51
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Casillas C, Roelink H. Gain-of-function Shh mutants activate Smo cell-autonomously independent of Ptch1/2 function. Mech Dev 2018; 153:30-41. [PMID: 30144507 PMCID: PMC6165682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling is characterized by non-cell autonomy; cells expressing Shh do not respond to the ligand. Here, we identify several Shh mutations that can activate the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway cell-autonomously. Cell-autonomous pathway activation requires the extracellular cysteine rich domain of Smoothened, but is otherwise independent of the Shh receptors Patched1 and -2. Many of the Shh mutants that gain activity fail to undergo auto processing resulting in the perdurance of the Shh pro-peptide, a form of Shh that is sufficient to activate the Hh response cell-autonomously. Our results demonstrate that Shh is capable of activating the Hh pathway via Smoothened, independently of Patched1/2, and that it harbors an intrinsic mechanism that prevents cell-autonomous activation of the Shh response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Casillas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 16 Barker Hall, 3204, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henk Roelink
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 16 Barker Hall, 3204, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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52
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Burns MA, Liao ZW, Yamagata N, Pouliot GP, Stevenson KE, Neuberg DS, Thorner AR, Ducar M, Silverman EA, Hunger SP, Loh ML, Winter SS, Dunsmore KP, Wood B, Devidas M, Harris MH, Silverman LB, Sallan SE, Gutierrez A. Hedgehog pathway mutations drive oncogenic transformation in high-risk T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2018; 32:2126-2137. [PMID: 29654263 PMCID: PMC6148437 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of Hedgehog signaling in normal and malignant T-cell development is controversial. Recently, Hedgehog pathway mutations have been described in T-ALL, but whether mutational activation of Hedgehog signaling drives T-cell transformation is unknown, hindering the rationale for therapeutic intervention. Here, we show that Hedgehog pathway mutations predict chemotherapy resistance in human T-ALL, and drive oncogenic transformation in a zebrafish model of the disease. We found Hedgehog pathway mutations in 16% of 109 childhood T-ALL cases, most commonly affecting its negative regulator PTCH1. Hedgehog mutations were associated with resistance to induction chemotherapy (P = 0.009). Transduction of wild-type PTCH1 into PTCH1-mutant T-ALL cells induced apoptosis (P = 0.005), a phenotype that was reversed by downstream Hedgehog pathway activation (P = 0.007). Transduction of most mutant PTCH1, SUFU, and GLI alleles into mammalian cells induced aberrant regulation of Hedgehog signaling, indicating that these mutations are pathogenic. Using a CRISPR/Cas9 system for lineage-restricted gene disruption in transgenic zebrafish, we found that ptch1 mutations accelerated the onset of notch1-induced T-ALL (P = 0.0001), and pharmacologic Hedgehog pathway inhibition had therapeutic activity. Thus, Hedgehog-activating mutations are driver oncogenic alterations in high-risk T-ALL, providing a molecular rationale for targeted therapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Burns
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Zi Wei Liao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Natsuko Yamagata
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gayle P Pouliot
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kristen E Stevenson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Donna S Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Aaron R Thorner
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Matthew Ducar
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Emily A Silverman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Division of Oncology and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Stuart S Winter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Kimberly P Dunsmore
- Division of Oncology, University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Brent Wood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Marian H Harris
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stephen E Sallan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alejandro Gutierrez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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53
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Sabol M, Trnski D, Musani V, Ozretić P, Levanat S. Role of GLI Transcription Factors in Pathogenesis and Their Potential as New Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2562. [PMID: 30158435 PMCID: PMC6163343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GLI transcription factors have important roles in intracellular signaling cascade, acting as the main mediators of the HH-GLI signaling pathway. This is one of the major developmental pathways, regulated both canonically and non-canonically. Deregulation of the pathway during development leads to a number of developmental malformations, depending on the deregulated pathway component. The HH-GLI pathway is mostly inactive in the adult organism but retains its function in stem cells. Aberrant activation in adult cells leads to carcinogenesis through overactivation of several tightly regulated cellular processes such as proliferation, angiogenesis, EMT. Targeting GLI transcription factors has recently become a major focus of potential therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Sabol
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Diana Trnski
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Musani
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Petar Ozretić
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sonja Levanat
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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54
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Qi X, Schmiege P, Coutavas E, Wang J, Li X. Structures of human Patched and its complex with native palmitoylated sonic hedgehog. Nature 2018; 560:128-132. [PMID: 29995851 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signalling governs embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis in mammals and other multicellular organisms1-3. Whereas deficient HH signalling leads to birth defects, unrestrained HH signalling is implicated in human cancers2,4-6. N-terminally palmitoylated HH releases the repression of Patched to the oncoprotein smoothened (SMO); however, the mechanism by which HH recognizes Patched is unclear. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of human patched 1 (PTCH1) alone and in complex with the N-terminal domain of 'native' sonic hedgehog (native SHH-N has both a C-terminal cholesterol and an N-terminal fatty-acid modification), at resolutions of 3.5 Å and 3.8 Å, respectively. The structure of PTCH1 has internal two-fold pseudosymmetry in the transmembrane core, which features a sterol-sensing domain and two homologous extracellular domains, resembling the architecture of Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein7. The palmitoylated N terminus of SHH-N inserts into a cavity between the extracellular domains of PTCH1 and dominates the PTCH1-SHH-N interface, which is distinct from that reported for SHH-N co-receptors8. Our biochemical assays show that SHH-N may use another interface, one that is required for its co-receptor binding, to recruit PTCH1 in the absence of a covalently attached palmitate. Our work provides atomic insights into the recognition of the N-terminal domain of HH (HH-N) by PTCH1, offers a structural basis for cooperative binding of HH-N to various receptors and serves as a molecular framework for HH signalling and its malfunction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Qi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philip Schmiege
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elias Coutavas
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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55
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Chen Q, Zhang H, Wu M, Wang Q, Luo L, Ma H, Zhang X, He S. Discovery of a potent hedgehog pathway inhibitor capable of activating caspase8-dependent apoptosis. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 137:256-264. [PMID: 30064819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is associated with the development of numerous human cancers. Vismodegib is the first Hh inhibitor approved for anti-cancer therapy by targeting Smoothened (SMO), a critical regulator of the Hh pathway. However, acquisition of drug resistance to vismodegib occurs overtime. Apoptosis is a prevalent form of programmed cell death that is executed by caspases. Induction of tumor cell apoptosis represents an attractive therapeutic strategy to eliminate tumor cells. To explore new Hh antagonists with apoptosis-inducing activity, we screened a set of ∼300 potential SMO antagonists with novel scaffold structures. Hh003 was found to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis while vismodegib did not activate apoptotic response in human colon and pancreatic cancer cells. Compared to vismodegib, Hh003 exerted similar inhibitory effects on the Hh pathway. Hh003 could induce caspase8 activation and the silence of caspase8 significantly inhibited Hh003-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, Hh003 showed stronger inhibitory effects on the formation of tumor colonies in vitro and colorectal tumor growth in vivo than vismodegib. These findings suggest that Hh003 exerts enhanced anti-tumor effects by activating caspase8-dependent apoptosis compared to vismodegib. The combined property of Hh inhibition and apoptosis induction of Hh003 presents great potential for the development of novel anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qin Wang
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Lusong Luo
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Sudan He
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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56
