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Yánez DC, Papaioannou E, Chawda MM, Rowell J, Ross S, Lau CI, Crompton T. Systemic Pharmacological Smoothened Inhibition Reduces Lung T-Cell Infiltration and Ameliorates Th2 Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Allergic Airway Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:737245. [PMID: 34580585 PMCID: PMC8463265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.737245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a common inflammatory airway disease in which Th2 immune response and inflammation are thought to be triggered by inhalation of environmental allergens. Many studies using mouse models and human tissues and genome-wide association have indicated that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway are involved in allergic asthma and that Shh is upregulated in the lung on disease induction. We used a papain-induced mouse model of allergic airway inflammation to investigate the impact of systemic pharmacological inhibition of the Hh signal transduction molecule smoothened on allergic airway disease induction and severity. Smoothened-inhibitor treatment reduced the induction of Shh, IL-4, and IL-13 in the lung and decreased serum IgE, as well as the expression of Smo, Il4, Il13, and the mucin gene Muc5ac in lung tissue. Smoothened inhibitor treatment reduced cellular infiltration of eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, and CD4+ T-cells to the lung, and eosinophils and CD4+ T-cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage. In the mediastinal lymph nodes, smoothened inhibitor treatment reduced the number of CD4+ T-cells, and the cell surface expression of Th2 markers ST2 and IL-4rα and expression of Th2 cytokines. Thus, overall pharmacological smoothened inhibition attenuated T-cell infiltration to the lung and Th2 function and reduced disease severity and inflammation in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Yánez
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Mira M. Chawda
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmine Rowell
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Ross
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ching-In Lau
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa Crompton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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52
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Lu W, Chen Z, Wen J. RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and astrocytes in ischemic stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1101-1108. [PMID: 33745103 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most common and undertreated cerebral diseases with high mortality and disability rate. Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate the onset, severity, and progression of ischemic stroke. As an integral part of the neuronal glia system, astrocytes provide many housekeeping functions in nervous system, and perform multiple functions both beneficial and detrimental for neuronal survival after ischemic stroke. In addition, the small GTPase Rho and its downstream Rho kinase (ROCK) are associated with various neuronal functions such as dendrite development, migration and axonal extension, and numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and astrocytes on neurological function after ischemic stroke. We also discuss the interaction of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and astrocytes on the tissue repair after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Medical School, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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53
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Klein D. Lung Multipotent Stem Cells of Mesenchymal Nature: Cellular Basis, Clinical Relevance, and Implications for Stem Cell Therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:204-216. [PMID: 33167666 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Tissue-resident stem cells are essential for normal organ homeostasis as well as for functional tissue regeneration after severe injury. Herein, mesenchymal stem cells, also designated as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), contribute to the maintenance of organ integrity by their ability to replace dysfunctional cells or secrete cytokines locally and thus support the repair and healing processes of affected tissues. Recent Advances: Besides epithelial stem and progenitor cells, substantial evidence exists that tissue-resident multipotent stem cells of mesenchymal nature also exist in adult human lungs. These lung MSCs may function to regulate pulmonary tissue repair and/or regeneration, inflammation, fibrosis, and tumor formation. Critical Issues: Although therapeutically applied MSCs turned out to be a valuable therapeutic option for the prevention of lung diseases and/or the regeneration of diseased lung tissue, the true function of tissue-resident MSCs within the lung, and identification of their niche, which presumably dictates function, remain elusive. Future Directions: A detailed understanding of lung MSC localization (in the potential vascular stem cell niche) as well as of the signaling pathways controlling stem cell fate is prerequisite to unravel how (i) endogenous MSCs contribute to lung diseases, (ii) exogenous MSCs affect the proliferation of endogenous stem cells to repair damaged tissue, and (iii) a potential on-site manipulation of these cells directly within their endogenous niche could be used for therapeutic benefits. This review focuses on the central role of lung-resident MSCs, which are closely associated with the pulmonary vasculature, in a variety of chronic and acute lung diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 204-216.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Klein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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54
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Pang J, Luo Y, Wei D, Cao Z, Qi X, Song M, Liu Y, Li Z, Zhang J, Li B, Chen J, Wang J, Wang C. Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal a Transcriptional Landscape of Human Silicosis Lungs and Provide Potential Strategies for Silicosis Treatment. Front Genet 2021; 12:652901. [PMID: 34149803 PMCID: PMC8210851 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.652901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is a fatal occupational lung disease which currently has no effective clinical cure. Recent studies examining the underlying mechanism of silicosis have primarily examined experimental models, which may not perfectly reflect the nature of human silicosis progression. A comprehensive profiling of the molecular changes in human silicosis lungs is urgently needed. Here, we conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on the lung tissues of 10 silicosis patients and 7 non-diseased donors. A total of 2,605 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and critical pathway changes were identified in human silicosis lungs. Further, the DEGs in silicosis were compared with those in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), to extend current knowledge about the disease mechanisms and develop potential drugs. This analysis revealed both common and specific regulations in silicosis, along with several critical genes (e.g., MUC5AC and FGF10), which are potential drug targets for silicosis treatment. Drugs including Plerixafor and Retinoic acid were predicted as potential candidates in treating silicosis. Overall, this study provides the first transcriptomic fingerprint of human silicosis lungs. The comparative transcriptome analyses comprehensively characterize pathological regulations resulting from silicosis, and provide valuable cues for silicosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Transplant Center, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhujie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianmei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meiyue Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine/Others, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoguo Li
- Department of Respiratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baicun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Transplant Center, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sbierski-Kind J, Mroz N, Molofsky AB. Perivascular stromal cells: Directors of tissue immune niches. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:10-31. [PMID: 34075598 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular niches are specialized microenvironments where stromal and immune cells interact with vasculature to monitor tissue status. Adventitial perivascular niches surround larger blood vessels and other boundary sites, supporting collections of immune cells, stromal cells, lymphatics, and neurons. Adventitial fibroblasts (AFs), a subtype of mesenchymal stromal cell, are the dominant constituents in adventitial spaces, regulating vascular integrity while organizing the accumulation and activation of a variety of interacting immune cells. In contrast, pericytes are stromal mural cells that support microvascular capillaries and surround organ-specific parenchymal cells. Here, we outline the unique immune and non-immune composition of perivascular tissue immune niches, with an emphasis on the heterogeneity and immunoregulatory functions of AFs and pericytes across diverse organs. We will discuss how perivascular stromal cells contribute to the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and integrate immunological signals to impact tissue health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sbierski-Kind
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Mroz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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56
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Li X, Zhao F, Wang A, Cheng P, Chen H. Role and mechanisms of autophagy in lung metabolism and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5051-5068. [PMID: 33864479 PMCID: PMC11072280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian lungs are metabolically active organs that frequently encounter environmental insults. Stress responses elicit protective autophagy in epithelial barrier cells and the supportive niche. Autophagy promotes the recycling of damaged intracellular organelles, denatured proteins, and other biological macromolecules for reuse as components required for lung cell survival. Autophagy, usually induced by metabolic defects, regulates cellular metabolism. Autophagy is a major adaptive response that protects cells and organisms from injury. Endogenous region-specific stem/progenitor cell populations are found in lung tissue, which are responsible for epithelial repair after lung damage. Additionally, glucose and fatty acid metabolism is altered in lung stem/progenitor cells in response to injury-related lung fibrosis. Autophagy deregulation has been observed to be involved in the development and progression of other respiratory diseases. This review explores the role and mechanisms of autophagy in regulating lung metabolism and epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuxiaonan Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - An Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peiyong Cheng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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57
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Dierick F, Solinc J, Bignard J, Soubrier F, Nadaud S. Progenitor/Stem Cells in Vascular Remodeling during Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061338. [PMID: 34071347 PMCID: PMC8226806 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by an important occlusive vascular remodeling with the production of new endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, and fibroblasts. Identifying the cellular processes leading to vascular proliferation and dysfunction is a major goal in order to decipher the mechanisms leading to PAH development. In addition to in situ proliferation of vascular cells, studies from the past 20 years have unveiled the role of circulating and resident vascular in pulmonary vascular remodeling. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge on the different progenitor and stem cells that have been shown to participate in pulmonary vascular lesions and on the pathways regulating their recruitment during PAH. Finally, this review also addresses the therapeutic potential of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Dierick
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada;
| | - Julien Solinc
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Juliette Bignard
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Florent Soubrier
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
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58
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Heng WS, Kruyt FAE, Cheah SC. Understanding Lung Carcinogenesis from a Morphostatic Perspective: Prevention and Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115697. [PMID: 34071790 PMCID: PMC8198077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is still one of the deadliest cancers, with over two million incidences annually. Prevention is regarded as the most efficient way to reduce both the incidence and death figures. Nevertheless, treatment should still be improved, particularly in addressing therapeutic resistance due to cancer stem cells—the assumed drivers of tumor initiation and progression. Phytochemicals in plant-based diets are thought to contribute substantially to lung cancer prevention and may be efficacious for targeting lung cancer stem cells. In this review, we collect recent literature on lung homeostasis, carcinogenesis, and phytochemicals studied in lung cancers. We provide a comprehensive overview of how normal lung tissue operates and relate it with lung carcinogenesis to redefine better targets for lung cancer stem cells. Nine well-studied phytochemical compounds, namely curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, luteolin, sulforaphane, berberine, genistein, and capsaicin, are discussed in terms of their chemopreventive and anticancer mechanisms in lung cancer and potential use in the clinic. How the use of phytochemicals can be improved by structural manipulations, targeted delivery, concentration adjustments, and combinatorial treatments is also highlighted. We propose that lung carcinomas should be treated differently based on their respective cellular origins. Targeting quiescence-inducing, inflammation-dampening, or reactive oxygen species-balancing pathways appears particularly interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Sen Heng
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.S.H.); (F.A.E.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Frank A. E. Kruyt
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.S.H.); (F.A.E.K.)
