51
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Eller B, Fortner J, Kłos J, Wang Y, Clark CW. Can armchair nanotubes host organic color centers? JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:464004. [PMID: 36063817 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac8f7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We use time-dependent density functional theory to investigate the possibility of hosting organic color centers in (6, 6) armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes, which are known to be metallic. Our calculations show that in short segments of (6, 6) nanotubes∼5nm in length there is a dipole-allowed singlet transition related to the quantum confinement of charge carriers in the smaller segments. The introduction ofsp3defects to the surface of (6, 6) nanotubes results in new dipole-allowed excited states. Some of these states are redshifted from the native confinement state of the defect-free (6, 6) segments; this is similar behavior to what is observed withsp3defects to exciton transitions in semiconducting carbon nanotubes. This result suggests the possibility of electrically wiring organic color centers directly through armchair carbon nanotube hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Eller
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacek Kłos
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
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52
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Hayashi K, Niidome Y, Shiga T, Yu B, Nakagawa Y, Janas D, Fujigaya T, Shiraki T. Azide modification forming luminescent sp 2 defects on single-walled carbon nanotubes for near-infrared defect photoluminescence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11422-11425. [PMID: 36134499 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04492g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Azide functionalization produced luminescent sp2-type defects on single-walled carbon nanotubes, by which defect photoluminescence appeared in near infrared regions (1116 nm). Changes in exciton properties were induced by localization effects at the defect sites, creating exciton-engineered nanomaterials based on the defect structure design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Niidome
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Tamehito Shiga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Boda Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yasuto Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Dawid Janas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. .,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. .,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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53
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Niidome Y, Wakabayashi R, Goto M, Fujigaya T, Shiraki T. Protein-structure-dependent spectral shifts of near-infrared photoluminescence from locally functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes based on avidin-biotin interactions. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13090-13097. [PMID: 35938498 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01440h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) emit photoluminescence (PL) in the near-infrared (NIR) region (>900 nm). To enhance their PL properties, defect doping via local chemical functionalization has been developed. The locally functionalized SWCNTs (lf-SWCNTs) emit red-shifted and bright E11* PL originating from the excitons localized at the defect-doped sites. Here, we observe the E11* PL energy shifts induced by protein adsorption via the avidin-biotin interactions at the doped sites of lf-SWCNTs. We establish that the difference in the structures of the avidin derivatives notably influences the energy shifts. First, lf-SWCNT-tethering biotin groups (lf-SWCNTs-b) are synthesized based on diazonium chemistry, followed by post-modification. The responsiveness of the lf-SWCNTs-b to different microenvironments is investigated, and a correlation between the E11* PL energy shift and the induction-polarity parameters of surrounding solvents is established. The adsorption of neutravidin onto the lf-SWCNTs-b induces an increase in the induction-polarity parameters around the biotin-doped sites, resulting in the red-shift of the E11* PL peak. The E11* PL shift behaviors of the lf-SWCNTs-b change noticeably when avidin and streptavidin are introduced compared to the case with neutravidin. This is due to the different microenvironments formed at the biotin-doped sites, attributed to the difference in the structural features of the introduced avidin derivatives. Moreover, we successfully enhance the detection signals of lf-SWCNTs-b (>three fold) for streptavidin detection using a fabricated film device. Therefore, lf-SWCNTs exhibit significant promise for application in advanced protein detection/recognition devices based on NIR PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Niidome
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Rie Wakabayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
- Center for Future Chemistry (CFC), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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54
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Li MK, Riaz A, Wederhake M, Fink K, Saha A, Dehm S, He X, Schöppler F, Kappes MM, Htoon H, Popov VN, Doorn SK, Hertel T, Hennrich F, Krupke R. Electroluminescence from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Quantum Defects. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11742-11754. [PMID: 35732039 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Individual single-walled carbon nanotubes with covalent sidewall defects have emerged as a class of photon sources whose photoluminescence spectra can be tailored by the carbon nanotube chirality and the attached functional group/molecule. Here we present electroluminescence spectroscopy data from single-tube devices based on (7, 5) carbon nanotubes, functionalized with dichlorobenzene molecules, and wired to graphene electrodes. We observe electrically generated, defect-induced emissions that are controllable by electrostatic gating and strongly red-shifted compared to emissions from pristine nanotubes. The defect-induced emissions are assigned to excitonic and trionic recombination processes by correlating electroluminescence excitation maps with electrical transport and photoluminescence data. At cryogenic conditions, additional gate-dependent emission lines appear, which are assigned to phonon-assisted hot-exciton electroluminescence from quasi-levels. Similar results were obtained with functionalized (6, 5) nanotubes. We also compare functionalized (7, 5) electroluminescence data with photoluminescence of pristine and functionalized (7, 5) nanotubes redox-doped using gold(III) chloride solution. This work shows that electroluminescence excitation is selective toward neutral defect-state configurations with the lowest transition energy, which in combination with gate-control over neutral versus charged defect-state emission leads to high spectral purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ken Li
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adnan Riaz
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martina Wederhake
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Avishek Saha
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xiaowei He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Friedrich Schöppler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tobias Hertel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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55
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Nanotube Functionalization: Investigation, Methods and Demonstrated Applications. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155386. [PMID: 35955321 PMCID: PMC9369776 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review presents an update on nanotube functionalization, including an investigation of their methods and applications. The review starts with the discussion of microscopy and spectroscopy investigations of functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The results of transmission electron microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and resistivity measurements are summarized. The update on the methods of the functionalization of CNTs, such as covalent and non-covalent modification or the substitution of carbon atoms, is presented. The demonstrated applications of functionalized CNTs in nanoelectronics, composites, electrochemical energy storage, electrode materials, sensors and biomedicine are discussed.
