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Vaughn B, Abu Kwaik Y. Idiosyncratic Biogenesis of Intracellular Pathogens-Containing Vacuoles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:722433. [PMID: 34858868 PMCID: PMC8632064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.722433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While most bacterial species taken up by macrophages are degraded through processing of the bacteria-containing vacuole through the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved to evade degradation through the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. All intra-vacuolar pathogens possess specialized secretion systems (T3SS-T7SS) that inject effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to modulate myriad of host cell processes and remodel their vacuoles into proliferative niches. Although intravacuolar pathogens utilize similar secretion systems to interfere with their vacuole biogenesis, each pathogen has evolved a unique toolbox of protein effectors injected into the host cell to interact with, and modulate, distinct host cell targets. Thus, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved clear idiosyncrasies in their interference with their vacuole biogenesis to generate a unique intravacuolar niche suitable for their own proliferation. While there has been a quantum leap in our knowledge of modulation of phagosome biogenesis by intravacuolar pathogens, the detailed biochemical and cellular processes affected remain to be deciphered. Here we discuss how the intravacuolar bacterial pathogens Salmonella, Chlamydia, Mycobacteria, Legionella, Brucella, Coxiella, and Anaplasma utilize their unique set of effectors injected into the host cell to interfere with endocytic, exocytic, and ER-to-Golgi vesicle traffic. However, Coxiella is the main exception for a bacterial pathogen that proliferates within the hydrolytic lysosomal compartment, but its T4SS is essential for adaptation and proliferation within the lysosomal-like vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Vaughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Center for Predictive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Bekere I, Huang J, Schnapp M, Rudolph M, Berneking L, Ruckdeschel K, Grundhoff A, Günther T, Fischer N, Aepfelbacher M. Yersinia remodels epigenetic histone modifications in human macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010074. [PMID: 34793580 PMCID: PMC8639070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Various pathogens systematically reprogram gene expression in macrophages, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We investigated whether the enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica alters chromatin states to reprogram gene expression in primary human macrophages. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) seq analyses showed that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induced up- or down-regulation of histone modifications (HMod) at approximately 14500 loci in promoters and enhancers. Effectors of Y. enterocolitica reorganized about half of these dynamic HMod, with the effector YopP being responsible for about half of these modulatory activities. The reorganized HMod were associated with genes involved in immune response and metabolism. Remarkably, the altered HMod also associated with 61% of all 534 known Rho GTPase pathway genes, revealing a new level in Rho GTPase regulation and a new aspect of bacterial pathogenicity. Changes in HMod were associated to varying degrees with corresponding gene expression, e. g. depending on chromatin localization and cooperation of the HMod. In summary, infection with Y. enterocolitica remodels HMod in human macrophages to modulate key gene expression programs of the innate immune response. Human pathogenic bacteria can affect epigenetic histone modifications to modulate gene expression in host cells. However, a systems biology analysis of this bacterial virulence mechanism in immune cells has not been performed. Here we analyzed genome-wide epigenetic histone modifications and associated gene expression changes in primary human macrophages infected with enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. We demonstrate that Yersinia virulence factors extensively modulate histone modifications and associated gene expression triggered by the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of the bacteria. The epigenetically modulated genes are involved in several key pathways of the macrophage immune response, including the Rho GTPase pathway, revealing a novel level of Rho GTPase regulation by a bacterial pathogen. Overall, our findings provide an in-depth view of epigenetic and gene expression changes during host-pathogen interaction and might have further implications for understanding of the innate immune memory in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Bekere
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IB); (MA)
| | - Jiabin Huang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Schnapp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren Rudolph
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Berneking
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Ruckdeschel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute (HPI), Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute (HPI), Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IB); (MA)
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53
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Hirakawa H, Suzue K, Takita A, Tomita H. Roles of OmpA in Type III Secretion System-Mediated Virulence of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111496. [PMID: 34832651 PMCID: PMC8622347 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane proteins are commonly produced by gram-negative bacteria, and they have diverse functions. A subgroup of proteins, which includes OmpA, OmpW and OmpX, is often involved in bacterial pathogenesis. Here we show that OmpA, rather than OmpW or OmpX, contributes to the virulence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) through its type III secretion system (T3SS). Deletion of ompA decreased secretion of the T3SS proteins EspA and EspB; however, the expression level of the LEE genes that encode a set of T3SS proteins did not decrease. The ompA mutant had less abilities to form A/E lesions in host epithelial cells and lyse human red blood cells than the parent strain. Moreover, the virulence of an ompA mutant of Citrobacter rodentium (traditionally used to estimate T3SS-associated virulence in mice) was attenuated. Mice infected with the ompA mutant survived longer than those infected with the parent strain. Furthermore, mice infected with ompA developed symptoms of diarrhea more slowly than mice infected with the parent strain. Altogether, these results suggest that OmpA sustains the activity of the T3SS and is required for optimal virulence in EHEC. This work expands the roles of outer membrane proteins in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetada Hirakawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (A.T.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Ayako Takita
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (A.T.); (H.T.)
| | - Haruyoshi Tomita
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (A.T.); (H.T.)
- Laboratory of Bacterial Drug Resistance, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan
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Farjad M, Clément G, Launay A, Jeridi R, Jolivet S, Citerne S, Rigault M, Soulie M, Dinant S, Fagard M. Plant nitrate supply regulates Erwinia amylovora virulence gene expression in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1332-1346. [PMID: 34382308 PMCID: PMC8518577 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We showed previously that nitrogen (N) limitation decreases Arabidopsis resistance to Erwinia amylovora (Ea). We show that decreased resistance to bacteria in low N is correlated with lower apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and lower jasmonic acid (JA) pathway expression. Consistently, pretreatment with methyl jasmonate (Me-JA) increased the resistance of plants grown under low N. In parallel, we show that in planta titres of a nonvirulent type III secretion system (T3SS)-deficient Ea mutant were lower than those of wildtype Ea in low N, as expected, but surprisingly not in high N. This lack of difference in high N was consistent with the low expression of the T3SS-encoding hrp virulence genes by wildtype Ea in plants grown in high N compared to plants grown in low N. This suggests that expressing its virulence factors in planta could be a major limiting factor for Ea in the nonhost Arabidopsis. To test this hypothesis, we preincubated Ea in an inducing medium that triggers expression of hrp genes in vitro, prior to inoculation. This preincubation strongly enhanced Ea titres in planta, independently of the plant N status, and was correlated to a significant repression of JA-dependent genes. Finally, we identify two clusters of metabolites associated with resistance or with susceptibility to Ea. Altogether, our data showed that high susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Ea, under low N or following preincubation in hrp-inducing medium, is correlated with high expression of the Ea hrp genes in planta and low expression of the JA signalling pathway, and is correlated with the accumulation of specific metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Farjad
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersaillesFrance
| | - Gilles Clément
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersaillesFrance
| | - Alban Launay
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersaillesFrance
| | - Roua Jeridi
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersaillesFrance
- Laboratoire des Risques Liés Aux Stress EnvironnementauxFaculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de CarthageBizerteTunisia
| | - Sylvie Jolivet
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersaillesFrance
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersaillesFrance
| | - Martine Rigault
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersaillesFrance
| | - Marie‐Christine Soulie
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersaillesFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitéUPMC Université Paris 06ParisFrance
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersaillesFrance
| | - Mathilde Fagard
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersaillesFrance
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55
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Raman V, Van Dessel N, Hall CL, Wetherby VE, Whitney SA, Kolewe EL, Bloom SMK, Sharma A, Hardy JA, Bollen M, Van Eynde A, Forbes NS. Intracellular delivery of protein drugs with an autonomously lysing bacterial system reduces tumor growth and metastases. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6116. [PMID: 34675204 PMCID: PMC8531320 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical cancer pathways often cannot be targeted because of limited efficiency crossing cell membranes. Here we report the development of a Salmonella-based intracellular delivery system to address this challenge. We engineer genetic circuits that (1) activate the regulator flhDC to drive invasion and (2) induce lysis to release proteins into tumor cells. Released protein drugs diffuse from Salmonella containing vacuoles into the cellular cytoplasm where they interact with their therapeutic targets. Control of invasion with flhDC increases delivery over 500 times. The autonomous triggering of lysis after invasion makes the platform self-limiting and prevents drug release in healthy organs. Bacterial delivery of constitutively active caspase-3 blocks the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma and lung metastases, and increases survival in mice. This success in targeted killing of cancer cells provides critical evidence that this approach will be applicable to a wide range of protein drugs for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Ernest Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Nele Van Dessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Ernest Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Christopher L Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Ernest Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA
| | | | - Samantha A Whitney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Emily L Kolewe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Shoshana M K Bloom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Abhinav Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jeanne A Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Institute for Applied Life Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleyde Van Eynde
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neil S Forbes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Ernest Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA.
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Institute for Applied Life Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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56
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Hussain S, Ouyang P, Zhu Y, Khalique A, He C, Liang X, Shu G, Yin L. Type 3 secretion system 1 of Salmonella typhimurium and its inhibitors: a novel strategy to combat salmonellosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34154-34166. [PMID: 33966165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unsuccessful vaccination against Salmonella due to a large number of serovars, and antibiotic resistance, necessitates the development of novel therapeutics to treat salmonellosis. The development of anti-virulence agents against multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a novel strategy because of its non-bacterial feature. Hence, a thorough study of the type three secretion system (T3SS) of Salmonella would help us better understand its role in bacterial pathogenesis and development of anti-virulence agents. However, T3SS can be inhibited by different chemicals at different stages of infection and sequenced delivery of effectors can be blocked to restrict the progression of disease. This review highlights the role of T3SS-1 in the internalization, survival, and replication of Salmonella within the intestinal epithelium and T3SS inhibitors. We concluded that the better we understand the structures and functions of T3SS, the more we have chances to develop anti-virulence agents. Furthermore, greater insights into the T3SS inhibitors of Salmonella would help in the mitigation of the antibiotic resistance problem and would lead us to the era of new therapeutics against salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hussain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingkun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Abdul Khalique
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Changliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.