| | - Shiau-Chuen Cheah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-91018880
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59
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Tien JCY, Chugh S, Goodrum AE, Cheng Y, Mannan R, Zhang Y, Wang L, Dommeti VL, Wang X, Xu A, Hon J, Kenum C, Su F, Wang R, Cao X, Shankar S, Chinnaiyan AM. AGO2 promotes tumor progression in KRAS-driven mouse models of non-small cell lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2026104118. [PMID: 33972443 PMCID: PMC8157917 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026104118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the deadliest malignancy in the United States. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of cases and is frequently driven by activating mutations in the gene encoding the KRAS GTPase (e.g., KRASG12D). Our previous work demonstrated that Argonaute 2 (AGO2)-a component of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)-physically interacts with RAS and promotes its downstream signaling. We therefore hypothesized that AGO2 could promote KRASG12D-dependent NSCLC in vivo. To test the hypothesis, we evaluated the impact of Ago2 knockout in the KPC (LSL-KrasG12D/+;p53f/f;Cre) mouse model of NSCLC. In KPC mice, intratracheal delivery of adenoviral Cre drives lung-specific expression of a stop-floxed KRASG12D allele and biallelic ablation of p53 Simultaneous biallelic ablation of floxed Ago2 inhibited KPC lung nodule growth while reducing proliferative index and improving pathological grade. We next applied the KPHetC model, in which the Clara cell-specific CCSP-driven Cre activates KRASG12D and ablates a single p53 allele. In these mice, Ago2 ablation also reduced tumor size and grade. In both models, Ago2 knockout inhibited ERK phosphorylation (pERK) in tumor cells, indicating impaired KRAS signaling. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of KPC nodules and nodule-derived organoids demonstrated impaired canonical KRAS signaling with Ago2 ablation. Strikingly, accumulation of pERK in KPC organoids depended on physical interaction of AGO2 and KRAS. Taken together, our data demonstrate a pathogenic role for AGO2 in KRAS-dependent NSCLC. Given the prevalence of this malignancy and current difficulties in therapeutically targeting KRAS signaling, our work may have future translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Ching-Yi Tien
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Seema Chugh
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Andrew E Goodrum
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yunhui Cheng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rahul Mannan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Vijaya L Dommeti
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Alice Xu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jennifer Hon
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Carson Kenum
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Fengyun Su
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rui Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sunita Shankar
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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60
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Liberti DC, Kremp MM, Liberti WA, Penkala IJ, Li S, Zhou S, Morrisey EE. Alveolar epithelial cell fate is maintained in a spatially restricted manner to promote lung regeneration after acute injury. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109092. [PMID: 33979629 PMCID: PMC8220578 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cells integrate signals from multiple molecular pathways to proliferate and differentiate to drive regeneration of the lung alveolus. Utilizing in vivo genetic and ex vivo organoid models, we investigated the role of Fgfr2 signaling in AT2 cells across the lifespan and during adult regeneration after influenza infection. We show that, although dispensable for adult homeostasis, Fgfr2 restricts AT2 cell fate during postnatal lung development. Using an unbiased computational imaging approach, we demonstrate that Fgfr2 promotes AT2 cell proliferation and restrains differentiation in actively regenerating areas after injury. Organoid assays reveal that Fgfr2-deficient AT2 cells remain competent to respond to multiple parallel proliferative inputs. Moreover, genetic blockade of AT2 cell cytokinesis demonstrates that cell division and differentiation are uncoupled during alveolar regeneration. These data reveal that Fgfr2 maintains AT2 cell fate, balancing proliferation and differentiation during lung alveolar regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Liberti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Madison M Kremp
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William A Liberti
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ian J Penkala
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shanru Li
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Su Zhou
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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61
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Brouns I, Verckist L, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Adriaensen D. Pulmonary Sensory Receptors. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 233:1-65. [PMID: 33950466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65817-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Brouns
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium.
| | - Line Verckist
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
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62
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Wang Y, Tang N. The diversity of adult lung epithelial stem cells and their niche in homeostasis and regeneration. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:2045-2059. [PMID: 33948870 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The adult lung, a workhorse for gas exchange, is continually subjected to a barrage of assaults from the inhaled particles and pathogens. Hence, homeostatic maintenance is of paramount importance. Epithelial stem cells interact with their particular niche in the adult lung to orchestrate both natural tissue rejuvenation and robust post-injury regeneration. Advances in single-cell sequencing, lineage tracing, and living tissue imaging have deepened our understanding about stem cell heterogeneities, transition states, and specific cell lineage markers. In this review, we provided an overview of the known stem/progenitor cells and their subpopulations in different regions of the adult lung, and explored the regulatory networks in stem cells and their respective niche which collectively coordinated stem cell quiescence and regeneration states. We finally discussed relationships between dysregulated stem cell function and lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Nan Tang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
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63
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Tikhonova AN, Lasry A, Austin R, Aifantis I. Cell-by-Cell Deconstruction of Stem Cell Niches. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 27:19-34. [PMID: 32619515 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing approaches offer exploration of tissue architecture at unprecedented resolution. These tools are especially powerful when deconvoluting highly specialized microenvironments, such as stem cell (SC) niches. Here, we review single-cell studies that map the cellular and transcriptional makeup of stem and progenitor niches and discuss how these high-resolution analyses fundamentally advance our understanding of how niche factors shape SC biology and activity. In-depth characterization of the blueprint of SC-niche crosstalk, as well as understanding how it becomes dysregulated, will undoubtedly inform the development of more efficient therapies for malignancies and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Tikhonova
- Department of Pathology and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Audrey Lasry
- Department of Pathology and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rebecca Austin
- Department of Pathology and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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64
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Koeniger A, Brichkina A, Nee I, Dempwolff L, Hupfer A, Galperin I, Finkernagel F, Nist A, Stiewe T, Adhikary T, Diederich W, Lauth M. Activation of Cilia-Independent Hedgehog/GLI1 Signaling as a Novel Concept for Neuroblastoma Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081908. [PMID: 33921042 PMCID: PMC8071409 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Elevated GLI1 expression levels are associated with improved survival in NB patients and GLI1 overexpression exerts tumor-suppressive traits in cultured NB cells. However, NB cells are protected from increased GLI1 levels as they have lost the ability to form primary cilia and transduce Hedgehog signals. This study identifies an isoxazole (ISX) molecule with primary cilia-independent GLI1-activating properties, which blocks NB cell growth. Mechanistically, ISX combines the removal of GLI3 repressor and the inhibition of class I HDACs, providing proof-of-principle evidence that small molecule-mediated activation of GLI1 could be harnessed therapeutically in the future. Abstract Although being rare in absolute numbers, neuroblastoma (NB) represents the most frequent solid tumor in infants and young children. Therapy options and prognosis are comparably good for NB patients except for the high risk stage 4 class. Particularly in adolescent patients with certain genetic alterations, 5-year survival rates can drop below 30%, necessitating the development of novel therapy approaches. The developmentally important Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is involved in neural crest differentiation, the cell type being causal in the etiology of NB. However, and in contrast to its function in some other cancer types, Hedgehog signaling and its transcription factor GLI1 exert tumor-suppressive functions in NB, rendering GLI1 an interesting new candidate for anti-NB therapy. Unfortunately, the therapeutic concept of pharmacological Hh/GLI1 pathway activation is difficult to implement as NB cells have lost primary cilia, essential organelles for Hh perception and activation. In order to bypass this bottleneck, we have identified a GLI1-activating small molecule which stimulates endogenous GLI1 production without the need for upstream Hh pathway elements such as Smoothened or primary cilia. This isoxazole compound potently abrogates NB cell proliferation and might serve as a starting point for the development of a novel class of NB-suppressive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Koeniger
- Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Anna Brichkina
- Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Iris Nee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (I.N.); (L.D.); (W.D.)
