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Forid MS, Rahman MA, Aluwi MFFM, Uddin MN, Roy TG, Mohanta MC, Huq AKMM, Amiruddin Zakaria Z. Pharmacoinformatics and UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS-Based Phytochemical Screening of Combretum indicum against Oxidative Stress and Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Long-Evans Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154634. [PMID: 34361788 PMCID: PMC8348006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This research investigated a UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS-based phytochemical profiling of Combretum indicum leaf extract (CILEx), and explored its in vitro antioxidant and in vivo antidiabetic effects in a Long-Evans rat model. After a one-week intervention, the animals' blood glucose, lipid profile, and pancreatic architectures were evaluated. UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS fragmentation of CILEx and its eight docking-guided compounds were further dissected to evaluate their roles using bioinformatics-based network pharmacological tools. Results showed a very promising antioxidative effect of CILEx. Both doses of CILEx were found to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol (TC), and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Pancreatic tissue architectures were much improved compared to the diabetic control group. A computational approach revealed that schizonepetoside E, melianol, leucodelphinidin, and arbutin were highly suitable for further therapeutic assessment. Arbutin, in a Gene Ontology and PPI network study, evolved as the most prospective constituent for 203 target proteins of 48 KEGG pathways regulating immune modulation and insulin secretion to control diabetes. The fragmentation mechanisms of the compounds are consistent with the obtained effects for CILEx. Results show that the natural compounds from CILEx could exert potential antidiabetic effects through in vivo and computational study.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/chemistry
- Antioxidants/isolation & purification
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Arbutin/chemistry
- Arbutin/isolation & purification
- Binding Sites
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Cholesterol, HDL/agonists
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Combretum/chemistry
- Computational Biology/methods
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Flavonoids/chemistry
- Flavonoids/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry
- Hypoglycemic Agents/isolation & purification
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Insulin/agonists
- Insulin/metabolism
- Male
- Models, Molecular
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Pancreas/drug effects
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas/pathology
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Leaves/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Triterpenes/chemistry
- Triterpenes/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shaekh Forid
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (Z.A.Z.); Tel.: +880-3126-060011-4 (M.A.R.); +880-1906-790224 (A.M.H.); +60-1-9211-7090 (Z.A.Z.)
| | | | - Md. Nazim Uddin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
| | - Tapashi Ghosh Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh;
| | - Milon Chandra Mohanta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;
| | - AKM Moyeenul Huq
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (Z.A.Z.); Tel.: +880-3126-060011-4 (M.A.R.); +880-1906-790224 (A.M.H.); +60-1-9211-7090 (Z.A.Z.)
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (Z.A.Z.); Tel.: +880-3126-060011-4 (M.A.R.); +880-1906-790224 (A.M.H.); +60-1-9211-7090 (Z.A.Z.)
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Abstract
AIM We evaluated the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of Crataegus aronia (C. aronia) in NAFLD induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in rat models. METHODS Protective effect of Crataegus aronia or simvastatin was investigated in Wistar rats fed either low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD. RESULTS Liver histopathological examinations confirmed the development of NAFLD in rats fed HFD. In both protective and therapeutic treatments, C. aronia significantly reduced liver index (3.85 ± 0.21% in HFD plus aronia group versus 6.22 ± 0.58% in HFD model group), increased the HDL-cholesterol and reduced the LDL-cholesterol in blood. The hawthorn plant also significantly ameliorated oxidative stress biomarker (p < 0.002) and liver enzymes (p < 0.0001) that indicate liver damage. CONCLUSION C. aronia exhibits therapeutic and protective effects on NAFLD in an animal model possibly by its lipid lowering and antioxidant effects; thus, may offer therapeutic potential in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Al Humayed
- a Department of Medicine , College of Medicine, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
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3
