51
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Rasool R, Shafi T, Bhat IA, Khursheed S, Manzoor S, Qadri Q, Shah ZA. Association of epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) genetic variants with House Dust Mite sensitization in Atopic Dermatitis patients. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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52
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Murata T, Honda T, Mostafa A, Kabashima K. Stratum corneum as polymer sheet: concept and cornification processes. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:350-359. [PMID: 35337733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The skin barrier protects our body from external insults and water loss through a specialized layer, the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum, an accumulation of dead keratinocytes (corneocytes), comprises lipids and supporting cell bodies. We propose a framework of lipid-filled polymer sheet of corneocytes, a unique structure that achieves flexibility and robustness, updating the rigid image of the historical bricks-and-mortar model. The polymerization of polymer sheet (cornification) by cell death of keratinocytes (corneoptosis) is delicately and dynamically controlled by cytoplasmic calcium ion and pH. Understanding the structure and formation of the stratum corneum can lead to better treatments for skin diseases and a better understanding of the evolution of the stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruasa Murata
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Alshimaa Mostafa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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53
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Sotiropoulou G, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G. Reconstructing the epidermal proteolytic cascades in health and disease. J Pathol 2022; 257:545-560. [PMID: 35218558 DOI: 10.1002/path.5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the outer stratified epithelium of the skin, forming the physical barrier that is indispensable for homeostasis. Epidermal proteolysis, mainly but not exclusively executed by kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), is tightly regulated to ensure maintenance of physiological skin renewal and an intact skin barrier. Perturbation of epidermal proteolytic networks is implicated in a wide array of rare and common skin pathologies of diverse genetic backgrounds. Recent studies of monogenic human skin diseases and newly developed animal models have revealed new mechanisms of regulation of proteolytic pathways in epidermal physiology and in disease states. These new data have challenged some accepted views, for example the role of matriptase in epidermal desquamation, which turned out to be restricted to mouse skin. The significance of PAR2 signaling in skin inflammation should also be reconsidered in the face of recent findings. Cumulatively, recent studies necessitate a sophisticated redefinition of the proteolytic and signaling pathways that operate in human skin. We elaborate how epidermal proteolysis is finely regulated at multiple levels, and in a spatial manner that was not taken into consideration so far, in which specific proteases are confined to distinct epidermal sublayers. Of interest, transglutaminases have emerged as regulators of epidermal proteolysis and desquamation by spatially fixing endogenous protease inhibitors, constituting regulatory factors that were not recognized before. Furthermore, new evidence suggests a link between proteolysis and lipid metabolism. By synthesis of established notions and recent discoveries, we provide an up-to-date critical parathesis of current knowledge and the extended complexity of proteolysis regulation and signaling pathways in skin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacology-Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 541 24, Greece
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Paternoster L, Budu-Aggrey A, Brown SJ. Imputation provides an opportunity to study filaggrin (FLG) null mutations in large population cohorts that lack bespoke genotyping. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17657.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Low frequency mutations within the filaggrin (FLG) gene are established genetic risk factors for atopic dermatitis. Studies of FLG have typically used sequencing or bespoke genotyping. Large-scale population cohorts with genome-wide imputed data offer powerful genetic analysis opportunities, but bespoke FLG genotyping is often not feasible in such studies. Therefore, we aimed to determine the quality of selected FLG null genotype data extracted from genome-wide imputed sources, focussing on UK population data. Methods: We compared the allele frequencies of three FLG null mutations (R501X, R2447X and S3247X) in directly genotyped and genome-wide imputed data in the ALSPAC cohort. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the association of atopic dermatitis with imputed and genotyped FLG null mutations in ALSPAC and UK Biobank to investigate the usefulness of imputed FLG data. Results: The three FLG null mutations appear to be well imputed in datasets that use the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) for imputation (0.3% discordance compared with directly genotyped data). However, a greater proportion of null alleles failed imputation compared to wild-type alleles. Despite the calling of FLG mutations in imputed data being imperfect, they are still strongly associated with atopic dermatitis (p-values between 7x10-10 and 5x10-75 in UK Biobank). Conclusions: HRC imputed data appears to be adequate for UK population-based genetic analysis of selected FLG null mutations.