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Hong M, Krauss RS. Modeling the complex etiology of holoprosencephaly in mice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 178:140-150. [PMID: 29749693 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a common developmental defect caused by failure to define the midline of the forebrain and/or midface. HPE is associated with heterozygous mutations in Nodal and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway components, but clinical presentation is highly variable, and many mutation carriers are unaffected. It is therefore thought that such mutations interact with more common modifiers, genetic and/or environmental, to produce severe patterning defects. Modifiers are difficult to identify, as their effects are context-dependent and occur within the complex genetic and environmental landscapes that characterize human populations. This has made a full understanding of HPE etiology challenging. We discuss here the use of mice, a genetically tractable model sensitive to teratogens, as a system to address this challenge. Mice carrying mutations in human HPE genes often display wide variations in phenotypic penetrance and expressivity when placed on different genetic backgrounds, demonstrating the existence of silent HPE modifier genes. Studies with mouse lines carrying SHH pathway mutations on appropriate genetic backgrounds have led to identification of both genetic and environmental modifiers that synergize with the mutations to produce a spectrum of HPE phenotypes. These models favor a scenario in which multiple modifying influences-both genetic and environmental, sensitizing and protective-interact with bona fide HPE mutations to grade phenotypic outcomes. Despite the complex interplay of HPE risk factors, mouse models have helped establish some clear concepts in HPE etiology. A combination of mouse and human cohort studies should improve our understanding of this fascinating and medically important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingi Hong
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Robert S Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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57
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Byrne EF, Luchetti G, Rohatgi R, Siebold C. Multiple ligand binding sites regulate the Hedgehog signal transducer Smoothened in vertebrates. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 51:81-88. [PMID: 29268141 PMCID: PMC5949240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a central role in the development of multicellular organisms, guiding cell differentiation, proliferation and survival. While many components of the vertebrate pathway were discovered two decades ago, the mechanism by which the Hh signal is transmitted across the plasma membrane remains mysterious. This fundamental task in signalling is carried out by Smoothened (SMO), a human oncoprotein and validated cancer drug target that is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor protein family. Recent structural and functional studies have advanced our mechanistic understanding of SMO activation, revealing its unique regulation by two separable but allosterically-linked ligand-binding sites. Unexpectedly, these studies have nominated cellular cholesterol as having an instructive role in SMO signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon Fx Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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58
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Lu S, Zhang J. Small Molecule Allosteric Modulators of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Drug–Target Interactions. J Med Chem 2018; 62:24-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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59
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Rapid, direct activity assays for Smoothened reveal Hedgehog pathway regulation by membrane cholesterol and extracellular sodium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E11141-E11150. [PMID: 29229834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717891115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling specifies tissue patterning and renewal, and pathway components are commonly mutated in certain malignancies. Although central to ensuring appropriate pathway activity in all Hedgehog-responsive cells, how the transporter-like receptor Patched1 regulates the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened remains mysterious, partially due to limitations in existing tools and experimental systems. Here we employ direct, real-time, biochemical and physiology-based approaches to monitor Smoothened activity in cellular and in vitro contexts. Patched1-Smoothened coupling is rapid, dynamic, and can be recapitulated without cilium-specific proteins or lipids. By reconstituting purified Smoothened in vitro, we show that cholesterol within the bilayer is sufficient for constitutive Smoothened activation. Cholesterol effects occur independently of the lipid-binding Smoothened extracellular domain, a region that is dispensable for Patched1-Smoothened coupling. Finally, we show that Patched1 specifically requires extracellular Na+ to regulate Smoothened in our assays, raising the possibility that a Na+ gradient provides the energy source for Patched1 catalytic activity. Our work suggests a hypothesis wherein Patched1, chemiosmotically driven by the transmembrane Na+ gradient common to metazoans, regulates Smoothened by shielding its heptahelical domain from cholesterol, or by providing an inhibitor that overrides this cholesterol activation.
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60
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Zarei S, Zarei K, Fritzsch B, Elliott KL. Sonic hedgehog antagonists reduce size and alter patterning of the frog inner ear. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:1385-1400. [PMID: 29030893 PMCID: PMC5693645 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays a major role in vertebrate development, from regulation of proliferation to the patterning of various organs. In amniotes, Shh affects dorsoventral patterning in the inner ear but affects anteroposterior patterning in teleost ears. It remains unknown how altered function of Shh relates to morphogenetic changes that coincide with the evolution of limbs and novel auditory organs in the ear. In this study, we used the tetrapod, Xenopus laevis, to test how increasing concentrations of the Shh signal pathway antagonist, Vismodegib, affects ear development. Vismodegib treatment dose dependently alters the development of the ear, hypaxial muscle, and indirectly the Mauthner cell through its interaction with the inner ear afferents. Together, these phenotypes have an effect on escape response. The altered Mauthner cell likely contributes to the increased time to respond to a stimulus. In addition, the increased hypaxial muscle in the trunk likely contributes to the subtle change in animal C-start flexion angle. In the ear, Vismodegib treatment results in decreasing segregation between the gravistatic sensory epithelia as the concentration of Vismodegib increases. Furthermore, at higher doses, there is a loss of the horizontal canal but no enantiomorphic transformation, as in bony fish lacking Shh. Like in amniotes, Shh signaling in frogs affects dorsoventral patterning in the ear, suggesting that auditory sensory evolution in sarcopterygians/tetrapods evolved with a shift of Shh function in axis specification. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1385-1400, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Zarei
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kasra Zarei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Karen L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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61
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Tsao AS, Wistuba I, Xia D, Byers L, Diao L, Wang J, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Tang X, Lu W, Kadara H, Grigoryev DN, Selvan ME, Gümüş ZH, Tan Z, Zhang S, Nilsson M, Heymach JV. Germline and Somatic Smoothened Mutations in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Are Potentially Responsive to Hedgehog Inhibitor Vismodegib. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:1-10. [DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Tsao
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ignacio Wistuba
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Dianren Xia
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Lauren Byers
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Lixia Diao
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jing Wang
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ximing Tang
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Wei Lu
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Humam Kadara
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Dimitry N. Grigoryev
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Myvizhi Esai Selvan
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Zeynep H. Gümüş
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Zhi Tan
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Shuxing Zhang
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Monique Nilsson
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - John V. Heymach
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Abstract
Signaling pathways direct organogenesis, often through concentration-dependent effects on cells. The hedgehog pathway enables cells to sense and respond to hedgehog ligands, of which the best studied is sonic hedgehog. Hedgehog signaling is essential for development, proliferation, and stem cell maintenance, and it is a driver of certain cancers. Lipid metabolism has a profound influence on both hedgehog signal transduction and the properties of the ligands themselves, leading to changes in the strength of hedgehog signaling and cellular functions. Here we review the evolving understanding of the relationship between lipids and hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blassberg
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (NDCN), Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Department of Neurology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Milton Keynes University Hospital, Standing Way, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, MK6 5LD, UK.