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Wall-Medrano A, de la Rosa LA, Vázquez-Flores AA, Mercado-Mercado G, González-Arellanes R, López-Díaz JA, González-Córdova AF, González-Aguilar GA, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Molina-Corral FJ. Lipidomic and Antioxidant Response to Grape Seed, Corn and Coconut Oils in Healthy Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010082. [PMID: 28117688 PMCID: PMC5295126 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialty oils differ in fatty acid, phytosterol and antioxidant content, impacting their benefits for cardiovascular health. The lipid (fatty acid, phytosterol) and antioxidant (total phenolics, radical scavenging capacity) profiles of grapeseed (GSO), corn (CO) and coconut (CNO) oils and their physiological (triacylglycerides, total and HDL-cholesterol and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) in serum and fatty acid and phytosterol hepatic deposition) and genomic (HL, LCAT, ApoA-1 and SR-BP1 mRNA hepatic levels) responses after their sub-chronic intake (10% diet for 28 days) was examined in healthy albino rats. Fatty acid, phytosterol and antioxidant profiles differed between oils (p ≤ 0.01). Serum and hepatic triacylglycerides and total cholesterol increased (p ≤ 0.01); serum HDL-Cholesterol decreased (p < 0.05); but serum FRAP did not differ (p > 0.05) in CNO-fed rats as compared to CO or GSO groups. Hepatic phytosterol deposition was higher (+2.2 mg/g; p ≤ 0.001) in CO- than GSO-fed rats, but their fatty acid deposition was similar. All but ApoA-1 mRNA level increased in GSO-fed rats as compared to other groups (p ≤ 0.01). Hepatic fatty acid handling, but not antioxidant response, nor hepatic phytosterol deposition, could be related to a more efficient reverse-cholesterol transport in GSO-fed rats as compared to CO or CNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Wall-Medrano
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Laura A de la Rosa
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Alma A Vázquez-Flores
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Gilberto Mercado-Mercado
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio González-Arellanes
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - José A López-Díaz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Aarón F González-Córdova
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC (Unidad Hermosillo), Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal (DTAOA), Carretera a la Victoria km. 0.6, AP 1735, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Gustavo A González-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC (Unidad Hermosillo), Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal (DTAOV), Carretera a la Victoria km. 0.6, AP 1735, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Belinda Vallejo-Cordoba
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC (Unidad Hermosillo), Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal (DTAOA), Carretera a la Victoria km. 0.6, AP 1735, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Francisco J Molina-Corral
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC. (Unidad Cuauhtémoc), Laboratorio de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal y Toxicología, Ave. Río Conchos s/n, Parque Industrial, AP 781, Cuauhtémoc 31570, Chihuahua, Mexico.
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Chiva-Blanch G, Magraner E, Condines X, Valderas-Martínez P, Roth I, Arranz S, Casas R, Navarro M, Hervas A, Sisó A, Martínez-Huélamo M, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Quifer-Rada P, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Estruch R. Effects of alcohol and polyphenols from beer on atherosclerotic biomarkers in high cardiovascular risk men: a randomized feeding trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:36-45. [PMID: 25183453 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Moderate alcohol consumption exerts a cardioprotective effect, but no studies have evaluated the alcohol-independent cardiovascular effects of the non-alcoholic components of beer. We aimed to evaluate the effects of ethanol and the phenolic compounds of beer on classical and novel cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-three high risk male volunteers were included in a randomized, crossover feeding trial. After a washout period, all subjects received beer (30 g alcohol/d, 660 mL), the equivalent amount of polyphenols as non-alcoholic beer (990 mL), and gin (30 g alcohol/d, 100 mL) for 4 weeks. All outcomes were evaluated before and after each intervention period. Moderate alcohol consumption increased serum HDL-cholesterol (∼5%), ApoA-I (∼6%), ApoA-II (∼7%) and adiponectin (∼7%), and decreased serum fibrinogen (∼8%), and interleukin (IL)-5 (∼14%) concentrations, whereas the non-alcoholic fraction of beer (mainly polyphenols) increased the receptor antagonist of IL-1 (∼24%), and decreased lymphocyte expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (∼11%), lymphocyte and monocyte expression of Sialil-Lewis X (∼16%) and monocyte expression of CCR2 (∼31%), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-β (∼14%) and IL-15 (∼22%) plasma concentrations. No changes were observed in glucose metabolism parameters or in body weight and adiposity parameters. CONCLUSION The phenolic content of beer reduces leukocyte adhesion molecules and inflammatory biomarkers, whereas alcohol mainly improves the lipid profile and reduces some plasma inflammatory biomarkers related to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chiva-Blanch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn) and RETIC RD06/0045, Spain
| | - E Magraner
- Primary Care Research Group, IDIBAPS, Centre d'Assistència Primària ABS Les Corts, GESCLINIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Condines
