, Slow S, Elmslie JL, Shand BI, Scott RS, Chambers ST. Fibrates plus betaine: a winning combination? N Z Med J 2010; 123:74-78. [PMID: 20953225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Because most of the cardiac risk remains despite successful statin therapy there has been renewed interest in fibrate therapy for persisting hyperlipidaemia. Fibrate therapy lowers triglycerides but causes the urinary loss of betaine, which is an essential metabolite that is involved in osmoregulation, in methyl group metabolism, and which also affects lipid partitioning in the body. Loss of betaine is associated with an elevation of homocysteine and may compromise the potential benefits of fibrate therapy. However, betaine deficiency could be easily and inexpensively corrected by concurrent betaine supplementation. Clinical trials of combinations of betaine and fibrate, to complement statin therapy, are needed to determine the value of these agents in reducing the residual cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lever
- Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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24
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is a major health care problem worldwide. Findings from many laboratories, including ours, have demonstrated that ethanol feeding impairs several of the many steps involved in methionine metabolism. Ethanol consumption predominantly results in a decrease in the hepatocyte level of S-adenosylmethionine and the increases in two toxic metabolites, homocysteine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. These changes, in turn, result in serious functional consequences which include decreases in essential methylation reactions via inhibition of various methyltransferases. Of particular interest to our laboratory is the inhibition of three important enzymes, phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase, isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase and protein L-isoaspartate methyltransferase. Decreased activity of these enzymes results in increased fat deposition, increased apoptosis and increased accumulation of damaged proteins-all of which are hallmark features of alcoholic liver injury. Of all the therapeutic modalities available, betaine has been shown to be the safest, least expensive and most effective in attenuating ethanol-induced liver injury. Betaine, by virtue of aiding in the remethylation of homocysteine, removes both toxic metabolites (homocysteine and S-adenosylhomocysteine), restores S-adenosylmethionine level, and reverses steatosis, apoptosis and damaged proteins accumulation. In conclusion, betaine appears to be a promising therapeutic agent in relieving the methylation and other defects associated with alcoholic abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum K Kharbanda
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service 151, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to acquaint the reader with advances in 2006 in the epidemiology, genetics, detection, pathogenesis and treatment of alcoholic liver disease. RECENT FINDINGS Important discoveries have been made in pathogenesis and mechanism of disease, with great emphasis on the many pathways leading to oxidative stress, and the novel mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress that is proving to be important in the pathogenesis of many liver diseases. The reliability of ethyl glucuronide and other biomarkers for the detection of alcohol abuse is being better established. There have been no treatment advances for alcoholic liver disease but, on balance, steroids are still favored for carefully selected patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Many compounds tested in rodents may now be available for consideration for clinical trials. Criteria for patient selection and refusal for liver transplantation are being established but the 6 months abstinence rule still holds. SUMMARY Insights are being made into the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease but safe and effective therapies for both alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis have yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Reuben
- Liver Service, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, And Liver Transplant Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Samara K, Liu C, Soldevila-Pico C, Nelson DR, Abdelmalek MF. Betaine resolves severe alcohol-induced hepatitis and steatosis following liver transplantation. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:1226-9. [PMID: 16944015 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-8038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Samara
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608-0214, USA
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27
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease represents a spectrum of liver diseases, characterized mainly by macrovesicular steatosis in the absence of significant alcohol ingestion. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease includes both non-alcoholic fatty liver and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis once considered a benign process is now known to lead to progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis. Histologically indistinguishable from alcoholic liver disease, the exact aetiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease remains unknown, but the fundamental pathophysiological process appears to be insulin resistance and oxidative stress related to the metabolic syndrome. Therapy has focused on risk factors, weight reduction and pharmacological intervention. Promising pharmacological treatments have been demonstrated with antioxidants, insulin sensitizers, hepatoprotectants and lipid-lowering agents. However, without larger randomized studies, no pharmacological treatments can be recommended at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Comar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA
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28
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Abstract
Conditionally essential nutrients (CENs) are organic compounds that are ordinarily produced by the body in amounts sufficient to meet its physiological requirements. However, in disorders, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), and in other physiologically stressful conditions, their biosynthesis may be inadequate. Under these circumstances, CENs become essential nutrients, comparable to vitamins. The CENs of primary importance in CVD, based on the quantity and quality of human clinical studies, are l-arginine, l-carnitine, propionyl-l-carnitine, and coenzyme Q10. Controlled studies of these CENs are reviewed in depth. Taurine is a CEN of secondary importance caused by a limited human database. Other putative CENs include alpha-lipoic acid, betaine, chondroitin sulfate, glutamine, and d-ribose, each of which is mentioned in passing. Collectively, CENs have demonstrated favorable clinical effects in CVDs, including chronic heart failure, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and in CVD risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and lipoprotein(a). Limited research has pointed to possible benefits in CVD therapy accruing from supplementation with several CENs in combination. Additional controlled clinical studies of CENs in CVD are urgently needed. In view of the efficacy and safety of appropriate supplementation with CENs, it is strongly suggested that healthcare professionals become knowledgeable of these potentially important additions to the CVD therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Kendler
- Dept. of Biology, CMSV Campus, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY 10471, USA.