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56
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Zheng Y, Han Y, Weight BM, Lin Z, Gifford BJ, Zheng M, Kilin D, Kilina S, Doorn SK, Htoon H, Tretiak S. Photochemical spin-state control of binding configuration for tailoring organic color center emission in carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4439. [PMID: 35915090 PMCID: PMC9343348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating fluorescent quantum defects in the sidewalls of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) through chemical reaction is an emerging route to predictably modify nanotube electronic structures and develop advanced photonic functionality. Applications such as room-temperature single-photon emission and high-contrast bio-imaging have been advanced through aryl-functionalized SWCNTs, in which the binding configurations of the aryl group define the energies of the emitting states. However, the chemistry of binding with atomic precision at the single-bond level and tunable control over the binding configurations are yet to be achieved. Here, we explore recently reported photosynthetic protocol and find that it can control chemical binding configurations of quantum defects, which are often referred to as organic color centers, through the spin multiplicity of photoexcited intermediates. Specifically, photoexcited aromatics react with SWCNT sidewalls to undergo a singlet-state pathway in the presence of dissolved oxygen, leading to ortho binding configurations of the aryl group on the nanotube. In contrast, the oxygen-free photoreaction activates previously inaccessible para configurations through a triplet-state mechanism. These experimental results are corroborated by first principles simulations. Such spin-selective photochemistry diversifies SWCNT emission tunability by controlling the morphology of the emitting sites. Chemical functionalization of the sidewalls of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is an emerging route to introduce fluorescent quantum defects and tailor the emission properties. Here, authors demonstrate that spin-selective photochemistry diversifies SWCNT emission tunability by controlling the morphology of the emitting sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Yulun Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Braden M Weight
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.,Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Brendan J Gifford
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Dmitri Kilin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA. .,Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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57
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Lin Z, Beltran L, De los Santos ZA, Li Y, Adel T, Fagan JA, Hight Walker AR, Egelman EH, Zheng M. DNA-guided lattice remodeling of carbon nanotubes. Science 2022; 377:535-539. [PMID: 35901135 PMCID: PMC9872717 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modification of carbon nanotubes is a promising strategy for engineering their electronic structures. However, keeping modification sites in registration with a nanotube lattice is challenging. We report a solution using DNA-directed, guanine (G)-specific cross-linking chemistry. Through DNA screening we identify a sequence, C3GC7GC3, whose reaction with an (8,3) enantiomer yields minimum disorder-induced Raman mode intensities and photoluminescence Stokes shift, suggesting ordered defect array formation. Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy shows that the C3GC7GC3 functionalized (8,3) has an ordered helical structure with a 6.5 angstroms periodicity. Reaction mechanism analysis suggests that the helical periodicity arises from an array of G-modified carbon-carbon bonds separated by a fixed distance along an armchair helical line. Our findings may be used to remodel nanotube lattices for novel electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Lin
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,,
| | - Leti Beltran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zeus A. De los Santos
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Yinong Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tehseen Adel
- Quantum Metrology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Angela R. Hight Walker
- Quantum Metrology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Edward H. Egelman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,,
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58
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Wang Y. Engineering defects with DNA. Science 2022; 377:473-474. [PMID: 35901162 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes are structurally modified by using a genetic sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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59
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Wang P, Fortner J, Luo H, Kłos J, Wu X, Qu H, Chen F, Li Y, Wang Y. Quantum Defects: What Pairs with the Aryl Group When Bonding to the sp 2 Carbon Lattice of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13234-13241. [PMID: 35830302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aryl diazonium reactions are widely used to covalently modify graphitic electrodes and low-dimensional carbon materials, including the recent creation of organic color centers (OCCs) on single-wall carbon nanotube semiconductors. However, due to the experimental difficulties in resolving small functional groups over extensive carbon lattices, a basic question until now remains unanswered: what group, if any, is pairing with the aryl sp3 defect when breaking a C═C bond on the sp2 carbon lattice? Here, we show that water plays an unexpected role in completing the diazonium reaction with carbon nanotubes involving chlorosulfonic acid, acting as a nucleophilic agent that contributes -OH as the pairing group. By simply replacing water with other nucleophilic solvents, we find it is possible to create OCCs that feature an entirely new series of pairing groups, including -OCH3, -OC2H5, -OC3H7, -i-OC3H7, and -NH2, which allows us to systematically tailor the defect pairs and the optical properties of the resulting color centers. Enabled by these pairing groups, we further achieved the synthesis of OCCs with sterically bulky pairs that exhibit high purity defect photoluminescence effectively covering both the second near-infrared window and the telecom wavelengths. Our studies further suggest that these diazonium reactions proceed through the formation of carbocations in chlorosulfonic acid, rather than a radical mechanism that typically occurs in aqueous solutions. These findings uncover the unknown half of the sp3 defect pairs and provide a synthetic approach to control these defect color centers for quantum information, imaging, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hongbin Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jacek Kłos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,Department of Physics, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Haoran Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United State
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60
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Nißler R, Ackermann J, Ma C, Kruss S. Prospects of Fluorescent Single-Chirality Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9941-9951. [PMID: 35786856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) fluoresce in the near-infrared (NIR), and the emission wavelength depends on their structure (chirality). Interactions with other molecules affect their fluorescence, which has successfully been used for SWCNT-based molecular sensors. So far, most such sensors are assembled from crude mixtures of different SWCNT chiralities, which causes polydisperse sensor responses as well as spectral congestion and limits their performance. The advent of chirality-pure SWCNTs is about to overcome this limitation and paves the way for the next generation of biosensors. Here, we discuss the first examples of chirality-pure SWCNT-based fluorescent biosensors. We introduce routes to such sensors via aqueous two-phase extraction-assisted purification of SWCNTs and highlight the critical interplay between purification and surface modification procedures. Applications include the NIR detection and imaging of neurotransmitters, reactive oxygen species, lipids, bacterial motives, and plant metabolites. Most importantly, we outline a path toward how such monodisperse (chirality-pure) sensors will enable advanced multiplexed sensing with enhanced bioanalytical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nißler
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Lab, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Bochum University, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Ackermann
- Fraunhofer Institute of Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Bochum University, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemistry, Bochum University, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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61
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Zheng W, Zorn NF, Bonn M, Zaumseil J, Wang HI. Probing Carrier Dynamics in sp3-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9401-9409. [PMID: 35709437 PMCID: PMC9246260 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The controlled introduction of covalent sp3 defects into semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) gives rise to exciton localization and red-shifted near-infrared luminescence. The single-photon emission characteristics of these functionalized SWCNTs make them interesting candidates for electrically driven quantum light sources. However, the impact of sp3 defects on the carrier dynamics and charge transport in carbon nanotubes remains an open question. Here, we use ultrafast, time-resolved optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy as a direct and quantitative technique to investigate the microscopic and temperature-dependent charge transport properties of pristine and functionalized (6,5) SWCNTs in dispersions and thin films. We find that sp3 functionalization increases charge carrier scattering, thus reducing the intra-nanotube carrier mobility. In combination with electrical measurements of SWCNT network field-effect transistors, these data enable us to distinguish between contributions of intra-nanotube band transport, sp3 defect scattering and inter-nanotube carrier hopping to the overall charge transport properties of nanotube networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zheng
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hai I. Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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62