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63
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Discovery of new GPCR ligands to illuminate new biology. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:1143-1151. [PMID: 29045379 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although a plurality of drugs target G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), most have emerged from classical medicinal chemistry and pharmacology programs and resemble one another structurally and functionally. Though effective, these drugs are often promiscuous. With the realization that GPCRs signal via multiple pathways, and with the emergence of crystal structures for this family of proteins, there is an opportunity to target GPCRs with new chemotypes and confer new signaling modalities. We consider structure-based and physical screening methods that have led to the discovery of new reagents, focusing particularly on the former. We illustrate their use against previously untargeted or orphan GPCRs, against allosteric sites, and against classical orthosteric sites that selectively activate one downstream pathway over others. The ligands that emerge are often chemically novel, which can lead to new biological effects.
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64
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Li W, Sun Q, Song L, Gao C, Liu F, Chen Y, Jiang Y. Discovery of 1-(3-aryl-4-chlorophenyl)-3-(p-aryl)urea derivatives against breast cancer by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Hedgehog signalings. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:721-733. [PMID: 29107429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PI3K/Akt/mTOR and hedgehog (Hh) signalings are two important pathways in breast cancer, which are usually connected with the drug resistance and cancer migration. Many studies indicated that PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors and Hh inhibitors displayed synergistic effects, and the combination of the two signaling drugs could delay drug resistance and inhibit cancer migration in breast cancer. Therefore, the development of molecules simultaneously inhibiting these two pathways is urgent needed. Based on the structures of PI3K inhibitor buparlisib and Hh inhibitor vismodegib, a series of hybrid structures were designed and synthesized utilizing rational drug design and computer-based drug design. Several compounds displayed excellent antiproliferative activities against several breast cancer cell lines, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cell. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the representative compound 9i could inhibit both PI3K/Akt/mTOR and hedgehog (Hh) signalings by inhibiting the phosphorylation of S6K and Akt as well as decreasing the SAG elevated expression of Gli1. Compound 9i could also induce apoptosis remarkably in T47D and MDA-MB-231 cells. In the transwell assay, 9i showed significant inhibition on the migration of MDA-MB-231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qinsheng Sun
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Yuzong Chen
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized Anti-tumor Drugs, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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65
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Liu G, Huang W, Wang J, Liu X, Yang J, Zhang Y, Geng Y, Tan W, Zhang A. Discovery of Novel Macrocyclic Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors Acting by Suppressing the Gli-Mediated Transcription. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8218-8245. [PMID: 28873303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A systemic medicinal chemistry campaign was conducted based on a literature hit compound 5 bearing the 4,5-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,5]oxazocin-6(3H)-one core through cyclization of two side substituents of the bicyclic skeleton combined with N-atom walking or ring walking and the central ring expansion or extraction approaches, leading to several series of structurally unique tricyclic compounds. Among these, compound 29a was identified as the most potent against the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway showing an IC50 value of 23 nM. Mechanism studies indicated that compound 29a inhibited the Hh signaling pathway by suppressing the expression of the transcriptional factors Gli rather than by interrupting the binding of Gli with DNA. We further observed that 29a was equally potent against both Smo wild type and the two major resistant mutants (Smo D473H and Smo W535L). It potently inhibited the proliferation of medulloblastoma cells and showed significant tumor growth inhibition in the ptch± ;p53-/- medulloblastoma allograft mice model. Though more studies are needed to clarify the precise interaction pattern of 29a with Gli, its promising in vitro and in vivo properties encourage further profiling as a new-generation Hh signaling inhibitor to treat tumors primarily or secondarily resistant to current Smo inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM) , Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM) , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM) , Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenfu Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM) , Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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66
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Lu W, Liu Y, Ma H, Zheng J, Tian S, Sun Z, Luo L, Li J, Zhang H, Yang ZJ, Zhang X. Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives as Potent Smoothened Antagonists with in Vivo Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1980-1994. [PMID: 28618224 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is one of the most prevalent brain tumors in children. Aberrant hedgehog (Hh) pathway signaling is thought to be involved in the initiation and development of medulloblastoma. Vismodegib, the first FDA-approved cancer therapy based on inhibition of aberrant hedgehog signaling, targets smoothened (Smo), a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) central to the Hh pathway. Although vismodegib exhibits promising therapeutic efficacy in tumor treatment, concerns have been raised from its nonlinear pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles at high doses partly due to low aqueous solubility. Many patients experience adverse events such as muscle spasms and weight loss. In addition, drug resistance often arises among tumor cells during treatment with vismodegib. There is clearly an urgent need to explore novel Smo antagonists with improved potency and efficacy. Through a scaffold hopping strategy, we have identified a series of novel tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, which exhibited effective inhibition of Hh signaling. Among them, compound 24 is three times more potent than vismodegib in the NIH3T3-GRE-Luc reporter gene assay. Compound 24 has a lower melting point and much greater solubility compared with vismodegib, resulting in linear PK profiles when dosed orally at 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg in rats. Furthermore, compound 24 showed excellent PK profiles with a 72% oral bioavailability in beagle dogs. Compound 24 demonstrated overall favorable in vitro safety profiles with respect to CYP isoform and hERG inhibition. Finally, compound 24 led to significant regression of subcutaneous tumor generated by primary Ptch1-deficient medulloblastoma cells in SCID mouse. In conclusion, tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives represent a novel set of Smo inhibitors that could potentially be utilized to treat medulloblastoma and other Hh pathway related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Zhijian Sun
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Lusong Luo
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
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67
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Owens AE, de Paola I, Hansen WA, Liu YW, Khare SD, Fasan R. Design and Evolution of a Macrocyclic Peptide Inhibitor of the Sonic Hedgehog/Patched Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12559-12568. [PMID: 28759213 PMCID: PMC5753398 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a central role during embryonic development, and its aberrant activation has been implicated in the development and progression of several human cancers. Major efforts toward the identification of chemical modulators of the hedgehog pathway have yielded several antagonists of the GPCR-like smoothened receptor. In contrast, potent inhibitors of the sonic hedgehog/patched interaction, the most upstream event in ligand-induced activation of this signaling pathway, have been elusive. To address this gap, a genetically encoded cyclic peptide was designed based on the sonic hedgehog (Shh)-binding loop of hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP) and subjected to multiple rounds of affinity maturation through the screening of macrocyclic peptide libraries produced in E. coli cells. Using this approach, an optimized macrocyclic peptide inhibitor (HL2-m5) was obtained that binds Shh with a KD of 170 nM, which corresponds to a 120-fold affinity improvement compared to the parent molecule. Importantly, HL2-m5 is able to effectively suppress Shh-mediated hedgehog signaling and Gli-controlled gene transcription in living cells (IC50 = 230 nM), providing the most potent inhibitor of the sonic hedgehog/patched interaction reported to date. This first-in-class macrocyclic peptide modulator of the hedgehog pathway is expected to provide a valuable probe for investigating and targeting ligand-dependent hedgehog pathway activation in cancer and other pathologies. This work also introduces a general strategy for the development of cyclopeptide inhibitors of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Owens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 12o Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Ivan de Paola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 12o Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - William A. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, Rutgers University, 174 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Yi-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 12o Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Sagar D. Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, Rutgers University, 174 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 12o Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