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Abstract
Despite the benefits of statin therapy, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) management remains suboptimal and many patients do not achieve their recommended target goals. The aim of combination lipid drug therapy in high-risk patients is to achieve LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) goals with a minimum of serious adverse effects. Although statins are the drug of first choice, statin monotherapy may be limited by intolerance of dose escalation or failure to attain non-HDL-C goals in those with mixed hyperlipidemia. Statins plus bile acid resins or ezetimibe can achieve greater than 50% reduction in LDL-C, with little or no increase in adverse effects. Fibrates, niacin, and omega-3 fatty acids, when added to statins, can reduce triglycerides, increase HDL-C, and reduce non-HDL-C to a greater extent than statin monotherapy. The safety profile of combination lipid therapy is acceptable, if the global coronary heart disease risk of the patient is high, thus producing a favorable risk to benefit ratio. Careful surveillance of hepatic transaminases, avoidance of gemfibrozil in statin-fibrate combinations, and awareness of statin-concomitant drug interactions is key to safe and efficacious use of combination lipid drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu R Vasudevan
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Lipid and Atherosclerosis Section, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin, Suite B160A, MS A601, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Huemer M, Simma B, Fowler B, Suormala T, Bodamer OA, Sass JO. Prenatal and postnatal treatment in cobalamin C defect. J Pediatr 2005; 147:469-72. [PMID: 16227032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate prenatal treatment with hydroxycobalamin (OH-Cbl) in a pregnancy at risk for a severe form of the cobalamin C defect and postnatal treatment of the affected child. STUDY DESIGN Observational study with non-randomized intervention. RESULTS In contrast to reported pregnancies with affected fetuses in which maternal methylmalonic aciduria was found in the last trimester of pregnancy, there was no maternal methylmalonic aciduria in our case, given prenatal treatment with intramuscular OH-Cbl. We did not find that the concentration of odd long-chain fatty acids in cord blood erythrocytes reflects fetal methylmalonic academia. After birth, the infant was treated with intramuscular OH-Cbl and oral carnitine. Oral folate and betaine were added as adjunct therapy to decrease plasma total homocysteine. Because of inadequate metabolic control, a diet reduced in natural protein was introduced. The child had normal developmental milestones but had nystagmus, hyperpigmented retinopathy, and discrete truncal muscular hypotonia. CONCLUSIONS Despite prenatal and postnatal treatment, adequate metabolic control, absence of metabolic crises, and normal developmental milestones, this patient with the cobalamin C defect had characteristic symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Huemer
- Department of Pediatrics, Landeskrankenhaus, Feldkirch, Austria.
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31
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fatty acid oxidation is predominantly a mitochondrial event, which is enhanced by dietary choline and carnitine supplementation resulting in extra reactive oxygen species (ROS) load. The objective was to assess oxidative stress level by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS] in choline and carnitine supplemented healthy women before and after mild exercise. METHODS Nineteen free-living women completed the placebo control study in which choline and/or L-carnitine was orally taken for 21 days. Anthropometric measurements, dietary recall, exercise routine and blood samples were analyzed to determine body composition, nutrients intake, distance walked and biochemical markers related to oxidative stress. RESULTS TBARS were significantly lower in the groups supplemented with choline, carnitine or both and the mild exercise (walking) was not a deterrent in this effect of the supplements. Serum vitamin A and E concentrations were higher in the supplemented groups even though the consumption of these nutrients was not different among the groups. CONCLUSION Choline and carnitine supplementation lowers lipid peroxidation, and promotes conservation of retinol and alpha-tocopherol in free-living women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep S Sachan
- Nutrition Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1920, USA.