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Yang X, Zhu C, Zeng L, Xue W, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhao K, Lyu M, Wang L, Zhang YZ, Wang X, Li Y, Yang F. Polyoxometalate steric hindrance driven chirality-selective separation of subnanometer carbon nanotubes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5920-5928. [PMID: 35685796 PMCID: PMC9132071 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Subnanometer single-chirality single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are of particular interest in multiple applications. Inspired by the interdisciplinary combination of redox active polyoxometalates and SWCNTs, here we report a cluster steric hindrance strategy by assembling polyoxometalates on the outer surface of subnanometer SWCNTs via electron transfer and demonstrate the selective separation of monochiral (6,5) SWCNTs with a diameter of 0.75 nm by a commercially available conjugated polymer. The combined use of DFT calculations, TEM, and XPS unveils the mechanism that selective separation is associated with tube diameter-dependent interactions between the tube and clusters. Sonication drives the preferential detachment of polyoxometalate clusters from small-diameter (6,5) SWCNTs, attributable to weak tube–cluster interactions, which enables the polymer wrapping and separation of the released SWCNTs, while strong binding clusters with large-diameter SWCNTs provide steric hindrance and block the polymer wrapping. The polyoxometalate-assisted modulation, which can be rationally customized, provides a universal and robust pathway for the separation of SWCNTs. We develop a cluster steric hindrance strategy by assembling polyoxometalates on subnanometer single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and demonstrate the selective separation of single-chirality (6,5) SWCNTs via polymer extraction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Lianduan Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China .,Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China Suzhou 215000 China
| | - Weiyang Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Kaitong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Min Lyu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Yuan-Zhu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China .,Peking University Shenzhen Institute Shenzhen 518057 China.,PKU-HKUST ShenZhen-HongKong Institution Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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63
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Kozawa D, Wu X, Ishii A, Fortner J, Otsuka K, Xiang R, Inoue T, Maruyama S, Wang Y, Kato YK. Formation of organic color centers in air-suspended carbon nanotubes using vapor-phase reaction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2814. [PMID: 35595760 PMCID: PMC9123200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic color centers in single-walled carbon nanotubes have demonstrated exceptional ability to generate single photons at room temperature in the telecom range. Combining the color centers with pristine air-suspended nanotubes would be desirable for improved performance, but all current synthetic methods occur in solution which makes them incompatible. Here we demonstrate the formation of color centers in air-suspended nanotubes using a vapor-phase reaction. Functionalization is directly verified by photoluminescence spectroscopy, with unambiguous statistics from more than a few thousand individual nanotubes. The color centers show strong diameter-dependent emission, which can be explained with a model for chemical reactivity considering strain along the tube curvature. We also estimate the defect density by comparing the experiments with simulations based on a one-dimensional exciton diffusion equation. Our results highlight the influence of the nanotube structure on vapor-phase reactivity and emission properties, providing guidelines for the development of high-performance near-infrared quantum light sources. Organic color centers in single-walled carbon nanotubes can act as single-photon sources in the telecom range. Here the authors report the functionalization of air-suspended nanotubes through a vapor-phase photochemical reaction, demonstrating a further tailoring of quantum emitter materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Kozawa
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Akihiro Ishii
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Keigo Otsuka
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Rong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Taiki Inoue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yuichiro K Kato
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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64
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Wei X, Li S, Wang W, Zhang X, Zhou W, Xie S, Liu H. Recent Advances in Structure Separation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Their Application in Optics, Electronics, and Optoelectronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200054. [PMID: 35293698 PMCID: PMC9108629 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural control of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with uniform properties is critical not only for their property modulation and functional design but also for applications in electronics, optics, and optoelectronics. To achieve this goal, various separation techniques have been developed in the past 20 years through which separation of high-purity semiconducting/metallic SWCNTs, single-chirality species, and even their enantiomers have been achieved. This progress has promoted the property modulation of SWCNTs and the development of SWCNT-based optoelectronic devices. Here, the recent advances in the structure separation of SWCNTs are reviewed, from metallic/semiconducting SWCNTs, to single-chirality species, and to enantiomers by several typical separation techniques and the application of the corresponding sorted SWCNTs. Based on the separation procedure, efficiency, and scalability, as well as, the separable SWCNT species, purity, and quantity, the advantages and disadvantages of various separation techniques are compared. Combined with the requirements of SWCNT application, the challenges, prospects, and development direction of structure separation are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Shilong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
| | - Wenke Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Weiya Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Sishen Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
| | - Huaping Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineeringand School of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure ResearchBeijing100190China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
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65
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Sebastian FL, Zorn NF, Settele S, Lindenthal S, Berger FJ, Bendel C, Li H, Flavel BS, Zaumseil J. Absolute Quantification of sp 3 Defects in Semiconducting Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3542-3548. [PMID: 35420437 PMCID: PMC9059186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with luminescent sp3 defects creates red-shifted emission features in the near-infrared and boosts their photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). While multiple synthetic routes for the selective introduction of sp3 defects have been developed, a convenient metric to precisely quantify the number of defects on a SWCNT lattice is not available. Here, we present a direct and simple quantification protocol based on a linear correlation of the integrated Raman D/G+ signal ratios and defect densities as extracted from PLQY measurements. Corroborated by a statistical analysis of single-nanotube emission spectra at cryogenic temperature, this method enables the quantitative evaluation of sp3 defect densities in (6,5) SWCNTs with an error of ±3 defects per micrometer and the determination of oscillator strengths for different defect types. The developed protocol requires only standard Raman spectroscopy and is independent of the defect configuration, dispersion solvent, and nanotube length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn L. Sebastian
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bendel
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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66
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Ackermann J, Metternich JT, Herbertz S, Kruss S. Biosensing with Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112372. [PMID: 34978752 PMCID: PMC9313876 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are powerful tools for modern basic research and biomedical diagnostics. Their development requires substantial input from the chemical sciences. Sensors or probes with an optical readout, such as fluorescence, offer rapid, minimally invasive sensing of analytes with high spatial and temporal resolution. The near‐infrared (NIR) region is beneficial because of the reduced background and scattering of biological samples (tissue transparency window) in this range. In this context, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have emerged as versatile NIR fluorescent building blocks for biosensors. Here, we provide an overview of advances in SWCNT‐based NIR fluorescent molecular sensors. We focus on chemical design strategies for diverse analytes and summarize insights into the photophysics and molecular recognition. Furthermore, different application areas are discussed—from chemical imaging of cellular systems and diagnostics to in vivo applications and perspectives for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ackermann
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany.,Department EBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Bismarckstrasse 81, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Justus T Metternich
- Physical Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Herbertz
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physical Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
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67
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Nandi S, Caicedo K, Cognet L. When Super-Resolution Localization Microscopy Meets Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091433. [PMID: 35564142 PMCID: PMC9105540 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently assisted in a revolution in the realm of fluorescence microscopy triggered by the advent of super-resolution techniques that surpass the classic diffraction limit barrier. By providing optical images with nanometer resolution in the far field, super-resolution microscopy (SRM) is currently accelerating our understanding of the molecular organization of bio-specimens, bridging the gap between cellular observations and molecular structural knowledge, which was previously only accessible using electron microscopy. SRM mainly finds its roots in progress made in the control and manipulation of the optical properties of (single) fluorescent molecules. The flourishing development of novel fluorescent nanostructures has recently opened the possibility of associating super-resolution imaging strategies with nanomaterials’ design and applications. In this review article, we discuss some of the recent developments in the field of super-resolution imaging explicitly based on the use of nanomaterials. As an archetypal class of fluorescent nanomaterial, we mainly focus on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which are photoluminescent emitters at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths bearing great interest for biological imaging and for information optical transmission. Whether for fundamental applications in nanomaterial science or in biology, we show how super-resolution techniques can be applied to create nanoscale images “in”, “of” and “with” SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somen Nandi
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France; (S.N.); (K.C.)
- Institut d’Optique and CNRS, LP2N UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Karen Caicedo
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France; (S.N.); (K.C.)
- Institut d’Optique and CNRS, LP2N UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Cognet
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France; (S.N.); (K.C.)
