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Angosto-Bazarra D, Molina-López C, Peñín-Franch A, Hurtado-Navarro L, Pelegrín P. Techniques to Study Inflammasome Activation and Inhibition by Small Molecules. Molecules 2021; 26:1704. [PMID: 33803783 PMCID: PMC8003184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are immune cytosolic oligomers involved in the initiation and progression of multiple pathologies and diseases. The tight regulation of these immune sensors is necessary to control an optimal inflammatory response and recover organism homeostasis. Prolonged activation of inflammasomes result in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, and the use of small drug-like inhibitory molecules are emerging as promising anti-inflammatory therapies. Different aspects have to be taken in consideration when designing inflammasome inhibitors. This review summarizes the different techniques that can be used to study the mechanism of action of potential inflammasome inhibitory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Angosto-Bazarra
- Línea de Inflamación Molecular, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-Arrixaca, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (C.M.-L.); (A.P.-F.); (L.H.-N.)
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Línea de Inflamación Molecular, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria IMIB-Arrixaca, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (C.M.-L.); (A.P.-F.); (L.H.-N.)
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52
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Abstract
Proteolytic maturation of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) by inflammasome-activated caspase-1 is crucial for initiating pyroptosis, a lytic form of cell death. In this issue of Immunity, Lui et al. report the X-ray structure of the caspase-1-GSDMD complex, mapping the interaction interfaces that determine recognition and cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte Vande Walle
- Laboratory of Medical Innate Immunity, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Laboratory of Medical Innate Immunity, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Roudaire T, Héloir MC, Wendehenne D, Zadoroznyj A, Dubrez L, Poinssot B. Cross Kingdom Immunity: The Role of Immune Receptors and Downstream Signaling in Animal and Plant Cell Death. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612452. [PMID: 33763054 PMCID: PMC7982415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both plants and animals are endowed with sophisticated innate immune systems to combat microbial attack. In these multicellular eukaryotes, innate immunity implies the presence of cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors able to detect danger signal referred as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Membrane-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), receptor-like kinases (RLKs), and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are employed by these organisms for sensing different invasion patterns before triggering antimicrobial defenses that can be associated with a form of regulated cell death. Intracellularly, animals nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors or plants nucleotide-binding domain (NBD)-containing leucine rich repeats (NLRs) immune receptors likely detect effectors injected into the host cell by the pathogen to hijack the immune signaling cascade. Interestingly, during the co-evolution between the hosts and their invaders, key cross-kingdom cell death-signaling macromolecular NLR-complexes have been selected, such as the inflammasome in mammals and the recently discovered resistosome in plants. In both cases, a regulated cell death located at the site of infection constitutes a very effective mean for blocking the pathogen spread and protecting the whole organism from invasion. This review aims to describe the immune mechanisms in animals and plants, mainly focusing on cell death signaling pathways, in order to highlight recent advances that could be used on one side or the other to identify the missing signaling elements between the perception of the invasion pattern by immune receptors, the induction of defenses or the transmission of danger signals to other cells. Although knowledge of plant immunity is less advanced, these organisms have certain advantages allowing easier identification of signaling events, regulators and executors of cell death, which could then be exploited directly for crop protection purposes or by analogy for medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Roudaire
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Aymeric Zadoroznyj
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.,LNC UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Dubrez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.,LNC UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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54
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Liu Y, Chen L, Wang L, Xiong Y. Effects of intestinal lymphatic ligation on intestinal immunity in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1109-1121. [PMID: 33576136 PMCID: PMC8016124 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by a complicated pathogenesis, multiple organ failure, and high mortality. The primary aim of the present study was to observe the effect of intestinal lymphatic ligation on intestinal injury and modification in rats with SAP. Male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into: (a) Saline group (SO); (b) SAP group; and (c) SAP + ligation group. We evaluated the effect of mesenteric lymphatic duct ligation on the pancreas and intestine tissue by HE. The histopathology of the pancreas in SAP + ligation rats was alleviated slightly compared with SAP rats, but aggravated in the intestine of SAP + ligation rats. Treatment of mesenteric lymphatic duct ligation resulted in an increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, and myeloperoxidase compared with the small intestinal tissues of SAP rats. In addition, the expression of nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptors 3, apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC), and caspase‐1 in the intestine were higher in the SAP + ligation group. The ratio of Th1/Th2 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the mesenteric lymph nodes of the SAP group was lower than those in the SAP + ligation group. The present results indicated that ligation of the mesenteric lymph duct can effectively prevent intestinal inflammatory mediators entering the body through the mesenteric lymph duct, but these mediators assembled in the intestine where they induced an excessive immune response and intestinal injury during SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Liu
- College of Comprehensive Health Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated T.C.M. Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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55
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Choudhuri S, Chowdhury IH, Garg NJ. Mitochondrial Regulation of Macrophage Response Against Pathogens. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622602. [PMID: 33679710 PMCID: PMC7925834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells play the first line of defense against pathogens. Phagocytosis or invasion by pathogens can affect mitochondrial metabolism in macrophages by diverse mechanisms and shape the macrophage response (proinflammatory vs. immunomodulatory) against pathogens. Besides β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2'-phosphate, reduced (NADPH) oxidase, mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes release superoxide for direct killing of the pathogen. Mitochondria that are injured are removed by mitophagy, and this process can be critical for regulating macrophage activation. For example, impaired mitophagy can result in cytosolic leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that can lead to activation of cGAS-STING signaling pathway of macrophage proinflammatory response. In this review, we will discuss how metabolism, mtDNA, mitophagy, and cGAS-STING pathway shape the macrophage response to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Choudhuri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Imran Hussain Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Nisha Jain Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX, United States
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56
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Liu B, He R, Zhang L, Hao B, Jiang W, Wang W, Geng Q. Inflammatory Caspases Drive Pyroptosis in Acute Lung Injury. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:631256. [PMID: 33613295 PMCID: PMC7892432 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.631256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI), a critical respiratory disorder that causes diffuse alveolar injury leads to high mortality rates with no effective treatment. ALI is characterized by varying degrees of ventilation/perfusion mismatch, severe hypoxemia, and poor pulmonary compliance. The diffuse injury to cells is one of most important pathological characteristics of ALI. Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death distinguished from apoptosis induced by inflammatory caspases, which can release inflammatory cytokines to clear cells infected by pathogens and promote monocytes to reassemble at the site of injury. And pyroptosis not only promotes inflammation in certain cell types, but also regulates many downstream pathways to perform different functions. There is increasing evidence that pyroptosis and its related inflammatory caspases play an important role in the development of acute lung injury. The main modes of activation of pyroptosis is not consistent among different types of cells in lung tissue. Meanwhile, inhibition of inflammasome, the key to initiating pyroptosis is currently the main way to treat acute lung injury. The review summarizes the relationship among inflammatory caspases, pyroptosis and acute lung injury and provides general directions and strategies to conduct further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruyuan He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenyang Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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57
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Tyrkalska SD, Candel S, Mulero V. The neutrophil inflammasome. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103874. [PMID: 32987011 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since inflammasomes were discovered in the early 21st century, knowledge about their biology has multiplied exponentially. These cytosolic multiprotein complexes alert the immune system about the presence of infection or tissue damage, and regulate the subsequent inflammatory responses. As inflammasome dysregulation is increasingly associated with numerous autoinflammatory disorders, there is an urgent need for further research into the inflammasome's involvement in the pathogenesis of such diseases in order to identify novel therapeutic targets and treatments. The zebrafish has become a widely used animal model to study human diseases in recent years, and has already provided relevant findings in the field of inflammasome biology including the identification of new components and pathways. We provide a detailed analysis of current knowledge on neutrophil inflammasome biology and compare its features with those of the better known macrophage inflammasome, focusing on its contribution to innate immunity and its relevance for human health. Importantly, a large body of evidence points to a link between neutrophil inflammasome dysfunction and many neutrophil-mediated human diseases, but the real contribution of the neutrophil inflammasome to the pathogenesis of these disorders is largely unknown. Although neutrophils have remained in the shadow of macrophages and monocytes in the field of inflammasome research since the discovery of these multiprotein platforms, recent studies strongly suggest that the importance of the neutrophil inflammasome has been underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia D Tyrkalska
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Sergio Candel
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain.