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57
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Analysis of In Vivo Transcriptome of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhmurium Isolated from Mouse Spleen. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070823. [PMID: 34209260 PMCID: PMC8308634 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an important intracellular pathogen that poses a health threat to humans. This study tries to clarify the mechanism of Salmonella survival and reproduction in the host. In this study, high-throughput sequencing analysis was performed on RNA extracted from the strains isolated from infected mouse spleens and an S. Typhimurium reference strain (ATCC 14028) based on the BGISEQ-500 platform. A total of 1340 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Functional annotation revealed DEGs associated with regulation, metabolism, transport and binding, pathogenesis, and motility. Through data mining and literature retrieval, 26 of the 58 upregulated DEGs (FPKM > 10) were not reported to be related to the adaptation to intracellular survival and were classified as candidate key genes (CKGs) for survival and proliferation in vivo. Our data contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms used by Salmonella to regulate virulence gene expression whilst replicating inside mammalian cells.
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58
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Wen J, Xuan B, Liu Y, Wang L, He L, Meng X, Zhou T, Wang Y. Updating the NLRC4 Inflammasome: from Bacterial Infections to Autoimmunity and Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702527. [PMID: 34276697 PMCID: PMC8283967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes comprise a family of cytosolic multi-protein complexes that modulate the activation of cysteine-aspartate-specific protease 1 (caspase-1) and promote the maturation and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, leading to an inflammatory response. Different types of inflammasomes are defined by their sensor protein which recognizes pathogenic ligands and then directs inflammasome assembly. Although the specific molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of most inflammasomes are still unclear, NLRC4 inflammasomes have emerged as multifaceted agents of the innate immune response, playing important roles in immune defense against a variety of pathogens. Other studies have also expanded the scope of NLRC4 inflammasomes to include a range of inherited human autoimmune diseases as well as proposed roles in cancer. In this review article, we provide an updated overview of NLRC4 inflammasomes, describing their composition, activation mechanisms and roles in both microbial infections and other disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexia Wen
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Medical University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Bin Xuan
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Medical University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Medical University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Medical University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Li He
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Medical University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiangcai Meng
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Medical University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Medical University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Medical University, Qinhuangdao, China.,Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Medical University, Qinhuangdao, China
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59
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Hajra D, Nair AV, Chakravortty D. An elegant nano-injection machinery for sabotaging the host: Role of Type III secretion system in virulence of different human and animal pathogenic bacteria. Phys Life Rev 2021; 38:25-54. [PMID: 34090822 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Various Gram-negative bacteria possess a specialized membrane-bound protein secretion system known as the Type III secretion system (T3SS), which transports the bacterial effector proteins into the host cytosol thereby helping in bacterial pathogenesis. The T3SS has a special needle-like translocon that can sense the contact with the host cell membrane and translocate effectors. The export apparatus of T3SS recognizes these effector proteins bound to chaperones and translocates them into the host cell. Once in the host cell cytoplasm, these effector proteins result in modulation of the host system and promote bacterial localization and infection. Using molecular biology, bioinformatics, genetic techniques, electron microscopic studies, and mathematical modeling, the structure and function of the T3SS and the corresponding effector proteins in various bacteria have been studied. The strategies used by different human pathogenic bacteria to modulate the host system and thereby enhance their virulence mechanism using T3SS have also been well studied. Here we review the history, evolution, and general structure of the T3SS, highlighting the details of its comparison with the flagellar export machinery. Also, this article provides mechanistic details about the common role of T3SS in subversion and manipulation of host cellular processes. Additionally, this review describes specific T3SS apparatus and the role of their specific effectors in bacterial pathogenesis by considering several human and animal pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipasree Hajra
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, India
| | - Abhilash Vijay Nair
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, India
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60
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Huo H, Wang X, Liu Y, Chen J, Wei G. A Nod factor- and type III secretion system-dependent manner for Robinia pseudoacacia to establish symbiosis with Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:817-835. [PMID: 33219377 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, symbiotic nodulation promotes the growth of legume plants via the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia by rhizobia in root nodules. The rhizobial Nod factor (NF) and type III secretion system (T3SS) are two key signaling pathways for establishing the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. However, whether NF signaling is involved in the nodulation of Robinia pseudoacacia and Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123, and its symbiotic differences compared with T3SS signaling remain unclear. Therefore, to elucidate the function of NF signaling in nodulation, we mutated nodC in M. amorphae CCNWGS0123, which aborted NF synthesis. Compared with the plants inoculated with the wild type strain, the plants inoculated with the NF-deficient strain exhibited shorter shoots with etiolated leaves. These phenotypic characteristics were similar to those of the plants inoculated with the T3SS-deficient strain, which served as a Nod- (non-effective nodulation) control. The plants inoculated with both the NF- and T3SS-deficient strains formed massive root hair swellings, but no normal infection threads were detected. Sections of the nodules showed that inoculation with the NF- and T3SS-deficient strains induced small, white bumps without any rhizobia inside. Analyzing the accumulation of 6 plant hormones and the expression of 10 plant genes indicated that the NF- and T3SS-deficient strains activated plant defense reactions while suppressing plant symbiotic signaling during the perception and nodulation processes. The requirement for NF signaling appeared to be conserved in two other leguminous trees that can establish symbiosis with M. amorphae CCNWGS0123. In contrast, the function of the T3SS might differ among species, even within the same subfamily (Faboideae). Overall, this work demonstrated that nodulation of R. pseudoacacia and M. amorphae CCNWGS0123 was both NF and T3SS dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water conservation, Northwest A&F University, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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61
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Zhang R, Kennedy MA. Current Understanding of the Structure and Function of Pentapeptide Repeat Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:638. [PMID: 33925937 PMCID: PMC8145042 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pentapeptide repeat protein (PRP) superfamily, identified in 1998, has grown to nearly 39,000 sequences from over 3300 species. PRPs, recognized as having at least eight contiguous pentapeptide repeats (PRs) of a consensus pentapeptide sequence, adopt a remarkable structure, namely, a right-handed quadrilateral β-helix with four consecutive PRs forming a single β-helix coil. Adjacent coils join together to form a β-helix "tower" stabilized by β-ladders on the tower faces and type I, type II, or type IV β-turns facilitating an approximately -90° redirection of the polypeptide chain joining one coil face to the next. PRPs have been found in all branches of life, but they are predominantly found in cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria have existed on earth for more than two billion years and are thought to be responsible for oxygenation of the earth's atmosphere. Filamentous cyanobacteria such as Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 may also represent the oldest and simplest multicellular organisms known to undergo cell differentiation on earth. Knowledge of the biochemical function of these PRPs is essential to understanding how ancient cyanobacteria achieved functions critical to early development of life on earth. PRPs are predicted to exist in all cyanobacteria compartments including thylakoid and cell-wall membranes, cytoplasm, and thylakoid periplasmic space. Despite their intriguing structure and importance to understanding ancient cyanobacteria, the biochemical functions of PRPs in cyanobacteria remain almost completely unknown. The precise biochemical function of only a handful of PRPs is currently known from any organisms, and three-dimensional structures of only sixteen PRPs or PRP-containing multidomain proteins from any organism have been reported. In this review, the current knowledge of the structures and functions of PRPs is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 106 Hughes Laboratories, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA;
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Lian L, Xue J, Li W, Ren J, Tang F, Liu Y, Xue F, Dai J. VscF in T3SS1 Helps to Translocate VPA0226 in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:652432. [PMID: 33869083 PMCID: PMC8047418 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.652432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Vibrio parahaemolyticus, type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1) is a major virulence factor that delivers effectors into the host eukaryotic cytoplasm; however, studies on its infection mechanism are currently limited. To determine the function of the vscF gene, we constructed the vscF deletion mutant ΔvscF and complementation strain CΔvscF. Compared with those of wild-type POR-1 and CΔvscF, the cytotoxic, adherent, and apoptotic abilities of ΔvscF in HeLa cells were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Furthermore, in infected HeLa cells, the mutant strain reduced the translocation rates of VP1683 and VP1686 effectors compared to the wild-type and complementation strains. A BLAST search showed that vscF is homologous to the MixH needle protein of Shigella flexneri, indicating that the vscF gene encodes the needle protein of T3SS1 in V. parahaemolyticus. Additional translocation assays showed that VPA0226 translocated into the HeLa eukaryotic cytoplasm via T3SS1, secretion assays showed that VPA0226 can be secreted to supernatant by T3SS1, indicating that VPA0226 belongs to the unpublished class of T3SS1 effectors. In conclusion, our data indicate an essential role of vscF in V. parahaemolyticus T3SS1 and revealed that VPA0226 can be secreted into the host cell cytoplasm via T3SS1. This study provides insights into a previously unexplored aspect of T3SS1, which is expected to contribute to the understanding of its infection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Lian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanjun Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianluan Ren
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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63
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Otte S, Ipiña EP, Pontier-Bres R, Czerucka D, Peruani F. Statistics of pathogenic bacteria in the search of host cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1990. [PMID: 33790272 PMCID: PMC8012381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial phase in the infection process, which remains poorly understood, is the localization of suitable host cells by bacteria. It is often assumed that chemotaxis plays a key role during this phase. Here, we report a quantitative study on how Salmonella Typhimurium search for T84 human colonic epithelial cells. Combining time-lapse microscopy and mathematical modeling, we show that bacteria can be described as chiral active particles with strong active speed fluctuations, which are of biological, as opposed to thermal, origin. We observe that there exists a giant range of inter-individual variability of the bacterial exploring capacity. Furthermore, we find Salmonella Typhimurium does not exhibit biased motion towards the cells and show that the search time statistics is consistent with a random search strategy. Our results indicate that in vitro localization of host cells, and also cell infection, are random processes, not involving chemotaxis, that strongly depend on bacterial motility parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Otte
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonné, UMR 7351 CNRS, Nice, France
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Emiliano Perez Ipiña
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonné, UMR 7351 CNRS, Nice, France
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rodolphe Pontier-Bres
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco, Monaco
| | - Dorota Czerucka
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco.