- Institut d’Optique and CNRS, LP2N UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
- Correspondence:
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68
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Tang Y, Yin C, Jing Q, Zhang C, Yu ZG, Lu Z, Xiao M, Wang X. Quantized Exciton Motion and Fine Energy-Level Structure of a Single Perovskite Nanowire. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2907-2914. [PMID: 35362973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The quantum-confinement effect profoundly influences the exciton energy-level structures and recombination dynamics of semiconductor nanostructures but remains largely unexplored in traditional one-dimensional nanowires mainly due to their poor optical qualities. Here, we show that in defect-tolerant perovskite material of highly luminescent CsPbBr3 nanowires, the exciton's center-of-mass motion perpendicular to the axial direction is severely confined. This is reflected in the two sets of photoluminescence spectra emitted from a single CsPbBr3 nanowire, each of which consists of doublet peaks with linear polarizations perpendicular and parallel to the axial direction. Moreover, different exciton states can be mixed by the Rashba spin-orbit coupling effect, resulting in two single photoluminescence peaks with linear polarizations both along the nanowire axis. The above findings mark the emergence of an ideal platform for the exploration of intrinsic one-dimensional exciton photophysics and optoelectronics, thus bridging the long-missing research gap between the well-studied two- and zero-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunyang Yin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiang Jing
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Yu
- Sivananthan Laboratories, Bolingbrook, Illinois 60440, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Zhenda Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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69
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Lin Z, Yang Y, Jagota A, Zheng M. Machine Learning-Guided Systematic Search of DNA Sequences for Sorting Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4705-4713. [PMID: 35213805 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prerequisite of utilizing DNA in sequence-dependent applications is to search specific sequences. Developing a strategy for efficient DNA sequence screening represents a grand challenge due to the countless possibilities of sequence combination. Herein, relying on sequence-dependent recognition between DNA and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), we demonstrate a method for systematic search of DNA sequences for sorting single-chirality SWCNTs. Different from previously documented empirical search, which has a low efficiency and accuracy, our approach combines machine learning and experimental investigation. The number of resolving sequences and the success rate of finding them are improved from ∼102 to ∼103 and from ∼10% to >90%, respectively. Moreover, the resolving sequence patterns determined from 5-mer and 6-mer short sequences can be extended to sequence search in longer DNA subspaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Lin
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Yoona Yang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Anand Jagota
- Departments of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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70
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Zheng Y, Alizadehmojarad AA, Bachilo SM, Weisman RB. Guanine-Specific Chemical Reaction Reveals ssDNA Interactions on Carbon Nanotube Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2231-2236. [PMID: 35238575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the conformations of physisorbed single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligos on single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) surfaces is important for advancing basic nanoscience and for developing applications in biomedicine and quantum information processing. Here we report evidence that the ssDNA strands are partly desorbed from the nanotube surface under common conditions. SWCNT suspensions were prepared in eight ssDNA oligos, each containing 1 guanine and 30 thymine bases but differing in the position of the guanine within the strand. Singlet oxygen exposure then covalently functionalized the guanine to the SWCNT surface, red-shifting the nanotube fluorescence by an amount reflecting the guanine spatial density at the surface. Spectral shifts were greatest for central guanine positions and smallest for end positions. In conjunction with steered molecular dynamics simulations, the results suggest that steric interference between neighboring ssDNA strands on an individual nanotube causes significant dislocation or desorption of the strand ends while central regions remain better wrapped around the nanotube. This effect decreases with decreasing concentrations of free ssDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ali A Alizadehmojarad
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sergei M Bachilo
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - R Bruce Weisman
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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71
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Ackermann J, Metternich JT, Herbertz S, Kruss S. Biosensing with Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ackermann
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
- Department EBS University Duisburg-Essen Bismarckstrasse 81 47057 Duisburg Germany
| | - Justus T. Metternich
- Physical Chemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
| | - Svenja Herbertz
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physical Chemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
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72
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Mann FA, Galonska P, Herrmann N, Kruss S. Quantum defects as versatile anchors for carbon nanotube functionalization. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:727-747. [PMID: 35110739 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are used in diverse applications that require chemical tailoring of the SWCNT surface, including optical sensing, imaging, targeted drug delivery and single-photon generation. SWCNTs have been noncovalently modified with (bio)polymers to preserve their intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence. However, demanding applications (e.g., requiring stability in biological fluids) would benefit from a stable covalent linkage between the SWCNT and the functional unit (e.g., antibody, fluorophore, drug). Here we present how to use diazonium salt chemistry to introduce sp3 quantum defects in the SWCNT carbon lattice to serve as handles for conjugation while preserving near-infrared fluorescence. In this protocol, we describe the straightforward, stable (covalent), highly versatile and scalable functionalization of SWCNTs with biomolecules such as peptides and proteins to yield near-infrared fluorescent SWCNT bioconjugates. We provide a step-by-step procedure covering SWCNT dispersion, quantum defect incorporation, bioconjugation, in situ peptide synthesis on SWCNTs, and characterization, which can be completed in 5-7 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Mann
- Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Herrmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany. .,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg, Germany.
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73
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Kim M, Chen C, Wang P, Mulvey JJ, Yang Y, Wun C, Antman-Passig M, Luo HB, Cho S, Long-Roche K, Ramanathan LV, Jagota A, Zheng M, Wang Y, Heller DA. Detection of ovarian cancer via the spectral fingerprinting of quantum-defect-modified carbon nanotubes in serum by machine learning. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:267-275. [PMID: 35301449 PMCID: PMC9108893 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum biomarkers are often insufficiently sensitive or specific to facilitate cancer screening or diagnostic testing. In ovarian cancer, the few established serum biomarkers are highly specific, yet insufficiently sensitive to detect early-stage disease and to impact the mortality rates of patients with this cancer. Here we show that a 'disease fingerprint' acquired via machine learning from the spectra of near-infrared fluorescence emissions of an array of carbon nanotubes functionalized with quantum defects detects high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma in serum samples from symptomatic individuals with 87% sensitivity at 98% specificity (compared with 84% sensitivity at 98% specificity for the current best clinical screening test, which uses measurements of cancer antigen 125 and transvaginal ultrasonography). We used 269 serum samples to train and validate several machine-learning classifiers for the discrimination of patients with ovarian cancer from those with other diseases and from healthy individuals. The predictive values of the best classifier could not be attained via known protein biomarkers, suggesting that the array of nanotube sensors responds to unidentified serum biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Joseph J Mulvey
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yoona Yang
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Hong-Bin Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sun Cho
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Anand Jagota
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel A Heller
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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74
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Astle MA, Weilhard A, Rance GA, LeMercier TM, Stoppiello CT, Norman LT, Fernandes JA, Khlobystov AN. Defect Etching in Carbon Nanotube Walls for Porous Carbon Nanoreactors: Implications for CO 2 Sorption and the Hydrosilylation of Phenylacetylene. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2075-2086. [PMID: 35571534 PMCID: PMC9098111 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c03803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A method of pore fabrication in the walls of carbon nanotubes has been developed, leading to porous nanotubes that have been filled with catalysts and utilized in liquid- and gas-phase reactions. Chromium oxide nanoparticles have been utilized as highly effective etchants of carbon nanotube sidewalls. Tuning the thermal profile and loading of this nanoscale oxidant, both of which influence the localized oxidation of the carbon, have allowed the controlled formation of defects and holes with openings of 40-60 nm, penetrating through several layers of the graphitic carbon nanotube sidewall, resulting in templated nanopore propagation. The porous carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated as catalytic nanoreactors, effectively stabilizing catalytic nanoparticles against agglomeration and modulating the reaction environment around active centers. CO2 sorption on ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs) inside nanoreactors led to distinctive surface-bound intermediates (such as carbonate species), compared to RuNPs on amorphous carbon. Introducing pores in nanoreactors modulates the strength of absorption of these intermediates, as they bond more strongly on RuNPs in porous nanoreactors as compared to the nanoreactors without pores. In the liquid-phase hydrosilylation of phenylacetylene, the confinement of Rh4(CO)12 catalyst centers within the porous nanoreactors changes the distribution of the products relative to those observed in the absence of the additional pores. These changes have been attributed to the enhanced local concentration of phenylacetylene and the environment in which the catalytic centers reside within the porous carbon host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A. Astle