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58
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De Miguel C, Pelegrín P, Baroja-Mazo A, Cuevas S. Emerging Role of the Inflammasome and Pyroptosis in Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031064. [PMID: 33494430 PMCID: PMC7865380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are components of the innate immune response that have recently emerged as crucial controllers of tissue homeostasis. In particular, the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a complex platform involved in the activation of caspase-1 and the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, which are mainly released via pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is a caspase-1-dependent type of cell death that is mediated by the cleavage of gasdermin D and the subsequent formation of structurally stable pores in the cell membrane. Through these pores formed by gasdermin proteins cytosolic contents are released into the extracellular space and act as damage-associated molecular patterns, which are pro-inflammatory signals. Inflammation is a main contributor to the development of hypertension and it also is known to stimulate fibrosis and end-organ damage. Patients with essential hypertension and animal models of hypertension exhibit elevated levels of circulating IL-1β. Downregulation of the expression of key components of the NLRP3 inflammasome delays the development of hypertension and pharmacological inhibition of this inflammasome leads to reduced blood pressure in animal models and humans. Although the relationship between pyroptosis and hypertension is not well established yet, pyroptosis has been associated with renal and cardiovascular diseases, instances where high blood pressure is a critical risk factor. In this review, we summarize the recent literature addressing the role of pyroptosis and the inflammasome in the development of hypertension and discuss the potential use of approaches targeting this pathway as future anti-hypertensive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen De Miguel
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Correspondence: (C.D.M.); (S.C.); Tel.: +34-868-885031 (S.C.)
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (P.P.); (A.B.-M.)
| | - Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (P.P.); (A.B.-M.)
| | - Santiago Cuevas
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (P.P.); (A.B.-M.)
- Correspondence: (C.D.M.); (S.C.); Tel.: +34-868-885031 (S.C.)
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59
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Wang Y, Chen Q, Jiao F, Shi C, Pei M, Wang L, Gong Z. Histone deacetylase 2 regulates ULK1 mediated pyroptosis during acute liver failure by the K68 acetylation site. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:55. [PMID: 33431796 PMCID: PMC7801742 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a new necrosis pattern of hepatocyte during liver inflammation in acute liver failure (ALF). Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is associated with several pathological conditions in the liver system. The aim of this study is to investigate whether knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of HDAC2 could reduce the level of pyroptosis in ALF through ULK1-NLRP3-pyroptosis pathway. The role of HDAC2 on ULK1-NLRP3-pyroptosis pathway during ALF was detected in clinical samples. The mechanism was investigated in transfected cells or in ALF mouse model. The RNA-sequencing results revealed that ULK1 was a negative target regulatory molecule by HDAC2. During the process of pyroptosis, the HDAC2 exerted the antagonistic effect with ULK1 by the K68 acetylation site in L02 cells. Then the role of HDAC2 on ULK1-NLRP3-pyroptosis pathway in ALF mouse model was also detected. Moreover, the related molecules to ULK1-NLRP3-pyroptosis pathway were verified different expression in normal health donors and clinical ALF patients. HDAC2 in hepatocytes plays a pivotal role in an ULK1-NLRP3 pathway driven auto-amplification of pyroptosis in ALF. One of the important mechanisms is that inhibition HDAC2 to reduce pyroptosis may be by modulating the K68 lysine site of ULK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Fangzhou Jiao
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Shi
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Maohua Pei
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Luwen Wang
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Zuojiong Gong
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
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Epithelium-autonomous NAIP/NLRC4 prevents TNF-driven inflammatory destruction of the gut epithelial barrier in Salmonella-infected mice. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:615-629. [PMID: 33731826 PMCID: PMC8075861 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gut epithelium is a critical protective barrier. Its NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome senses infection by Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) and promotes expulsion of infected enterocytes. During the first ~12-24 h, this reduces mucosal S.Tm loads at the price of moderate enteropathy. It remained unknown how this NAIP/NLRC4-dependent tradeoff would develop during subsequent infection stages. In NAIP/NLRC4-deficient mice, S.Tm elicited severe enteropathy within 72 h, characterized by elevated mucosal TNF (>20 pg/mg) production from bone marrow-derived cells, reduced regeneration, excessive enterocyte loss, and a collapse of the epithelial barrier. TNF-depleting antibodies prevented this destructive pathology. In hosts proficient for epithelial NAIP/NLRC4, a heterogeneous enterocyte death response with both apoptotic and pyroptotic features kept S.Tm loads persistently in check, thereby preventing this dire outcome altogether. Our results demonstrate that immediate and selective removal of infected enterocytes, by locally acting epithelium-autonomous NAIP/NLRC4, is required to avoid a TNF-driven inflammatory hyper-reaction that otherwise destroys the epithelial barrier.
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61
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Ye A, Li W, Zhou L, Ao L, Fang W, Li Y. Targeting pyroptosis to regulate ischemic stroke injury: Molecular mechanisms and preclinical evidences. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:146-160. [PMID: 33065175 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide with limited therapies. After ischemic stroke occurs, a robust sterile inflammatory response happens and lasts for days and determines neurological prognosis. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory programmed cell death characterized by cleavage of pore-forming proteins gasdermins as a result of activating caspases and inflammasomes. It has morphological characteristics of rapid plasma-membrane rupture and release of proinflammatory intracellular contents as well as cytokines. Recent researches implicate pyroptosis involvement in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and inhibition of pyroptosis attenuates ischemic brain injury. In this review, we discussed molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis, evidences for pyroptosis involvement in different kinds of the central nervous system cells, as well as potential inhibitors for intervention of pyroptosis. Based on the review, we hypothesize the feasibility of therapeutic strategies targeting pyroptosis in the context of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wanting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Luyao Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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62
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Zhao S, Chen F, Wang D, Han W, Zhang Y, Yin Q. NLRP3 inflammasomes are involved in the progression of postoperative cognitive dysfunction: from mechanism to treatment. Neurosurg Rev 2020; 44:1815-1831. [PMID: 32918635 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) involves patient memory and learning decline after surgery. POCD not only presents challenges for postoperative nursing and recovery but may also cause permanent brain damage for patients, including children and the aged, with vulnerable central nervous systems. Its occurrence is mainly influenced by surgical trauma, anesthetics, and the health condition of the patient. There is a lack of imaging and experimental diagnosis; therefore, patients can only be diagnosed by clinical observation, which may underestimate the morbidity, resulting in decreased treatment efficacy. Except for symptomatic support therapy, there is a relative lack of effective drugs specific for the treatment of POCD, because the precise mechanism of POCD remains to be determined. One current hypothesis is that postoperative inflammation promotes the progression of POCD. Accumulating research has indicated that overactivation of NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes contribute to the POCD progression, suggesting that targeting NLRP3 inflammasomes may be an effective therapy to treat POCD. In this review, we summarize recent studies and systematically describe the pathogenesis, treatment progression, and potential treatment options of targeting NLRP3 inflammasomes in POCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dunwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Qiliang Yin
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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63
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Govindarajan V, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Keane RW. Role of inflammasomes in multiple sclerosis and their potential as therapeutic targets. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:260. [PMID: 32878648 PMCID: PMC7469327 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and it remains the most common immune-mediated disorder affecting the CNS. While the cause of MS is unclear, the underlying pathomechanisms are thought to be either destruction by autoimmune T cells or dysfunction of myelin-producing cells. Recent advances have indicated that inflammasomes contribute the etiology of MS. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes of the innate immune response involved in the processing of caspase-1, the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 as well as the cell death-mediated mechanism of pyroptosis and the activation of the adaptive immune response. Here we review the literature to date on the role of different inflammasome signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of MS and how these pathways may be targeted to reduce deleterious inflammatory processes and improve outcomes in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidya Govindarajan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave RMSB 5058, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Robert W Keane
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave RMSB 5058, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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64
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Johnson DC, Okondo MC, Orth EL, Rao SD, Huang HC, Ball DP, Bachovchin DA. DPP8/9 inhibitors activate the CARD8 inflammasome in resting lymphocytes. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:628. [PMID: 32796818 PMCID: PMC7428001 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Canonical inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are formed in response to intracellular pathogen-associated signals and trigger caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. Inflammasome formation and signaling is thought to mainly occur in myeloid cells, and in particular monocytes and macrophages. Here we show that small molecule inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 (DPP8/9), which activate the related CARD8 and NLRP1 inflammasomes, also activate pyroptosis in human and rodent resting lymphocytes. We found that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were particularly sensitive to these inhibitors, although the sensitivity of T cells, like macrophages, varied considerably between species. In human T cells, we show that CARD8 mediates DPP8/9 inhibitor-induced pyroptosis. Intriguingly, although activated human T cells express the key proteins known to be required for CARD8-mediated pyroptosis, these cells were completely resistant to DPP8/9 inhibitors. Overall, these data show that resting lymphoid cells can activate at least one inflammasome, revealing additional cell types and states poised to undergo rapid pyroptotic cell death in response to danger-associated signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C Johnson