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco, Monaco.
| | - Fernando Peruani
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonné, UMR 7351 CNRS, Nice, France.
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco.
- Laboratoire de Pysique Théorique et Modélisation, UMR 8089, CY Cergy Paris Université, Cergy-Pontoise, France.
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64
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Spatiotemporal Variations in Growth Rate and Virulence Plasmid Copy Number during Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00710-20. [PMID: 33495272 PMCID: PMC8090943 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00710-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia spp. depend on the activity of a potent virulence plasmid-encoded ysc/yop type 3 secretion system (T3SS) to colonize hosts and cause disease. It was recently shown that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis upregulates the virulence plasmid copy number (PCN) during infection and that the resulting elevated gene dose of plasmid-encoded T3SS genes is essential for virulence. Pathogenic Yersinia spp. depend on the activity of a potent virulence plasmid-encoded ysc/yop type 3 secretion system (T3SS) to colonize hosts and cause disease. It was recently shown that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis upregulates the virulence plasmid copy number (PCN) during infection and that the resulting elevated gene dose of plasmid-encoded T3SS genes is essential for virulence. When and how this novel regulatory mechanism is deployed and regulates the replication of the virulence plasmid during infection is unknown. In the present study, we applied droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to investigate the dynamics of Y. pseudotuberculosis virulence PCN variations and growth rates in infected mouse organs. We demonstrated that both PCN and growth varied in different tissues and over time throughout the course of infection, indicating that the bacteria adapted to discrete microenvironments during infection. The PCN was highest in Peyer’s patches and cecum during the clonal invasive phase of the infection, while the highest growth rates were found in the draining mesenteric lymph nodes. In deeper, systemic organs, the PCN was lower and more modest growth rates were recorded. Our study indicates that increased gene dosage of the plasmid-encoded T3SS genes is most important early in the infection during invasion of the host. The described ddPCR approach will greatly simplify analyses of PCN, growth dynamics, and bacterial loads in infected tissues and will be readily applicable to other infection models.
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Miletic S, Fahrenkamp D, Goessweiner-Mohr N, Wald J, Pantel M, Vesper O, Kotov V, Marlovits TC. Substrate-engaged type III secretion system structures reveal gating mechanism for unfolded protein translocation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1546. [PMID: 33750771 PMCID: PMC7943601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens rely on virulent type III secretion systems (T3SSs) or injectisomes to translocate effector proteins in order to establish infection. The central component of the injectisome is the needle complex which assembles a continuous conduit crossing the bacterial envelope and the host cell membrane to mediate effector protein translocation. However, the molecular principles underlying type III secretion remain elusive. Here, we report a structure of an active Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium needle complex engaged with the effector protein SptP in two functional states, revealing the complete 800Å-long secretion conduit and unraveling the critical role of the export apparatus (EA) subcomplex in type III secretion. Unfolded substrates enter the EA through a hydrophilic constriction formed by SpaQ proteins, which enables side chain-independent substrate transport. Above, a methionine gasket formed by SpaP proteins functions as a gate that dilates to accommodate substrates while preventing leaky pore formation. Following gate penetration, a moveable SpaR loop first folds up to then support substrate transport. Together, these findings establish the molecular basis for substrate translocation through T3SSs and improve our understanding of bacterial pathogenicity and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Miletic
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Institute of Structural and Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Zentrum (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Fahrenkamp
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Institute of Structural and Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Zentrum (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Goessweiner-Mohr
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Institute of Structural and Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Zentrum (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiri Wald
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Institute of Structural and Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Zentrum (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maurice Pantel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Institute of Structural and Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Zentrum (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Vesper
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Institute of Structural and Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Zentrum (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Vadim Kotov
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Institute of Structural and Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Zentrum (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas C Marlovits
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Institute of Structural and Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany. .,Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany. .,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Zentrum (DESY), Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria.
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Ageorges V, Monteiro R, Leroy S, Burgess CM, Pizza M, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Desvaux M. Molecular determinants of surface colonisation in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC): from bacterial adhesion to biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:314-350. [PMID: 32239203 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is primarily known as a commensal colonising the gastrointestinal tract of infants very early in life but some strains being responsible for diarrhoea, which can be especially severe in young children. Intestinal pathogenic E. coli include six pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC), namely, the (i) enterotoxigenic E. coli, (ii) enteroaggregative E. coli, (iii) enteropathogenic E. coli, (iv) enterohemorragic E. coli, (v) enteroinvasive E. coli and (vi) diffusely adherent E. coli. Prior to human infection, DEC can be found in natural environments, animal reservoirs, food processing environments and contaminated food matrices. From an ecophysiological point of view, DEC thus deal with very different biotopes and biocoenoses all along the food chain. In this context, this review focuses on the wide range of surface molecular determinants acting as surface colonisation factors (SCFs) in DEC. In the first instance, SCFs can be broadly discriminated into (i) extracellular polysaccharides, (ii) extracellular DNA and (iii) surface proteins. Surface proteins constitute the most diverse group of SCFs broadly discriminated into (i) monomeric SCFs, such as autotransporter (AT) adhesins, inverted ATs, heat-resistant agglutinins or some moonlighting proteins, (ii) oligomeric SCFs, namely, the trimeric ATs and (iii) supramolecular SCFs, including flagella and numerous pili, e.g. the injectisome, type 4 pili, curli chaperone-usher pili or conjugative pili. This review also details the gene regulatory network of these numerous SCFs at the various stages as it occurs from pre-transcriptional to post-translocational levels, which remains to be fully elucidated in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ageorges
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ricardo Monteiro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sabine Leroy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | | | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand Animal Nutrition SAS, F-31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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67
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Cao S, Chen Y, Yan Y, Zhu S, Tan Y, Wang T, Song Y, Deng H, Yang R, Du Z. Secretome and Comparative Proteomics of Yersinia pestis Identify Two Novel E3 Ubiquitin Ligases That Contribute to Plague Virulence. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100066. [PMID: 33631294 PMCID: PMC7994543 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plague is a zoonotic disease that primarily infects rodents via fleabite. Transmission from flea to host niches requires rapid adaption of Yersinia pestis to the outer environments to establish infection. Here, quantitative proteome and secretome analyses of Y. pestis grown under conditions mimicking the two typical niches, i.e., the mammalian host (Mh) and the flea vector (Fv), were performed to understand the adaption strategies of this deadly pathogen. A secretome of Y. pestis containing 308 proteins has been identified using TMT-labeling mass spectrometry analysis. Although some proteins are known to be secreted, such as the type III secretion substrates, PsaA and F1 antigen, most of them were found to be secretory proteins for the first time. Comparative proteomic analysis showed that membrane proteins, chaperonins and stress response proteins are significantly upregulated under the Mh condition, among which the previously uncharacterized proteins YP_3416∼YP_3418 are remarkable because they cannot only be secreted but also translocated into HeLa cells by Y. pestis. We further demonstrated that the purified YP_3416 and YP_3418 exhibited E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in in vitro ubiquitination assay and yp_3416∼3418 deletion mutant of Y. pestis showed significant virulence attenuation in mice. Taken together, our results represent the first Y. pestis secretome, which will promote the better understanding of Y. pestis pathogenesis, as well as the development of new strategies for treatment and prevention of plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Songbiao Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yafang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Zongmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
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68
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Secrete or perish: The role of secretion systems in Xanthomonas biology. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:279-302. [PMID: 33425257 PMCID: PMC7777525 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the Xanthomonas genus are mainly phytopathogens of a large variety of crops of economic importance worldwide. Xanthomonas spp. rely on an arsenal of protein effectors, toxins and adhesins to adapt to the environment, compete with other microorganisms and colonize plant hosts, often causing disease. These protein effectors are mainly delivered to their targets by the action of bacterial secretion systems, dedicated multiprotein complexes that translocate proteins to the extracellular environment or directly into eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Type I to type VI secretion systems have been identified in Xanthomonas genomes. Recent studies have unravelled the diverse roles played by the distinct types of secretion systems in adaptation and virulence in xanthomonads, unveiling new aspects of their biology. In addition, genome sequence information from a wide range of Xanthomonas species and pathovars have become available recently, uncovering a heterogeneous distribution of the distinct families of secretion systems within the genus. In this review, we describe the architecture and mode of action of bacterial type I to type VI secretion systems and the distribution and functions associated with these important nanoweapons within the Xanthomonas genus.