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Olthof MR, van Vliet T, Verhoef P, Zock PL, Katan MB. Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans. PLoS Med 2005; 2:e135. [PMID: 15916468 PMCID: PMC1140947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betaine (trimethylglycine) lowers plasma homocysteine, a possible risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, studies in renal patients and in obese individuals who are on a weight-loss diet suggest that betaine supplementation raises blood cholesterol; data in healthy individuals are lacking. Such an effect on cholesterol would counteract any favourable effect on homocysteine. We therefore investigated the effect of betaine, of its precursor choline in the form of phosphatidylcholine, and of the classical homocysteine-lowering vitamin folic acid on blood lipid concentrations in healthy humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS We measured blood lipids in four placebo-controlled, randomised intervention studies that examined the effect of betaine (three studies, n = 151), folic acid (two studies, n = 75), and phosphatidylcholine (one study, n = 26) on plasma homocysteine concentrations. We combined blood lipid data from the individual studies and calculated a weighted mean change in blood lipid concentrations relative to placebo. Betaine supplementation (6 g/d) for 6 wk increased blood LDL cholesterol concentrations by 0.36 mmol/l (95% confidence interval: 0.25-0.46), and triacylglycerol concentrations by 0.14 mmol/l (0.04-0.23) relative to placebo. The ratio of total to HDL cholesterol increased by 0.23 (0.14-0.32). Concentrations of HDL cholesterol were not affected. Doses of betaine lower than 6 g/d also raised LDL cholesterol, but these changes were not statistically significant. Further, the effect of betaine on LDL cholesterol was already evident after 2 wk of intervention. Phosphatidylcholine supplementation (providing approximately 2.6 g/d of choline) for 2 wk increased triacylglycerol concentrations by 0.14 mmol/l (0.06-0.21), but did not affect cholesterol concentrations. Folic acid supplementation (0.8 mg/d) had no effect on lipid concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Betaine supplementation increased blood LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations in healthy humans, which agrees with the limited previous data. The adverse effects on blood lipids may undo the potential benefits for cardiovascular health of betaine supplementation through homocysteine lowering. In our study phosphatidylcholine supplementation slightly increased triacylglycerol concentrations in healthy humans. Previous studies of phosphatidylcholine and blood lipids showed no clear effect. Thus the effect of phosphatidylcholine supplementation on blood lipids remains inconclusive, but is probably not large. Folic acid supplementation does not seem to affect blood lipids and therefore remains the preferred treatment for lowering of blood homocysteine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet R Olthof
- Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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33
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Fehér J, Hagymási K. [Treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis]. Orv Hetil 2004; 145:631-4. [PMID: 15119118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- János Fehér
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Altalános Orvostudományi Kar, II. Belgyógyászati Klinika, Budapest.
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Branton SL, Bearson SMD, Bearson BL, Maslin WR, Collier SD, Evans JD, Miles DM, Pharr GT. Mycoplasma gallinarum infection in commercial layers and onset of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome. Avian Dis 2003; 47:458-62. [PMID: 12887206 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0458:mgiicl]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) was observed in each of three trials in which commercial layers were utilized to determine the effect of Mycoplasma gallinarum (MGn) on egg and eggshell quality parameters and egg production. In each of three trials, FLHS occurred 31-54 days later in MGn-inoculated hens as compared with the Mycoplasma-clean (control) hens. In trials 1 and 2, no therapeutic intervention was initiated to ameliorate FLHS. In trial 3, therapeutic intervention was instituted and consisted of the addition of 1 pound of choline chloride/ton of feed. Total mortality recorded throughout the duration of each trial and attributable to FLHS was not significantly different between the control and the MGn-inoculated treatment. However, FLHS-associated mortality in each of the three trials was numerically greater for the control treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Branton
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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36
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Abstract
Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines recommend specific treatment targets for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels according to an individual.s short-term and long-term risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). Therapeutic lifestyle changes are recommended for all patients at any level of risk for CHD. Although most patients will achieve some LDL-C lowering with lifestyle modification, ATP III recognizes that a majority of patients with dyslipidemia will require drug therapy to reach their LDL goal. Surveys of physicians. practices suggest that only a small percentage of patients enrolled in an active treatment program actually achieve their LDL-C target. In addition, other surveys suggest that not all patients who are treatment candidates are receiving assessment. From a medication perspective, either up-titration of statin dose or the use of drug combinations should further enhance the likelihood of achieving target lipid levels. Combination therapies that target both the endogenous and exogenous pathways of cholesterol synthesis are particularly attractive. This paper reviews the pharmacotherapeutic effects of combination therapy, summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of current lipid-lowering drug combinations, and identifies the potential contribution of the novel cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, to the LDL-C treatment algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo A Denke