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marian C Okondo
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Orth
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sahana D Rao
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hsin-Che Huang
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel P Ball
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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65
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Wallert M, Börmel L, Lorkowski S. Inflammatory Diseases and Vitamin E-What Do We Know and Where Do We Go? Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e2000097. [PMID: 32692879 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-driven diseases and related comorbidities, such as the metabolic syndrome, obesity, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases cause significant global burden. There is a growing body of evidence that nutrients alter inflammatory responses and can therefore make a decisive contribution to the treatment of these diseases. Recently, the inflammasome, a cytosolic multiprotein complex, has been identified as a key player in inflammation and the development of various inflammation-mediated disorders, with nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain (NLRP) 3 being the inflammasome of interest. Here an overview about the cellular signaling pathways underlying nuclear factor "kappa-light-chain-enhancer" of activated B-cells (NF-κB)- and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory processes, and the pathogenesis of the inflammatory diseases atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is provided; next, the current state of knowledge for drug-based and dietary-based interventions for treating cardiovascular diseases and NAFLD is discussed. To date, one of the most important antioxidants in the human diet is vitamin E. Various in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the different forms of vitamin E and also their derivatives have anti-inflammatory activity. Recent publications suggest that vitamin E-and possibly metabolites of vitamin E-are a promising therapeutic approach for treating inflammatory diseases such as NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Börmel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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66
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Ter Haar NM, Jansen MHA, Frenkel JF, Vastert SJ. How autoinflammation may turn into autoimmune inflammation: Insights from monogenetic and complex IL-1 mediated auto-inflammatory diseases. Clin Immunol 2020; 219:108538. [PMID: 32681980 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 mediated auto-inflammatory diseases are characterised by episodes of unexplained fever, generalized and localized inflammation. The characteristic symptoms predominantly result from exaggerated activation of innate immune pathways. However, in some patients with typical IL-1 mediated diseases, chronic disease manifestations develop in the absence of acute inflammation, suggesting the involvement of adaptive immune pathways. We discuss clinical observations as well as novel insights in how chronic activation of innate immune pathways can lead to auto-immune disease features in patients with auto-inflammatory diseases and how we need to better understand these sequelae in order to improve treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Ter Haar
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Translational Immunology (CTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M H A Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J F Frenkel
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - S J Vastert
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Translational Immunology (CTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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67
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Sachdev U, Ferrari R, Cui X, Pius A, Sahu A, Reynolds M, Liao H, Sun P, Shinde S, Ambrosio F, Shiva S, Loughran P, Scott M. Caspase1/11 signaling affects muscle regeneration and recovery following ischemia, and can be modulated by chloroquine. Mol Med 2020; 26:69. [PMID: 32641037 PMCID: PMC7341481 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) increases inflammatory cleaved caspase-1 activity in myocytes, and that caspase-1/11 is protective in sterile liver injury. However, the role of caspase-1/11 in the recovery of muscle from ischemia caused by peripheral arterial disease is unknown. We hypothesized that caspase-1/11 mediates recovery in muscle via effects on autophagy and this is modulated by CQ. METHODS C57Bl/6 J (WT) and caspase-1/11 double-knockout (KO) mice underwent femoral artery ligation (a model of hind-limb ischemia) with or without CQ (50 mg/kg IP every 2nd day). CQ effects on autophagosome formation, microtubule associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3), and caspase-1 expression was measured using electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging documented perfusion every 7 days. After 21 days, in situ physiologic testing in tibialis anterior muscle assessed peak force contraction, and myocyte size and fibrosis was also measured. Muscle satellite cell (MuSC) oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate was measured. Caspase-1 and glycolytic enzyme expression was detected by Western blot. RESULTS CQ increased autophagosomes, LC3 consolidation, total caspase-1 expression and cleaved caspase-1 in muscle. Perfusion, fibrosis, myofiber regeneration, muscle contraction, MuSC fusion, OCR, ECAR and glycolytic enzyme expression was variably affected by CQ depending on presence of caspase-1/11. CQ decreased perfusion recovery, fibrosis and myofiber size in WT but not caspase-1/11KO mice. CQ diminished peak force in whole muscle, and myocyte fusion in MuSC and these effects were exacerbated in caspase-1/11KO mice. CQ reductions in maximal respiration and ATP production were reduced in caspase-1/11KO mice. Caspase-1/11KO MuSC had significant increases in protein kinase isoforms and aldolase with decreased ECAR. CONCLUSION Caspase-1/11 signaling affects the response to ischemia in muscle and effects are variably modulated by CQ. This may be critically important for disease treated with CQ and its derivatives, including novel viral diseases (e.g. COVID-19) that are expected to affect patients with comorbidities like cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulka Sachdev
- Division of Vascular Surgery; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women's Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Ricardo Ferrari
- Division of Vascular Surgery; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women's Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiangdong Cui
- Division of Vascular Surgery; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women's Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Abish Pius
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Bridgeside Point, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Amrita Sahu
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Bridgeside Point, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michael Reynolds
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Biomedical Sciences Towe, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hong Liao
- Division of Vascular Surgery; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women's Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Surgery 11/20/2018-11/19/202, Visiting scholar, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sunita Shinde
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Bridgeside Point, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Fabrisia Ambrosio
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Bridgeside Point, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Biomedical Sciences Towe, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Patricia Loughran
- Center for Biologic Imaging (CBI), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Biomedical Sciences Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Melanie Scott
- Division of Vascular Surgery; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee Women's Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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68
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Yuk JM, Silwal P, Jo EK. Inflammasome and Mitophagy Connection in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134714. [PMID: 32630319 PMCID: PMC7370205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a large intracellular protein complex that activates inflammatory caspase-1 and induces the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Mitophagy plays an essential role in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis during stress. Previous studies have indicated compelling evidence of the crosstalk between inflammasome and mitophagy. Mitophagy regulation of the inflammasome, or vice versa, is crucial for various biological functions, such as controlling inflammation and metabolism, immune and anti-tumor responses, and pyroptotic cell death. Uncontrolled regulation of the inflammasome often results in pathological inflammation and pyroptosis, and causes a variety of human diseases, including metabolic and inflammatory diseases, infection, and cancer. Here, we discuss how improved understanding of the interactions between inflammasome and mitophagy can lead to novel therapies against various disease pathologies, and how the inflammasome-mitophagy connection is currently being targeted pharmacologically by diverse agents and small molecules. A deeper understanding of the inflammasome-mitophagy connection will provide new insights into human health and disease through the balance between mitochondrial clearance and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-580-8243
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69
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Demarco B, Chen KW, Broz P. Cross talk between intracellular pathogens and cell death. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:174-193. [PMID: 32567717 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with bacterial pathogens often results in the initiation of programmed cell death as part of the host innate immune defense, or as a bacterial virulence strategy. Induction of host cell death is controlled by an elaborate network of innate immune and cell death signaling pathways and manifests in different morphologically and functionally distinct forms of death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, NETosis and pyroptosis. The mechanism by which host cell death restricts bacterial replication is highly cell-type and context depended, but its physiological importance is highlighted the diversity of strategies bacterial pathogens use to avoid induction of cell death or to block cell death signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the latest insights into how bacterial pathogens elicit and manipulate cell death signaling, how different forms of cell death kill or restrict bacteria and how cell death and innate immune pathway cross talk to guard against pathogen-induced inhibition of host cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Demarco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kaiwen W Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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70