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55
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Hoober JK, Eggink LL. The Discovery and Function of Filaggrin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031455. [PMID: 35163390 PMCID: PMC8835998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratohyalin granules were discovered in the mid-19th century in cells that terminally differentiate to form the outer, cornified layer of the epidermis. The first indications of the composition of these structures emerged in the 1960s from a histochemical stain for histidine, followed by radioautographic evidence of a high incidence of histidine incorporation into newly synthesized proteins in cells containing the granules. Research during the next three decades revealed the structure and function of a major protein in these granules, which was initially called the ‘histidine-rich protein’. Steinert and Dale named the protein ‘filaggrin’ in 1981 because of its ability to aggregate keratin intermediate filaments. The human gene for the precursor, ‘profilaggrin,’ was reported in 1991 to encode 10, 11 or 12 nearly identical repeats. Remarkably, the mouse and rat genes encode up to 20 repeats. The lifetime of filaggrin is the time required for keratinocytes in the granular layer to move into the inner cornified layer. During this transition, filaggrin facilitates the collapse of corneocytes into ‘building blocks’ that become an impermeable surface barrier. The subsequent degradation of filaggrin is as remarkable as its synthesis, and the end-products aid in maintaining moisture in the cornified layer. It was apparent that ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis were associated with the absence of this protein. McLean’s team in 2006 identified the cause of these diseases by discovering loss-of-function mutations in the profilaggrin gene, which led to dysfunction of the surface barrier. This story illustrates the complexity in maintaining a healthy, functional epidermis.
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56
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Nanodelivery Strategies for Skin Diseases with Barrier Impairment: Focusing on Ceramides and Glucocorticoids. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020275. [PMID: 35055292 PMCID: PMC8779445 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The human epidermis has a characteristic lipidic composition in the stratum corneum, where ceramides play a crucial role in the skin barrier homeostasis and in water-holding capacity. Several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, exhibit a dysfunction in the lipid barrier with altered ceramide levels and increased loss of transepidermal water. Glucocorticoids are normally employed in the therapeutical management of these pathologies. However, they have shown a poor safety profile and reduced treatment efficiency. The main objective of this review is to, within the framework of the limitations of the currently available therapeutical approaches, establish the relevance of nanocarriers as a safe and efficient delivery strategy for glucocorticoids and ceramides in the topical treatment of skin disorders with barrier impairment.
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57
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Kim SH, Kim JH, Lee SJ, Jung MS, Jeong DH, Lee KH. Minimally invasive skin sampling and transcriptome analysis using microneedles for skin type biomarker research. Skin Res Technol 2022; 28:322-335. [PMID: 35007372 PMCID: PMC9907599 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally invasive skin sampling is used in various fields. In this study, we examined whether it was possible to obtain skin specimens using biocompatible microneedles composed of sodium hyaluronate and performed transcriptome analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-three subjects with different skin conditions, such as skin aging, skin hydration, skin pigmentation, oily skin and sensitive skin, were recruited. Skin types were evaluated based on age, non-invasive measurement devices, 10% lactic acid stinging test and visual assessment; the skin specimens were sampled from the face using microneedles. Total RNA was extracted, and microarray was performed. Correlations between various biomarkers and skin condition parameters were analysed. RESULTS Several skin-type biomarkers are correlated with age, non-invasive device measurements, LAST score and visual assessment of acne lesions. Representatively, COL1A1 (Collagen type 1 alpha 1 chain), FN1 (Fibronectin 1) and PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1) for skin aging, FLG (Filaggrin), KLF4 (Kruppel-like factor 4) and LOR (Loricrin) for skin hydration, GPNMB (Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B), MLANA (Melan-A) and TYR (Tyrosinase) for