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Although the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines stress the importance of nonpharmacologic lipid modification interventions such as diet and exercise, the guidelines also recognize that many patients will require drug therapy to achieve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target goals. Currently available lipid-modifying drugs include bile acid sequestrants (or resins), fibrates, nicotinic acid, and statins, with each class exerting different effects on the lipid profile. In addition, nonprescription agents such as plant stanols and sterols have been shown to be effective in modifying plasma lipids. Of these agents, the statins are the most effective, most widely prescribed, and best-tolerated form of lipid-lowering drug therapy. New formulations of other drugs, such as niacin and bile acid sequestrants, can also improve treatment regimes and reduce side effects, thereby improving patient compliance with these therapies. In patients who have high levels of LDL-C and triglycerides together with low concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), combination therapy may be required. Ezetimibe, a selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, is the first of a new class of lipid-lowering agents and provides a new agent for the management of patients with dyslipidemia. Data from the ezetimibe clinical development program suggests that this agent can be used alone or in combination with statins to reduce LDL-C, improve compliance, and bring more patients to ATP III target goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lipsy
- Health Net of Arizona, 930 North Finance Center Dr., Tucson, Arizona 85710, USA.
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38
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Patrick L. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: relationship to insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress. Treatment approaches using vitamin E, magnesium, and betaine. Altern Med Rev 2002; 7:276-91. [PMID: 12197781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatotic hepatitis (NASH), the most prevalent form of progressive liver disease in the United States, is considered to be a manifestation of insulin resistance syndrome. There is increasing evidence that steatosis in NASH is a result of the pathology in fat metabolism occurring in obesity and insulin resistance. For steatosis to progress to necroinflammation and fibrosis, however, the theory of mitochondrial oxidative-stress induced cellular damage is receiving wide acceptance. Treatment approaches that address these etiologies are reviewed: betaine, magnesium, and vitamin E.
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Abstract
Elevated total plasma homocysteine has been established as an independent risk factor for thrombosis and cardiovascular disease. A strong relationship between plasma homocysteine levels and mortality has been reported in patients with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease. Homocysteine is a thiol containing amino acid. It can be metabolised by different pathways, requiring various enzymes such as cystathionine beta-synthase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. These reactions also require several co-factors such as vitamin B6 and folate. Medications may interfere with these pathways leading to an alteration of plasma homocysteine levels. Several drugs have been shown to effect homocysteine levels. Some drugs frequently used in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease, such as the fibric acid derivatives used in certain dyslipidaemias and metformin in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, also raise plasma homocysteine levels. This elevation poses a theoretical risk of negating some of the benefits of these drugs. The mechanisms by which drugs alter plasma homocysteine levels vary. Drugs such as cholestyramine and metformin interfere with vitamin absorption from the gut. Interference with folate and homocysteine metabolism by methotrexate, nicotinic acid (niacin) and fibric acid derivatives, may lead to increased plasma homocysteine levels. Treatment with folate or vitamins B6 and B12 lowers plasma homocysteine levels effectively and is relatively inexpensive. Although it still remains to be demonstrated that lowering plasma homocysteine levels reduces cardiovascular morbidity, surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease have been shown to improve with treatment of hyperhomocystenaemia. Would drugs like metformin, fibric acid derivatives and nicotinic acid be more effective in lowering cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, if the accompanying hyperhomocysteinaemia is treated? The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of homocysteine as a risk factor, and examine the role and implications of drug induced modulation of homocysteine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Desouza
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
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Alvarez-Martínez H, Pérez-Campos E. [Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2002; 67:118-25. [PMID: 12214335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease that occurs in patients with no significant alcohol consumption; it is not histologically different from alcoholic hepatitis because it presents macrovesicular steatosis, hepatocellular necrosis, mixed inflammatory infiltrate, and various stages of fibrosis in addition Mallory bodies in some patients. Some authors have even described NASH as a benign disease; however, it is presently considered a potentially serious disease that may evolve into liver cirrhosis and probably, liver cancer. It is more often related to female sex, obesity, and dyslipidemia, although it may be present in other population groups and associated with other factors. Its origin may be multifactorial, including insulin resistance, protein glycation, oxidative stress, and others. The disease may be asymptomatic and found in routine physical exams when the patient shows increased aminotransferases with no other explanation. At present the only specific diagnosis procedure is liver biopsy. The sole available current treatment is body weight control, normalizing glucose and lipid blood levels, as well as the administration of some medication, as illustrated in the subsequent article.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Stremmel
- Abteilung Innere Medizin IV, Medizinische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Bergheimer Strasse 58, 69115 Heidelberg.