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69
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Muthuramalingam M, Whittier SK, Lovell S, Battaile KP, Tachiyama S, Johnson DK, Picking WL, Picking WD. The Structures of SctK and SctD from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Reveal the Interface of the Type III Secretion System Basal Body and Sorting Platform. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:166693. [PMID: 33122003 PMCID: PMC10550303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens use type III secretion systems (T3SS) to inject proteins into eukaryotic cells to subvert normal cellular functions. The T3SS apparatus (injectisome) shares a common architecture in all systems studied thus far, comprising three major components - the cytoplasmic sorting platform, envelope-spanning basal body and external needle with tip complex. The sorting platform consists of an ATPase (SctN) connected to "pods" (SctQ) having six-fold symmetry via radial spokes (SctL). These pods interface with the 24-fold symmetric SctD inner membrane ring (IR) via an adaptor protein (SctK). Here we report the first high-resolution structure of a SctK protein family member, PscK from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as the structure of its interacting partner, the cytoplasmic domain of PscD (SctD). The cytoplasmic domain of PscD forms a forkhead-associated (FHA) fold, like that of its homologues from other T3SS. PscK, on the other hand, forms a helix-rich structure that does not resemble any known protein fold. Based on these structural findings, we present the first model for an interaction between proteins from the sorting platform and the IR. We also test the importance of the PscD residues predicted to mediate this electrostatic interaction using a two-hybrid analysis. The functional need for these residues in vivo was then confirmed by monitoring secretion of the effector ExoU. These structures will contribute to the development of atomic-resolution models of the entire sorting platform and to our understanding of the mechanistic interface between the sorting platform and the basal body of the injectisome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean K Whittier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
| | - Kevin P Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman Woodward Medical Research Institute, Argonne, IL 60439, United States
| | - Shoichi Tachiyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
| | - David K Johnson
- Computational Chemical Biology Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
| | - Wendy L Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
| | - William D Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States.
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70
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Wu Y, Yang X, Zhang D, Lu C. Myricanol Inhibits the Type III Secretion System of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium by Interfering With the DNA-Binding Activity of HilD. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:571217. [PMID: 33101243 PMCID: PMC7546796 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) consists of a syringe-like export machine injecting effectors from the bacterial cytosol directly into host cells to establish infection. This mechanism is widely distributed in gram-negative bacteria and can be targeted as an innovative strategy for the developing of anti-virulence drugs. In this study, we present an effective T3SS inhibitor, myricanol, inspired by the use of folk medicinal plants traditionally used against infections. Myricanol is a cyclic diarylheptanoid isolated from the medicinal plant Myrica nagi, which is found in South and East Asia. Bioassay-guided fractionation revealed that myricanol inhibited not only the secretion of type III effector proteins of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium UK-1 χ8956 (S. Typhimurium) but also the invasion of S. Typhimurium into mammalian cells, but showed no toxicity to bacterial growth or the host cells. RNA-Seq data analysis showed that the transcription of the pathogenesis-related SPI-1 gene was significantly inhibited by myricanol. Further study demonstrated that myricanol binds physically to HilD and interferes with its DNA-binding activity to the promoters of the hilA and invF genes. In conclusion, we propose that myricanol is responsible for the anti-infectious properties of M. nagi and is a novel T3SS inhibitor of S. Typhimurium through a previously unappreciated mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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71
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Roles of the Tol-Pal system in the Type III secretion system and flagella-mediated virulence in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15173. [PMID: 32968151 PMCID: PMC7511404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tol-Pal system is a protein complex that is highly conserved in many gram-negative bacteria. We show here that the Tol-Pal system is associated with the enteric pathogenesis of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Deletion of tolB, which is required for the Tol-Pal system decreased motility, secretion of the Type III secretion system proteins EspA/B, and the ability of bacteria to adhere to and to form attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions in host cells, but the expression level of LEE genes, including espA/B that encode Type III secretion system proteins were not affected. The Citrobacter rodentium, tolB mutant, that is traditionally used to estimate Type III secretion system associated virulence in mice did not cause lethality in mice while it induced anti-bacterial immunity. We also found that the pal mutant, which lacks activity of the Tol-Pal system, exhibited lower motility and EspA/B secretion than the wild-type parent. These combined results indicate that the Tol-Pal system contributes to the virulence of EHEC associated with the Type III secretion system and flagellar activity for infection at enteric sites. This finding provides evidence that the Tol-Pal system may be an effective target for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic E. coli.
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Pasquali F, Schinzari M, Lucchi A, Mandrioli M, Toschi TG, De Cesare A, Manfreda G. Preliminary data on the antimicrobial effect of Cannabis sativa L. variety Futura 75 against food-borne pathogens in vitro as well as against naturally occurring microbial populations on minced meat during storage. Ital J Food Saf 2020; 9:8581. [PMID: 32913724 PMCID: PMC7459756 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Cannabis sativa Futura 75 was evaluated both in vitro against foodborne bacterial pathogens, and on food against naturally occurring microbial groups of minced meat stored for 8 days at 4°C. Ethanol extraction was performed on the grind of the inflorescence. After extraction, ethanol was completely evaporated and substituted by water. Serial dilutions of the extract, the grind and cannabidiol 99% were added to Nutrient Agar and spotted with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. Regarding the evaluation on food, 50 mL of extract, characterised by CBD at concentration of 322,70 μg/mL, were added to 2.5 kg of minced beef meat. Meat was divided into aliquots and stored for 8 days at 4°C. At 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 days, aerobic bacteria, enterobacteria, coliforms and E. coli were enumerated. All tested products were efficient against Gram +. In particular, extract corresponding to CBD concentration of 0.017 and 0.3 mg/mL were effective against L. monocytogenes and Staphylococcus spp. respectively. After 8 days of storage at 4°C, treated minced meat showed a bright red colour in comparison to a brownish control meat. Moreover, Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms were significantly reduced of 2.3 log CFU/g and 1.6 log CFU/g respectively in treated meat in comparison to the control. Although preliminary, the present study suggests the antimicrobial properties of the extract of Cannabis sativa both in vitro and in minced meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Schinzari
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Alex Lucchi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Mara Mandrioli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Gerardo Manfreda
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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73
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Yadav SK, Das J, Kumar R, Jha G. Calcium regulates the mycophagous ability of Burkholderia gladioli strain NGJ1 in a type III secretion system-dependent manner. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:216. [PMID: 32689944 PMCID: PMC7372643 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rice associated bacterium Burkholderia gladioli strain NGJ1 demonstrates mycophagy, a phenomenon wherein bacteria feed on fungi. Previously, we have reported that NGJ1 utilizes type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver a prophage tail-like protein (Bg_9562) into fungal cells to establish mycophagy. RESULTS In this study, we report that calcium ion concentration influences the mycophagous ability of NGJ1 on Rhizoctonia solani, an important fungal pathogen. The calcium limiting condition promotes mycophagy while high calcium environment prevents it. The expression of various T3SS apparatus encoding genes of NGJ1 was induced and secretion of several potential T3SS effector proteins (including Bg_9562) into extracellular milieu was triggered under calcium limiting condition. Using LC-MS/MS proteome analysis, we identified several calcium regulated T3SS effector proteins of NGJ1. The expression of genes encoding some of these effector proteins was upregulated during mycophagous interaction of NGJ1 with R. solani. Further, mutation of one of these genes (endo-β-1, 3- glucanase) rendered the mutant NGJ1 bacterium defective in mycophagy while complementation with full length copy of the gene restored its mycophagous activity. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that low calcium environment triggers secretion of various T3SS effectors proteins into the extracellular milieu and suggests the importance of cocktail of these proteins in promoting mycophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Yadav
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Joyati Das
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Li J, Han L, Chen N, Zhu C, Gao Y, Shi X, Xu C, Hikichi Y, Zhang Y, Ohnishi K. Functional Characterization of RsRsgA for Ribosome Biosynthesis and Expression of the Type III Secretion System in Ralstonia solanacearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:972-981. [PMID: 32240066 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-19-0294-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RsgA plays an important role in maturation of 30S subunit in many bacteria that assists in the release of RbfA from the 30S subunit during a late stage of ribosome biosynthesis. Here, we genetically characterized functional roles of RsgA in Ralstonia solanacearum, hereafter designated RsRsgA. Deletion of R. solanacearum rsgA or rbfA resulted in distinct deficiency of 16S ribosomal RNA, significantly slowed growth in broth medium, and diminished growth in nutrient-limited medium, which are similar as phenotypes of rsgA mutants and rbfA mutants of Escherichia coli and other bacteria. Our gene-expression studies revealed that RsRsgA is important for expression of genes encoding the type III secretion system (T3SS) (a pathogenicity determinant of R. solanacearum) both in vitro and in planta. Compared with the wild-type R. solanacearum strain, proliferation of the rsgA and rbfA mutants in tobacco leaves was significantly impaired, while they failed to migrate into tobacco xylem vessels from infiltrated leaves, and hence, these two mutants failed to cause any bacterial wilt disease in tobacco plants. It was further revealed that rsgA expression was highly enhanced under nutrient-limited conditions compared with that in broth medium and RsRsgA affects T3SS expression through the PrhN-PrhG-HrpB pathway. Moreover, expression of a subset of type III effectors was substantially impaired in the rsgA mutant, some of which are responsible for R. solanacearum GMI1000 elicitation of a hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco leaves, while RsRsgA is not required for HR elicitation of GMI1000 in tobacco leaves. All these results provide novel insights into understanding various biological functions of RsgA proteins and complex regulation on the T3SS in R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangliang Han
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Chongqing, China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- College of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Chongqing, China
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
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Du J, Lin Z, Volovych O, Lu Z, Zou Z. A RhoGAP venom protein from Microplitis mediator suppresses the cellular response of its host Helicoverpa armigera. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103675. [PMID: 32173445 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Female parasitoid wasps normally inject virulence factors together with eggs into their host to counter host immunity defenses. A newly identified RhoGAP protein in the venom of Microplitis mediator compromises the cellular immunity of its host, Helicoverpa armigera. RhoGAP1 proteins entered H. armigera hemocytes, and the host cellular cytoskeleton was disrupted. Depletion of MmGAP1 by injection of dsRNA or antibody increased the wasp egg encapsulation rate. An immunoprecipitation assay of overexpressed MmGAP1 protein in a Helicoverpa cell line showed that MmGAP1 interacts with many cellular cytoskeleton associated proteins as well as Rho GTPases. A yeast two-hybrid and a pull-down assay demonstrated that MmGAP1 interacts with H. armigera RhoA and Cdc42. These results show that the RhoGAP protein in M. mediator can destroy the H. armigera hemocyte cellular cytoskeleton, restrain host cellular immune defense, and increase the probability of successful parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Olga Volovych
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 311300, China.