skin pigmentation, IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor-1), MPZL3 (Myelin protein zero like 3) and AQP3 (Aquaporin 3) for oily skin and PGF (placental growth factor), CYR61 (cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61), RBP4 (retinol-binding protein 4), TAC1 (Tachykinin precursor 1), CAMP (Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide), MMP9 (Matrix metallopeptidase 9), MMP3, MMP12 and CCR1 (C-C motif chemokine receptor 1) for sensitive skin. CONCLUSION Microneedle skin sampling is a new and minimally invasive option for transcriptome analysis of human skin and can be applied for diagnosis and treatment efficacy evaluation, as well as skin type classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hyeong Kim
- Cutis Biomedical Research Center Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Cutis Biomedical Research Center Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Lee
- Cutis Biomedical Research Center Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sook Jung
- Cutis Biomedical Research Center Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kwang Hoon Lee
- Cutis Biomedical Research Center Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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58
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Ishitsuka Y, Roop DR. The Epidermis: Redox Governor of Health and Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:47. [PMID: 35052551 PMCID: PMC8772843 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional epithelial barrier necessitates protection against dehydration, and ichthyoses are caused by defects in maintaining the permeability barrier in the stratum corneum (SC), the uppermost protective layer composed of dead cells and secretory materials from the living layer stratum granulosum (SG). We have found that loricrin (LOR) is an essential effector of cornification that occurs in the uppermost layer of SG (SG1). LOR promotes the maturation of corneocytes and extracellular adhesion structure through organizing disulfide cross-linkages, albeit being dispensable for the SC permeability barrier. This review takes psoriasis and AD as the prototype of impaired cornification. Despite exhibiting immunological traits that oppose each other, both conditions share the epidermal differentiation complex as a susceptible locus. We also review recent mechanistic insights on skin diseases, focusing on the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with the cap "n" collar homology-associated protein 1/NFE2-related factor 2 signaling pathway, as they coordinate the epidermis-intrinsic xenobiotic metabolism. Finally, we refine the theoretical framework of thiol-mediated crosstalk between keratinocytes and leukocytes in the epidermis that was put forward earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology Integrated Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Dennis R. Roop
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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59
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Topical Application of Galgeunhwanggeumhwangryeon-Tang Recovers Skin-Lipid Barrier and Ameliorates Inflammation via Filaggrin-Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin-Interleukin 4 Pathway. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57121387. [PMID: 34946332 PMCID: PMC8708970 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57121387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of Galgeunhwanggeumhwangryeon-tang (GGRT) on the skin barrier integrity and inflammation in an atopic dermatitis-like animal model. Materials and Methods: The model was established using lipid barrier elimination (LBE) in BALB/c mice. Ceramide 3B, a control drug, and GGRT were applied to the skin of LBE mice. Gross observation and histological examination were combined with measurement of skin score, trans-epidermal water loss, and pH. The expression of filaggrin, kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7), protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and interleukin 4 (IL-4) was examined. Results: The effect of GGRT on atopic dermatitis was estimated in silico using two individual gene sets of human atopic dermatitis. In animal experiments, GGRT treatment reduced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms, as confirmed via gross and histological observations, skin score, pH change, and trans-epidermal water loss. The expression level of filaggrin increased in the skin of GGRT-treated mice compared to that in the LBE group. The expression levels of KLK7, PAR2, TSLP, and IL-4 were decreased in GGRT-treated mice skin compared to those in LBE mice. Conclusions: We demonstrated that GGRT restored the skin barrier and reduced inflammatory reactions in a murine model of atopic dermatitis.