- Primary Care Research Group, IDIBAPS, Centre d'Assistència Primària ABS Les Corts, GESCLINIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Valderas-Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn) and RETIC RD06/0045, Spain
| | - I Roth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn) and RETIC RD06/0045, Spain
| | - S Arranz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn) and RETIC RD06/0045, Spain
| | - R Casas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn) and RETIC RD06/0045, Spain
| | - M Navarro
- Primary Care Research Group, IDIBAPS, Centre d'Assistència Primària ABS Les Corts, GESCLINIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Hervas
- Primary Care Research Group, IDIBAPS, Centre d'Assistència Primària ABS Les Corts, GESCLINIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Sisó
- Primary Care Research Group, IDIBAPS, Centre d'Assistència Primària ABS Les Corts, GESCLINIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Martínez-Huélamo
- CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn) and RETIC RD06/0045, Spain; Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Vallverdú-Queralt
- CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn) and RETIC RD06/0045, Spain; Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Quifer-Rada
- CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn) and RETIC RD06/0045, Spain; Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R M Lamuela-Raventos
- CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn) and RETIC RD06/0045, Spain; Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Estruch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn) and RETIC RD06/0045, Spain.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the current understanding of the physiological mechanisms of action of niacin on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging findings indicate that niacin decreases hepatic triglyceride synthesis and subsequent VLDL/LDL secretion by directly and noncompetitively inhibiting hepatocyte diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2. Recent studies in mice lacking niacin receptor GPR109A and human clinical trials with GPR109A agonists disproved the long believed hypothesis of adipocyte triglyceride lipolysis as the mechanism for niacin's effect on serum lipids. Niacin, through inhibiting hepatocyte surface expression of β-chain ATP synthase, inhibits the removal of HDL-apolipoprotein (apo) AI resulting in increased apoAI-containing HDL particles. Additional recent findings suggest that niacin by increasing hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated apoAI lipidation increases HDL biogenesis, thus stabilizing circulation of newly secreted apoAI. New concepts have also emerged on lipid-independent actions of niacin on vascular endothelial oxidative and inflammatory events, myeloperoxidase release from neutrophils and its impact on HDL function, and GPR109A-mediated macrophage inflammatory events involved in atherosclerosis. SUMMARY Recent advances have provided physiological mechanisms of action of niacin on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Better understanding of niacin's actions on multiple tissues and targets may be helpful in designing combination therapy and new treatment strategies for atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoprotein A-I/genetics
- Apolipoprotein A-I/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Cholesterol, HDL/agonists
- Cholesterol, HDL/metabolism
- Cholesterol, LDL/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cholesterol, LDL/metabolism
- Cholesterol, VLDL/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cholesterol, VLDL/metabolism
- Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/genetics
- Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Mice
- Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases/metabolism
- Niacin/therapeutic use
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Triglycerides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Triglycerides/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaijinath S Kamanna
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Long Beach, California 90822, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The reduction in cardiovascular disease risk by statins is well established. This risk reduction has mostly been attributed to decreases in plasma LDL cholesterol and other pleiotropic effects of statins. Emerging evidence indicates that statins exert multiple effects on lipoprotein metabolism, including chylomicrons and HDLs. RECENT FINDINGS Kinetic and in-vitro studies have documented that the effects of statins on the metabolism of different lipoproteins are for the most part the direct consequence of cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition and the subsequent change in transcription factors and cell signaling, regulating different aspects of lipoprotein metabolism. Differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics among statins lead to diverse biological outcomes. SUMMARY The current review summarizes recent experimental evidence highlighting the different effects of statins on cellular pathways regulating gene expression. Understanding the basic mechanisms by which different statins regulate lipoprotein metabolism will lead to improved strategies for the prevention and treatment of specific lipoprotein disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Matthan NR, Resteghini N, Robertson M, Ford I, Shepherd J, Packard C, Buckley BM, Jukema JW, Lichtenstein AH, Schaefer EJ. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis markers in individuals with and without a CHD event during pravastatin therapy: insights from the PROSPER trial. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:202-9. [PMID: 19578163 PMCID: PMC2789780 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m900032-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis, defined as the balance between absorption and synthesis, influences circulating cholesterol concentrations and subsequent coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Statin therapy targets the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis and is efficacious in lowering CHD events and mortality. Nonetheless, CHD events still occur in some treated patients. To address differences in outcome during pravastatin therapy (40 mg/day), plasma markers of cholesterol synthesis (desmosterol, lathosterol) and fractional cholesterol absorption (campesterol, sitosterol) were measured, baseline and on treatment, in the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk trial participants with (cases, n = 223) and without (controls, n = 257) a CHD event. Pravastatin therapy decreased plasma LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations to a similar extent in cases and controls. Decreased concentrations of the cholesterol synthesis markers desmosterol (-12% and -11%) and lathosterol (-50% and -56%) and increased concentrations of the cholesterol absorption markers campesterol (48% and 51%) and sitosterol (25% and 26%) were observed on treatment, but the magnitude of change was similar between cases and controls. These data suggest that decreases in cholesterol synthesis in response to pravastatin treatment were accompanied by modest compensatory increases in fractional cholesterol absorption. The magnitude of these alterations were similar between cases and controls and do not explain differences in outcomes with pravastatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupa R Matthan
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Reduced HDL cholesterol may be a risk factor comparable in importance to increased LDL cholesterol. Interventions that raise HDL are antiatherosclerotic, presumably through acceleration of reverse cholesterol transport and by antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. In the hypercholesterolemic rabbit, HDL levels can be increased by >50% by inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), a molecule that plays a central role in HDL metabolism. This HDL-raising effect is antiatherosclerotic in moderately severe hyperlipidemia but appears to be ineffective in the presence of severe hypertriglyceridemia. In humans, mutations resulting in CETP inhibition have been associated with both reduced and increased risk of atherosclerosis. Proposed explanations for these apparently disparate observations are that the antiatherosclerotic effect of CETP inhibition varies with either the metabolic milieu or the degree of CETP inhibition. We now have pharmacological inhibitors of CETP that are capable of increasing HDL by as much as 50% to 100% in humans. The importance of this development is that reduced HDL is a risk factor independent of LDL and that these new agents alter HDL by a magnitude comparable to that of statins on LDL. Clinical trials, now beginning, will need to identify the patient subsets in which CETP inhibition may be more or less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Forrester
- Cardiology Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif 90048, USA.
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Maeda K, Okamoto H, Shinkai H. S-(2-(Acylamino)phenyl) 2,2-dimethylpropanethioates as CETP inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2589-91. [PMID: 15109658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the relationship between the structure of the benzene moiety of S-(2-(acylamino)phenyl) 2,2-dimethylpropanethioates and CETP inhibitory activity were performed. Substituents on the benzene moiety influenced CETP inhibitory activity in a type and position dependent manner, and electron-withdrawing groups at the 4- or 5-position increased the activity. The most potent compound showed 50% inhibition of CETP activity in human plasma at a concentration of 2 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiya Maeda
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JT Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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Abstract
Not only a high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, but also a low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, is a critical risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Although fibrates and niacin can be used to improve low HDL cholesterol levels, their effect is not wholly satisfactory, so better drugs for the elevation of HDL cholesterol are desired. Among the many methods that may be used to raise HDL cholesterol levels, this review focuses on inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and on nuclear orphan receptor agonists that mediate the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Shinkai
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JT Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
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