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Abdelmalek MF, Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, Sylvestre PB, Lindor KD. Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:2711-7. [PMID: 11569700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES No effective therapy currently exists for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Betaine, a naturally occurring metabolite of choline, has been shown to raise S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels that may in turn play a role in decreasing hepatic steatosis. Our aim was to determine the safety and effects of betaine on liver biochemistries and histological markers of disease activity in patients with NASH. METHODS Ten adult patients with NASH were enrolled. Patients received betaine anhydrous for oral solution (Cystadane) in two divided doses daily for 12 months. Seven out of 10 patients completed 1 yr of treatment with betaine. RESULTS A significant improvement in serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.02) and ALAT (p = 0.007) occurred during treatment. Aminotransferases normalized in three of seven patients, decreased by >50% in three of seven patients, and remained unchanged in one patient when compared to baseline values. A marked improvement in serum levels of aminotransferases (ALT -39%; AST -38%) also occurred during treatment in those patients who did not complete 1 yr of treatment. Similarly, a marked improvement in the degree of steatosis, necroinflammatory grade, and stage of fibrosis was noted at 1 yr of treatment with betaine. Transitory GI adverse events that did not require any dose reduction or discontinuation of betaine occurred in four patients. CONCLUSIONS Betaine is a safe and well tolerated drug that leads to a significant biochemical and histological improvement in patients with NASH. This novel agent deserves further evaluation in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Abdelmalek
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Surgical Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Martínez-Pardo M. [Orphan drugs and metabolic disorders]. Rev Neurol 2001; 33:220-5. [PMID: 11588713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past twenty years the legal and philosophical concept of orphan diseases has developed to include the diseases with an incidence in the general population of less than 1/5,000. Treatment of these conditions, which is very specific, requires drugs which will be used by a very small number of patients and are therefore not profitable from the financial point of view. This gives rise to the concept of orphan drugs which lack sponsorship, are expensive to investigate and develop, are little used and therefore there is little incentive to market them. All metabolic disorders due to genetic defects may be considered to be orphan diseases , since their incidence in the population is less than 1/5,000 and there may be only a negligible incidence of 1/37,000,000. DEVELOPMENT In this study we discuss the treatment of three orphan metabolic diseases, which severely affect the central nervous system by different mechanisms, by three orphan drugs which solve the problems of only a few patients. We describe the treatment of: (1) the deficiency of the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, which causes neurotransmitter deficiency, with tetrahydrobiopterin, (2) N acetylglutamate sythetase deficiency, which causes severe hyperammonaemia and cerebral oedema, with N carbamyl glutamate (3) cystathionine synthetase deficiency which causes hyperhomocyteinaemia and a high risk of thromboembolic accidents, with Betaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Pardo
- Servicio de Pediatría; Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, 28006, España.
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45
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Mel'nichenko LI, Sheleketina II, Maikova TV, Mosalova NM, Gonchar GV, Tropko LV, Averianova LP, Iagmur SS. [State of the hepatobiliary system and intestines in elderly patients with concurrent digestive pathology]. LIKARS'KA SPRAVA 2001:186-7. [PMID: 11692714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Common aspects have been revealed of structural and functional disorders of the biliary tract and intestine in elderly patients with digestive pathology. We recommend that lipotropic drugs, choleretics, cholekinetics, antioxidants and eubiotics be used in the treatment of the above patients.