- School
of Chemistry and Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (nmRC), University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Weilhard
- School
of Chemistry and Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (nmRC), University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Graham A. Rance
- School
of Chemistry and Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (nmRC), University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Tara M. LeMercier
- School
of Chemistry and Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (nmRC), University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Craig T. Stoppiello
- School
of Chemistry and Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (nmRC), University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Luke T. Norman
- School
of Chemistry and Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (nmRC), University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jesum Alves Fernandes
- School
of Chemistry and Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (nmRC), University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei N. Khlobystov
- School
of Chemistry and Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (nmRC), University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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75
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Qu H, Wu X, Fortner J, Kim M, Wang P, Wang Y. Reconfiguring Organic Color Centers on the sp 2 Carbon Lattice of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2077-2087. [PMID: 35040631 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic color centers (OCCs) are atomic defects that can be synthetically created in single-walled carbon nanotube hosts to enable the emission of shortwave infrared single photons at room temperature. However, all known chemistries developed thus far to generate these quantum defects produce a variety of bonding configurations, posing a formidable challenge to the synthesis of identical, uniformly emitting color centers. Herein, we show that laser irradiation of the nanotube host can locally reconfigure the chemical bonding of aryl OCCs on (6,5) nanotubes to significantly reduce their spectral inhomogeneity. After irradiation the defect emission narrows in distribution by ∼26% to yield a single photoluminescence peak. We use hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging to follow this structural transformation on the single nanotube level. Density functional theory calculations corroborate our experimental observations, suggesting that the OCCs convert from kinetic structures to the more thermodynamically stable configuration. This approach may enable localized tuning and creation of identical OCCs for emerging applications in bioimaging, molecular sensing, and quantum information sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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76
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Ultrafast electronic dynamics and vibrational dynamics of SWCNT under alkylation and annealing. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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77
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Synthesis of a Poly(3-dodecylthiophene) Bearing Aniline Groups for the Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes. REACTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions2040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionalization of carbon nanotubes by polymers necessitates two steps, first their modification by oxidizing them or by covalently attaching small compounds to them, then the growth of the polymer chains from these anchors or their grafting onto them. In order to better control the process and the rate of functionalization, we develop polymers able to covalently react with the carbon nanotubes by their side chains in one step. We describe the synthesis of a copolymer of dodecylthiophene and its analogue bearing an aniline group at the end of the dodecyl side chain. This copolymer can functionalize single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) non-covalently and disperse more SWNTs than its hexyl analogues. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies show that in these non-covalent hybrids, the polymer forms p-stacked aggregates on the SWNTs. The non-covalent hybrids can be transformed into covalent ones by diazonium coupling. In these covalent hybrids the polymer is no longer p-stacked. According to Raman spectroscopy, the conformation of the poly(3-hexylthiophene) backbone is more ordered in the non-covalent hybrids than in the covalent ones.
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78
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Chen S, Jiang Y, Jia S, Liu H, Zhang G, Han X, Zhang R. Revealing the tunability of electronic structures and optical properties of novel SWCNT derivatives, phenine nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24239-24248. [PMID: 34668917 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03932f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have evoked great interest for various luminescent applications, but the large emission heterogeneity resulting from the structural complexity of the samples seriously restricts their further development. Herein we theoretically explore the electronic structures and optical properties of phenine nanotubes (pNTs), which are typical luminescent SWCNT derivatives with determined molecular structures that have been synthesized recently (Z. Sun, K. Ikemoto, T. M. Fukunaga, T. Koretsune, R. Arita, S. Sato and H. Isobe, Science, 2019, 363, 151-155; K. Ikemoto, S. Yang, H. Naito, M. Kotani, S. Sato and H. Isobe, Nat. Commun., 2020, 11, 1807). Interestingly, pNTs are found to feature different semiconducting properties to SWCNTs, as indicated by a spatial separation trend in the HOMO and LUMO resulting from periodic structural vacancies. The HOMO-LUMO and optical gaps of pNTs depend inversely on their lengths and diameters, but diameter variation should be an ineffective method for property tuning due to its negligible influence. By contrast, chemical modifications via N doping or hydrogenation highly affect the HOMO-LUMO gaps and their distributions and greatly broaden the light absorption/emission range, and importantly, low-dose hydrogenation is predicted to be a feasible strategy to enhance luminescence. This work, by studying the fundamental photophysical properties of pNTs and making comparisons to SWCNTs, shows the promise of structural vacancy engineering and surface functionalization in acquiring multifunctional tube-like materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunwei Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China. .,Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
| | - Shangke Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
| | - Guangwei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
| | - Xiujun Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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79
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Wang P, Barnes B, Huang Z, Wang Z, Zheng M, Wang Y. Beyond Color: The New Carbon Ink. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005890. [PMID: 33938063 PMCID: PMC8560657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For thousands of years, carbon ink has been used as a black color pigment for writing and painting purposes. However, recent discoveries of nanocarbon materials, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and their various derivative forms, together with the advances in large-scale synthesis, are enabling a whole new generation of carbon inks that can serve as an intrinsically programmable materials platform for developing advanced functionalities far beyond color. The marriage between these multifunctional nanocarbon inks with modern printing technologies is facilitating and even transforming many applications, including flexible electronics, wearable and implantable sensors, actuators, and autonomous robotics. This review examines recent progress in the reborn field of carbon inks, highlighting their programmability and multifunctionality for applications in flexible electronics and stimuli-responsive devices. Current challenges and opportunities will also be discussed from a materials science perspective towards the advancement of carbon ink for new applications beyond color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Benjamin Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhongjie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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80
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Cambré S, Liu M, Levshov D, Otsuka K, Maruyama S, Xiang R. Nanotube-Based 1D Heterostructures Coupled by van der Waals Forces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102585. [PMID: 34355517 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
1D van der Waals heterostructures based on carbon nanotube templates are raising a lot of excitement due to the possibility of creating new optical and electronic properties, by either confining molecules inside their hollow core or by adding layers on the outside of the nanotube. In contrast to their 2D analogs, where the number of layers, atomic type and relative orientation of the constituting layers are the main parameters defining physical properties, 1D heterostructures provide an additional degree of freedom, i.e., their specific diameter and chiral structure, for engineering their characteristics. The current state-of-the-art in synthesizing 1D heterostructures are discussed here, in particular focusing on their resulting optical properties, and details the vast parameter space that can be used to design heterostructures with custom-built properties that can be integrated into a large variety of applications. First, the effects of van der Waals coupling on the properties of the simplest and best-studied 1D heterostructure, namely a double-walled carbon nanotube, are described, and then heterostructures built from the inside and the outside are considered, which all use a nanotube as a template, and, finally, an outlook is provided for the future of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Cambré