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60
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Cracking the Skin Barrier: Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Shines under the Skin. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100036. [PMID: 34909733 PMCID: PMC8659386 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to forming and sustaining the skin’s barrier, epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) fluxing to the skin surface undergo a rapid and enigmatic transformation into flat, enucleated squames. At the crux of this transformation are intracellular keratohyalin granules (KGs) that suddenly disappear as terminally differentiating KCs transition to the cornified skin surface. Defects in KGs have long been linked to skin barrier disorders. Through the biophysical lens of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), these enigmatic KGs recently emerged as liquid-like membraneless organelles whose assembly and subsequent pH-triggered disassembly drive squame formation. To stimulate future efforts toward cracking the complex process of skin barrier formation, in this review, we integrate the key concepts and foundational work spanning the fields of LLPS and epidermal biology. We review the current progress in the skin and discuss implications in the broader context of membraneless organelles across stratifying epithelia. The discovery of environmentally sensitive LLPS dynamics in the skin points to new avenues for dissecting the skin barrier and for addressing skin barrier disorders. We argue that skin and its appendages offer outstanding models to uncover LLPS-driven mechanisms in tissue biology.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- CE, cornified envelope
- EDC, epidermal differentiation complex
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- IDP, intrinsically-disordered protein
- KC, keratinocyte
- KG, keratohyalin granule
- LCST, lower critical solution temperature
- LLPS, liquid-liquid phase separation
- PTM, post-translational modification
- TG, trichohyalin granule
- UCST, upper critical solution temperature
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61
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Smits JP, Meesters LD, Maste BG, Zhou H, Zeeuwen PL, van den Bogaard EH. CRISPR-Cas9 based genomic engineering in keratinocytes: from technology to application. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 2:100082. [PMID: 35146483 PMCID: PMC8819031 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jos P.H. Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca D. Meesters
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Berber G.W. Maste
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L.J.M. Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: Ellen H. van den Bogaard, Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Rene Descartesdreef 1, Nijmegen 6525 GL, The Netherlands.
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62
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Hoyer A, Rehbinder EM, Färdig M, Asad S, Lødrup Carlsen KC, Endre KMA, Granum B, Haugen G, Hedlin G, Monceyron Jonassen C, Katayama S, Konradsen JR, Landrø L, LeBlanc M, Mägi Olsson CA, Rudi K, Skjerven HO, Staff AC, Vettukattil R, Bradley M, Nordlund B, Söderhäll C. Filaggrin mutations in relation to skin barrier and atopic dermatitis in early infancy. Br J Dermatol 2021; 186:544-552. [PMID: 34698386 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss-of-function mutations in the skin barrier gene filaggrin (FLG) increase the risk of atopic dermatitis (AD), but their role in skin barrier function, dry skin and eczema in infancy is unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine the role of FLG mutations for impaired skin barrier function, dry skin, eczema and AD at three months of age and through infancy. METHODS FLG mutations were analyzed in 1836 infants in the Scandinavian population-based PreventADALL study. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), dry skin, eczema and AD were assessed at three, six and 12 months of age. RESULTS Filaggrin mutations were observed in 166 (9%) infants. At three months, carrying FLG mutations was not associated with impaired skin barrier function (TEWL > 11.3 g/m2 /h) or dry skin, but with eczema (OR(95%CI): 2.76 (1.81, 4.23), p < 0.001). At six months, mutation carriers had significantly higher TEWL than non-mutation carriers (mean (95%CI) 9.68 (8.69, 10.68) vs. 8.24 (7.97, 8.15), p < 0.01) and at three and six months an increased risk of dry skin on truncus (OR: 1.87 (1.25, 2.80), p = 0.002; 2.44 (1.51, 3.95), p < 0.001) or extensor limb surfaces (1.52 (1.04, 2.22), p = 0.028; 1.74 (1.17, 2.57), p = 0.005). FLG mutations were associated with eczema and AD in infancy. CONCLUSION Filaggrin mutations were not associated with impaired skin barrier function or dry skin in general at three months of age, but increased the risk for eczema, as well as for dry skin on truncus and extensors at three and six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoyer
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E M Rehbinder
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Färdig
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Asad
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K C Lødrup Carlsen
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K M A Endre
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Granum
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Haugen