| | - Lukas Dempwolff
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (I.N.); (L.D.); (W.D.)
| | - Anna Hupfer
- Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Ilya Galperin
- Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Florian Finkernagel
- Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Andrea Nist
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology, Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology, Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Till Adhikary
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Wibke Diederich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (I.N.); (L.D.); (W.D.)
- Core Facility Medicinal Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Lauth
- Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence:
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65
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Mellis D, Staines KA, Peluso S, Georgiou IC, Dora N, Kubiak M, van’t Hof R, Grillo M, Farquharson C, Kinsella E, Thornburn A, Ralston SH, Salter DM, Riobo-Del Galdo NA, Hill RE, Ditzel M. Ubiquitin-protein ligase Ubr5 cooperates with hedgehog signalling to promote skeletal tissue homeostasis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009275. [PMID: 33819267 PMCID: PMC8057592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway plays an essential role in tissue homeostasis and its deregulation is linked to rheumatological disorders. UBR5 is the mammalian homologue of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Hyd, a negative regulator of the Hh-pathway in Drosophila. To investigate a possible role of UBR5 in regulation of the musculoskeletal system through modulation of mammalian HH signaling, we created a mouse model for specific loss of Ubr5 function in limb bud mesenchyme. Our findings revealed a role for UBR5 in maintaining cartilage homeostasis and suppressing metaplasia. Ubr5 loss of function resulted in progressive and dramatic articular cartilage degradation, enlarged, abnormally shaped sesamoid bones and extensive heterotopic tissue metaplasia linked to calcification of tendons and ossification of synovium. Genetic suppression of smoothened (Smo), a key mediator of HH signalling, dramatically enhanced the Ubr5 mutant phenotype. Analysis of HH signalling in both mouse and cell model systems revealed that loss of Ubr5 stimulated canonical HH-signalling while also increasing PKA activity. In addition, human osteoarthritic samples revealed similar correlations between UBR5 expression, canonical HH signalling and PKA activity markers. Our studies identified a crucial function for the Ubr5 gene in the maintenance of skeletal tissue homeostasis and an unexpected mode of regulation of the HH signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mellis
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Staines
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Peluso
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Ch. Georgiou
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Dora
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Malgorzata Kubiak
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rob van’t Hof
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michela Grillo
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Farquharson
- Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Kinsella
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Thornburn
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart H. Ralston
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Donald M. Salter
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia A. Riobo-Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E. Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Ditzel
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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66
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Zepp JA, Morley MP, Loebel C, Kremp MM, Chaudhry FN, Basil MC, Leach JP, Liberti DC, Niethamer TK, Ying Y, Jayachandran S, Babu A, Zhou S, Frank DB, Burdick JA, Morrisey EE. Genomic, epigenomic, and biophysical cues controlling the emergence of the lung alveolus. Science 2021; 371:371/6534/eabc3172. [PMID: 33707239 PMCID: PMC8320017 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lung alveolus is the functional unit of the respiratory system required for gas exchange. During the transition to air breathing at birth, biophysical forces are thought to shape the emerging tissue niche. However, the intercellular signaling that drives these processes remains poorly understood. Applying a multimodal approach, we identified alveolar type 1 (AT1) epithelial cells as a distinct signaling hub. Lineage tracing demonstrates that AT1 progenitors align with receptive, force-exerting myofibroblasts in a spatial and temporal manner. Through single-cell chromatin accessibility and pathway expression (SCAPE) analysis, we demonstrate that AT1-restricted ligands are required for myofibroblasts and alveolar formation. These studies show that the alignment of cell fates, mediated by biophysical and AT1-derived paracrine signals, drives the extensive tissue remodeling required for postnatal respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarod A. Zepp
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Co-Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Michael P. Morley
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madison M. Kremp
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fatima N. Chaudhry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria C. Basil
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - John P. Leach
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Derek C. Liberti
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Terren K. Niethamer
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yun Ying
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sowmya Jayachandran
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Apoorva Babu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David B. Frank
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward E. Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Co-Corresponding authors: ,
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67
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Matsuo A, Tanida R, Yanagi S, Tsubouchi H, Miura A, Shigekusa T, Matsumoto N, Nakazato M. Significance of nuclear LOXL2 inhibition in fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the fibrotic process of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 892:173754. [PMID: 33248114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic scarring is an important prognostic factor of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There are currently no antifibrotic drugs or other therapeutic agents for ARDS. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), an amine oxidase, contributes to fibrotic scarring by facilitating collagen cross-linking. Recent clinical trials revealed that a monoclonal inhibitory antibody against LOXL2 failed to show benefit over placebo in patients with fibrotic disorders involving the lungs. These clinical results raise the possibility that targeting the extracellular enzymic activity of LOXL2 is not in itself sufficient to prevent fibrotic scarring. We investigated the role of LOXL2 in the pathogenesis of ARDS in vivo, in vitro, and in samples from patients with ARDS. After lung injury, LOXL2 was unevenly expressed in the nuclei of lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the fibrotic phase. Nuclear LOXL2 expression was upregulated in lung fibroblasts after transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1)-treatment. LOXL2 silencing abrogated the TGF-β1-induced expression of a myofibrogenic-progenitor marker, the appearance of proto-myofibroblasts, and the evolution of differentiated myofibroblasts in lung fibroblasts. Nuclear upregulation of Snail was evident in myofibroblasts during the fibrotic phase after lung injury. We detected high levels of LOXL2 protein in the lungs of ARDS patients, specifically during the proliferative and fibrotic phases. Our results highlight nuclear LOXL2 in fibroblasts as a primary causative driver of cell-fate decision toward myofibroblasts and of the progression of fibrotic scarring. A nuclear-LOXL2-targeted agent could be a promising therapeutic strategy against fibrotic disorders including ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Matsuo
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanida
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Yanagi
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Tsubouchi
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Ayako Miura
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shigekusa
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Matsumoto
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
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Hill SA, Fu M, Garcia ADR. Sonic hedgehog signaling in astrocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1393-1403. [PMID: 33079226 PMCID: PMC7904711 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are complex cells that perform a broad array of essential functions in the healthy and injured nervous system. The recognition that these cells are integral components of various processes, including synapse formation, modulation of synaptic activity, and response to injury, underscores the need to identify the molecular signaling programs orchestrating these diverse functional properties. Emerging studies have identified the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway as an essential regulator of the molecular identity and functional properties of astrocytes. Well established as a powerful regulator of diverse neurodevelopmental processes in the embryonic nervous system, its functional significance in astrocytes is only beginning to be revealed. Notably, Shh signaling is active only in discrete subpopulations of astrocytes distributed throughout the brain, a feature that has potential to yield novel insights into functional specialization of astrocytes. Here, we discuss Shh signaling and emerging data that point to essential roles for this pleiotropic signaling pathway in regulating various functional properties of astrocytes in the healthy and injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Hill