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HilD, HilC, and RtsA Form Homodimers and Heterodimers To Regulate Expression of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island I Type III Secretion System. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00012-20. [PMID: 32041797 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00012-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium colonizes and invades host intestinal epithelial cells using the type three secretion system (T3SS) encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1). The level of SPI1 T3SS gene expression is controlled by the transcriptional activator HilA, encoded on SPI1. Expression of hilA is positively regulated by three homologous transcriptional regulators, HilD, HilC, and RtsA, belonging to the AraC/XylS family. These regulators also activate the hilD, hilC, and rtsA genes by binding to the same DNA sequences upstream of these promoters, forming a complex feed-forward loop to control SPI1 expression. Despite the apparent redundancy in function, HilD has a unique role in SPI1 regulation because the majority of external regulatory inputs act exclusively through HilD. To better understand SPI1 regulation, the nature of interaction between HilD, HilC, and RtsA has been characterized using biochemical and genetic techniques. Our results showed that HilD, HilC, and RtsA can form heterodimers as well as homodimers in solution. Comparison with other AraC family members identified a putative α-helix in the N-terminal domain, which acts as the dimerization domain. Alanine substitution in this region results in reduced dimerization of HilD and HilC and also affects their ability to activate hilA expression. The dimer interactions of HilD, HilC, and RtsA add another layer of complexity to the SPI1 regulatory circuit, providing a more comprehensive understanding of SPI1 T3SS regulation and Salmonella pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE The SPI1 type three secretion system is a key virulence factor required for Salmonella to both cause gastroenteritis and initiate serious systemic disease. The system responds to numerous environmental signals in the intestine, integrating this information via a complex regulatory network. Here, we show that the primary regulatory proteins in the network function as both homodimers and heterodimers, providing information regarding both regulation of virulence in this important pathogen and general signal integration to control gene expression.
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Raval IH, Labala RK, Raval KH, Chatterjee S, Haldar S. Characterization of VopJ by modelling, docking and molecular dynamics simulation with reference to its role in infection of enteropathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1572-1578. [PMID: 32124661 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1734486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a renowned enteropathogen known for infecting humans. The infection usually involves various genes which help bacterium bypass the immune system of the host. Type III secretion system (T3SS) is an essential factor for the infection. The present study introduces the probable structure of VopJ, a T3SS effector of V. parahaemolyticus. The vopJ gene was amplified and sequenced from V. parahaemolyticus. The model generated through homology modelling showed a Z score of around 2.5, which fits quite near in the standard model available in the databases. The model has only a couple of outlier amino acids, which indicate a good fit of the model. Docking studies with small molecules like Acetyl-CoA, Inositol hexakisphosphate, GTP, and AMP have shown negative ΔG - 10.49, -52.80, -8.36 and -9.02, respectively, which indicates spontaneous binding. The molecular simulation studies have also supported the binding with a low RMSD value of less than 0.5 nm. The RMSF values obtained using the modelling were also quite low (>0.35 nm), which indicates the consistency achieved using the docking studies. These small molecules are very crucial in the MAPK pathways, which is essential for the immune response from the host cell. This effector can thus have an ability to highjack the immune system and help the bacterium in the potent infection. Up to our understanding, this is the first report which describes the in-silico model to understand the mode of infection of T3SS in enteropathogen V. parahaemolyticus. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan H Raval
- AESD&CIF, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar,Gujarat, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajendra K Labala
- Distributed Information Sub-Centre, Institute of Bio Resources & Sustainable Development, Takyelpat, near Manipur Science Museum, Imphal, Manipur
| | - Krishna H Raval
- AESD&CIF, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar,Gujarat, India
| | - Shruti Chatterjee
- DBP, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Soumya Haldar
- AESD&CIF, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar,Gujarat, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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78
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Type three secretion system in Salmonella Typhimurium: the key to infection. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:495-506. [PMID: 32112371 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type Three Secretion Systems (T3SS) are nanomachine complexes, which display the ability to inject effector proteins directly into host cells. This skill allows for gram-negative bacteria to modulate several host cell responses, such as cytoskeleton rearrangement, signal transduction, and cytokine production, which in turn increase the pathogenicity of these bacteria. The Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) T3SS has been the most characterized so far. Among gram-negative bacterium, ST is one of enterica groups predicted to have two T3SSs activated during different phases of infection. OBJECTIVE To comprise current information about ST T3SS structure and function as well as an overview of its assembly and hierarchical regulation. METHODS With a brief and straightforward reading, this review summarized aspects of both ST T3SS, such as its structure and function. That was possible due to the development of novel techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, cryoelectron microscopy, and nano-gold labelling, which also elucidated the mechanisms behind T3SS assembly and regulation, which was addressed in this review. CONCLUSION This paper provided fundamental overview of ST T3SS assembly and regulation, besides summarized the structure and function of this complex. Due to T3SS relevance in ST pathogenicity, this complex could become a potential target in therapeutic studies as this nanomachine modulates the infection process.
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Aswal M, Garg A, Singhal N, Kumar M. Comparative in-silico proteomic analysis discerns potential granuloma proteins of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3036. [PMID: 32080254 PMCID: PMC7033130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59924-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is one of the three pathogenic species of the genus Yersinia. Most studies regarding pathogenesis of Y. pseudotuberculosis are based on the proteins related to Type III secretion system, which is a well-known primary virulence factor in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, including Y. pseudotuberculosis. Information related to the factors involved in Y. pseudotuberculosis granuloma formation is scarce. In the present study we have used a computational approach to identify proteins that might be potentially involved in formation of Y. pseudotuberculosis granuloma. A comparative proteome analysis and conserved orthologous protein identification was performed between two different genera of bacteria - Mycobacterium and Yersinia, their only common pathogenic trait being ability to form necrotizing granuloma. Comprehensive analysis of orthologous proteins was performed in proteomes of seven bacterial species. This included M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. avium paratuberculosis - the known granuloma forming Mycobacterium species, Y. pestis and Y. frederiksenii - the non-granuloma forming Yersinia species and, Y. enterocolitica - that forms micro-granuloma and, Y. pseudotuberculosis - a prominent granuloma forming Yersinia species. In silico proteome analysis indicated that seven proteins (UniProt id A0A0U1QT64, A0A0U1QTE0, A0A0U1QWK3, A0A0U1R1R0, A0A0U1R1Z2, A0A0U1R2S7, A7FMD4) might play some role in Y. pseudotuberculosis granuloma. Validation of the probable involvement of the seven proposed Y. pseudotuberculosis granuloma proteins was done using transcriptome data analysis and, by mapping on a composite protein-protein interaction map of experimentally proved M. tuberculosis granuloma proteins (RD1 locus proteins, ESAT-6 secretion system proteins and intra-macrophage secreted proteins). Though, additional experiments involving knocking out of each of these seven proteins are required to confirm their role in Y. pseudotuberculosis granuloma our study can serve as a basis for further studies on Y. pseudotuberculosis granuloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Aswal
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Anjali Garg
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Neelja Singhal
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Shappo MOE, Li Q, Lin Z, Hu M, Ren J, Xu Z, Pan Z, Jiao X. SspH2 as anti-inflammatory candidate effector and its contribution in Salmonella Enteritidis virulence. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104041. [PMID: 32027972 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a facultative intracellular pathogen deploying the type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI2) to transfer effector proteins into host cells to modify its functions and accomplish intracellular replication. To study the effect of SspH2 on immune response induced by S. Enteritidis, we generated a deletion mutant of the effector gene sspH2 and a plasmid mediated complementary strain in S. Enteritidis C50336. The results of LD50 showed that SspH2 has no obvious effect on the virulence of S. Enteritidis. However, deletion of sspH2 decreased the invasion and intercellular colonization of the bacteria in Caco2 BBE cells. Using bacteriological counts from tissue homogenates the result of colonization in internal organs showed that in spleen and liver tissues, at 3rd and 4th day p.i. there is a significance decreased number of C50336-ΔsspH2 compared to the C50336-WT and C50336-ΔsspH2-psspH2, respectively. The qRT-PCR analysis results of both in vivo and in vitro experiments clearly showed that the mutant strain C50336ΔsspH2 significantly promoted expression of IL-1β, INF-γ, IL-12, and iNOS cytokines compared to the groups infected with the wild type or complementary strains, while the IL-8 synthesis was decreased in the mutant strain infected group. All of these findings revealed that SspH2 promotes the colonization of S. Enteritidis in host cells, and it is an important anti-inflammatory biased effector in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makarem O E Shappo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Maozhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Jingwei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China.