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hedlin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Monceyron Jonassen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Genetic Unit, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
| | - S Katayama
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J R Konradsen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Landrø
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - M LeBlanc
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - C A Mägi Olsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Rudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - H O Skjerven
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A C Staff
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Vettukattil
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Bradley
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Nordlund
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Söderhäll
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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63
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Bradshaw LE, Haines RH, Thomas KS, Chalmers JR, Irvine AD, Williams HC, Brown SJ. Clinical examination for hyperlinear palms to determine filaggrin genotype: A diagnostic test accuracy study. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51:1421-1428. [PMID: 34608691 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmar hyperlinearity is a feature of ichthyosis vulgaris, the monogenic skin disorder caused by FLG loss-of-function mutations. OBJECTIVE To investigate how well the presence or absence of hyperlinear palms (HLP) detect FLG genotype in children. METHODS STARD criteria are used to report this diagnostic accuracy study. Phenotype and genotype data (four most prevalent FLG null mutations) were obtained from a total of 3656 children in three studies: the UK CLOTHES trial (children 1-5 years with moderate-severe atopic eczema); UK BEEP trial (2 year olds at high risk of developing atopic eczema); UK-Irish eczema case collection (0-16 year olds with atopic eczema). All participants included in analyses of HLP as the index test and FLG genotype as the reference were of white European ancestry. RESULTS Thirty-two percent of participants (1159/3656) had FLG null mutation(s) and 37% (1347/3656) had HLP. In 13% (464/3656), HLP was recorded as 'unsure' or not recorded. The sensitivity and specificity of HLP for detecting FLG mutations in each of the studies was: 67% (95% CI 55-78%) and 75% (67-82%) in CLOTHES; 46% (36-55%) and 89% (86-91%) in BEEP; 72% (68-75%) and 60% (57-62%) in the UK-Irish case collection. Positive and negative likelihood ratios were: 2.73 (1.95-3.81) and 0.44 (0.31-0.62) in CLOTHES; 4.02 (2.99-5.40) and 0.61 (0.52-0.73) in BEEP; 1.79 (1.66-1.93) and 0.47 (0.42-0.53) in the UK-Irish collection. DISCUSSION Trained observers were able to define palmar hyperlinearity in the majority (3191/3656, 87%) of cases. The presence of HLP is not a reliable sign to detect FLG mutations, but the absence of HLP excludes FLG null genotype with a reasonable degree of certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E Bradshaw
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rachel H Haines
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kim S Thomas
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joanne R Chalmers
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hywel C Williams
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sara J Brown
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Strunz T, Kellner M, Kiel C, Weber BHF. Assigning Co-Regulated Human Genes and Regulatory Gene Clusters. Cells 2021; 10:2395. [PMID: 34572044 PMCID: PMC8470523 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the role of genetic variation in the regulation of gene expression is key to understanding the pathobiology of complex diseases which, in consequence, is crucial in devising targeted treatment options. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis correlates a genetic variant with the strength of gene expression, thus defining thousands of regulated genes in a multitude of human cell types and tissues. Some eQTL may not act independently of each other but instead may be regulated in a coordinated fashion by seemingly independent genetic variants. To address this issue, we combined the approaches of eQTL analysis and colocalization studies. Gene expression was determined in datasets comprising 49 tissues from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. From about 33,000 regulated genes, over 14,000 were found to be co-regulated in pairs and were assembled across all tissues to almost 15,000 unique clusters containing up to nine regulated genes affected by the same eQTL signal. The distance of co-regulated eGenes was, on average, 112 kilobase pairs. Of 713 genes known to express clinical symptoms upon haploinsufficiency, 231 (32.4%) are part of at least one of the identified clusters. This calls for caution should treatment approaches aim at an upregulation of a haploinsufficient gene. In conclusion, we present an unbiased approach to identifying co-regulated genes in and across multiple tissues. Knowledge of such common effects is crucial to appreciate implications on biological pathways involved, specifically when a treatment option targets a co-regulated disease gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Strunz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Martin Kellner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Christina Kiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Bernhard H. F. Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (M.K.); (C.K.)