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Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency is the most common inborn error of folate metabolism and should be suspected when homocystinuria is combined with hypomethioninemia. The main clinical findings are neurologic signs such as severe developmental delay, marked hypotonia, seizures, microcephaly, apnea, and coma. Most patients present in early life. The infantile form is severe, with rapid deterioration leading to death usually within 1 year. Treatment with betaine has been shown to be efficient in lowering homocysteine concentrations and returning methionine to normal, but the clinical response is variable. We report two brothers with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency: the first was undiagnosed and died at 8 months of age from neurologic deterioration and apnea, while his brother, who was treated with betaine from the age of 4 months, is now 3 years old and has developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fattal-Valevski
- Institute for Child Development, Division of Pediatrics, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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47
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Abstract
To assess the ability of patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency to perform the reactions of the methionine transamination pathway, the concentrations of the products of this pathway were measured in plasma and urine. The results clearly demonstrate that CBS-deficient patients develop elevations of these metabolites once a threshold near 350 micromol/L for the concurrent plasma methionine concentration is exceeded. The absence of elevated methionine transamination products previously reported among 16 CBS-deficient B6-responsive patients may now be attributed to the fact that in those patients the plasma methionine concentrations were below this threshold. The observed elevations of transamination products were similar to those observed among patients with isolated hypermethioninemia. Plasma homocyst(e)ine did not exert a consistent effect on transamination metabolites, and betaine appeared to effect transamination chiefly by its tendency to elevate methionine. Even during betaine administration, the transamination pathway does not appear to be a quantitatively major route for the disposal of methionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tangerman
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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48
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Miglio F, Rovati LC, Santoro A, Setnikar I. Efficacy and safety of oral betaine glucuronate in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled prospective clinical study. Arzneimittelforschung 2000; 50:722-7. [PMID: 10994156 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1300279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In a prospective, randomized, double-blind therapeutic trial, 191 patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis were treated for 8 weeks daily b.i.d. orally either with betaine glucuronate combined with diethanolamine glucuronate and nicotinamide ascorbate (Ietepar) (96 patients) or with undistinguishable placebo capsules (95 patients). The verum treatment effectively reduced by 25% hepatic steatosis (p < 0.01) and by 6% hepatomegaly (p < 0.05), while placebo did not significantly reduce the disorders. Verum was also more effective than placebo on discomfort in abdominal upper right quadrant. The global efficacy of treatment was rated by the doctor "very good" or "good" in 48% of verum treated patients and only in 17% after placcbo (P of difference = 9 x 10(-6)). 52% of patients self-rated efficacy as "very good" or "good" after verum and only 34% after placebo (P of difference = 0.017). The verum treatment provoked a significant reduction of the increased liver transaminases (ALT, AST and gamma-GT) while placebo was ineffective. Adverse events were recorded in 10% of verum-treated patients and in 7% under placebo (no significant difference). In both groups the adverse events were mild and transient, did not require treatment discontinuation and were undistinguishable from common symptoms of liver disorders. In conclusion, the 8-week treatment with betaine glucuronate combined with diethanolamine glucuronate and nicotinamide ascorbate was found effective in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a disorder for which the hitherto pharmacological interventions were poorly and inconsistently effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Miglio
- International Drug Division, Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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49
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Junnila M, Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Rahko T. Betaine reduces hepatic lipidosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in Sprague-Dawley rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 1998; 40:263-6. [PMID: 9778759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride-injected rats were given liquid diets with and without betaine for 7 d. Hepatic lipidosis was induced by 4 daily injections of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Animals were killed and their livers and blood taken for analysis of betaine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Liver samples were also processed and stained for histological examination. Supplemental betaine reduced triglyceride in the liver and centrilobular hepatic lipidosis induced by the CCl4 injections. In both the control and experimental groups receiving betaine, liver betaine, BHMT and SAM were significantly higher than in their respective groups not receiving betaine. This study provides evidence that betaine protects the liver against CCl4-induced lipidosis and may be a useful therapeutic and prophylactic agent in ameliorating the harmful effects of CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Junnila
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences-Veterinary Pathology, Finland
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50
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Abstract
Homocystinuria is a rare, inherited metabolic disease frequently associated with severe multisystemic involvement such as dislocated lenses, skeletal deformities, mental retardation, and premature vascular occlusion. Arterial and venous thromboembolic events present frequent and life-threatening complications in homocystinuric patients. It has been suggested that mild homocystinemia would be a risk factor for vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Hong
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Hannam Dong 657 Yongsan Gu, Seoul 140-743, Korea
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