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Zhang Y, Ying X, He Y, Jiang L, Zhang S, Bartra SS, Plano GV, Klena JD, Skurnik M, Chen H, Cai H, Chen T. Invasiveness of the Yersinia pestis ail protein contributes to host dissemination in pneumonic and oral plague. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:103993. [PMID: 31988008 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacterium, is the etiologic agent of plague. A hallmark of Y. pestis infection is the organism's ability to rapidly disseminate through an animal host. Y. pestis expresses the outer membrane protein, Ail (Attachment invasion locus), which is associated with host invasion and serum resistance. However, whether Ail plays a role in host dissemination remains unclear. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were challenged with a defined Y. pestis strain, KimD27, or an isogenic ail-deleted mutant derived from KimD27 via metacarpal paw pad inoculation, nasal drops, orogastric infection, or tail vein injection to mimic bubonic, pneumonic, oral, or septicemic plague, respectively. Our results showed that ail-deleted Y. pestis KimD27 lost the ability to invade host cells, leading to failed host dissemination in the pneumonic and oral plague models but not in the bubonic or septicemic plague models, which do not require invasiveness. Therefore, this study demonstrated that whether Ail plays a role in Y. pestis pathogenesis depends on the infection route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoling Ying
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China; Translational Medicine Conter, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingxia He
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Lingyu Jiang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sara Schesser Bartra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Gregory V Plano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - John D Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huahua Cai
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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82
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Baudin M, Schreiber KJ, Martin EC, Petrescu AJ, Lewis JD. Structure-function analysis of ZAR1 immune receptor reveals key molecular interactions for activity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:352-370. [PMID: 31557357 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
NLR (nucleotide-binding [NB] leucine-rich repeat [LRR] receptor) proteins are critical for inducing immune responses in response to pathogen proteins, and must be tightly modulated to prevent spurious activation in the absence of a pathogen. The ZAR1 NLR recognizes diverse effector proteins from Pseudomonas syringae, including HopZ1a, and Xanthomonas species. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) such as ZED1, interact with ZAR1 and provide specificity for different effector proteins, such as HopZ1a. We previously developed a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana that allowed us to demonstrate that ZAR1 function is conserved from the Brassicaceae to the Solanaceae. Here, we combined structural modelling of ZAR1, with molecular and functional assays in our transient system, to show that multiple intramolecular and intermolecular interactions modulate ZAR1 activity. We identified determinants required for the formation of the ZARCC oligomer and its activity. Lastly, we characterized intramolecular interactions between ZAR1 subdomains that participate in keeping ZAR1 immune complexes inactive. This work identifies molecular constraints on immune receptor function and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Baudin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Karl J Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Eliza C Martin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei J Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, USA
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83
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Fu X, Yang Y. WEDeepT3: predicting type III secreted effectors based on word embedding and deep learning. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40484-019-0184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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84
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Natarajan J, Moitra A, Zabel S, Singh N, Wagner S, Rapaport D. Yeast can express and assemble bacterial secretins in the mitochondrial outer membrane. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 7:15-27. [PMID: 31921930 PMCID: PMC6946019 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.01.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Secretins form large multimeric pores in the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria. These pores are part of type II and III secretion systems (T2SS and T3SS, respectively) and are crucial for pathogenicity. Recent structural studies indicate that secretins form a structure rich in β-strands. However, little is known about the mechanism by which secretins assemble into the OM. Based on the conservation of the biogenesis of β-barrel proteins in bacteria and mitochondria, we used yeast cells as a model system to study the assembly process of secretins. To that end, we analyzed the biogenesis of PulD (T2SS), SsaC (T3SS) and InvG (T3SS) in wild type cells or in cells mutated for known mitochondrial import and assembly factors. Our results suggest that secretins can be expressed in yeast cells, where they are enriched in the mitochondrial fraction. Interestingly, deletion of mitochondrial import receptors like Tom20 and Tom70 reduces the mitochondrial association of PulD but does not affect that of InvG. SsaC shows another dependency pattern and its membrane assembly is enhanced by the absence of Tom70 and compromised in cells lacking Tom20 or the topogenesis of outer membrane β-barrel proteins (TOB) complex component, Mas37. Collectively, these findings suggest that various secretins can follow different pathways to assemble into the bacterial OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Natarajan
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anasuya Moitra
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sussanne Zabel
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Current address: Center for Bioinformatics (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuel Wagner
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner-site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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85
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Zhang D, Zhuang L, Wang C, Zhang P, Zhang T, Shao H, Han X, Gong J. Virulence Gene Distribution of Salmonella Pullorum Isolates Recovered from Chickens in China (1953-2015). Avian Dis 2019; 62:431-436. [PMID: 31119928 DOI: 10.1637/11927-071318-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (Salmonella Pullorum) has strict host specificity for poultry, and pullorum disease seriously threatens the poultry industry. Virulence genes play a central role in Salmonella pathogenicity, but very few reports are available on the distribution of virulence genes in Salmonella Pullorum. In this study, we investigated 304 Salmonella Pullorum isolates recovered from chickens in China between 1953 and 2015 for the presence of 25 Salmonella virulence genes (invA, orgA, prgH, sitC, spaN, sifA, spiA, ttrC, mgtB, misL, siiE, spi4D, pipA, sipB, sopB, sefA, cdtB, pagC, shdA, msgA, lpfC, tolC, iroN, pefA, and spvB), including pathogenicity island genes, fimbriae genes, and virulence plasmid genes. PCR showed that 15 of the 25 virulence genes were present in all isolates tested, whereas cdtB was not present in any isolate. The presence rates of the remaining genes ranged from 97.7% to 99.7%. The variation rates of these virulence genes was low, and no significant differences were identified in the distribution of virulence genes over time. On the basis of the distribution of these virulence genes, the 304 Salmonella Pullorum isolates were divided into 10 virulence genotypes. The major genotype, which comprised 93.4% of all isolates, included isolates that carried 24 of the virulence genes assessed. The results of this study will help in the characterization of Salmonella Pullorum and in the study of the correlation between virulence genotypes and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Linlin Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn AL 36849
| | - Ping Zhang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Huabin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China,
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China, .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China,
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86
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Wang T, Deng X, Chu X, Zhou T. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits type three secretion system in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by affecting the expression of key effector proteins. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108463. [PMID: 31767076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The increasing understanding of bacterial pathogenesis has revealed many new targets for the development of non-traditional antibacterial drugs. Interference with bacterial virulence has become a new strategy to treat bacteria-mediated diseases. As an important food-borne pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium uses type III secretion system (T3SS) to facilitate invasion of host cells. In this study, we identified cinnamaldehyde as a Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) inhibitor which blocks the secretion of several SPI-1 associated effector proteins and consequently exhibits a strong inhibitory effect on SPI-1-mediated invasion of HeLa cells. Further study revealed that cinnamaldehyde significantly reduced the transcription of some SPI-1 genes, such as sipA and sipB, in S. Typhimurium by affecting multiple SPI-1 regulator genes. In an animal infection model, cinnamaldehyde effectively protected infected mice against S. Typhimurium-induced mortality and pathological damages. In summary, this study presented an effective SPI-1 inhibitor, cinnamaldehyde, which reduces the expression of SPI-1 effector proteins by regulating the transcription of main regulator genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yonglin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Tiezhong Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical Uniersity, No. 48 People's Street, Liaoning, China.
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87
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Wang H, Palmer J, Flint S. Function of pYV Plasmid on Biofilm Formation of Yersinia enterocolitica ERL032123 in the Presence of Ca 2. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1683-1687. [PMID: 31532251 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the virulence plasmid pYV and calcium ions on biofilm of Yersinia enterocolitica biofilm formation was determined using a microtiter plate assay. Loss of the pYV plasmid prevented biofilm formation and the presence of Ca2+ enhanced biofilm formation in cultures containing the pYV plasmid. Scanning electron microscopy supported the result from the microtiter plate assay showing that in the presence of Ca2+, the wild-type Y. enterocolitica strain formed a strong biofilm on a polycarbonate surface. The results implied that Ca2+ promotes Y. enterocolitica biofilm formation through the function of the pYV plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7472-2303 [H.W.])
| | - Jon Palmer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7472-2303 [H.W.])
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7472-2303 [H.W.])