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marissa Fu
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - A Denise R Garcia
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
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69
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Functional Exploration of the Pulmonary NEB ME. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 233:31-67. [PMID: 33950469 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65817-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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70
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Moiseenko A, Vazquez-Armendariz AI, Kheirollahi V, Chu X, Tata A, Rivetti S, Günther S, Lebrigand K, Herold S, Braun T, Mari B, De Langhe S, Kwapiszewska G, Günther A, Chen C, Seeger W, Tata PR, Zhang JS, Bellusci S, El Agha E. Identification of a Repair-Supportive Mesenchymal Cell Population during Airway Epithelial Regeneration. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108549. [PMID: 33357434 PMCID: PMC8363050 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration requires coordinated and dynamic remodeling of stem and progenitor cells and the surrounding niche. Although the plasticity of epithelial cells has been well explored in many tissues, the dynamic changes occurring in niche cells remain elusive. Here, we show that, during lung repair after naphthalene injury, a population of PDGFRα+ cells emerges in the non-cartilaginous conducting airway niche, which is normally populated by airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). This cell population, which we term “repair-supportive mesenchymal cells” (RSMCs), is distinct from conventional ASMCs, which have previously been shown to contribute to epithelial repair. Gene expression analysis on sorted lineage-labeled cells shows that RSMCs express low levels of ASMC markers, but high levels of the pro-regenerative marker Fgf10. Organoid co-cultures demonstrate an enhanced ability for RSMCs in supporting club-cell growth. Our study highlights the dynamics of mesenchymal cells in the airway niche and has implications for chronic airway-injury-associated diseases. Moiseenko et al. explore the dynamics of mesenchymal cells in the peribronchial niche in response to airway injury. They identify a population of mesenchymal cells located in close proximity to airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). This population, termed “repair-supportive mesenchymal cells” (RSMCs), is recruited to facilitate airway epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Moiseenko
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ana Ivonne Vazquez-Armendariz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vahid Kheirollahi
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Xuran Chu
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefano Rivetti
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, W.G. Kerckhoff Institute, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, W.G. Kerckhoff Institute, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Bernard Mari
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Stijn De Langhe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, 8010 Graz, Austria; Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Günther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, China
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Elie El Agha
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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71
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Gli1 + mesenchymal stromal cells form a pathological niche to promote airway progenitor metaplasia in the fibrotic lung. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1295-1306. [PMID: 33046884 PMCID: PMC7642162 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant epithelial reprogramming can induce metaplastic differentiation at sites of tissue injury, culminating in transformed barriers composed of scar and metaplastic epithelium. While the plasticity of epithelial stem cells is well-characterized, the identity and role of the niche has not been delineated in metaplasia. Here we show that Gli1+ mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), previously shown to contribute to myofibroblasts during scarring, promote metaplastic differentiation of airway progenitors into KRT5+ basal cells. During fibrotic repair, Gli1+ MSCs integrate hedgehog activation to upregulate BMP antagonism in the progenitor niche that promotes metaplasia. Restoring the balance towards BMP activation attenuated metaplastic KRT5+ differentiation while promoting adaptive alveolar differentiation into SFTPC+ epithelium. Finally, fibrotic human lungs demonstrate altered BMP activation in the metaplastic epithelium. These findings show that Gli1+ MSCs integrate hedgehog signaling as a rheostat to control BMP activation in the progenitor niche to determine regenerative outcome in fibrosis.
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72
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Scott RW, Arostegui M, Schweitzer R, Rossi FMV, Underhill TM. Hic1 Defines Quiescent Mesenchymal Progenitor Subpopulations with Distinct Functions and Fates in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 25:797-813.e9. [PMID: 31809738 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many adult tissues contain resident stem cells, such as the Pax7+ satellite cells within skeletal muscle, that regenerate parenchymal elements following damage. Tissue-resident mesenchymal progenitors (MPs) also participate in regeneration, although their function and fate in this process are unclear. Here, we identify Hypermethylated in cancer 1 (Hic1) as a marker of MPs in skeletal muscle and further show that Hic1 deletion leads to MP hyperplasia. Single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq analysis of Hic1+ MPs in skeletal muscle shows multiple subpopulations, which we further show have distinct functions and lineage potential. Hic1+ MPs orchestrate multiple aspects of skeletal muscle regeneration by providing stage-specific immunomodulation and trophic and mechanical support. During muscle regeneration, Hic1+ derivatives directly contribute to several mesenchymal compartments including Col22a1-expressing cells within the myotendinous junction. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that HIC1 regulates MP quiescence and identifies MP subpopulations with transient and enduring roles in muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wilder Scott
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Martin Arostegui
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Fabio M V Rossi
- Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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73
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Uniyal S, Tyagi AK, Muyal JP. All Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) progresses alveolar epithelium regeneration by involving diverse signalling pathways in emphysematous rat. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110725. [PMID: 32927254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveoli leading to inadequate oxygenation, disability and frequently death. This destruction was understood so far as irreversible. Published data has shown that ATRA (All Trans Retinoic Acid) reverses elastase-induced emphysema in rats. However, the molecular mechanisms governing regeneration process are so far unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine the therapeutic potential of ATRA on various molecular pathways and their coordination towards governance of alveolar epithelial regeneration in emphysematous rats. METHODS Emphysema was induced by elastase versus saline in Sprague-Dawley rats. On days 26-37, rats received daily intraperitoneal injections with ATRA (500 μg/kg b.w.) versus olive-oil. Lungs were removed at day 38 for histopathology and investigation of relative mRNA and protein expressions. RESULTS Histopathological analysis has shown that losses of alveoli were recovered in therapy (EA) group. Moreover, expressions of markers genes for alveolar cell proliferation, differentiation and EMT events at mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in EA group than emphysema group (ES). Upon validation at genomics level, expressions of components of Notch, Hedgehog, Wnt, BMP and TGFβ pathways were significantly attenuated in EA group when compared with ES and were well comparable with the healthy group. CONCLUSION Therapeutic supplementation of ATRA rectifies the deregulated Notch, Hedgehog, Wnt, BMP and TGFβ pathways in emphysema condition, resulting in alveolar epithelium regeneration. Hence, ATRA may prove to be a potential drug in the treatment of emphysema. Nevertheless, elaborated studies are to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Uniyal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201308, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Tyagi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, New Delhi, India.