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68
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Ye L, Ding K, Zhao F, Liu X, Wu Y, Liu Y, Xue D, Zhou F, Zhang X, Stevens RC, Xu F, Zhao S, Tao H. A structurally guided dissection-then-evolution strategy for ligand optimization of smoothened receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1332-1336. [PMID: 30108845 PMCID: PMC6072208 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00104e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We present herein a novel dissection-then-evolution strategy for ligand optimization. Using the co-crystal structure of the smoothened receptor (SMO) as a guide, we studied the modular contribution of LY2940680 by systematically "silencing" the specific interaction between the individual residue(s) and the fragment in the ligand. Following evolution by focusing on the benzoyl part finally yielded an improved ligand 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Ye
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Building 3, Room 426 , Shanghai , 201203 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A, Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Kang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology , CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology , Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , 200031 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A, Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Fei Zhao
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
| | - Yang Liu
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
| | - Dongxiang Xue
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Building 3, Room 426 , Shanghai , 201203 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A, Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Fang Zhou
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Building 3, Room 426 , Shanghai , 201203 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A, Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Xianjun Zhang
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , 200031 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A, Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Houchao Tao
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District , Shanghai 201210 , China . ;
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69
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Steinman JB, Santarossa CC, Miller RM, Yu LS, Serpinskaya AS, Furukawa H, Morimoto S, Tanaka Y, Nishitani M, Asano M, Zalyte R, Ondrus AE, Johnson AG, Ye F, Nachury MV, Fukase Y, Aso K, Foley MA, Gelfand VI, Chen JK, Carter AP, Kapoor TM. Chemical structure-guided design of dynapyrazoles, cell-permeable dynein inhibitors with a unique mode of action. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28524820 PMCID: PMC5478271 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dyneins are motor proteins in the AAA+ superfamily that transport cellular cargos toward microtubule minus-ends. Recently, ciliobrevins were reported as selective cell-permeable inhibitors of cytoplasmic dyneins. As is often true for first-in-class inhibitors, the use of ciliobrevins has in part been limited by low potency. Moreover, suboptimal chemical properties, such as the potential to isomerize, have hindered efforts to improve ciliobrevins. Here, we characterized the structure of ciliobrevins and designed conformationally constrained isosteres. These studies identified dynapyrazoles, inhibitors more potent than ciliobrevins. At single-digit micromolar concentrations dynapyrazoles block intraflagellar transport in the cilium and lysosome motility in the cytoplasm, processes that depend on cytoplasmic dyneins. Further, we find that while ciliobrevins inhibit both dynein's microtubule-stimulated and basal ATPase activity, dynapyrazoles strongly block only microtubule-stimulated activity. Together, our studies suggest that chemical-structure-based analyses can lead to inhibitors with improved properties and distinct modes of inhibition. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25174.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Steinman
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Cristina C Santarossa
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Rand M Miller
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Lola S Yu
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Anna S Serpinskaya
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Hideki Furukawa
- Tri-Institutitional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, United States
| | - Sachie Morimoto
- Tri-Institutitional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, United States
| | - Yuta Tanaka
- Tri-Institutitional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, United States
| | | | - Moriteru Asano
- Tri-Institutitional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, United States
| | - Ruta Zalyte
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison E Ondrus
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Alex G Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukase
- Tri-Institutitional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, United States
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutitional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, United States
| | - Michael A Foley
- Tri-Institutitional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, United States
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - James K Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Andrew P Carter
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, United States
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70
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Zhang X, Zhao F, Wu Y, Yang J, Han GW, Zhao S, Ishchenko A, Ye L, Lin X, Ding K, Dharmarajan V, Griffin PR, Gati C, Nelson G, Hunter MS, Hanson MA, Cherezov V, Stevens RC, Tan W, Tao H, Xu F. Crystal structure of a multi-domain human smoothened receptor in complex with a super stabilizing ligand. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15383. [PMID: 28513578 PMCID: PMC5442369 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Smoothened receptor (SMO) belongs to the Class Frizzled of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, constituting a key component of the Hedgehog signalling pathway. Here we report the crystal structure of the multi-domain human SMO, bound and stabilized by a designed tool ligand TC114, using an X-ray free-electron laser source at 2.9 Å. The structure reveals a precise arrangement of three distinct domains: a seven-transmembrane helices domain (TMD), a hinge domain (HD) and an intact extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD). This architecture enables allosteric interactions between the domains that are important for ligand recognition and receptor activation. By combining the structural data, molecular dynamics simulation, and hydrogen-deuterium-exchange analysis, we demonstrate that transmembrane helix VI, extracellular loop 3 and the HD play a central role in transmitting the signal employing a unique GPCR activation mechanism, distinct from other multi-domain GPCRs. Smoothened receptors (SMO) play a key role in the Hedgehog signalling pathway. Here the authors present the structure of a multi-domain human SMO with a rationally designed stabilizing ligand bound in the transmembrane domain of the receptor, and propose a model for SMO activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Zhang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gye Won Han
- Departments of Chemistry, Biological Sciences and Physics &Astronomy, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Andrii Ishchenko
- Departments of Chemistry, Biological Sciences and Physics &Astronomy, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Lintao Ye
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi Lin
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kang Ding
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Cornelius Gati
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK
| | - Garrett Nelson
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Mark S Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Vadim Cherezov
- Departments of Chemistry, Biological Sciences and Physics &Astronomy, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenfu Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Houchao Tao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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71
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Unsaturated fatty acyl recognition by Frizzled receptors mediates dimerization upon Wnt ligand binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4147-4152. [PMID: 28377511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618293114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Frizzled (FZD) receptors mediate Wnt signaling in diverse processes ranging from bone growth to stem cell activity. Moreover, high FZD receptor expression at the cell surface contributes to overactive Wnt signaling in subsets of pancreatic, ovarian, gastric, and colorectal tumors. Despite the progress in biochemical understanding of Wnt-FZD receptor interactions, the molecular basis for recognition of Wnt cis-unsaturated fatty acyl groups by the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of FZD receptors remains elusive. Here, we determined a crystal structure of human FZD7 CRD unexpectedly bound to a 24-carbon fatty acid. We also report a crystal structure of human FZD5 CRD bound to C16:1 cis-Δ9 unsaturated fatty acid. Both structures reveal a dimeric arrangement of the CRD. The lipid-binding groove exhibits flexibility and spans both monomers, adopting a U-shaped geometry that accommodates the fatty acid. Re-evaluation of the published mouse FZD8 CRD structure reveals that it also shares the same architecture as FZD5 and FZD7 CRDs. Our results define a common molecular mechanism for recognition of the cis-unsaturated fatty acyl group, a necessary posttranslational modification of Wnts, by multiple FZD receptors. The fatty acid bridges two CRD monomers, implying that Wnt binding mediates FZD receptor dimerization. Our data uncover possibilities for the arrangement of Wnt-FZD CRD complexes and shed structural insights that could aide in the identification of pharmacological strategies to modulate FZD receptor function.