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88
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Kadari M, Lakhloufi D, Delforge V, Imbault V, Communi D, Smeesters P, Botteaux A. Multiple proteins arising from a single gene: The role of the Spa33 variants in Shigella T3SS regulation. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e932. [PMID: 31517452 PMCID: PMC6925163 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella invasion and dissemination in intestinal epithelial cells relies on a type 3 secretion system (T3SS), which mediates translocation of virulence proteins into host cells. T3SSs are composed of three major parts: an extracellular needle, a basal body, and a cytoplasmic complex. Three categories of proteins are hierarchically secreted: (a) the needle components, (b) the translocator proteins which form a pore (translocon) inside the host cell membrane and (c) the effectors interfering with the host cell signaling pathways. In the absence of host cell contact, the T3SS is maintained in an “off” state by the presence of a tip complex. Secretion is activated by host cell contact which allows the release of a gatekeeper protein called MxiC. In this work, we have investigated the role of Spa33, a component of the cytoplasmic complex, in the regulation of secretion. The spa33 gene encodes a 33‐kDa protein and a smaller fragment of 12 kDa (Spa33C) which are both essential components of the cytoplasmic complex. We have shown that the spa33 gene gives rise to 5 fragments of various sizes. Among them, three are necessary for T3SS. Interestingly, we have shown that Spa33 is implicated in the regulation of secretion. Indeed, the mutation of a single residue in Spa33 induces an effector mutant phenotype, in which MxiC is sequestered. Moreover, we have shown a direct interaction between Spa33 and MxiC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendar Kadari
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dalila Lakhloufi
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie Delforge
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Imbault
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, IRIBHM, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Communi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, IRIBHM, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Smeesters
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Academic Children Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Tropical disease Group, Murdoch Children's, Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Center for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Anne Botteaux
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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89
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Kaldhone PR, Carlton A, Aljahdali N, Khajanchi BK, Sanad YM, Han J, Deck J, Ricke SC, Foley SL. Evaluation of Incompatibility Group I1 (IncI1) Plasmid-Containing Salmonella enterica and Assessment of the Plasmids in Bacteriocin Production and Biofilm Development. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:298. [PMID: 31552285 PMCID: PMC6743044 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, can potentially increase the ability of bacteria to infect and persist in vertebrate host cells. IncI1 plasmids are widely distributed in Salmonella from food animal sources and associated with clinically important strains. These plasmids often encode antimicrobial resistance; however, little is known about their impact on the virulence of Salmonella strains. To assess the potential impact of the plasmids on virulence, 43 IncI1-positive Salmonella isolates from human and animal sources were subjected to whole genome sequence (WGS) analyses and evaluated for their abilities to invade and persist for 48 h in Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells, form biofilms and encode bacteriocins. Draft WGS data were submitted to predict the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmid replicon types present, conduct plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST), and core genome MLST (cgMLST) in the isolates. Caco-2 cells were infected with Salmonella strains and incubated for both one and 48 h for the invasion and persistence assays, respectively. Additionally, Salmonella isolates and IncI1 plasmid carrying transconjugants (n = 12) generated in Escherichia coli were assessed for their ability to produce biofilms and bacteriocin inhibition of growth of other bacteria. All Salmonella isolates infected Caco-2 cells and persisted in the cells at 48 hrs. Persistent cell counts were observed to be significantly higher than invasion assay cell counts in 26% of the isolates. Among the IncI1 plasmids, there were 18 pMLST types. Nearly 35% (n = 15) of Salmonella isolates produced biofilms; however, none of the IncI1-positive transconjugants produced increased biofilms compared to the recipient. Approximately 65% (n = 28) of isolates and 67% (n = 8) of IncI1-positive transconjugants were able to inhibit growth of at least one E. coli strain; however, none inhibited the growth of strains from species other than E. coli. The study characterized IncI1 positive Salmonella isolates and provided evidence about the potential contributions of IncI1 plasmids virulence phenotypes and areas where they do not. These findings should allow for more focused efforts to assess the impact of plasmids on bacterial pathophysiology and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin R Kaldhone
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.,Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Ashlyn Carlton
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.,Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, United States
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bijay K Khajanchi
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Yasser M Sanad
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.,Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, United States.,Veterinary Research Division, Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jing Han
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Joanna Deck
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven L Foley
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.,Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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90
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Makes caterpillars floppy-like effector-containing MARTX toxins require host ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) proteins for systemic pathogenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18031-18040. [PMID: 31427506 PMCID: PMC6731672 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905095116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MARTX toxins present across multiple bacterial genera are primary virulence factors that facilitate initial colonization, dissemination, and lethality in a wide range of hosts, including humans. Upon entry into host cells, the toxins undergo a processing event to release their disease-related modularly structured effector domains. However, the mechanisms underlying processing and activation of diverse effector domains within the toxins remain unclear. Here, we use biochemical and structural biological approaches, in combination with cellular microbiological experiments, to demonstrate how Makes caterpillars floppy-like effector (MCF) or its homolog-containing MARTX toxins process effector modules and fully activate effectors. MCF-containing toxins target ADP-ribosylation factor proteins ubiquitously expressed in cells to activate and disseminate effectors across subcellular compartments simultaneously, eventually leading to systemic pathogenicity. Upon invading target cells, multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxins secreted by bacterial pathogens release their disease-related modularly structured effector domains. However, it is unclear how a diverse repertoire of effector domains within these toxins are processed and activated. Here, we report that Makes caterpillars floppy-like effector (MCF)-containing MARTX toxins require ubiquitous ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) proteins for processing and activation of intermediate effector modules, which localize in different subcellular compartments following limited processing of holo effector modules by the internal cysteine protease. Effector domains structured tandemly with MCF in intermediate modules become disengaged and fully activated by MCF, which aggressively interacts with ARF proteins present at the same location as intermediate modules and is converted allosterically into a catalytically competent protease. MCF-mediated effector processing leads ultimately to severe virulence in mice via an MCF-mediated ARF switching mechanism across subcellular compartments. This work provides insight into how bacteria take advantage of host systems to induce systemic pathogenicity.
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91
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Breider S, Sehar S, Berger M, Thomas T, Brinkhoff T, Egan S. Genome sequence of Epibacterium ulvae strain DSM 24752 T, an indigoidine-producing, macroalga-associated member of the marine Roseobacter group. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2019; 14:4. [PMID: 33902719 PMCID: PMC7989816 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-019-0343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strain U95T (= DSM 24752T = LMG 26464T) is the type strain of Epibacterium ulvae, which is the type species of the genus Epibacterium. This genus belongs to the marine Roseobacter group. E. ulvae Strain U95T was isolated from the macroalga Ulva australis, is Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile. Here we describe the permanent draft genome sequence and annotation of E. ulvae U95T with a focus on secondary metabolite production and interaction with its host. The genome contains 4,092,893 bp, 3977 protein-coding genes and 60 RNA genes. The genome encodes a gene cluster for synthesis of the blue-pigmented secondary metabolite indigoidine and contains several genes for adhesion mechanisms, putative bacteriocin, siderophores, a type VI secretion system, and enzymes that confer oxidative stress resistance. Combined, these features may aid in the successful colonization and persistence of E. ulvae on host surfaces and in competition with the surrounding microbial consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Breider
- Department of Biology of Geological Processes - Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Shama Sehar
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation (CMSI), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martine Berger
- Department of Biology of Geological Processes - Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation (CMSI), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Thorsten Brinkhoff
- Department of Biology of Geological Processes - Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation (CMSI), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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92
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Perry ID, Nguyen T, Sherina V, Love TMT, Miller RK, Krishnan L, Murphy SP. Analysis of the capacity of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium to infect the human Placenta. Placenta 2019; 83:43-52. [PMID: 31477206 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.06.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonella species are gram-negative facultative intracellular bacteria that are common causes of foodborne illness in North America. Infections by Salmonella during pregnancy are a significant cause of fetal loss in domestic livestock, and fetal and maternal mortality in mice. Furthermore, Salmonella infection is associated with miscarriage, stillbirth and preterm birth in pregnant women. Despite these collective associations, the extent to which Salmonella can infect the human placenta has not been investigated. METHODS Human placental villous explants from several gestational ages were exposed to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) ex vivo. Infection was assessed by colony forming unit assay and whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF). RESULTS Viable bacteria were recovered from placental villous explants of all gestational ages tested, but the bacterial burden was highest in 1st trimester explants. Bacterial numbers did not change appreciably with time post-infection in explants from any gestational age examined, suggesting that STm does not proliferate in placental villi. Exposure of villous explants to STm strains defective for the type III secretion systems revealed that Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 is essential for optimal invasion. In contrast to placental explants, STm infected and proliferated within villous cytotrophoblast cells isolated from term placentas. WMIF demonstrated that STm was restricted primarily to the syncytiotrophoblast layer in infected placentas. DISCUSSION Our study demonstrates that STm can invade into the syncytiotrophoblast but does not subsequently proliferate. Thus, the syncytiotrophoblast may function as a barrier to STm infection of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Perry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Human Health Therapeutics, Division of Life Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valeriia Sherina
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tanzy M T Love
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard K Miller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Departments of Environmental Medicine and of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Human Health Therapeutics, Division of Life Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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93
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Lou L, Zhang P, Piao R, Wang Y. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1) and Its Complex Regulatory Network. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:270. [PMID: 31428589 PMCID: PMC6689963 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella species can infect a diverse range of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. The type III protein secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) delivers effector proteins required for intestinal invasion and the production of enteritis. The T3SS is regarded as the most important virulence factor of Salmonella. SPI-1 encodes transcription factors that regulate the expression of some virulence factors of Salmonella, while other transcription factors encoded outside SPI-1 participate in the expression of SPI-1-encoded genes. SPI-1 genes are responsible for the invasion of host cells, regulation of the host immune response, e.g., the host inflammatory response, immune cell recruitment and apoptosis, and biofilm formation. The regulatory network of SPI-1 is very complex and crucial. Here, we review the function, effectors, and regulation of SPI-1 genes and their contribution to the pathogenicity of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Lou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rongli Piao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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94
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Zeng C, Zou L. An account of in silico identification tools of secreted effector proteins in bacteria and future challenges. Brief Bioinform 2019; 20:110-129. [PMID: 28981574 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens secrete numerous effector proteins via six secretion systems, type I to type VI secretion systems, to adapt to new environments or to promote virulence by bacterium-host interactions. Many computational approaches have been used in the identification of effector proteins before the subsequent experimental verification because they tolerate laborious biological procedures and are genome scale, automated and highly efficient. Prevalent examples include machine learning methods and statistical techniques. In this article, we summarize the computational progress toward predicting secreted effector proteins in bacteria, with an opening of an introduction of features that are used to discriminate effectors from non-effectors. The mechanism, contribution and deficiency of previous developed detection tools are presented, which are further benchmarked based on a curated testing data set. According to the results of benchmarking, potential improvements of the prediction performance are discussed, which include (1) more informative features for discriminating the effectors from non-effectors; (2) the construction of comprehensive training data set of the machine learning algorithms; (3) the advancement of reliable prediction methods and (4) a better interpretation of the mechanisms behind the molecular processes. The future of in silico identification of bacterial secreted effectors includes both opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zeng
- Bioinformatics Center, Third Military Medical University (TMMU), China
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95
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health threat that has stimulated the scientific community to search for nontraditional therapeutic targets. Because virulence, but not the growth, of many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens depends on the multicomponent type three secretion system injectisome (T3SSi), the T3SSi has been an attractive target for identifying small molecules, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies that inhibit its function to render the pathogen avirulent. While many small-molecule lead compounds have been identified in whole-cell-based high-throughput screens (HTSs), only a few protein targets of these compounds are known; such knowledge is an important step to developing more potent and specific inhibitors. Evaluation of the efficacy of compounds in animal studies is ongoing. Some efforts involving the development of antibodies and vaccines that target the T3SSi are further along and include an antibody that is currently in phase II clinical trials. Continued research into these antivirulence therapies, used alone or in combination with traditional antibiotics, requires combined efforts from both pharmaceutical companies and academic labs.