| | - Jai Prakash Muyal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201308, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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74
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Lee SH, Reed-Newman T, Anant S, Ramasamy TS. Regulatory Role of Quiescence in the Biological Function of Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:1185-1207. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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75
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Wu A, Song H. Regulation of alveolar type 2 stem/progenitor cells in lung injury and regeneration. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:716-722. [PMID: 32445469 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The renewal of lung epithelial cells is normally slow unless the lung is injured. The resident epithelial stem cells rapidly proliferate and differentiate to maintain lung structure and function when the lung is damaged. The alveolar epithelium is characterized by alveolar type 1 (AT1) and alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells. AT2 cells are the stem cells for alveoli, as they can both self-renew and generate AT1 cells. Abnormal proliferation and regulation of AT2 cells will lead to serious lung diseases including cancers. In this review, we focused on the alveolar stem/progenitor cells, the key physiological function of AT2 cells in lung homeostasis and the complicated regulation of AT2 cells in the repairing processes after lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Wu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Hai Song
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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76
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Dugger DT, Fung M, Zlock L, Caldera S, Sharp L, Hays SR, Singer JP, Leard LE, Golden JA, Shah RJ, Kukreja J, Gordon E, Finkbeiner W, Kleinhenz ME, Langelier C, Greenland JR. Cystic Fibrosis Lung Transplant Recipients Have Suppressed Airway Interferon Responses during Pseudomonas Infection. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1. [PMID: 32754722 PMCID: PMC7402593 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung transplantation can be lifesaving in end-stage cystic fibrosis (CF), but long-term survival is limited by chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Persistent upper airway Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) colonization can seed the allograft. While de novo PsA infection is associated with CLAD in non-CF recipients, this association is less clear for CF recipients experiencing PsA recolonization. Here, we evaluate host and pathogen contributions to this phenomenon. In the context of PsA infection, brushings from the airways of CF recipients demonstrate type 1 interferon gene suppression. Airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures demonstrate similar findings in the absence of pathogens or immune cells, contrasting with the pre-transplant CF AEC phenotype. Type 1 interferon promoters are relatively hypermethylated in CF AECs. CF subjects in this cohort have more mucoid PsA, while non-CF PsA subjects have decreased microbiome α diversity. Peri-transplant protocols may benefit from consideration of this host and microbiome equilibrium. Lung allograft Pseudomonas infection outcomes are better for recipients with CF In CF, infected allograft airway cells demonstrate suppression of interferon genes Differential DNA methylation may contribute to this distinct epithelial phenotype Increased α diversity and mucoid forms characterize CF Pseudomonas infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Dugger
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Monica Fung
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lorna Zlock
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Saharai Caldera
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Louis Sharp
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steven R Hays
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan P Singer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lorriana E Leard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jefferey A Golden
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rupal J Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jasleen Kukreja
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Erin Gordon
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Walter Finkbeiner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Kleinhenz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Chaz Langelier
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John R Greenland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.,Lead Contact
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77
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Tan Q, Ma XY, Liu W, Meridew JA, Jones DL, Haak AJ, Sicard D, Ligresti G, Tschumperlin DJ. Nascent Lung Organoids Reveal Epithelium- and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-mediated Suppression of Fibroblast Activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:607-619. [PMID: 31050552 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0390oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are pivotal in lung development, homeostasis, injury, and repair. Organoids have been used to investigate such interactions, but with a major focus on epithelial responses to mesenchyme and less attention to epithelial effects on mesenchyme. In the present study, we used nascent organoids composed of human and mouse lung epithelial and mesenchymal cells to demonstrate that healthy lung epithelium dramatically represses transcriptional, contractile, and matrix synthetic functions of lung fibroblasts. Repression of fibroblast activation requires signaling via the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. BMP signaling is diminished after epithelial injury in vitro and in vivo, and exogenous BMP4 restores fibroblast repression in injured organoids. In contrast, inhibition of BMP signaling in healthy organoids is sufficient to derepress fibroblast matrix synthetic function. Our results reveal potent repression of fibroblast activation by healthy lung epithelium and a novel mechanism by which epithelial loss or injury is intrinsically coupled to mesenchymal activation via loss of repressive BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tan
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiao Yin Ma
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jeffrey A Meridew
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dakota L Jones
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Delphine Sicard
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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78
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Chanda D, Thannickal VJ. Modeling Fibrosis in Three-Dimensional Organoids Reveals New Epithelial Restraints on Fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:556-557. [PMID: 31091962 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0153ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diptiman Chanda
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama
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79
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Parimon T, Yao C, Stripp BR, Noble PW, Chen P. Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells as Drivers of Lung Fibrosis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2269. [PMID: 32218238 PMCID: PMC7177323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: Alveolar epithelial type II cells (AT2) are a heterogeneous population that have critical secretory and regenerative roles in the alveolus to maintain lung homeostasis. However, impairment to their normal functional capacity and development of a pro-fibrotic phenotype has been demonstrated to contribute to the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A number of factors contribute to AT2 death and dysfunction. As a mucosal surface, AT2 cells are exposed to environmental stresses that can have lasting effects that contribute to fibrogenesis. Genetical risks have also been identified that can cause AT2 impairment and the development of lung fibrosis. Furthermore, aging is a final factor that adds to the pathogenic changes in AT2 cells. Here, we will discuss the homeostatic role of AT2 cells and the studies that have recently defined the heterogeneity of this population of cells. Furthermore, we will review the mechanisms of AT2 death and dysfunction in the context of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyalak Parimon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul W Noble
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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80
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Wang X, Xu C, Ji J, Cai Y, Shu Y, Chao Y, Wu X, Zou C, Wu X, Tang L. IL-4/IL-13 upregulates Sonic hedgehog expression to induce allergic airway epithelial remodeling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L888-L899. [PMID: 32130032 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00186.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that upregulation of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) expression in allergic airway epithelia essentially contributes to the goblet cell metaplasia and mucous hypersecretion. However, the mechanism underlying the upregulation of SHH expression remains completely unknown. In cultured human airway epithelial cells, IL-4/IL-13 but not IL-5 robustly induces the mRNA and protein expression of SHH and in turn activates SHH signaling by promoting the JAK/STAT6-controlling transcription of SHH gene. Moreover, intratracheal instillation of IL-4 and/or IL-13 robustly activates STAT6 and concomitantly upregulates SHH expression in mouse airway epithelia, whereas, in Club cell 10-kDa protein (CC10)-positive airway epithelial cells of children with asthma, activated STAT6 closely correlates with the increased expression of SHH and high activity of SHH signaling. Finally, intratracheal inhibition of STAT6 by AS-1517499 significantly diminished the allergen-induced upregulation of SHH expression, goblet cell phenotypes, and airway hyperresponsiveness, in an ovalbumin- or house dust mite-induced mouse model with allergic airway inflammation,. Together, upregulation of SHH expression by IL-4/IL-13-induced JAK/STAT6 signaling contributes to allergic airway epithelial remodeling, and this study thus provides insight into how morphogen signaling is coordinated with Th2 cytokine pathways to regulate tissue remodeling in chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengyun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junyan Ji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Shu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunqi Chao
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiling Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaochun Zou
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanfang Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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81
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Biasin V, Crnkovic S, Sahu-Osen A, Birnhuber A, El Agha E, Sinn K, Klepetko W, Olschewski A, Bellusci S, Marsh LM, Kwapiszewska G. PDGFRα and αSMA mark two distinct mesenchymal cell populations involved in parenchymal and vascular remodeling in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L684-L697. [PMID: 32023084 PMCID: PMC7189793 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00128.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by pronounced collagen deposition and myofibroblast expansion, whose origin and plasticity remain elusive. We utilized a fate-mapping approach to investigate α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)+ and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα)+ cells in two lung fibrosis models, complemented by cell type-specific next-generation sequencing and investigations on human lungs. Our data revealed that αSMA+ and PDGFRα+ cells mark two distinct mesenchymal lineages with minimal transdifferentiation potential during lung fibrotic remodeling. Parenchymal and perivascular fibrotic regions were populated predominantly with PDGFRα+ cells expressing collagen, while αSMA+ cells in the parenchyma and vessel wall showed variable expression of collagen and the contractile protein desmin. The distinct gene expression profile found in normal conditions was retained during pathologic remodeling. Cumulatively, our findings identify αSMA+ and PDGFRα+ cells as two separate lineages with distinct gene expression profiles in adult lungs. This cellular heterogeneity suggests that anti-fibrotic therapy should target diverse cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Biasin