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72
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Jain S, Song R, Xie J. Sonidegib: mechanism of action, pharmacology, and clinical utility for advanced basal cell carcinomas. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1645-1653. [PMID: 28352196 PMCID: PMC5360396 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s130910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is critical for cell differentiation, tissue polarity, and stem cell maintenance during embryonic development, but is silent in adult tissues under normal conditions. However, aberrant Hh signaling activation has been implicated in the development and promotion of certain types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), medulloblastoma, and gastrointestinal cancers. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved sonidegib, a smoothened (SMO) antagonist, for treatment of advanced BCC (aBCC) after a successful Phase II clinical trial. Sonidegib, also named Odomzo, is the second Hh signaling inhibitor approved by the FDA to treat BCCs following approval of the first SMO antagonist vismodegib in 2012. What are the major features of sonidegib (mechanism of action; metabolic profiles, clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability profiles)? Will the sonidegib experience help other clinical trials using Hh signaling inhibitors in the future? In this review, we will summarize current understanding of BCCs and Hh signaling. We will focus on sonidegib and its use in the clinic, and we will discuss ways to improve its clinical application in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruolan Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jingwu Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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73
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Wu F, Zhang Y, Sun B, McMahon AP, Wang Y. Hedgehog Signaling: From Basic Biology to Cancer Therapy. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:252-280. [PMID: 28286127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway was discovered originally as a key pathway in embryonic patterning and development. Since its discovery, it has become increasingly clear that the HH pathway also plays important roles in a multitude of cancers. Therefore, HH signaling has emerged as a therapeutic target of interest for cancer therapy. In this review, we provide a brief overview of HH signaling and the key molecular players involved and offer an up-to-date summary of our current knowledge of endogenous and exogenous small molecules that modulate HH signaling. We discuss experiences and lessons learned from the decades-long efforts toward the development of cancer therapies targeting the HH pathway. Challenges to develop next-generation cancer therapies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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74
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Lee YC, Patil S, Golz C, Strohmann C, Ziegler S, Kumar K, Waldmann H. A ligand-directed divergent catalytic approach to establish structural and functional scaffold diversity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14043. [PMID: 28195128 PMCID: PMC5316858 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective transformation of different starting materials by different metal catalysts under individually optimized reaction conditions to structurally different intermediates and products is a powerful approach to generate diverse molecular scaffolds. In a more unified albeit synthetically challenging strategy, common starting materials would be exposed to a common metal catalysis, leading to a common intermediate and giving rise to different scaffolds by tuning the reactivity of the metal catalyst through different ligands. Herein we present a ligand-directed synthesis approach for the gold(I)-catalysed cycloisomerization of oxindole-derived 1,6-enynes that affords distinct molecular scaffolds following different catalytic reaction pathways. Varying electronic properties and the steric demand of the gold(I) ligands steers the fate of a common intermediary gold carbene to selectively form spirooxindoles, quinolones or df-oxindoles. Investigation of a synthesized compound collection in cell-based assays delivers structurally novel, selective modulators of the Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways, autophagy and of cellular proliferation. Synthetic methods that efficiently construct structurally diverse molecular scaffolds are attractive routes to diversely bioactive molecules. Here the authors report a method whereby common starting materials are converted to structurally and functionally diverse products by changing the catalyst ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Lee
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44221, Germany
| | - Sumersing Patil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44221, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44221, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44221, Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany.,Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44221, Germany
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75
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Lee JH, Chung YC, Bok E, Lee H, Huh SH, Lee JE, Jin BK, Ko HW. Injury-stimulated Sonic hedgehog expression in microglia contributes to neuroinflammatory response in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:980-986. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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76
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Dash RC, Maschinot CR, Hadden MK. A molecular dynamics approach to identify an oxysterol-based hedgehog pathway inhibitor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:168-177. [PMID: 27825830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple oxysterols (OHCs) have demonstrated the ability to act as agonists or antagonists of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, a developmental signaling pathway that has been implicated as a potential therapeutic target in a variety of human diseases. These OHCs are known to modulate Hh signaling through direct binding interactions with the N-terminal cysteine rich domain (CRD) of Smoothened, a key regulator of Hh signal transduction. METHODS Homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, and MM/GBSA energy calculations were utilized to explore binding interactions between the OHC scaffold and the human Smoothened CRD. Follow-up cellular assays explored the in vitro activity of potential Hh pathway modulators. RESULTS Structural features that govern key molecular interactions between the Smoothened CRD and the OHC scaffold were identified. Orientation of the iso-octyl side chain as well as the overall entropy of the OHC-CRD complex are important for determining activity against the Hh pathway. OHC 9, which was previously thought to be inactive because it was not an Hh agonist, was identified as an inhibitor of Hh signal transmission. CONCLUSIONS Calculated MM/GBSA binding energies for OHCs in complex with the CRD of Smoothened correlate well with in vitro Hh modulatory activity. Compounds with high affinity stabilize Smoothened and are antagonists, whereas compounds with reduced affinity allow a conformational change in Smoothened that results in pathway activation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Computational modeling and molecular dynamics simulations can be used to predict whether a small molecule that binds the Smoothened CRD will be an agonist or antagonist of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Charan Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd., Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269-3092, United States
| | - Chad R Maschinot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd., Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269-3092, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd., Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269-3092, United States.