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Anand PK. Lipids, inflammasomes, metabolism, and disease. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:108-122. [PMID: 32562313 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that regulate the cleavage of cysteine protease caspase-1, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and induction of inflammatory cell death, pyroptosis. Several members of the nod-like receptor family assemble inflammasome in response to specific ligands. An exception to this is the NLRP3 inflammasome which is activated by structurally diverse entities. Recent studies have suggested that NLRP3 might be a sensor of cellular homeostasis, and any perturbation in distinct metabolic pathways results in the activation of this inflammasome. Lipid metabolism is exceedingly important in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and it is recognized that cells and tissues undergo extensive lipid remodeling during activation and disease. Some lipids are involved in instigating chronic inflammatory diseases, and new studies have highlighted critical upstream roles for lipids, particularly cholesterol, in regulating inflammasome activation implying key functions for inflammasomes in diseases with defective lipid metabolism. The focus of this review is to highlight how lipids regulate inflammasome activation and how this leads to the progression of inflammatory diseases. The key roles of cholesterol metabolism in the activation of inflammasomes have been comprehensively discussed. Besides, the roles of oxysterols, fatty acids, phospholipids, and lipid second messengers are also summarized in the context of inflammasomes. The overriding theme is that lipid metabolism has numerous but complex functions in inflammasome activation. A detailed understanding of this area will help us develop therapeutic interventions for diseases where dysregulated lipid metabolism is the underlying cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras K Anand
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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71
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Taabazuing CY, Griswold AR, Bachovchin DA. The NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasomes. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:13-25. [PMID: 32558991 PMCID: PMC7483925 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that activate inflammatory cytokines and induce pyroptosis in response to intracellular danger-associated signals. NLRP1 and CARD8 are related germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors that form inflammasomes, but their activation mechanisms and biological purposes have not yet been fully established. Both NLRP1 and CARD8 undergo post-translational autoproteolysis to generate two non-covalently associated polypeptide chains. NLRP1 and CARD8 activators induce the proteasome-mediated destruction of the N-terminal fragment, liberating the C-terminal fragment to form an inflammasome. Here, we review the danger-associated stimuli that have been reported to activate NLRP1 and/or CARD8, including anthrax lethal toxin, Toxoplasma gondii, Shigella flexneri and the small molecule DPP8/9 inhibitor Val-boroPro, focusing on recent mechanistic insights and highlighting unresolved questions. In addition, we discuss the recently identified disease-associated mutations in NLRP1 and CARD8, the potential role that DPP9's protein structure plays in inflammasome regulation, and the emerging link between NLRP1 and metabolism. Finally, we summarize all of this latest research and consider the possible biological purposes of these enigmatic inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew R Griswold
- Weill Cornell, Rockefeller, Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA.,Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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72
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Samir P, Malireddi RKS, Kanneganti TD. The PANoptosome: A Deadly Protein Complex Driving Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis (PANoptosis). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:238. [PMID: 32582562 PMCID: PMC7283380 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death is regulated by evolutionarily conserved pathways that play critical roles in development and the immune response. A newly recognized pathway for proinflammatory programmed cell death called PANoptosis is controlled by a recently identified cytoplasmic multimeric protein complex named the PANoptosome. The PANoptosome can engage, in parallel, three key modes of programmed cell death—pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. The PANoptosome components have been implicated in a wide array of human diseases including autoinflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, microbial infections, and metabolic diseases. Here, we review putative components of the PANoptosome and present a phylogenetic analysis of their molecular domains and interaction motifs that support complex assembly. We also discuss genetic data that suggest PANoptosis is coordinated by scaffolding and catalytic functions of the complex components and propose mechanistic models for PANoptosome assembly. Overall, this review presents potential mechanisms governing PANoptosis based on evolutionary analysis of the PANoptosome components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimal Samir
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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73
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Mazgaeen L, Gurung P. Neutro"feels" lethal toxin. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:769-772. [PMID: 32401416 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ce0320-101r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussion on lethal toxin-induced acute IL-1β production as dependent on NLRP1b and caspase-1, PAD4, cell-free DNA and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Mazgaeen
- Inflammation Program, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Human Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Inflammation Program, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Human Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Center for Immunology and Immune Based Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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74
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de Vasconcelos NM, Lamkanfi M. Recent Insights on Inflammasomes, Gasdermin Pores, and Pyroptosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036392. [PMID: 31570336 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes assemble in the cytosol of myeloid and epithelial cells on sensing of cellular stress and pathogen-associated molecular patterns and serve as scaffolds for recruitment and activation of inflammatory caspases. Inflammasomes play beneficial roles in host and immune responses against diverse pathogens but may also promote inflammatory tissue damage if uncontrolled. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a recently identified substrate of murine caspase-1 and caspase-11, and human caspases-1, -4, and -5 that mediates a regulated lytic cell death mode termed pyroptosis. Recent studies have identified pyroptosis as a critical inflammasome effector mechanism that controls inflammasome-dependent cytokine secretion and contributes to antimicrobial defense and inflammasome-mediated autoinflammatory diseases. Here, we review recent developments on inflammasome-associated effector functions with an emphasis on the emerging roles of gasdermin pores and pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia M de Vasconcelos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Janssen Immunosciences, World Without Disease Accelerator, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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75
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Wang H, Zhang S, Zhao H, Qin H, Zhang J, Dong J, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Shao M, Wu F, Zhang W. Carbon Monoxide Inhibits the Expression of Proteins Associated with Intestinal Mucosal Pyroptosis in a Rat Model of Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920668. [PMID: 32351244 PMCID: PMC7207005 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon monoxide (CO) has anti-inflammatory effects and protects the intestinal mucosal barrier in sepsis. Pyroptosis, or cell death associated with sepsis, is mediated by caspase-1 activation. This study aimed to investigate the role of CO on the expression of proteins associated with intestinal mucosal pyroptosis in a rat model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). MATERIAL AND METHODS The rat model of sepsis was developed using CLP. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=120) were divided into six study groups: the sham group (n=20); the CLP group (n=20); the hemin group (treated with ferric chloride and heme) (n=20); the zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX) group (n=20); the CO-releasing molecule 2 (CORM-2) group (n=20); and the inactive CORM-2 (iCORM-2) group (n=20). Hemin and CORM-2 were CO donors, and ZnPPIX was a CO inhibitor. In the six groups, the seven-day survival curves, the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran 4000 Da (FD-4) permeability assay, levels of intestinal pyroptosis proteins caspase-1, caspase-11, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) were measured by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1ß, and high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) were measured by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS CO reduced the mortality rate in rats with sepsis and reduced intestinal mucosal permeability and mucosal damage. CO also reduced the expression levels of IL-18, IL-1ß, and HMGB1, and reduced pyroptosis by preventing the cleavage of caspase-1 and caspase-11. CONCLUSIONS In a rat model of sepsis induced by CLP, CO had a protective role by inhibiting intestinal mucosal pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhou Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Shunwen Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Huiyuan Qin
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Jiangtao Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyong Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Yanheng Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Meng Shao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
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76
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Tupik JD, Nagai-Singer MA, Allen IC. To protect or adversely affect? The dichotomous role of the NLRP1 inflammasome in human disease. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 76:100858. [PMID: 32359693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
NLRP1 is an inflammasome forming pattern recognition receptor (PRR). When activated by pathogen- and damage- associated molecular patterns (PAMPS/DAMPS), NLRP1 inflammasome formation leads to inflammation through the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1β. As with other inflammasome forming NLR family members, NLRP1 also regulates cell death processes, termed pyroptosis. The domain structure of NLRP1 differs between mice and humans, making it possible for the function of the inflammasome to differ between species and adds complexity to the study of this NLR family member. In humans, mutations in both coding and non-coding regions of the NLRP1 gene are linked to a variety of diseases. Likewise, interruption of NLRP1 inhibitors or changes in the prevalence of NLRP1 activators can also impact disease pathobiology. Adding to its complexity, the NLRP1 inflammasome plays a dichotomous role in human diseases, functioning to either attenuate or augment miscellaneous biological processes in a tissue specific manner. For example, NLRP1 plays a protective role in the gastrointestinal tract by modulating the microbiome composition; however, it augments neurological disorders, cardio-pulmonary diseases, and cancer through promoting inflammation. Thus, it is critical that the role of NLRP1 in each of these disease processes be robustly defined. In this review, we summarize the current research landscape to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with NLRP1 function and dysfunction in human disease pathobiology. We propose that a better understanding of these mechanisms will ultimately result in improved insight into immune system dysfunction and therapeutic strategies targeting inflammasome function in multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juselyn D Tupik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Margaret A Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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77