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Slaven Crnkovic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anita Sahu-Osen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Birnhuber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Elie El Agha
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Sinn
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Leigh M Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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82
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Hadzic S, Wu CY, Avdeev S, Weissmann N, Schermuly RT, Kosanovic D. Lung epithelium damage in COPD - An unstoppable pathological event? Cell Signal 2020; 68:109540. [PMID: 31953012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common term for alveolar septal wall destruction resulting in emphysema, and chronic bronchitis accompanied by conductive airway remodelling. In general, this disease is characterized by a disbalance of proteolytic/anti-proteolytic activity, augmented inflammatory response, increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, rise in number of apoptotic cells and decreased proliferation. As the first responder to the various environmental stimuli, epithelium occupies an important position in different lung pathologies, including COPD. Epithelium sequentially transitions from the upper airways in the direction of the gas exchange surface in the alveoli, and every cell type possesses a distinct role in the maintenance of the homeostasis. Basically, a thick ciliated structure of the airway epithelium has a major function in mucus secretion, whereas, alveolar epithelium which forms a thin barrier covered by surfactant has a function in gas exchange. Following this line, we will try to reveal whether or not the chronic bronchitis and emphysema, being two pathological phenotypes in COPD, could originate in two different types of epithelium. In addition, this review focuses on the role of lung epithelium in COPD pathology, and summarises underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hadzic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Cheng-Yu Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sergey Avdeev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
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83
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Liu D, Hong Y, Li Y, Hu C, Yip TC, Yu WK, Zhu Y, Fong CC, Wang W, Au SK, Wang S, Yang M. Targeted destruction of cancer stem cells using multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles that enable combined hyperthermia and chemotherapy. Theranostics 2020; 10:1181-1196. [PMID: 31938059 PMCID: PMC6956796 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been implicated in cancer recurrence and therapy resistance. Therefore, a CSC-targeted therapy that disrupts the maintenance and survival of CSCs may offer an effective approach in killing tumor cells in primary tumors and preventing the metastasis caused by CSCs. Nanoparticles (NPs)-based thermotherapy and/or chemotherapy are promising therapeutic methods for cancer treatment. Methods: A silica-based multifunctional NP system was present, which encapsulated a chemotherapeutic agent and magnetic cores and coated with a specific antibody against the lung CSCs. The efficacy of this novel therapeutic strategy was systematically studied both in vitro and in vivo by simultaneous activating the combined thermotherapy and chemotherapy via CSC-targeted NPs. Results: These NPs were systematically administered and activated for targeted chemotherapy and thermotherapy by using an externally applied alternating magnetic field (AMF). The antibody-modified NPs targeted to lung CSCs with enhanced cellular uptake in vitro and extended accumulation in tumor in vivo. Up to 98% of lung CSCs was killed in vitro with 30-min application of AMF, due to the combined effects of hyperthermia and chemotherapeutic drug treatment. In in vivo models, this combined therapy significantly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in lung CSC xenograft-bearing mice, with minimal side effects and adverse effects. Conclusion: With good biocompatibility and targeting capability, the nanodrug delivery system may offer a promising clinical platform for the combined thermotherapy and chemotherapy. This work demonstrated the feasibility of developing multifunctional nanomedicine targeting CSCs for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yingcai Hong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 510000, China
| | - Yaping Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Chong Hu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tak-Chun Yip
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Kin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Chi-Chun Fong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 510000, China
| | - Weimao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-Kie Au
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shubin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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84
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Belgacemi R, Luczka E, Ancel J, Diabasana Z, Perotin JM, Germain A, Lalun N, Birembaut P, Dubernard X, Mérol JC, Delepine G, Polette M, Deslée G, Dormoy V. Airway epithelial cell differentiation relies on deficient Hedgehog signalling in COPD. EBioMedicine 2020; 51:102572. [PMID: 31877414 PMCID: PMC6931110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog (HH) pathway is constantly under scrutiny in the context of organ development. Lung morphogenesis requires HH signalling which participates thereafter to the pulmonary homeostasis by regulating epithelial cell quiescence and repair. Since epithelial remodelling is a hallmark of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), we investigated whether the main molecular actors of HH pathway participate to airway epithelial cell differentiation and we analysed their alterations in COPD patients. METHODS Sonic HH (Shh) secretion was assessed by ELISA in airway epithelial cell (AEC) air-liquid interface culture supernatants. HH pathway activation was evaluated by RT-qPCR, western blot and immunostaining. Inhibition of HH signalling was achieved upon Shh chelation during epithelial cell differentiation. HH pathway core components localization was investigated in lung tissues from non-COPD and COPD patients. FINDINGS We demonstrate that progenitors of AEC produced Shh responsible for the activation of HH signalling during the process of differentiation. Preventing the ligand-induced HH activation led to the establishment of a remodelled epithelium with increased number of basal cells and reduced ciliogenesis. Gli2 activating transcription factor was demonstrated as a key-element in the regulation of AEC differentiation. More importantly, Gli2 and Smo were lost in AEC from COPD patients. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that HH pathway is crucial for airway epithelial cell differentiation and highlight its role in COPD-associated epithelial remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Belgacemi
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Emilie Luczka
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Julien Ancel
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Service de pneumologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Zania Diabasana
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Jeanne-Marie Perotin
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Service de pneumologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Adeline Germain
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Nathalie Lalun
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France
| | - Philippe Birembaut
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Laboratoire de biopathologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Xavier Dubernard
- CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mérol
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Gonzague Delepine
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de chirurgie cardio-vasculaire et thoracique, Reims 51092, France
| | - Myriam Polette
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Laboratoire de biopathologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Gaëtan Deslée
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France; CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Service de pneumologie, Reims 51092, France
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM, P3Cell UMR-S1250, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims 51097, France.
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85
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Fang S, Zhang S, Dai H, Hu X, Li C, Xing Y. The role of pulmonary mesenchymal cells in airway epithelium regeneration during injury repair. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:366. [PMID: 31791401 PMCID: PMC6889622 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The airways of mammalian lung are lined with highly specialized cell types that are the target of airborne toxicants and injury. Several epithelial cell types and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells have been identified to serve as stem cells during injury repair. However, the contributions of endogenous mesenchymal cells to recruitment, expansion or differentiation of stem cells, and repair and reestablishment of the normal composition of airway epithelium following injury have not been addressed. Methods The role of mouse pulmonary mesenchymal cells was investigated by lineage tracing using Dermo1-Cre; ROSAmTmG mice. In experimental models of lung injury by lipopolysaccharide and naphthalene, GFP-labeled Dermo1+ mesenchymal cells were traced during injury repair. In vitro lung explant culture treated with or without lipopolysaccharide was also used to verify in vivo data. Results During injury repair, a subgroup of GFP-labeled Dermo1+ mesenchymal cells were found to contribute to normal repair of the airway epithelium and differentiated into Club cells, ciliated cells, and goblet cells. In Club cell-specific naphthalene injury model, the process of Dermo1+ stem cell regenerating epithelial cells was dissected. The Dermo1+ stem cells was migrated into the airway epithelium layer sooner after injury, and sequentially differentiated transitionally to epithelial stem cells, such as neuroendocrine cells, and finally to newly differentiated Club cells, ciliated cells, and goblet cells in injury repair. Conclusion In this study, a population of Dermo1+ mesenchymal stem cell was identified to serve as stem cells in airway epithelial cell regeneration during injury repair. The Dermo1+ mesenchymal stem cell differentiated into epithelial stem cells before reestablishing various epithelial cells. These findings have implications for understanding the regulation of lung repair and the potential for usage of mesenchymal stem cells in therapeutic strategies for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiting Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changgong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yiming Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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86
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Cigliola V, Ghila L, Chera S, Herrera PL. Tissue repair brakes: A common paradigm in the biology of regeneration. Stem Cells 2019; 38:330-339. [PMID: 31722129 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To date, most attention on tissue regeneration has focused on the exploration of positive cues promoting or allowing the engagement of natural cellular restoration upon injury. In contrast, the signals fostering cell identity maintenance in the vertebrate body have been poorly investigated; yet they are crucial, for their counteraction could become a powerful method to induce and modulate regeneration. Here we review the mechanisms inhibiting pro-regenerative spontaneous adaptive cell responses in different model organisms and organs. The pharmacological or genetic/epigenetic modulation of such regenerative brakes could release a dormant but innate adaptive competence of certain cell types and therefore boost tissue regeneration in different situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cigliola