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77
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Liu G, Xue D, Yang J, Wang J, Liu X, Huang W, Li J, Long YQ, Tan W, Zhang A. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 2-(2,5-Dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-8-yl)-N-aryl Propanamides as Novel Smoothened (Smo) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2016; 59:11050-11068. [PMID: 27736063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel Smo antagonists were developed either by directly incorporating the basic skeleton of the natural product artemisinin or by first breaking artemisinin into structurally simpler and stable intermediates and then reconstructing into diversified heterocyclic derivatives, equipped with a Smo-targeting bullet. 2-(2,5-Dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-8-yl)-N-arylpropanamide 65 was identified as the most potent, with an IC50 value of 9.53 nM against the Hh signaling pathway. Complementary mechanism studies confirmed that 65 inhibits Hh signaling pathway by targeting Smo and shares the same binding site as that of the tool drug cyclopamine. Meanwhile, 65 has a good plasma exposure and an acceptable oral bioavailability. Dose-dependent antiproliferative effects were observed in ptch+/-;p53-/- medulloblastoma cells, and significant tumor growth inhibitions were achieved for 65 in the ptch+/-;p53-/- medulloblastoma allograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ding Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenfu Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210, China
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78
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Solasonine, A Natural Glycoalkaloid Compound, Inhibits Gli-Mediated Transcriptional Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101364. [PMID: 27754442 PMCID: PMC6274431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major obstacle limiting the efficacy of current Smoothened (Smo) inhibitors is the primary and acquired resistance mainly caused by Smo mutations and Gli amplification. In this context, developing Hh inhibitors targeting Gli, the final effector of this signaling pathway, may combat the resistance. In this study we found that solasonine, a natural glycoalkaloid compound, significantly inhibited the hedgehog (Hh) pathway activity. Meanwhile, solasonine may obviously inhibit the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in C3H10T1/2 cells, concomitantly with reductions of the mRNA expression of Gli1 and Ptch1. However, we found that solasonine exhibited no effect on the transcriptional factors activities provoked by TNF-α and PGE2, thus suggesting its selectivity against Hh pathway activity. Furthermore, we identified that solasonine inhibited the Hh pathway activity by acting on its transcriptional factor Gli using a series of complementary data. We also observed that solasonine obviously inhibited the Gli-luciferase activity provoked by ectopic expression of Smo mutants which may cause the resistance to the current Smo inhibitors. Our study suggests that solasonine may significantly inhibit the Hh pathway activity by acting on Gli, therefore indicating the possibility to use solasonine as a lead compound to develop anticancer drugs for combating the resistance of current Smo inhibitors.
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79
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Luchetti G, Sircar R, Kong JH, Nachtergaele S, Sagner A, Byrne EFX, Covey DF, Siebold C, Rohatgi R. Cholesterol activates the G-protein coupled receptor Smoothened to promote Hedgehog signaling. eLife 2016; 5:e20304. [PMID: 27705744 PMCID: PMC5123864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is necessary for the function of many G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We find that cholesterol is not just necessary but also sufficient to activate signaling by the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, a prominent cell-cell communication system in development. Cholesterol influences Hh signaling by directly activating Smoothened (SMO), an orphan GPCR that transmits the Hh signal across the membrane in all animals. Unlike many GPCRs, which are regulated by cholesterol through their heptahelical transmembrane domains, SMO is activated by cholesterol through its extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD). Residues shown to mediate cholesterol binding to the CRD in a recent structural analysis also dictate SMO activation, both in response to cholesterol and to native Hh ligands. Our results show that cholesterol can initiate signaling from the cell surface by engaging the extracellular domain of a GPCR and suggest that SMO activity may be regulated by local changes in cholesterol abundance or accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luchetti
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Ria Sircar
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Andreas Sagner
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eamon FX Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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80
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Chen J, Lv H, Hu J, Ji M, Xue N, Li C, Ma S, Zhou Q, Lin B, Li Y, Yu S, Chen X. CAT3, a novel agent for medulloblastoma and glioblastoma treatment, inhibits tumor growth by disrupting the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2016; 381:391-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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81
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Roberts B, Casillas C, Alfaro AC, Jägers C, Roelink H. Patched1 and Patched2 inhibit Smoothened non-cell autonomously. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27552050 PMCID: PMC5014547 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoothened (Smo) inhibition by Patched (Ptch) is central to Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Ptch, a proton driven antiporter, is required for Smo inhibition via an unknown mechanism. Hh ligand binding to Ptch reverses this inhibition and activated Smo initiates the Hh response. To determine whether Ptch inhibits Smo strictly in the same cell or also mediates non-cell-autonomous Smo inhibition, we generated genetically mosaic neuralized embryoid bodies (nEBs) from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). These experiments utilized novel mESC lines in which Ptch1, Ptch2, Smo, Shh and 7dhcr were inactivated via gene editing in multiple combinations, allowing us to measure non-cell autonomous interactions between cells with differing Ptch1/2 status. In several independent assays, the Hh response was repressed by Ptch1/2 in nearby cells. When 7dhcr was targeted, cells displayed elevated non-cell autonomous inhibition. These findings support a model in which Ptch1/2 mediate secretion of a Smo-inhibitory cholesterol precursor. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17634.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Catalina Casillas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Astrid C Alfaro
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Carina Jägers
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Henk Roelink
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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82
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Byrne EF, Sircar R, Miller PS, Hedger G, Luchetti G, Nachtergaele S, Tully MD, Mydock-McGrane L, Covey DF, Rambo RP, Sansom MSP, Newstead S, Rohatgi R, Siebold C. Structural basis of Smoothened regulation by its extracellular domains. Nature 2016; 535:517-522. [PMID: 27437577 PMCID: PMC4970916 DOI: 10.1038/nature18934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Developmental signals of the Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt families are transduced across the membrane by Frizzledclass G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) composed of both a heptahelical transmembrane domain (TMD) and an extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD). How the large extracellular domains of GPCRs regulate signalling by the TMD is unknown. We present crystal structures of the Hh signal transducer and oncoprotein Smoothened, a GPCR that contains two distinct ligand-binding sites: one in its TMD and one in the CRD. The CRD is stacked a top the TMD, separated by an intervening wedge-like linker domain. Structure-guided mutations show that the interface between the CRD, linker domain and TMD stabilizes the inactive state of Smoothened. Unexpectedly, we find a cholesterol molecule bound to Smoothened in the CRD binding site. Mutations predicted to prevent cholesterol binding impair the ability of Smoothened to transmit native Hh signals. Binding of a clinically used antagonist, vismodegib, to the TMD induces a conformational change that is propagated to the CRD, resulting in loss of cholesterol from the CRD-linker domain-TMD interface. Our results clarify the structural mechanism by which the activity of a GPCR is controlled by ligand-regulated interactions between its extracellular and transmembrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon F.X. Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ria Sircar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Miller
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George Hedger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Tully
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science &Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Laurel Mydock-McGrane
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Rambo
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science &Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | | | - Simon Newstead
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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83
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Endogenous B-ring oxysterols inhibit the Hedgehog component Smoothened in a manner distinct from cyclopamine or side-chain oxysterols. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1604984113. [PMID: 27162362 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604984113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular lipids are speculated to act as key intermediates in Hedgehog signal transduction, but their precise identity and function remain enigmatic. In an effort to identify such lipids, we pursued a Hedgehog pathway inhibitory activity that is particularly abundant in flagellar lipids of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, resulting in the purification and identification of ergosterol endoperoxide, a B-ring oxysterol. A mammalian analog of ergosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), accumulates in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, a human genetic disease that phenocopies deficient Hedgehog signaling and is caused by genetic loss of 7-DHC reductase. We found that depleting endogenous 7-DHC with methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment enhances Hedgehog activation by a pathway agonist. Conversely, exogenous addition of 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, a naturally occurring B-ring oxysterol derived from 7-DHC that also accumulates in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, blocked Hedgehog signaling by inhibiting activation of the essential transduction component Smoothened, through a mechanism distinct from Smoothened modulation by other lipids.