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Voet S, Srinivasan S, Lamkanfi M, van Loo G. Inflammasomes in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 11:emmm.201810248. [PMID: 31015277 PMCID: PMC6554670 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201810248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration often result from the aberrant deposition of aggregated host proteins, including amyloid‐β, α‐synuclein, and prions, that can activate inflammasomes. Inflammasomes function as intracellular sensors of both microbial pathogens and foreign as well as host‐derived danger signals. Upon activation, they induce an innate immune response by secreting the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐18, and additionally by inducing pyroptosis, a lytic cell death mode that releases additional inflammatory mediators. Microglia are the prominent innate immune cells in the brain for inflammasome activation. However, additional CNS‐resident cell types including astrocytes and neurons, as well as infiltrating myeloid cells from the periphery, express and activate inflammasomes. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of the role of inflammasomes in common degenerative diseases of the brain and highlight inflammasome‐targeted strategies that may potentially treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Voet
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sahana Srinivasan
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium .,Janssen Immunosciences, World without Disease Accelerator, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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78
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Douglas T, Saleh M. Cross-regulation between LUBAC and caspase-1 modulates cell death and inflammation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5216-5228. [PMID: 32122970 PMCID: PMC7170516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC) is an essential component of the innate and adaptive immune system. Modification of cellular substrates with linear polyubiquitin chains is a key regulatory step in signal transduction that impacts cell death and inflammatory signaling downstream of various innate immunity receptors. Loss-of-function mutations in the LUBAC components HOIP and HOIL-1 yield a systemic autoinflammatory disease in humans, whereas their genetic ablation is embryonically lethal in mice. Deficiency of the LUBAC adaptor protein Sharpin results in a multi-organ inflammatory disease in mice characterized by chronic proliferative dermatitis (cpdm), which is propagated by TNFR1-induced and RIPK1-mediated keratinocyte cell death. We have previously shown that caspase-1 and -11 promoted the dermatitis pathology of cpdm mice and mediated cell death in the skin. Here, we describe a reciprocal regulation of caspase-1 and LUBAC activities in keratinocytes. We show that LUBAC interacted with caspase-1 via HOIP and modified its CARD domain with linear polyubiquitin and that depletion of HOIP or Sharpin resulted in heightened caspase-1 activation and cell death in response to inflammasome activation, unlike what is observed in macrophages. Reciprocally, caspase-1, as well as caspase-8, regulated LUBAC activity by proteolytically processing HOIP at Asp-348 and Asp-387 during the execution of cell death. HOIP processing impeded substrate ubiquitination in the NF-κB pathway and resulted in enhanced apoptosis. These results highlight a regulatory mechanism underlying efficient apoptosis in keratinocytes and provide further evidence of a cross-talk between inflammatory and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Douglas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Maya Saleh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada.
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79
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis activates inflammasomes in meningoencephalitic BALB/c mice. Parasitol Int 2020; 77:102119. [PMID: 32283319 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a metastrongyloid nematode that causes eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. A high infestation of A. cantonensis can cause permanent brain damage or even death. The inflammasome is an oligomeric molecular platform that can detect microbial pathogens and activate inflammatory cytokines. The recognition of larval surface antigens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can cause oligomerization of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) or absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) with the adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) to form a caspase-1-activating scaffold. Activated caspase-1 converts pro-inflammatory cytokines into their mature, active forms. Helminths infection has been shown to activate NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of inflammasome activation upon A. cantonensis infection in a mouse model. This study provides evidence that A. cantonensis infection can activate NLRP1B and NLRC4 inflammasomes and promote pyroptosis to cause meningoencephalitis.
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80
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Li X, Tang L, Ye Myat Thu, Chen D. Titanium Ions Play a Synergistic Role in the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Jurkat T Cells. Inflammation 2020; 43:1269-1278. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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81
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Ball DP, Taabazuing CY, Griswold AR, Orth EL, Rao SD, Kotliar IB, Vostal LE, Johnson DC, Bachovchin DA. Caspase-1 interdomain linker cleavage is required for pyroptosis. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/3/e202000664. [PMID: 32051255 PMCID: PMC7025033 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-related signals induce a number of cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to form canonical inflammasomes, which activate pro-caspase-1 and trigger pyroptotic cell death. All well-studied inflammasome-forming PRRs oligomerize with the adapter protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) to generate a large structure in the cytosol, which induces the dimerization, autoproteolysis, and activation of the pro-caspase-1 zymogen. However, several PRRs can also directly interact with pro-caspase-1 without ASC, forming smaller "ASC-independent" inflammasomes. It is currently thought that little, if any, pro-caspase-1 autoproteolysis occurs during, and is not required for, ASC-independent inflammasome signaling. Here, we show that the related human PRRs NLRP1 and CARD8 exclusively form ASC-dependent and ASC-independent inflammasomes, respectively, identifying CARD8 as the first canonical inflammasome-forming PRR that does not form an ASC-containing signaling platform. Despite their different structures, we discovered that both the NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasomes require pro-caspase-1 autoproteolysis between the small and large catalytic subunits to induce pyroptosis. Thus, pro-caspase-1 self-cleavage is a required regulatory step for pyroptosis induced by human canonical inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Ball
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Andrew R Griswold
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Orth
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sahana D Rao
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilana B Kotliar
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren E Vostal
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darren C Johnson
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA .,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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82
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Dimos BA, Butler CC, Ricci CA, MacKnight NJ, Mydlarz LD. Responding to Threats Both Foreign and Domestic: NOD-Like Receptors in Corals. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:819-829. [PMID: 31236558 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically mechanisms with which basal animals such as reef-building corals use to respond to changing and increasingly stressful environments have remained elusive. However, the increasing availability of genomic and transcriptomic data from these organisms has provided fundamental insights into the biology of these critically important ecosystem engineers. Notably, insights into cnidarians gained in the post-genomics age have revealed a surprisingly complex immune system which bears a surprising level of similarity with the vertebrate innate immune system. This system has been critically linked to how corals respond to the two most prominent threats on a global scale, emerging coral diseases and increasing water temperature, which are recognized cellularly as either foreign or domestic threats, respectively. These threats can arise from pathogenic microbes or internal cellular dysfunction, underscoring the need to further understand mechanisms corals use to sense and respond to threats to their cellular integrity. In this investigation and meta-analysis, we utilize resources only recently available in the post-genomic era to identify and characterize members of an underexplored class of molecules known as NOD-like receptors in the endangered Caribbean coral Orbicella faveolata. We then leverage these data to identify pathways possibly mediated by NLRs in both O. faveolata and the ecologically important branching coral Acropora digitifera. Overall, we find support that this class of proteins may provide a mechanistic link to how reef-building corals respond to threats both foreign and domestic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford A Dimos
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Caleb C Butler
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Contessa A Ricci
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Nicholas J MacKnight
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Laura D Mydlarz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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83
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Spirulina maxima extract prevents activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting ERK signaling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2075. [PMID: 32034213 PMCID: PMC7005707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The blue-green alga Spirulina maxima is a microscopic filamentous cyanobacterium. Spirulina was recently reported to elicit beneficial effects such as reducing cholesterol and inducing weight loss; however, its effects on inflammation are unknown. To determine the effect of S. maxima extract (SME) on innate immunity, we investigated the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which is a multiprotein scaffolding complex that plays important roles in innate immune responses to many pathogenic infections in macrophages. SME suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1β, and IL-18 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, SME attenuated LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and thus pro-IL-1β could not be cleaved to IL-1β by activated caspase-1, which is activated by the NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, SME inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in RAW264.7 cells, and attenuated the generation of ERK1 induced-reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in decreased expression of NF-κB. These findings suggest that SME suppresses the effects of the NLRP3 inflammasome via regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In summary, we demonstrated that SME prevents activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting ERK signaling.