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Luiza Ghila
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simona Chera
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine & Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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87
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Chu X, Chen C, Chen C, Zhang JS, Bellusci S, Li X. Evidence for lung repair and regeneration in humans: key stem cells and therapeutic functions of fibroblast growth factors. Front Med 2019; 14:262-272. [PMID: 31741137 PMCID: PMC7095240 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-019-0717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration carries the idea of regrowing partially or completely a missing organ. Repair, on the other hand, allows restoring the function of an existing but failing organ. The recognition that human lungs can both repair and regenerate is quite novel, the concept has not been widely used to treat patients. We present evidence that the human adult lung does repair and regenerate and introduce different ways to harness this power. Various types of lung stem cells are capable of proliferating and differentiating upon injury driving the repair/regeneration process. Injury models, primarily in mice, combined with lineage tracing studies, have allowed the identification of these important cells. Some of these cells, such as basal cells, broncho-alveolar stem cells, and alveolar type 2 cells, rely on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling for their survival, proliferation and/or differentiation. While preclinical studies have shown the therapeutic benefits of FGFs, a recent clinical trial for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) using intravenous injection of FGF7 did not report the expected beneficial effects. We discuss the potential reasons for these negative results and propose the rationale for new approaches for future clinical trials, such as delivery of FGFs to the damaged lungs through efficient inhalation systems, which may be more promising than systemic exposure to FGFs. While this change in the administration route presents a challenge, the therapeutic promises displayed by FGFs are worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Chaolei Chen
- Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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88
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Frank DB, Morrisey EE. Hedgehog and WNT Signaling Hubs in Tracheal Morphogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:1202-1204. [PMID: 31291547 PMCID: PMC6857488 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201907-1285ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David B Frank
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvaniaand
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
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89
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Dahlgren MW, Molofsky AB. Adventitial Cuffs: Regional Hubs for Tissue Immunity. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:877-887. [PMID: 31522963 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation must be effective, while limiting excessive tissue damage. To walk this line, immune functions are grossly compartmentalized by innate cells that act locally and adaptive cells that function systemically. But what about the myriad tissue-resident immune cells that are critical to this balancing act and lie on a spectrum of innate and adaptive immunity? We propose that mammalian perivascular adventitial 'cuffs' are conserved sites in multiple organs, enriched for these tissue-resident lymphocytes and dendritic cells, as well as lymphatics, nerves, and subsets of specialized stromal cells. Here, we argue that these boundary sites integrate diverse tissue signals to regulate the movement of immune cells and interstitial fluid, facilitate immune crosstalk, and ultimately act to coordinate regional tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelene W Dahlgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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90
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Ye S, Ding YF, Jia WH, Liu XL, Feng JY, Zhu Q, Cai SL, Yang YS, Lu QY, Huang XT, Yang JS, Jia SN, Ding GP, Wang YH, Zhou JJ, Chen YD, Yang WJ. SET Domain-Containing Protein 4 Epigenetically Controls Breast Cancer Stem Cell Quiescence. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4729-4743. [PMID: 31308046 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Quiescent cancer stem cells (CSC) play important roles in tumorigenesis, relapse, and resistance to chemoradiotherapy. However, the determinants of CSC quiescence and how they sustain themselves to generate tumors and relapse beyond resistance to chemoradiotherapy remains unclear. Here, we found that SET domain-containing protein 4 (SETD4) epigenetically controls breast CSC (BCSC) quiescence by facilitating heterochromatin formation via H4K20me3 catalysis. H4K20me3 localized to the promoter regions and regulated the expression of a set of genes in quiescent BCSCs (qBCSC). SETD4-defined qBCSCs were resistant to chemoradiotherapy and promoted tumor relapse in a mouse model. Upon activation, a SETD4-defined qBCSC sustained itself in a quiescent state by asymmetric division and concurrently produced an active daughter cell that proliferated to produce a cancer cell population. Single-cell sequence analysis indicated that SETD4+ qBCSCs clustered together as a distinct cell type within the heterogeneous BCSC population. SETD4-defined quiescent CSCs were present in multiple cancer types including gastric, cervical, ovarian, liver, and lung cancers and were resistant to chemotherapy. SETD4-defined qBCSCs had a high tumorigenesis potential and correlated with malignancy and chemotherapy resistance in clinical breast cancer patients. Taken together, the results from our previous study and current study on six cancer types reveal an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of cellular quiescence epigenetically controlled by SETD4. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism of tumorigenesis and relapse promoted by SETD4-defined quiescent CSCs and have broad implications for clinical therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings advance our knowledge on the epigenetic determinants of quiescence in cancer stem cell populations and pave the way for future pharmacologic developments aimed at targeting drug-resistant quiescent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Ye
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Fu Ding
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Huan Jia
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yi Feng
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sun-Li Cai
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao-Shun Yang
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Yun Lu
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ting Huang
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Ping Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ding Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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91
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Wang C, Cassandras M, Peng T. The Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Adult Lung Regeneration and Maintenance. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7030014. [PMID: 31323955 PMCID: PMC6787692 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a secreted morphogen, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) determines differential cell fates, behaviors, and functions by forming a gradient of Hedgehog (Hh) activation along an axis of Hh-receptive cells during development. Despite clearly delineated roles for Hh during organ morphogenesis, whether Hh continues to regulate cell fate and behavior in the same fashion in adult organs is less understood. Adult organs, particularly barrier organs interfacing with the ambient environment, are exposed to insults that require renewal of cellular populations to maintain structural integrity. Understanding key aspects of Hh’s ability to generate an organ could translate into conceptual understanding of Hh’s ability to maintain organ homeostasis and stimulate regeneration. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about Hh signaling in regulating adult lung regeneration and maintenance, and discuss how alteration of Hh signaling contributes to adult lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Monica Cassandras
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tien Peng
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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92
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Cellular crosstalk in the development and regeneration of the respiratory system. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:551-566. [PMID: 31217577 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system, including the peripheral lungs, large airways and trachea, is one of the most recently evolved adaptations to terrestrial life. To support the exchange of respiratory gases, the respiratory system is interconnected with the cardiovascular system, and this interconnective nature requires a complex interplay between a myriad of cell types. Until recently, this complexity has hampered our understanding of how the respiratory system develops and responds to postnatal injury to maintain homeostasis. The advent of new single-cell sequencing technologies, developments in cellular and tissue imaging and advances in cell lineage tracing have begun to fill this gap. The view that emerges from these studies is that cellular and functional heterogeneity of the respiratory system is even greater than expected and also highly adaptive. In this Review, we explore the cellular crosstalk that coordinates the development and regeneration of the respiratory system. We discuss both the classic cell and developmental biology studies and recent single-cell analysis to provide an integrated understanding of the cellular niches that control how the respiratory system develops, interacts with the external environment and responds to injury.
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93
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Alveolar Differentiation Potency of Human Distal Airway Stem Cells Is Associated with Pulmonary Pathological Conditions. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7123078. [PMID: 31281383 PMCID: PMC6590602 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7123078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study is aimed at characterizing the human distal airway stem cells (DASCs) and assessing their therapeutic potential in patients with chronic, degenerative lung diseases. These findings will provide a comprehensive understanding for further clinical applications utilizing autologous airway stem cells as therapeutic intervention in respiratory diseases. Methods DASCs were isolated from healthy subjects or patients diagnosed with bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), or interstitial lung disease (ILD). Differentiation capacity, a key property of the stem cells, was studied using a novel monolayer differentiation system. The differentiated cells were evaluated for alveolar and bronchial cell marker expression, and the quantified expression level of differentiated cells was further examined for their relationship with age and pulmonary function of the subjects. Results and Conclusions Differentiation of DASCs and tracheal stem cells (TSCs) yielded an alveolus-like structure and a tube-shaped structure, respectively, with distinct marker gene expression. Additionally, single-cell-derived clones showed diverse differentiation fates, even if the clones arise from identical or different individuals. More importantly, the alveolar differentiation potency was higher in DASCs derived from patients than from healthy people. The differentiation efficiency of DASCs also correlates with age in patients with bronchiectasis and ILD.