- Nanostructured and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Dmitry Levshov
- Nanostructured and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Keigo Otsuka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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81
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Yang X, Liu T, Li R, Yang X, Lyu M, Fang L, Zhang L, Wang K, Zhu A, Zhang L, Qiu C, Zhang YZ, Wang X, Peng LM, Yang F, Li Y. Host-Guest Molecular Interaction Enabled Separation of Large-Diameter Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10120-10130. [PMID: 34105955 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) with a diameter of around 1.0-1.5 nm, which present bandgaps comparable to silicon, are highly desired for electronic applications. Therefore, the preparation of s-SWCNTs of such diameters has been attracting great attention. The inner surface of SWCNTs has a suitable curvature and large contacting area, which is attractive in host-guest chemistry triggered by electron transfer. Here we reported a strategy of host-guest molecular interaction between SWCNTs and inner clusters with designed size, thus selectively separating s-SWCNTs of expected diameters. When polyoxometalate clusters of ∼1 nm in size were filled in the inner cavities of SWCNTs, s-SWCNTs with diameters concentrated at ∼1.3-1.4 nm were selectively extracted with the purity of ∼98% by a commercially available polyfluorene derivative. The field-effect transistors built from the sorted s-SWCNTs showed a typical behavior of semiconductors. The sorting mechanisms associated with size-dependent electron transfer from nanotubes to inner polyoxometalate were revealed by the spectroscopic and in situ electron microscopic evidence as well as the theoretical calculation. The polyoxometalates with designable size and redox property enable the flexible regulation of interaction between the nanotubes and the clusters, thus tuning the diameter of sorted s-SWCNTs. The present sorting strategy is simple and should be generally feasible in other SWCNT sorting techniques, bringing both great easiness in dispersant design and improved selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tianhui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ruoming Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Lyu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Fang
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Anquan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chenguang Qiu
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuan-Zhu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lian-Mao Peng
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.,PKU-HKUST ShenZhen-HongKong Institution, Shenzhen 518055, China
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82
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Zheng Y, Kim Y, Jones AC, Olinger G, Bittner ER, Bachilo SM, Doorn SK, Weisman RB, Piryatinski A, Htoon H. Quantum Light Emission from Coupled Defect States in DNA-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:10406-10414. [PMID: 34061507 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state single-photon sources are essential building blocks for quantum photonics and quantum information technologies. This study demonstrates promising single-photon emission from quantum defects generated in single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by covalent reaction with guanine nucleotides in their single-stranded DNA coatings. Low-temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy and photon-correlation measurements on individual guanine-functionalized SWCNTs (GF-SWCNTs) indicate that multiple, closely spaced guanine defect sites within a single ssDNA strand collectively form an exciton trapping potential that supports a localized quantum state capable of room-temperature single-photon emission. In addition, exciton traps from adjacent ssDNA strands are weakly coupled to give cross-correlations between their separate photon emissions. Theoretical modeling identifies coupling mechanism as a capture of band-edge excitons. Because the spatial pattern of nanotube functionalization sites can be readily controlled by selecting ssDNA base sequences, GF-SWCNTs should become a versatile family of quantum light emitters with engineered properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Younghee Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andrew C Jones
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Gabrielle Olinger
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eric R Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sergei M Bachilo
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - R Bruce Weisman
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Andrei Piryatinski
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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83
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Zorn N, Berger FJ, Zaumseil J. Charge Transport in and Electroluminescence from sp 3-Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Networks. ACS NANO 2021; 15:10451-10463. [PMID: 34048654 PMCID: PMC8223481 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The controlled covalent functionalization of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with luminescent sp3 defects leads to additional narrow and tunable photoluminescence features in the near-infrared and even enables single-photon emission at room temperature, thus strongly expanding their application potential. However, the successful integration of sp3-functionalized SWCNTs in optoelectronic devices with efficient defect state electroluminescence not only requires control over their emission properties but also a detailed understanding of the impact of functionalization on their electrical performance, especially in dense networks. Here, we demonstrate ambipolar, light-emitting field-effect transistors based on networks of pristine and functionalized polymer-sorted (6,5) SWCNTs. We investigate the influence of sp3 defects on charge transport by employing electroluminescence and (charge-modulated) photoluminescence spectroscopy combined with temperature-dependent current-voltage measurements. We find that sp3-functionalized SWCNTs actively participate in charge transport within the network as mobile carriers efficiently sample the sp3 defects, which act as shallow trap states. While both hole and electron mobilities decrease with increasing degree of functionalization, the transistors remain fully operational, showing electroluminescence from the defect states that can be tuned by the defect density.
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84
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85
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Yang X, Zhao X, Liu T, Yang F. Precise Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and
One‐Dimensional
Hybrids from Templates
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Tianhui Liu
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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86
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Gong L, Shan X, Zhao XH, Tang L, Zhang XB. Activatable NIR-II Fluorescent Probes Applied in Biomedicine: Progress and Perspectives. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2426-2440. [PMID: 33780139 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the advantage of inherent responsiveness that can change the spectroscopic signals from "off" to "on" state in responding to targets (e. g. biological analytes/microenvironmental factors), activatable fluorescent probes have attracted extensive attention and made significant progress in the field of bioimaging and biosensing. Due to the high depth of tissue penetration, minimal tissue damage and negligible background signal at longer wavelengths, the development of second near-infrared window (NIR-II) fluorescent materials provides a new opportunity to develop activable fluorescent probes. Here, we summarized properties, advantages and disadvantages of mainly NIR-II fluorophores (such as rare earth-doped nanoparticles, quantum dots, single-walled carbon nanotubes, small molecule dyes, conjugated polymers and gold nanoclusters), then overviewed current role and development of activatable NIR-II fluorescent probes (AFPs) for biomedical applications including biosensing, bioimaging and therapeutic. The potential challenges and perspectives of AFPs in deep-tissue imaging and clinical application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Xiuzhi Shan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Xu-Hua Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Li Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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87
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Mo F, Qiu D, Zhang L, Wang J. Recent Development of Aryl Diazonium Chemistry for the Derivatization of Aromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5741-5829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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88
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Synthetic control over the binding configuration of luminescent sp 3-defects in single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2119. [PMID: 33837208 PMCID: PMC8035247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The controlled functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with luminescent sp3-defects has created the potential to employ them as quantum-light sources in the near-infrared. For that, it is crucial to control their spectral diversity. The emission wavelength is determined by the binding configuration of the defects rather than the molecular structure of the attached groups. However, current functionalization methods produce a variety of binding configurations and thus emission wavelengths. We introduce a simple reaction protocol for the creation of only one type of luminescent defect in polymer-sorted (6,5) nanotubes, which is more red-shifted and exhibits longer photoluminescence lifetimes than the commonly obtained binding configurations. We demonstrate single-photon emission at room temperature and expand this functionalization to other polymer-wrapped nanotubes with emission further in the near-infrared. As the selectivity of the reaction with various aniline derivatives depends on the presence of an organic base we propose nucleophilic addition as the reaction mechanism. Covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with luminescent sp3-defects generally produces a variety of binding configurations and emission wavelengths. The authors propose a base-mediated nucleophilic functionalization approach to selectively achieve configurations for E11* and E11*- or purely E11*- defect emission.