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96
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Fan S, Tian F, Fang L, Yang CH, He C. Transcriptional responses of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae to type III secretion system inhibitor ortho-coumaric acid. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:163. [PMID: 31307395 PMCID: PMC6631524 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously identified a plant-derived phenolic compound ortho-coumaric acid (OCA) as an inhibitor of type III secretion system (T3SS) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the pathogen causing bacterial leaf blight of rice, one of the most devastating bacterial diseases of this staple crop worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms by which OCA suppresses T3SS and the transcriptional responses to the OCA treatments in Xoo remains unclear. Results The present study conducted the RNA-seq-based transcriptomic analysis to reveal changes in gene expression in Xoo in response to 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h of OCA treatment. Results showed that OCA significantly inhibited the expression of T3SS genes after 30 min, and the inhibition also existed after 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h. After treatment for 30 min, membrane proteins in the functional category of cellular process was the predominant group affected, indicating that Xoo was in the early stress stage. Over time, more differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) gathered in the functional category of biological process. Analysis of common DEGs at all four of time points revealed the core elements of Xoo during the response to OCA treatment. Notable, a multidrug transporter cluster that consisted of a MarR-family protein (PXO_RS13760), a multidrug RND transporter (PXO_RS13755), a multidrug transporter (PXO_RS13750), and an MFS transporter (PXO_RS13745) were significantly up-regulated at all four of the time points. Although these three transporter genes were not upregulated by OCA in the PXO_RS13760 deletion mutant, the deficiency of PXO_RS13760 in Xoo did not affect T3SS transcript, and OCA still had the ability to inhibit the expression of T3SS in the mutant, suggesting that the MarR-family protein was involved in bacterial responses to OCA, but not direct OCA inhibition of T3SS in Xoo. Conclusions We analyzed the transcriptome of Xoo during OCA treatment at both early and late stages, which revealed the landscape of Xoo responses to OCA at the whole-genome transcription level. A multidrug transporter cluster was identified to be involved in the response process, but had no direct relation to T3SS in Xoo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1532-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Liwei Fang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Chenyang He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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97
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Beshiru A, Igbinosa IH, Igbinosa EO. Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Gene Elements of Salmonella Serovars From Ready-to-Eat (RTE) Shrimps. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1613. [PMID: 31354693 PMCID: PMC6637730 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal illnesses continue to be a global public health risk. Exposure to foodborne Salmonella directly or indirectly through consumption of ready-to-eat seafood can be an important route of infection to humans. This study was designed to estimate the population cell density, prevalence, virulence gene signatures, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella serovars from ready-to-eat shrimps. Ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimp samples were obtained from different open markets in Delta and Edo States, Nigeria from November 2016 to October 2017. We employed classical and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approaches. The mean Salmonella species enumerated from the RTE shrimps ranged from -0.301 to 5.434 log10 cfu/g with 210/1440 (14.58%) of the RTE shrimp samples harbored Salmonella species. After biochemical and PCR approach, the identified isolates were Salmonella Enteritidis 11(24.4%), Salmonella Typhimurium 14 (31.1%) and other Salmonella spp. 20 (44.4%). All Salmonella species recovered were resistant to penicillin and erythromycin with 100% sensitivity to cefotaxime, cephalothin, colistin, and polymyxin B. Findings on the multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile showed that a total of 9/14 (64.3%) of Salmonella Enteritidis were resistant to 5 antibiotics which belongs to 3 different groups of antimicrobials with a multiple antibiotic-resistant (MAR) index of 0.21; while 3/11 (27.3%) of Salmonella Typhimurium were resistant to 11 antibiotics which belongs to 7 different groups of antimicrobials with a MAR index of 0.46. Virulence genes (spiA, sipB, invA, sif A, fljB, and sefA) and resistance genes (class 1 and II integrase, sul2, catB3, flor, tmp, bla TEM, strB, dfr1, and tetC) were also detected in some of the Salmonella species with variable percentage. This study indicates that ready-to-eat shrimps are probable reservoirs harboring Salmonella strains. The identified Salmonella isolates which exhibited virulence determinants and antibiotic-resistant coupled with high MAR index constitute a consumer health risk to the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeni Beshiru
- Applied Microbial Processes and Environmental Health Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Isoken H. Igbinosa
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Etinosa O. Igbinosa
- Applied Microbial Processes and Environmental Health Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Sustainable Development Office, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
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98
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Natarajan J, Singh N, Rapaport D. Assembly and targeting of secretins in the bacterial outer membrane. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:151322. [PMID: 31262642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, secretion of toxins ensure the survival of the bacterium. Such toxins are secreted by sophisticated multiprotein systems. The most conserved part in some of these secretion systems are components, called secretins, which form the outer membrane ring in these systems. Recent structural studies shed some light on the oligomeric organization of secretins. However, the mechanisms by which these proteins are targeted to the outer membrane and assemble there into ring structures are still not fully understood. This review discusses the various species-specific targeting and assembly pathways that are taken by secretins in order to form their functional oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Natarajan
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT), Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str.6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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99
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Liu C, Cui D, Zhao J, Liu N, Wang B, Liu J, Xu E, Hu Z, Ren D, Tang D, Hu Y. Two Arabidopsis Receptor-like Cytoplasmic Kinases SZE1 and SZE2 Associate with the ZAR1-ZED1 Complex and Are Required for Effector-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:967-983. [PMID: 30947022 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants utilize intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat domain-containing receptors (NLRs) to recognize pathogen effectors and induce a robust defense response named effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The Arabidopsis NLR protein HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (ZAR1) forms a precomplex with HOPZ-ETI-DEFICIENT 1 (ZED1), a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) XII-2 subfamily member, to recognize the Pseudomonas syringae effector HopZ1a. We previously described a dominant mutant of Arabidopsis ZED1, zed1-D, which displays temperature-sensitive autoimmunity in a ZAR1-dependent manner. Here, we report that the RLCKs SUPPRESSOR OF ZED1-D1 (SZE1) and SZE2 associate with the ZAR1-ZED1 complex and are required for the ZED1-D-activated autoimmune response and HopZ1a-triggered immunity. We show that SZE1 but not SZE2 has autophosphorylation activity, and that the N-terminal myristoylation of both SZE1 and SZE2 is critical for their plasma membrane localization and ZED1-D-activated autoimmunity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SZE1 and SZE2 both interact with ZAR1 to form a functional complex and are required for resistance against P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 expressing HopZ1a. We also provide evidence that SZE1 and SZE2 interact with HopZ1a and function together with ZED1 to change the intramolecular interactions of ZAR1, leading to its activation. Taken together, our results reveal SZE1 and SZE2 as critical signaling components of HopZ1a-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dayong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Enjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100093, China.
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100
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A case of necrotizing fasciitis following Edwardsiella tarda septicemia with gastroenteritis. J Infect Chemother 2019; 25:1053-1056. [PMID: 31235349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is an uncommon pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans and is found in the aquatic environment. In rare cases, it also causes fatal infections, including sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis. However, it remains unknown whether E. tarda gastroenteritis could lead to these lethal diseases via hematogenous spread. Here we have reported a previously healthy 64-year-old woman with necrotizing fasciitis consecutively caused by E. tarda septicemia with gastroenteritis. The patient was transferred to the emergency department due to disturbance of consciousness and hypotension after suffering from diarrhea for a month. As whole-body computed tomography (CT) revealed an edematous change in the small intestine, septic shock following gastroenteritis was suspected, and the patient was immediately started on empiric antibiotic therapy and provided critical care. Her general physical conditions gradually began improving, but, on day 7, rapidly appearing blisters on both the lower limbs were noted, and she was accordingly examined again by conducting a CT scan. Based on the results, she was diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis in both lower extremities, and surgical debridement was rapidly performed. Microbiological analysis of the specimens revealed E. tarda bacteremia, which suggested that E. tarda caused a series of infections in this patient. Finally, she fully recovered and was discharged within 3 months. Cumulatively, we proposed that gastroenteritis by E. tarda could directly result in fatal infections through the blood stream.
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