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84
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Ciążyńska M, Bednarski IA, Wódz K, Narbutt J, Lesiak A. NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes as a new approach to skin carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:1649-1656. [PMID: 32194656 PMCID: PMC7039172 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are key innate immune system receptors that detect pathogenic endo- and exogenous stressors like microorganisms or ultraviolet radiation (UVR) which activate the highly proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Inflammasomes are not only involved in inflammation, but also in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Due to the dynamic increase in non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), it has become necessary to determine how UVR, which plays a key role in NMSC development, can regulate the structure and function of inflammasomes. In the present study, the regulatory mechanisms of NOD-Like Receptor Family Pyrin Domain Containing 1 and 3 inflammasome activation as well as an effective inflammasome-mediated immune response after UVR exposition are discussed. The differences and similarities between these molecular complexes that monitor cellular health, inflammation, and skin carcinogenesis are also highlighted. Despite numerous scientific data, more studies are still required to better understand the biology of inflammasomes in skin cancer development and to explore their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ciążyńska
- Department of Proliferative Diseases, Nicolaus Copernicus Multidisciplinary Centre for Oncology and Traumatology, Lodz 93-513, Poland
| | - Igor A Bednarski
- Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 91-347, Poland
| | - Karolina Wódz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, VET-LAB, Brudzew 62-720, Poland
| | - Joanna Narbutt
- Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 91-347, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Lesiak
- Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 91-347, Poland
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85
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Li JY, Wang YY, Shao T, Fan DD, Lin AF, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. The zebrafish NLRP3 inflammasome has functional roles in ASC-dependent interleukin-1β maturation and gasdermin E–mediated pyroptosis. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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86
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Li JY, Wang YY, Shao T, Fan DD, Lin AF, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. The zebrafish NLRP3 inflammasome has functional roles in ASC-dependent interleukin-1β maturation and gasdermin E-mediated pyroptosis. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1120-1141. [PMID: 31852739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is one of the best-characterized inflammasomes in humans and other mammals. However, knowledge about the NLRP3 inflammasome in nonmammalian species remains limited. Here, we report the molecular and functional identification of an NLRP3 homolog (DrNLRP3) in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. We found that DrNLRP3's overall structural architecture was shared with mammalian NLRP3s. It initiates a classical inflammasome assembly for zebrafish inflammatory caspase (DrCaspase-A/-B) activation and interleukin 1β (DrIL-1β) maturation in an apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC)-dependent manner, in which DrNLRP3 organizes DrASC into a filament that recruits DrCaspase-A/-B by homotypic pyrin domain (PYD)-PYD interactions. DrCaspase-A/-B activation in the DrNLRP3 inflammasome occurred in two steps, with DrCaspase-A being activated first and DrCaspase-B second. DrNLRP3 also directly activated full-length DrCaspase-B and elicited cell pyroptosis in a gasdermin E (GSDME)-dependent but ASC-independent manner. These two events were tightly coordinated by DrNLRP3 to ensure efficient IL-1β secretion for the initiation of host innate immunity. By knocking down DrNLRP3 in zebrafish embryos and generating a DrASC-knockout (DrASC-/-) fish clone, we characterized the function of the DrNLRP3 inflammasome in anti-bacterial immunity in vivo The results of our study disclosed the origin of the NLRP3 inflammasome in teleost fish, providing a cross-species understanding of the evolutionary history of inflammasomes. Our findings also indicate that the NLRP3 inflammasome may coordinate inflammatory cytokine processing and secretion through a GSDME-mediated pyroptotic pathway, uncovering a previously unrecognized regulatory function of NLRP3 in both inflammation and cell pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Yuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Yi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Fu Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xin Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
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87
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Schmidt FI. From atoms to physiology: what it takes to really understand inflammasomes. J Physiol 2019; 597:5335-5348. [PMID: 31490557 DOI: 10.1113/jp277027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid inflammatory responses to cytosolic threats are mediated by inflammasomes - large macromolecular signalling complexes that control the activation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, as well as cell death by pyroptosis. Different inflammasome sensors are activated by diverse direct and indirect signals, and subsequently nucleate the polymerization of the adaptor molecule ASC to form signalling platforms macroscopically observed as ASC specks. Caspase-1 is autocatalytically activated at these sites and subsequently matures pro-inflammatory cytokines and the pore-forming effector molecule gasdermin D. While most molecules and basic assembly principles have been deduced from reductionist experimental systems, we still lack fundamental information on the structure and regulation of these complexes in their physiological environment and in the interplay with other signalling pathways. In this review, novel experimental approaches are proposed, including some that rely on nanobodies and single domain antibodies, to understand inflammasome assembly and regulation in the context of the relevant tissues or cells.