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89
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He X, Kevlishvili I, Murcek K, Liu P, Star A. [2π + 2π] Photocycloaddition of Enones to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Creates Fluorescent Quantum Defects. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4833-4844. [PMID: 33689301 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been widely applied in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, and tissue engineering. Understanding their reactivity with biomolecules is important for these applications. We describe here a photoinduced cycloaddition reaction between enones and SWCNTs. By creating covalent and tunable sp3 defects in the sp2 carbon lattice of SWCNTs through [2π + 2π] photocycloaddition, a bright red-shifted photoluminescence was gradually generated. The photocycloaddition functionalization was demonstrated with various organic molecules bearing an enone functional group, including biologically important oxygenated lipid metabolites. The mechanism of this reaction was studied empirically and using computational methods. Density functional theory calculations were employed to elucidate the identity of the reaction product and understand the origin of different substrate reactivities. The results of this study can enable engineering of the optical and electronic properties of semiconducting SWCNTs and provide understanding into their interactions with the lipid biocorona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun He
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Katherina Murcek
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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90
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Berger F, de Sousa JA, Zhao S, Zorn NF, El Yumin AA, Quintana García A, Settele S, Högele A, Crivillers N, Zaumseil J. Interaction of Luminescent Defects in Carbon Nanotubes with Covalently Attached Stable Organic Radicals. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5147-5157. [PMID: 33600164 PMCID: PMC7992189 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with luminescent sp3 defects has greatly improved their performance in applications such as quantum light sources and bioimaging. Here, we report the covalent functionalization of purified semiconducting SWCNTs with stable organic radicals (perchlorotriphenylmethyl, PTM) carrying a net spin. This model system allows us to use the near-infrared photoluminescence arising from the defect-localized exciton as a highly sensitive probe for the short-range interaction between the PTM radical and the SWCNT. Our results point toward an increased triplet exciton population due to radical-enhanced intersystem crossing, which could provide access to the elusive triplet manifold in SWCNTs. Furthermore, this simple synthetic route to spin-labeled defects could enable magnetic resonance studies complementary to in vivo fluorescence imaging with functionalized SWCNTs and facilitate the scalable fabrication of spintronic devices with magnetically switchable charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix
J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Alejandro de Sousa
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Electroquímica, Departamento de Química, Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, 5101 Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Shen Zhao
- Faculty
of Physics, Munich Quantum Center and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich Center
for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdurrahman Ali El Yumin
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aleix Quintana García
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Högele
- Faculty
of Physics, Munich Quantum Center and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich Center
for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
| | - Núria Crivillers
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- E-mail:
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91
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Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) luminescent materials have emerged as a growing field of interest, particularly for imaging and optics applications in biology, chemistry, and physics. However, the development of materials for this and other use cases has been hindered by a range of issues that prevents their widespread use beyond benchtop research. This review explores emerging trends in some of the most promising NIR materials and their applications. In particular, we focus on how a more comprehensive understanding of intrinsic NIR material properties might allow researchers to better leverage these traits for innovative and robust applications in biological and physical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Jackson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sanghwa Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Markita P. Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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92
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Shiraki T. Molecular Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes towards Near Infrared Photoluminescent Nanomaterials. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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93
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Myung CW, Kim KS. Anharmonicity-Driven Rashba Cohelical Excitons Break Quantum Efficiency Limitation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005400. [PMID: 33336533 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Closed-shell light-emitting diodes (LEDs) suffer from the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) limitation imposed by optically inactive triplet excitons. Here, an unrevealed emission mechanism of lead halide perovskites (LHPs) APbX3 (A = Cs/CN2 H5 ; X = Cl/Br/I) that circumvents the efficiency limit of closed-shell LEDs is explored. Though efficient emission is prohibited by optically inactive J = 0 in inversion symmetric LHPs, the anharmonicity arising from stereochemistry of Pb and resonant orbital-bonding network along the imaginary A+… X- (T1u ) transverse optical (TO) modes, breaks inversion symmetry, introducing disorder and Rashba-Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling (RD-SOC). This results in bright cohelical and dark antihelical excitons. Many-body theory and first-principles calculations show that the optically active cohelical exciton is the lowest excited state in organic/inorganic LHPs. Thus, RD-SOC can drive to achieve the ideal 50% IQE by utilizing anharmonicity, much over the 25% IQE limitation for closed-shell LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Myung
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Kwang S Kim
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
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94
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Yang D, Li L, Wei X, Wang Y, Zhou W, Kataura H, Xie S, Liu H. Submilligram-scale separation of near-zigzag single-chirality carbon nanotubes by temperature controlling a binary surfactant system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/8/eabe0084. [PMID: 33597241 PMCID: PMC7888923 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mass production of zigzag and near-zigzag single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), whether by growth or separation, remains a challenge, which hinders the disclosure of their previously unknown property and practical applications. Here, we report a method to separate SWCNTs by chiral angle through temperature control of a binary surfactant system of sodium cholate (SC) and SDS in gel chromatography. Eleven types of single-chirality SWCNT species with chiral angle less than 20° were efficiently separated including multiple zigzag and near-zigzag species. Among them, (7, 3), (8, 3), (8, 4), (9, 1), (9, 2), (10, 2), and (11, 1), were produced on the submilligram scale. The spectral detection results indicate that lowering the temperature induced selective adsorption and reorganization of the SC/SDS cosurfactants on SWCNTs with different chiral angles, amplifying their interaction difference with gel. We believe that this work is an important step toward industrial separation of single-chirality zigzag and near-zigzag SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Linhai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaojun Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yanchun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weiya Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hiromichi Kataura
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Sishen Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huaping Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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95
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Zheng Y, Weight BM, Jones AC, Chandrasekaran V, Gifford BJ, Tretiak S, Doorn SK, Htoon H. Photoluminescence Dynamics Defined by Exciton Trapping Potential of Coupled Defect States in DNA-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:923-933. [PMID: 33395262 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions between semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) achieve spatially patterned covalent functionalization sites and create coupled fluorescent quantum defects on the nanotube surface, tailoring SWCNT photophysics for applications such as single-photon emitters in quantum information technologies. The evaluation of relaxation dynamics of photoluminescence (PL) from those coupled quantum defects is essential for understanding the nanotube electronic structure and beneficial to the design of quantum light emitters. Here, we measured the PL decay for ssDNA-functionalized SWCNTs as a function of the guanine content of the ssDNA oligo that dictates the red-shifting of their PL emission peaks relative to the band-edge exciton. We then correlate the observed dependence of PL decay dynamics on energy red-shifts to the exciton potential energy landscape, which is modeled using first-principles approaches based upon the morphology of ssDNA-altered SWCNTs obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. Our simulations illustrate that the multiple guanine defects introduced within a single ssDNA strand strongly interact to create a deep exciton trapping well, acting as a single hybrid trap. The emission decay from the distinctive trapping potential landscape is found to be biexponential for ssDNA-modified SWCNTs. We attributed the fast time component of the biexponential PL decay to the redistribution of exciton population among the lowest energy bright states and a manifold of dark states emerging from the coupling of multiple guanine defects. The long lifetime component in the biexponential decay, on the other hand, is attributed to the redistribution of exciton population among different exciton trapping sites that arise from the binding of multiple ssDNA strands along the nanotube axis. AFM measurements indicate that those trapping sites are separated on average by ∼8 nm along the nanotube axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Braden M Weight
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
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96
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Lüttgens JM, Berger FJ, Zaumseil J. Population of Exciton-Polaritons via Luminescent sp 3 Defects in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:182-193. [PMID: 33506074 PMCID: PMC7821305 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are an interesting material for strong-light matter coupling due to their stable excitons, narrow emission in the near-infrared region, and high charge carrier mobilities. Furthermore, they have emerged as quantum light sources as a result of the controlled introduction of luminescent quantum defects (sp3 defects) with red-shifted transitions that enable single-photon emission. The complex photophysics of SWCNTs and the overall goal of polariton condensation pose the question of how exciton-polaritons are populated and how the process might be optimized. The contributions of possible relaxation processes, i.e., scattering with acoustic phonons, vibrationally assisted scattering, and radiative pumping, are investigated using angle-resolved reflectivity and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on microcavities with a wide range of detunings. We show that the predominant population mechanism for SWCNT exciton-polaritons in planar microcavities is radiative pumping. Consequently, the limitation of polariton population due to the low photoluminescence quantum yield of nanotubes can be overcome by luminescent sp3 defects. Without changing the polariton branch structure, radiative pumping through these emissive defects leads to an up to 10-fold increase of the polariton population for detunings with a large photon fraction. Thus, the controlled and tunable functionalization of SWCNTs with sp3 defects presents a viable route toward bright and efficient polariton devices.