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94
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Ng-Blichfeldt JP, Gosens R, Dean C, Griffiths M, Hind M. Regenerative pharmacology for COPD: breathing new life into old lungs. Thorax 2019; 74:890-897. [PMID: 30940772 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health concern with few effective treatments. Widespread destruction of alveolar tissue contributes to impaired gas exchange in severe COPD, and recent radiological evidence suggests that destruction of small airways is a major contributor to increased peripheral airway resistance in disease. This important finding might in part explain the failure of conventional anti-inflammatory treatments to restore lung function even in patients with mild disease. There is a clear need for alternative pharmacological strategies for patients with COPD/emphysema. Proposed regenerative strategies such as cell therapy and tissue engineering are hampered by poor availability of exogenous stem cells, discouraging trial results, and risks and cost associated with surgery. An alternative therapeutic approach is augmentation of lung regeneration and/or repair by biologically active factors, which have potential to be employed on a large scale. In favour of this strategy, the healthy adult lung is known to possess a remarkable endogenous regenerative capacity. Numerous preclinical studies have shown induction of regeneration in animal models of COPD/emphysema. Here, we argue that given the widespread and irreversible nature of COPD, serious consideration of regenerative pharmacology is necessary. However, for this approach to be feasible, a better understanding of the cell-specific molecular control of regeneration, the regenerative potential of the human lung and regenerative competencies of patients with COPD are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Poul Ng-Blichfeldt
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Griffiths
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomews Hospital, London, UK
| | - Matthew Hind
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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95
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Katsura H, Kobayashi Y, Tata PR, Hogan BLM. IL-1 and TNFα Contribute to the Inflammatory Niche to Enhance Alveolar Regeneration. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:657-666. [PMID: 30930244 PMCID: PMC6450459 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are known to facilitate tissue recovery following injury. However, the precise mechanisms that enhance lung alveolar regeneration remain unclear. Here, using an organoid-based screening assay, we find that interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) enhance the proliferation of AEC2s while maintaining their differentiation capacity. Furthermore, we find that expression of IL-1β and TNFα are induced in the AEC2 niche following influenza-induced injury in vivo, and lineage tracing analysis revealed that surviving AEC2s around the damaged area contribute to alveolar regeneration. Through genetic and pharmacological modulation of multiple components of the IL-1-nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling axis, we show that cell-intrinsic as well as stromal mediated IL-1 signaling are essential for AEC2 mediated lung regeneration. Taken together, we propose that the IL-1/TNFα-NF-κB signaling axis functions as a component of an inflammation-associated niche to regulate proliferation of surviving AEC2s and promote lung regeneration. IL-1/TNFα enhance the growth of lung alveolar stem cells (AEC2s) in organoid culture AEC2s treated with IL-1 or TNFα maintain differentiation ability AEC2s proliferate and contribute to lung repair after influenza virus infection NF-κB pathway is activated in AEC2s treated with IL-1 or TNFα
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Katsura
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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96
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Hsieh HHS, Agarwal S, Cholok DJ, Loder SJ, Kaneko K, Huber A, Chung MT, Ranganathan K, Habbouche J, Li J, Butts J, Reimer J, Kaura A, Drake J, Breuler C, Priest CR, Nguyen J, Brownley C, Peterson J, Ozgurel SU, Niknafs YS, Li S, Inagaki M, Scott G, Krebsbach PH, Longaker MT, Westover K, Gray N, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Mishina Y, Levi B. Coordinating Tissue Regeneration Through Transforming Growth Factor-β Activated Kinase 1 Inactivation and Reactivation. Stem Cells 2019; 37:766-778. [PMID: 30786091 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant wound healing presents as inappropriate or insufficient tissue formation. Using a model of musculoskeletal injury, we demonstrate that loss of transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) signaling reduces inappropriate tissue formation (heterotopic ossification) through reduced cellular differentiation. Upon identifying increased proliferation with loss of TAK1 signaling, we considered a regenerative approach to address insufficient tissue production through coordinated inactivation of TAK1 to promote cellular proliferation, followed by reactivation to elicit differentiation and extracellular matrix production. Although the current regenerative medicine paradigm is centered on the effects of drug treatment ("drug on"), the impact of drug withdrawal ("drug off") implicit in these regimens is unknown. Because current TAK1 inhibitors are unable to phenocopy genetic Tak1 loss, we introduce the dual-inducible COmbinational Sequential Inversion ENgineering (COSIEN) mouse model. The COSIEN mouse model, which allows us to study the response to targeted drug treatment ("drug on") and subsequent withdrawal ("drug off") through genetic modification, was used here to inactivate and reactivate Tak1 with the purpose of augmenting tissue regeneration in a calvarial defect model. Our study reveals the importance of both the "drug on" (Cre-mediated inactivation) and "drug off" (Flp-mediated reactivation) states during regenerative therapy using a mouse model with broad utility to study targeted therapies for disease. Stem Cells 2019;37:766-778.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao Hsin Sung Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Experimental Rheumatology Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shailesh Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David J Cholok
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shawn J Loder
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kieko Kaneko
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amanda Huber
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael T Chung
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Joe Habbouche
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Butts
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Reimer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Arminder Kaura
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James Drake
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Caitlin R Priest
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joe Nguyen
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cameron Brownley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Peterson
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Yashar S Niknafs
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maiko Inagaki
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Greg Scott
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul H Krebsbach
- Section of Periodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kenneth Westover
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nathanael Gray
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Ninomiya-Tsuji
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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97
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Tam A, Hughes M, McNagny KM, Obeidat M, Hackett TL, Leung JM, Shaipanich T, Dorscheid DR, Singhera GK, Yang CWT, Paré PD, Hogg JC, Nickle D, Sin DD. Hedgehog signaling in the airway epithelium of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3353. [PMID: 30833624 PMCID: PMC6399332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have linked gene variants of the receptor patched homolog 1 (PTCH1) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, its biological role in the disease is unclear. Our objective was to determine the expression pattern and biological role of PTCH1 in the lungs of patients with COPD. Airway epithelial-specific PTCH1 protein expression and epithelial morphology were assessed in lung tissues of control and COPD patients. PTCH1 mRNA expression was measured in bronchial epithelial cells obtained from individuals with and without COPD. The effects of PTCH1 siRNA knockdown on epithelial repair and mucous expression were evaluated using human epithelial cell lines. Ptch1+/− mice were used to assess the effect of decreased PTCH1 on mucous expression and airway epithelial phenotypes. Airway epithelial-specific PTCH1 protein expression was significantly increased in subjects with COPD compared to controls, and its expression was associated with total airway epithelial cell count and thickness. PTCH1 knockdown attenuated wound closure and mucous expression in airway epithelial cell lines. Ptch1+/− mice had reduced mucous expression compared to wildtype mice following mucous induction. PTCH1 protein is up-regulated in COPD airway epithelium and may upregulate mucous expression. PTCH1 provides a novel target to reduce chronic bronchitis in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tam
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Hughes
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - K M McNagny
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Obeidat
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T L Hackett
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology, & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J M Leung
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T Shaipanich
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D R Dorscheid
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G K Singhera
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C W T Yang
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P D Paré
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J C Hogg
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D Nickle
- Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - D D Sin
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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98
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Liu Q, Liu K, Cui G, Huang X, Yao S, Guo W, Qin Z, Li Y, Yang R, Pu W, Zhang L, He L, Zhao H, Yu W, Tang M, Tian X, Cai D, Nie Y, Hu S, Ren T, Qiao Z, Huang H, Zeng YA, Jing N, Peng G, Ji H, Zhou B. Lung regeneration by multipotent stem cells residing at the bronchioalveolar-duct junction. Nat Genet 2019; 51:728-738. [DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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99
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Whitsett JA, Kalin TV, Xu Y, Kalinichenko VV. Building and Regenerating the Lung Cell by Cell. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:513-554. [PMID: 30427276 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique architecture of the mammalian lung is required for adaptation to air breathing at birth and thereafter. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling its morphogenesis provides the framework for understanding the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung diseases. Recent single-cell RNA sequencing data and high-resolution imaging identify the remarkable heterogeneity of pulmonary cell types and provides cell selective gene expression underlying lung development. We will address fundamental issues related to the diversity of pulmonary cells, to the formation and function of the mammalian lung, and will review recent advances regarding the cellular and molecular pathways involved in lung organogenesis. What cells form the lung in the early embryo? How are cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation regulated during lung morphogenesis? How do cells interact during lung formation and repair? How do signaling and transcriptional programs determine cell-cell interactions necessary for lung morphogenesis and function?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yan Xu
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
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100
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Allahyari RV, Clark KL, Shepard KA, Garcia ADR. Sonic hedgehog signaling is negatively regulated in reactive astrocytes after forebrain stab injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:565. [PMID: 30679745 PMCID: PMC6345977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following injury to the central nervous system, astrocytes perform critical and complex functions that both promote and antagonize neural repair. Understanding the molecular signaling pathways that coordinate their diverse functional properties is key to developing effective therapeutic strategies. In the healthy, adult CNS, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is active in mature, differentiated astrocytes. Shh has been shown to undergo injury-induced upregulation and promote neural repair. Here, we investigated whether Shh signaling mediates astrocyte response to injury. Surprisingly, we found that following an acute, focal injury, reactive astrocytes exhibit a pronounced reduction in Shh activity in a spatiotemporally-defined manner. Shh signaling is lost in reactive astrocytes at the lesion site, but persists in mild to moderately reactive astrocytes in distal tissues. Nevertheless, local pharmacological activation of the Shh pathway in astrocytes mitigates inflammation, consistent with a neuroprotective role for Shh signaling after injury. Interestingly, we find that Shh signaling is restored to baseline levels two weeks after injury, a time during which acute inflammation has largely subsided and lesions have matured. Taken together, these data suggest that endogenous Shh signaling in astrocytes is dynamically regulated in a context dependent manner. In addition, exogenous activation of the Shh pathway promotes neuroprotection mediated by reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vivian Allahyari
- Departments of Biology and Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - K Lyles Clark
- Departments of Biology and Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine A Shepard
- Departments of Biology and Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - A Denise R Garcia
- Departments of Biology and Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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