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88
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Van Opdenbosch N, Lamkanfi M. Caspases in Cell Death, Inflammation, and Disease. Immunity 2019; 50:1352-1364. [PMID: 31216460 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are an evolutionary conserved family of cysteine proteases that are centrally involved in cell death and inflammation responses. A wealth of foundational insight into the molecular mechanisms that control caspase activation has emerged in recent years. Important advancements include the identification of additional inflammasome platforms and pathways that regulate activation of inflammatory caspases; the discovery of gasdermin D as the effector of pyroptosis and interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 secretion; and the existence of substantial crosstalk between inflammatory and apoptotic initiator caspases. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating caspase activation has supported initial efforts to modulate dysfunctional cell death and inflammation pathways in a suite of communicable, inflammatory, malignant, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review current understanding of caspase biology with a prime focus on the inflammatory caspases and outline important topics for future experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Van Opdenbosch
- Janssen Immunosciences, World Without Disease Accelerator, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, 2340, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Janssen Immunosciences, World Without Disease Accelerator, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, 2340, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
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89
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Lu F, Lan Z, Xin Z, He C, Guo Z, Xia X, Hu T. Emerging insights into molecular mechanisms underlying pyroptosis and functions of inflammasomes in diseases. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3207-3221. [PMID: 31621910 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a form of necrotic and inflammatory programmed cell death, which could be characterized by cell swelling, pore formation on plasma membranes, and release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18). The process of pyroptosis presents as dual effects: protecting multicellular organisms from microbial infection and endogenous dangers; leading to pathological inflammation if overactivated. Two pathways have been found to trigger pyroptosis: caspase-1 mediated inflammasome pathway with the involvement of NLRP1-, NLRP3-, NLRC4-, AIM2-, pyrin-inflammasome (canonical inflammasome pathway) and caspase-4/5/11-mediated inflammasome pathway (noncanonical inflammasome pathway). Gasdermin D (GSDMD) has been proved to be a substrate of inflammatory caspases (caspase-1/4/5/11), and the cleaved N-terminal domain of GSDMD oligomerizes to form cytotoxic pores on the plasma membrane. Here, we mainly reviewed the up to date mechanisms of pyroptosis, and began with the inflammasomes as the activator of caspase-1/caspase-11, 4, and 5. We further discussed these inflammasomes functions in diseases, including infectious diseases, sepsis, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, and neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhixin Lan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhaoqi Xin
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chunrong He
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zimeng Guo
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tu Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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90
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Li C, Yin W, Yu N, Zhang D, Zhao H, Liu J, Liu J, Pan Y, Lin L. miR-155 promotes macrophage pyroptosis induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis through regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Oral Dis 2019; 25:2030-2039. [PMID: 31529565 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to detect pyroptosis in macrophages stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis and elucidate the mechanism by which P. gingivalis induces pyroptosis in macrophages. METHODS The immortalized human monocyte cell line U937 was stimulated with P. gingivalis W83. Flow cytometry was carried out to detect pyroptosis in macrophages. The expression of miR-155 was detected by real-time PCR and inhibited using RNAi. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1, cleaved GSDMD, caspase (CAS)-1, caspase-11, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) were detected by Western blotting, and IL-1β and IL-18 were detected by ELISA. RESULTS The rate of pyroptosis in macrophages and the expression of miR-155 increased upon stimulation with P. gingivalis and pyroptosis rate decreased when miR-155 was silenced. GSDMD-NT, CAS-11, CAS-1, ASC, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels increased, but SOCS1 decreased in U937 cells after stimulated with P. gingivalis. These changes were weakened in P. gingivalis-stimulated U937 macrophages transfected with lentiviruses carrying miR-155 shRNA compared to those transfected with non-targeting control sequence. However, there was no significant difference in ASC expression between P. gingivalis-stimulated shCont and shMiR-155 cells. CONCLUSIONS Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes pyroptosis in macrophages during early infection. miR-155 is involved in this process through regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanting Yin
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,MALO CLINIC, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Haijiao Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junchao Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Translational Medicine Research Center of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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91
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Xia X, Wang X, Cheng Z, Qin W, Lei L, Jiang J, Hu J. The role of pyroptosis in cancer: pro-cancer or pro-"host"? Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:650. [PMID: 31501419 PMCID: PMC6733901 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) refers to the way in which cells die depending on specific genes encoding signals or activities. Apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis are all mechanisms of PCD. Among these mechanisms, pyroptosis is mediated by the gasdermin family, accompanied by inflammatory and immune responses. The relationship between pyroptosis and cancer is complex, and the effects of pyroptosis on cancer vary in different tissues and genetic backgrounds. On one hand, pyroptosis can inhibit the occurrence and development of tumors; on the other hand, as a type of proinflammatory death, pyroptosis can form a suitable microenvironment for tumor cell growth and thus promote tumor growth. In addition, the induction of tumor pyroptosis is also considered a potential cancer treatment strategy. Studies have shown that DFNA5 (nonsyndromic hearing impairment protein 5)/GSDME (Gasdermin-E) mRNA methylation results in lower expression levels of DFNA5/GSDME in most tumor cells than in normal cells, making it difficult to activate the pyroptosis in most tumor cells. During the treatment of malignant tumors, appropriate chemotherapeutic drugs can be selected according to the expression levels of DFNA5/GSDME, which can be upregulated in tumor cells, thereby increasing the sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and reducing drug resistance. Therefore, induced pyroptosis may play a predominant role in the treatment of cancer. Here, we review the latest research on the anti- and protumor effects of pyroptosis and its potential applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wanhai Qin
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinqing Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
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92
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The Role of Neuronal NLRP1 Inflammasome in Alzheimer's Disease: Bringing Neurons into the Neuroinflammation Game. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7741-7753. [PMID: 31111399 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system and inflammatory response in the brain have critical impacts on the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the central nervous system (CNS), the innate immune response is primarily mediated by microglia. However, non-glial cells such as neurons could also partake in inflammatory response independently through inflammasome signalling. The NLR family pyrin domain-containing 1 (NLRP1) inflammasome in the CNS is primarily expressed by pyramidal neurons and oligodendrocytes. NLRP1 is activated in response to amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates, and its activation subsequently cleaves caspase-1 into its active subunits. The activated caspase-1 proteolytically processes interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) into maturation whilst co-ordinately triggers caspase-6 which is responsible for apoptosis and axonal degeneration. In addition, caspase-1 activation induces pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of programmed cell death. Studies in murine AD models indicate that the Nlrp1 inflammasome is indeed upregulated in AD and neuronal death is observed leading to cognitive decline. However, the mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome activation in AD is particularly elusive, given its structural and functional complexities. In this review, we examine the implications of the human NLRP1 inflammasome and its signalling pathways in driving neuroinflammation in AD.
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93
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Van Gorp H, Lamkanfi M. The emerging roles of inflammasome-dependent cytokines in cancer development. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201847575. [PMID: 31101676 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the genomic alterations that occur in malignant cells, the immune system is increasingly appreciated as a critical axis that regulates the rise of neoplasms and the development of primary tumours and metastases. The interaction between inflammatory cell infiltrates and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment is complex, with inflammation playing both pro- and anti-tumorigenic roles. Inflammasomes are intracellular multi-protein complexes that act as key signalling hubs of the innate immune system. They respond to cellular stress and trauma by promoting activation of caspase-1, a protease that induces a pro-inflammatory cell death mode termed pyroptosis along with the maturation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Here, we will briefly introduce inflammasome biology with a focus on the dual roles of inflammasome-produced cytokines in cancer development. Despite emerging insight that inflammasomes may promote and suppress cancer development according to the tumour stage and the tumour microenvironment, much remains to be uncovered. Further exploration of inflammasome biology in tumorigenesis should enable the development of novel immunotherapies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Van Gorp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium .,Janssen Immunosciences, World Without Disease Accelerator, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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94
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Ubiquitination-Mediated Inflammasome Activation during Bacterial Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092110. [PMID: 31035661 PMCID: PMC6539186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome activation is essential for host immune responses during pathogenic infection and sterile signals insult, whereas excessive activation is injurious. Thus, inflammasome activation is tightly regulated at multiple layers. Ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification for orchestrating inflammatory immune responses during pathogenic infection, and a major target hijacked by pathogenic bacteria for promoting their survival and proliferation. This review summarizes recent insights into distinct mechanisms of the inflammasome activation and ubiquitination process triggered by bacterial infection. We discuss the complex regulatory of inflammasome activation mediated by ubiquitination machinery during bacterial infection, and provide therapeutic approaches for specifically targeting aberrant inflammasome activation.