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84
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Hempel JE, Cadar AG, Hong CC. Development of thieno- and benzopyrimidinone inhibitors of the Hedgehog signaling pathway reveals PDE4-dependent and PDE4-independent mechanisms of action. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1947-53. [PMID: 26976215 PMCID: PMC5147493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
From a high content in vivo screen for modulators of developmental patterning in embryonic zebrafish, we previously identified eggmanone (EGM1, 3) as a Hedgehog (Hh) signaling inhibitor functioning downstream of Smoothened. Phenotypic optimization studies for in vitro probe development utilizing a Gli transcription-linked stable luciferase reporter cell line identified EGM1 analogs with improved potency and aqueous solubility. Mechanistic profiling of optimized analogs indicated two distinct scaffold clusters: PDE4 inhibitors able to inhibit downstream of Sufu, and PDE4-independent Hh inhibitors functioning between Smo and Sufu. Each class represents valuable in vitro probes for elucidating the complex mechanisms of Hh regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Hempel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Avenue, PRB 383, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, 896 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Adrian G Cadar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Avenue, PRB 383, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 702 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Avenue, PRB 383, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, 896 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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85
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Pace JR, DeBerardinis AM, Sail V, Tacheva-Grigorova SK, Chan KA, Tran R, Raccuia DS, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Hadden MK. Repurposing the Clinically Efficacious Antifungal Agent Itraconazole as an Anticancer Chemotherapeutic. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3635-49. [PMID: 27014922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Itraconazole (ITZ) is an FDA-approved member of the triazole class of antifungal agents. Two recent drug repurposing screens identified ITZ as a promising anticancer chemotherapeutic that inhibits both the angiogenesis and hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways. We have synthesized and evaluated first- and second-generation ITZ analogues for their anti-Hh and antiangiogenic activities to probe more fully the structural requirements for these anticancer properties. Our overall results suggest that the triazole functionality is required for ITZ-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis but that it is not essential for inhibition of Hh signaling. The synthesis and evaluation of stereochemically defined des-triazole ITZ analogues also provides key information as to the optimal configuration around the dioxolane ring of the ITZ scaffold. Finally, the results from our studies suggest that two distinct cellular mechanisms of action govern the anticancer properties of the ITZ scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Albert M DeBerardinis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Vibhavari Sail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Silvia K Tacheva-Grigorova
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kelly A Chan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Raymond Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Daniel S Raccuia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
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86
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Gorojankina T. Hedgehog signaling pathway: a novel model and molecular mechanisms of signal transduction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1317-32. [PMID: 26762301 PMCID: PMC11108571 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has numerous roles in the control of cell proliferation, tissue patterning and stem cell maintenance. In spite of intensive study, the mechanisms of Hh signal transduction are not completely understood. Here I review published data and present a novel model of vertebrate Hh signaling suggesting that Smoothened (Smo) functions as a G-protein-coupled receptor in cilia. This is the first model to propose molecular mechanisms for the major steps of Hh signaling, including inhibition of Smo by Patched, Smo activation, and signal transduction from active Smo to Gli transcription factors. It also suggests a novel role for the negative pathway regulators Sufu and PKA in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gorojankina
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 32/33, CNRS, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay, France.
- CNRS UMR3347, 91400, Orsay, France.
- Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France.
- INSERM U1021, 91400, Orsay, France.
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87
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Manetti F, Petricci E. Evaluation of WO2014207069 A1: Multitarget Hedgehog pathway inhibitors and uses thereof. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:529-35. [PMID: 26666870 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1132309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the involvement of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway in various human diseases and dysfunctions has been clearly demonstrated. Smoothened (Smo), one of the upstream signal transducers, has been the most druggable target of the Hh pathway. However, the emergence of resistance to Smo inhibitors and the identification of Smo-independent activation of the Hh pathway led to the need to find new chemical entities able to interfere with downstream components, such as Gli. For this purpose, two different computational approaches have been applied to a small-sized library of natural compounds. As a result, an isoflavone derivative that showed ability to inhibit both Smo and Gli1 has been identified; namely, Glabrescione B. A new synthetic approach has been planned for this compound and its derivatives. Biological evaluation demonstrated the mechanism of action and showed a promising preclinical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Manetti
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Elena Petricci
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
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88
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Chen B, Trang V, Lee A, Williams NS, Wilson AN, Epstein EH, Tang JY, Kim J. Posaconazole, a Second-Generation Triazole Antifungal Drug, Inhibits the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway and Progression of Basal Cell Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:866-76. [PMID: 26823493 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0729-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway signaling has been associated with the pathogenesis of various malignancies, including basal cell carcinomas (BCC). Inhibitors of the Hh pathway currently available or under clinical investigation all bind and antagonize Smoothened (SMO), inducing a marked but transient clinical response. Tumor regrowth and therapy failure were attributed to mutations in the binding site of these small-molecule SMO antagonists. The antifungal itraconazole was demonstrated to be a potent SMO antagonist with a distinct mechanism of action from that of current SMO inhibitors. However, itraconazole represents a suboptimal therapeutic option due to its numerous drug-drug interactions. Here, we show that posaconazole, a second-generation triazole antifungal with minimal drug-drug interactions and a favorable side-effect profile, is also a potent inhibitor of the Hh pathway that functions at the level of SMO. We demonstrate that posaconazole inhibits the Hh pathway by a mechanism distinct from that of cyclopamine and other cyclopamine-competitive SMO antagonists but, similar to itraconazole, has robust activity against drug-resistant SMO mutants and inhibits the growth of Hh-dependent BCC in vivo Our results suggest that posaconazole, alone or in combination with other Hh pathway antagonists, may be readily tested in clinical studies for the treatment of Hh-dependent cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 866-76. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhi Chen
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Vinh Trang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alex Lee
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alexandra N Wilson
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ervin H Epstein
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California. Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - James Kim
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas.