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97
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Lohmann SH, Trerayapiwat KJ, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Sharifzadeh S, Ma X. sp3-Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Creates Localized Spins. ACS NANO 2020; 14:17675-17682. [PMID: 33306353 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical functionalization-introduced sp3 quantum defects in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have shown compelling optical properties for their potential applications in quantum information science and bioimaging. Here, we utilize temperature- and power-dependent electron spin resonance measurements to study the fundamental spin properties of SWCNTs functionalized with well-controlled densities of sp3 quantum defects. Signatures of isolated spins that are highly localized at the sp3 defect sites are observed, which we further confirm with density functional theory calculations. Applying temperature-dependent line width analysis and power-saturation measurements, we estimate the spin-lattice relaxation time T1 and spin dephasing time T2 to be around 9 μs and 40 ns, respectively. These findings of the localized spin states that are associated with the sp3 quantum defects not only deepen our understanding of the molecular structures of the quantum defects but could also have strong implications for their applications in quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Hendrik Lohmann
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Oleg G Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sahar Sharifzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Xuedan Ma
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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98
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Przypis L, Krzywiecki M, Niidome Y, Aoki H, Shiraki T, Janas D. Enhancing near-infrared photoluminescence from single-walled carbon nanotubes by defect-engineering using benzoyl peroxide. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19877. [PMID: 33199740 PMCID: PMC7669876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been modified with ester groups using typical organic radical chemistry. Consequently, traps for mobile excitons have been created, which enhanced the optical properties of the material. The proposed methodology combines the benefits of mainstream approaches to create luminescent defects in SWCNTs while it simultaneously avoids their limitations. A step change was achieved when the aqueous medium was abandoned. The selection of an appropriate organic solvent enabled much more facile modification of SWCNTs. The presented technique is quick and versatile as it can engage numerous reactants to tune the light emission capabilities of SWCNTs. Importantly, it can also utilize SWCNTs sorted by chirality using conjugated polymers to enhance their light emission capabilities. Such differentiation is conducted in organic solvents, so monochiral SWCNT can be directly functionalized using the demonstrated concept in the same medium without the need to redisperse the material in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Przypis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maciej Krzywiecki
- Institute of Physics-CSE, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Yoshiaki Niidome
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Haruka Aoki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Dawid Janas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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99
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Liao Q, Chen J, Zhou L, Wei T, Zhang L, Chen D, Huang F, Pang Q, Zhang JZ. Bandgap Engineering of Lead-Free Double Perovskite Cs 2AgInCl 6 Nanocrystals via Cu 2+-Doping. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8392-8398. [PMID: 32960057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead-free double perovskites (DPs) with excellent moisture, light, and heat stability have been explored as alternatives to toxic lead halide perovskite (APbX3) (A for monovalent cation and X for Cl, Br, or I). However, the bandgaps of the current DPs are generally larger and either indirect or direct forbidden, which leads to weak visible light absorption and limitation for photovoltaic and other optoelectronic applications. Herein, we demonstrate the first synthesis of Cu2+-doped Cs2AgInCl6 double perovskite nanocrystals via a facile hot-injection solution approach. The electronic bandgap can be dramatically tuned from ∼3.60 eV (Cs2AgInCl6, parent) to ∼2.19 eV (Cu2+-doped Cs2AgInCl6) by varying the Cu2+ doping amount. We conclude that the decrease of bandgap is attributed to the overlap of the Ag-d/In-p/Cl-p orbitals and the Cu-3d orbitals in the valence band. The wide tunability of the optical and electronic properties makes Cu2+-Doped Cs2AgInCl6 DP NCs promising candidates for future optoelectronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohui Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Jielin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Liya Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Tingting Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Le Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Furong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Qi Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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100
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Mann FA, Herrmann N, Opazo F, Kruss S. Quantum Defects as a Toolbox for the Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes with Peptides and Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17732-17738. [PMID: 32511874 PMCID: PMC7540668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a 1D nanomaterial that shows fluorescence in the near-infrared (NIR, >800 nm). In the past, covalent chemistry was less explored to functionalize SWCNTs as it impairs NIR emission. However, certain sp3 defects (quantum defects) in the carbon lattice have emerged that preserve NIR fluorescence and even introduce a new, red-shifted emission peak. Here, we report on quantum defects, introduced using light-driven diazonium chemistry, that serve as anchor points for peptides and proteins. We show that maleimide anchors allow conjugation of cysteine-containing proteins such as a GFP-binding nanobody. In addition, an Fmoc-protected phenylalanine defect serves as a starting point for conjugation of visible fluorophores to create multicolor SWCNTs and in situ peptide synthesis directly on the nanotube. Therefore, these quantum defects are a versatile platform to tailor both the nanotube's photophysical properties as well as their surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A. Mann
- Institute of Physical ChemistryGeorg-August UniversitätTammannstraße 637077GöttingenGermany
| | - Niklas Herrmann
- Institute of Physical ChemistryGeorg-August UniversitätTammannstraße 637077GöttingenGermany
| | - Felipe Opazo
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of NeurodegenerationVon-Siebold-Straße 3a37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical ChemistryGeorg-August UniversitätTammannstraße 637077GöttingenGermany
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