- Institute of Clinical Human Genetics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Cárdenas GV, Iturriaga C, Hernández CD, Tejos-Bravo M, Pérez-Mateluna G, Cabalin C, Urzúa M, Venegas-Salas LF, Fraga JP, Rebolledo B, Poli MC, Repetto GM, Casanello P, Castro-Rodríguez JA, Borzutzky A. Prevalence of filaggrin loss-of-function variants in Chilean population with and without atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:310-315. [PMID: 34480753 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filaggrin (FLG) loss-of-function variants are major genetic risk factors for atopic dermatitis (AD), but these have not been studied in Latin American populations with and without AD. METHODS FLG variants R501X and 2282del4 were genotyped in 275 Chilean adults with and without AD from the "Early origins of allergy and asthma" (ARIES) cohort and in 227 patients from an AD cohort based in Santiago, Chile. RESULTS Among adults in the ARIES cohort, 3.3% were carriers of R501X and 2.9% of 2282del4 variants, all heterozygotes. In this cohort, 6.2% were FLG variant carriers: 11.1% of subjects reporting AD were carriers of FLG variants vs. 5.2% in those without AD (P = 0.13). In this first cohort, FLG variants were not significantly associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis, or food allergy. In the AD cohort, the prevalence of FLG variants was 7% for R501X, 2.2% for the 2282del4 variant, and 9.3% for the combined genotype. In this cohort, FLG variants were present in 15.5% of severe AD vs. 7.1% of mild-to-moderate AD subjects (P = 0.056). Evaluation of Chilean population from both cohorts combined (n = 502) revealed that FLG variants were not significantly associated with AD (OR = 1.92 [95% CI 0.95-3.9], P = 0.067) but were associated with asthma (OR = 2.16 [95% CI 1.02-4.56], P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to evaluate FLG loss-of-function variants R501X and 2282del4 in Latin American population, revealing a similar prevalence of these FLG variant carriers to that of European populations. Among Chileans, FLG variants were significantly associated with asthma but not AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovanna V Cárdenas
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Iturriaga
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caroll D Hernández
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Tejos-Bravo
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Pérez-Mateluna
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Cabalin
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Urzúa
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F Venegas-Salas
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P Fraga
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Boris Rebolledo
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria C Poli
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Casanello
- Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José A Castro-Rodríguez
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Cardiology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arturo Borzutzky
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Li J, Chen Y, Tiwari M, Bansal V, Sen GL. Regulation of integrin and extracellular matrix genes by HNRNPL is necessary for epidermal renewal. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001378. [PMID: 34543262 PMCID: PMC8452081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stratified epithelia such as the epidermis require coordinated regulation of stem and progenitor cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation to maintain homeostasis. Integrin-mediated anchorage of the basal layer stem cells of the epidermis to the underlying dermis through extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is crucial for this process. It is currently unknown how the expression of these integrins and ECM genes are regulated. Here, we show that the RNA-binding protein (RBP) heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (HNRNPL) binds to these genes on chromatin to promote their expression. HNRNPL recruits RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to integrin/ECM genes and is required for stabilizing Pol II transcription through those genes. In the absence of HNRNPL, the basal layer of the epidermis where the stem cells reside prematurely differentiates and detaches from the underlying dermis due to diminished integrin/ECM expression. Our results demonstrate a critical role for RBPs on chromatin to maintain stem and progenitor cell fate by dictating the expression of specific classes of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Li
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Manisha Tiwari
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Varun Bansal
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - George L. Sen
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Lin GW, Lai YC, Liang YC, Widelitz RB, Wu P, Chuong CM. Regional Specific Differentiation of Integumentary Organs: Regulation of Gene Clusters within the Avian Epidermal Differentiation Complex and Impacts of SATB2 Overexpression. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081291. [PMID: 34440465 PMCID: PMC8394334 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) encodes a group of unique proteins expressed in late epidermal differentiation. The EDC gave integuments new physicochemical properties and is critical in evolution. Recently, we showed β-keratins, members of the EDC, undergo gene cluster switching with overexpression of SATB2 (Special AT-rich binding protein-2), considered a chromatin regulator. We wondered whether this unique regulatory mechanism is specific to β-keratins or may be derived from and common to EDC members. Here we explore (1) the systematic expression patterns of non-β-keratin EDC genes and their preferential expression in different skin appendages during development, (2) whether the expression of non-β-keratin EDC sub-clusters are also regulated in clusters by SATB2. We analyzed bulk RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data and also evaluated the disrupted expression patterns caused by overexpressing SATB2. The results show that the expression of whole EDDA and EDQM sub-clusters are possibly mediated by enhancers in E14-feathers. Overexpressing SATB2 down-regulates the enriched EDCRP sub-cluster in feathers and the EDCH sub-cluster in beaks. These results reveal the potential of complex epigenetic regulation activities within the avian EDC, implying transcriptional regulation of EDC members acting at the gene and/or gene cluster level in a temporal and skin regional-specific fashion, which may contribute to the evolution of diverse avian integuments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee-Way Lin
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (G.-W.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (R.B.W.); (P.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (G.-W.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (R.B.W.); (P.W.)