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95
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Siu KL, Yuen KS, Castaño-Rodriguez C, Ye ZW, Yeung ML, Fung SY, Yuan S, Chan CP, Yuen KY, Enjuanes L, Jin DY. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3-dependent ubiquitination of ASC. FASEB J 2019; 33:8865-8877. [PMID: 31034780 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802418r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is capable of inducing a storm of proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we show that the SARS-CoV open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) accessory protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3)-mediated ubiquitination of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC). SARS-CoV and its ORF3a protein were found to be potent activators of pro-IL-1β gene transcription and protein maturation, the 2 signals required for activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. ORF3a induced pro-IL-1β transcription through activation of NF-κB, which was mediated by TRAF3-dependent ubiquitination and processing of p105. ORF3a-induced elevation of IL-1β secretion was independent of its ion channel activity or absent in melanoma 2 but required NLRP3, ASC, and TRAF3. ORF3a interacted with TRAF3 and ASC, colocalized with them in discrete punctate structures in the cytoplasm, and facilitated ASC speck formation. TRAF3-dependent K63-linked ubiquitination of ASC was more pronounced in SARS-CoV-infected cells or when ORF3a was expressed. Taken together, our findings reveal a new mechanism by which SARS-CoV ORF3a protein activates NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3-dependent ubiquitination of p105 and ASC.-Siu, K.-L., Yuen, K.-S., Castaño-Rodriguez, C., Ye, Z.-W., Yeung, M.-L., Fung, S.-Y., Yuan, S., Chan, C.-P., Yuen, K.-Y., Enjuanes, L., Jin, D.-Y. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3-dependent ubiquitination of ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam-Leung Siu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PokFuLam, Hong Kong
| | - Kit-San Yuen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PokFuLam, Hong Kong
| | - Carlos Castaño-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Zi-Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Lung Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sin-Yee Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PokFuLam, Hong Kong
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PokFuLam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PokFuLam, Hong Kong
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96
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Chen T, Guo Y, Shan J, Zhang J, Shen X, Guo J, Liu XM. Vector Analysis of Cytoskeletal Structural Tension and the Mechanisms that Underpin Spectrin-Related Forces in Pyroptosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1503-1520. [PMID: 29669427 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Pyroptotic cells are characterized by plasma swelling, membrane blebbing, and disintegration of the cell membrane mediated by spectrin-based membrane skeleton and intercellular competitive tension activities. The spectrin-based membrane skeleton is involved in membrane organization through the regulation of intercellular tension. Using genetically encoded tension sensors to attain noninvasive force measurements in structural proteins, we investigated how cytoskeletal structural tension influences changes in plasma morphology during pyroptosis and the regulatory mechanism of cytoskeletal structural tension that underpins pyroptosis. Results: The results indicate that increasing spectrin tension is caused by osmotic swelling. Hightened tension of spectrin was closely associated with the shrink tension transmitted synergistically by microfilaments (MFs) and microtubules (MTs). However, the increment of spectrin tension in pyroptotic cells was controlled antagonistically by MF and MT forces. Different from MF tension, outward MT forces participated in the formation of membrane blebs. Spectrin tension caused by inward MF forces resisted pyroptosis swelling. Stabilization of MF and MT structure had little influence on intracellular tension and pyroptosis deformation. Pyroptosis-induced cytoskeletal structural tension was highly dependent on calcium signaling and reactive oxygen species generation. Blocking of membrane pores, nonselective ion flux, or elimination of caspase-1 cleavage resulted in the remission of structural forces associated with pyroptosis failure. Innovation and Conclusions: The data suggest that subcellular tension, in terms of magnitude and vector, is integral to pyroptosis through the mediation of swelling and blebbing and the elimination of structural tension, especially MT forces, may result in pyroptosis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Shen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama
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97
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The lncRNA Neat1 promotes activation of inflammasomes in macrophages. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1495. [PMID: 30940803 PMCID: PMC6445148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome has an essential function in innate immune, responding to a wide variety of stimuli. Here we show that the lncRNA Neat1 promotes the activation of several inflammasomes. Neat1 associates with the NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes in mouse macrophages to enhance their assembly and subsequent pro-caspase-1 processing. Neat1 also stabilizes the mature caspase-1 to promote interleukin-1β production and pyroptosis. Upon stimulation with inflammasome-activating signals, Neat1, which normally resides in the paraspeckles, disassociates from these nuclear bodies and translocates to the cytoplasm to modulate inflammasome activation using above mechanism. Neat1 is also up-regulated under hypoxic conditions in a HIF-2α-dependent manner, mediating the effect of hypoxia on inflammasomes. Moreover, in the mouse models of peritonitis and pneumonia, Neat1 deficiency significantly reduces inflammatory responses. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of lncRNAs in innate immunity, and suggest that Neat1 is a common mediator for inflammasome stimuli. The inflammasomes are important mediators of protective immunity by promoting inflammatory cytokine production and cell death. Here the authors show that a lncRNA, Neat1, is mobilized by inflammasome-activating signals to promote the assembly of several inflammasome complexes and cytokine maturation to regulate inflammation.
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98
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Platnich JM, Muruve DA. NOD-like receptors and inflammasomes: A review of their canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 670:4-14. [PMID: 30772258 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of proteins is a group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) known to mediate the initial innate immune response to cellular injury and stress. The NLRP proteins represent a fourteen-member subset of the NLR family that contains an N-terminal pyrin domain. Some NLRs are known to form multi-protein complexes known as inflammasomes. Inflammasomes consist of an NLR, the adaptor protein ASC, and the effector molecule pro-caspase-1. Once activated, these inflammasomes facilitate the cleavage and activation of caspase-1, which in turn mediates the cleavage of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 into their active and secreted forms. Activated caspase-1 also drives the cleavage of gasdermin D, which triggers an inflammatory form of cell death known as pyroptosis. Several NLRs are also known to possess non-canonical, inflammasome-independent functions, regulating a variety of signaling pathways. In this review, a thorough overview of both inflammasome-dependent and -independent NLR signaling will be presented, with highlights from the field as well as promising future directions and postulates based on the known science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaye M Platnich
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel A Muruve
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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99
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de Vasconcelos NM, Vliegen G, Gonçalves A, De Hert E, Martín-Pérez R, Van Opdenbosch N, Jallapally A, Geiss-Friedlander R, Lambeir AM, Augustyns K, Van Der Veken P, De Meester I, Lamkanfi M. DPP8/DPP9 inhibition elicits canonical Nlrp1b inflammasome hallmarks in murine macrophages. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/1/e201900313. [PMID: 30718379 PMCID: PMC6362307 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating germline mutations in the human inflammasome sensor NLRP1 causes palmoplantar dyskeratosis and susceptibility to Mendelian autoinflammatory diseases. Recent studies have shown that the cytosolic serine dipeptidyl peptidases DPP8 and DPP9 suppress inflammasome activation upstream of NLRP1 and CARD8 in human keratinocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of DPP8/DPP9 protease activity was shown to induce pyroptosis in murine C57BL/6 macrophages without eliciting other inflammasome hallmark responses. Here, we show that DPP8/DPP9 inhibition in macrophages that express a Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin (LeTx)-sensitive Nlrp1b allele triggered significantly accelerated pyroptosis concomitant with caspase-1 maturation, ASC speck assembly, and secretion of mature IL-1β and IL-18. Genetic ablation of ASC prevented DPP8/DPP9 inhibition-induced caspase-1 maturation and partially hampered pyroptosis and inflammasome-dependent cytokine release, whereas deletion of caspase-1 or gasdermin D triggered apoptosis in the absence of IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. In conclusion, blockade of DPP8/DPP9 protease activity triggers rapid pyroptosis and canonical inflammasome hallmarks in primary macrophages that express a LeTx-responsive Nlrp1b allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia M de Vasconcelos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amanda Gonçalves
- VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Bioimaging Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emilie De Hert
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rosa Martín-Pérez
- Janssen Immunosciences, World Without Disease Accelerator, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nina Van Opdenbosch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Janssen Immunosciences, World Without Disease Accelerator, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Anvesh Jallapally
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium .,VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Janssen Immunosciences, World Without Disease Accelerator, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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100
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Houtman J, Freitag K, Gimber N, Schmoranzer J, Heppner FL, Jendrach M. Beclin1-driven autophagy modulates the inflammatory response of microglia via NLRP3. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.201899430. [PMID: 30617086 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized not only by extracellular amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, but also by microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Recently, autophagy has been linked to the regulation of the inflammatory response. Thus, we investigated how an impairment of autophagy mediated by BECN1/Beclin1 reduction, as described in Alzheimer's disease patients, would influence cytokine production of microglia. Acutely stimulated microglia from Becn1 +/- mice exhibited increased expression of IL-1beta and IL-18 compared to wild-type microglia. Becn1 +/- APPPS1 mice also contained enhanced IL-1beta levels. The investigation of the IL-1beta/IL-18 processing pathway showed an elevated number of cells with inflammasomes and increased levels of NLRP3 and cleaved CASP1/Caspase1 in Becn1 +/- microglia. Super-resolation microscopy revealed a very close association of NLRP3 aggregates and LC3-positive vesicles. Interestingly, CALCOCO2 colocalized with NLRP3 and its downregulation increased IL-1beta release. These data support the notion that selective autophagy can impact microglia activation by modulating IL-1beta and IL-18 production via NLRP3 degradation and thus present a mechanism how impaired autophagy could contribute to neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Houtman
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kiara Freitag
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas Gimber
- Core Facility Advanced Medical Bioimaging (AMBIO), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Core Facility Advanced Medical Bioimaging (AMBIO), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank L Heppner
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Jendrach
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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