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89
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Hadden MK. Hedgehog and Vitamin D Signaling Pathways in Development and Disease. VITAMIN D HORMONE 2016; 100:231-53. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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90
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Tena TC, Philipp M. Assessing Smoothened-mediated Hedgehog signaling in zebrafish. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 132:147-64. [PMID: 26928543 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smoothened belongs to the class of atypical G protein-coupled receptors and serves as the transducing molecule in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Hh proteins comprise a family of secreted, cholesterol-modified ligands, which act both as morphogens and as signaling molecules. Binding of Hh proteins to their direct receptor, the transmembrane protein Patched-1, relieves Smoothened from tonal inhibition by Patched-1 and causes the translocation of Smoothened into the cilium. Here, the Hh signaling cascade is initiated and results in transcriptional activation of Hh target genes such as gli1 or patched-1. This induces a plethora of physiological outcomes including normal embryonic development, but also cancer, which is the reason why scientists aim to develop strategies to manipulate as well as monitor Smoothened-mediated Hh signaling. The zebrafish has emerged as a valuable tool for the assessment of Smoothened-mediated Hh signaling. In this chapter we thus describe how Smoothened-mediated Hh signaling can be monitored and also quantified using zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Casar Tena
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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91
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Jiang S, Du J, Kong Q, Li C, Li Y, Sun H, Pu J, Mao B. A Group of ent-Kaurane Diterpenoids Inhibit Hedgehog Signaling and Induce Cilia Elongation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139830. [PMID: 26439749 PMCID: PMC4595341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays important roles in the tumorigenesis of multiple cancers and is a key target for drug discovery. In a screen of natural products extracted from Chinese herbs, we identified eight ent-Kaurane diterpenoids and two triterpene dilactones as novel Hh pathway antagonists. Epistatic analyses suggest that these compounds likely act at the level or downstream of Smoothened (Smo) and upstream of Suppressor of Fused (Sufu). The ent-Kauranoid-treated cells showed elongated cilia, suppressed Smo trafficking to cilia, and mitotic defects, while the triterpene dilactones had no effect on the cilia and ciliary Smo. These ent-Kaurane diterpenoids provide new prototypes of Hh inhibitors, and are valuable probes for deciphering the mechanisms of Smo ciliary transport and ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jiacheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qinghua Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Chaocui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Handong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jianxin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (BM); (JP)
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (BM); (JP)
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92
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Arensdorf AM, Marada S, Ogden SK. Smoothened Regulation: A Tale of Two Signals. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:62-72. [PMID: 26432668 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (Smo) is the signal transducer of the developmentally and therapeutically relevant Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Although recent structural analyses have advanced our understanding of Smo biology, several questions remain. Chief among them are the identity of its natural ligand, the regulatory processes controlling its activation, and the mechanisms by which it signals to downstream effectors. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries from multiple model systems that have set the stage for solving these mysteries. We focus on the roles of distinct Smo functional domains, post-translational modifications, and trafficking, and conclude by discussing their contributions to signal output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Arensdorf
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place MS#340, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Suresh Marada
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place MS#340, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place MS#340, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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93
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Zhang YR, Gui LS, Li YK, Jiang BJ, Wang HC, Zhang YY, Zan LS. Molecular Characterization of Bovine SMO Gene and Effects of Its Genetic Variations on Body Size Traits in Qinchuan Cattle (Bos taurus). Int J Mol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26225956 PMCID: PMC4581179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160816966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoothened (Smo)-mediated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway governs the patterning, morphogenesis and growth of many different regions within animal body plans. This study evaluated the effects of genetic variations of the bovine SMO gene on economically important body size traits in Chinese Qinchuan cattle. Altogether, eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs: 1-8) were identified and genotyped via direct sequencing covering most of the coding region and 3'UTR of the bovine SMO gene. Both the p.698Ser.>Ser. synonymous mutation resulted from SNP1 and the p.700Ser.>Pro. non-synonymous mutation caused by SNP2 mapped to the intracellular C-terminal tail of bovine Smo protein; the other six SNPs were non-coding variants located in the 3'UTR. The linkage disequilibrium was analyzed, and five haplotypes were discovered in 520 Qinchuan cattle. Association analyses showed that SNP2, SNP3/5, SNP4 and SNP6/7 were significantly associated with some body size traits (p < 0.05) except SNP1/8 (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, cattle with wild-type combined haplotype Hap1/Hap1 had significantly (p < 0.05) greater body length than those with Hap2/Hap2. Our results indicate that variations in the SMO gene could affect body size traits of Qinchuan cattle, and the wild-type haplotype Hap1 together with the wild-type alleles of these detected SNPs in the SMO gene could be used to breed cattle with superior body size traits. Therefore, our results could be helpful for marker-assisted selection in beef cattle breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ran Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lin-Sheng Gui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yao-Kun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Bi-Jie Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hong-Cheng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lin-Sen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- National Beef Cattle Improvement Center of Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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94
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Owen TS, Ngoje G, Lageman TJ, Bordeau BM, Belfort M, Callahan BP. Förster resonance energy transfer-based cholesterolysis assay identifies a novel hedgehog inhibitor. Anal Biochem 2015; 488:1-5. [PMID: 26095399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins function in cell/cell signaling processes linked to human embryo development and the progression of several types of cancer. Here, we describe an optical assay of hedgehog cholesterolysis, a unique autoprocessing event critical for Hh function. The assay uses a recombinant Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-active Hh precursor whose cholesterolysis can be monitored continuously in multi-well plates (dynamic range=4, Z'=0.7), offering advantages in throughput over conventional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) assays. Application of the optical assay in a pilot small molecule screen produced a novel cholesterolysis inhibitor (apparent IC50=5×10(-6)M) that appears to inactivate hedgehog covalently by a substitution nucleophilic aromatic (SNAr) mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Owen
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - George Ngoje
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Travis J Lageman
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Brandon M Bordeau
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Marlene Belfort
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Brian P Callahan
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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95
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Hansen CG, Moroishi T, Guan KL. YAP and TAZ: a nexus for Hippo signaling and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:499-513. [PMID: 26045258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a potent regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. Here we review the regulatory mechanisms of the Hippo pathway and discuss the function of Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding domain (TAZ), the prime mediators of the Hippo pathway, in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. We highlight their activities in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and discuss their role as a signaling nexus and integrator of several other prominent signaling pathways such as the Wnt, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), epidermal growth factor (EGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and Notch pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Gram Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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