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Liang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (G.-W.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (R.B.W.); (P.W.)
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Randall B. Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (G.-W.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (R.B.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (G.-W.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (R.B.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (G.-W.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (R.B.W.); (P.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Alenius H, Sinkko H, Moitinho-Silva L, Rodriguez E, Broderick C, Alexander H, Reiger M, Hjort Hjelmsø M, Fyhrquist N, Olah P, Bryce P, Smith C, Koning F, Eyerich K, Greco D, van den Bogaard EH, Neumann AU, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Homey B, Flohr C, Bønnelykke K, Stokholm J, Weidinger S. The power and potential of BIOMAP to elucidate host-microbiome interplay in skin inflammatory diseases. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1517-1531. [PMID: 34387406 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The two most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases are atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. The underpinnings of the remarkable degree of clinical heterogeneity of AD and psoriasis are poorly understood and, as a consequence, disease onset and progression are unpredictable and the optimal type and time-point for intervention are as yet unknown. The BIOMAP project is the first IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative) project dedicated to investigating the causes and mechanisms of AD and psoriasis and to identify potential biomarkers responsible for the variation in disease outcome. The consortium includes 7 large pharmaceutical companies and 25 non-industry partners including academia. Since there is mounting evidence supporting an important role for microbial exposures and our microbiota as factors mediating immune polarization and AD and psoriasis pathogenesis, an entire work package is dedicated to the investigation of skin and gut microbiome linked to AD or psoriasis. The large collaborative BIOMAP project will enable the integration of patient cohorts, data and knowledge in unprecedented proportions. The project has a unique opportunity with a potential to bridge and fill the gaps between current problems and solutions. This review highlights the power and potential of BIOMAP project in the investigation of microbe-host interplay in AD and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Alenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Human Microbiome Research Program (HUMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Sinkko
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Human Microbiome Research Program (HUMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lucas Moitinho-Silva
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elke Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Conor Broderick
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Alexander
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthias Reiger
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany.,Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathis Hjort Hjelmsø
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna Fyhrquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Olah
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Paul Bryce
- Type 2 Inflammation & Fibrosis Cluster, Immunology & Inflammation Therapeutic Area, Sanofi US, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Catherine Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Kings College London, and Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, 9th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Dario Greco
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Avidan U Neumann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany.,Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,CK CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Flohr
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Min SY, Park CH, Yu HW, Park YJ. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergic Effects of Saponarin and Its Impact on Signaling Pathways of RAW 264.7, RBL-2H3, and HaCaT Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168431. [PMID: 34445132 PMCID: PMC8395081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponarin{5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-7-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one}, a flavone found in young green barley leaves, is known to possess antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective effects. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and skin-protective effects of saponarin were investigated to evaluate its usefulness as a functional ingredient in cosmetics. In lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 (murine macrophage) cells, saponarin (80 μM) significantly inhibited cytokine expression, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Saponarin (80 μM) also inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells. Saponarin (40 μM) significantly inhibited β-hexosaminidase degranulation as well as the phosphorylation of signaling effectors (Syk, phospholipase Cγ1, ERK, JNK, and p38) and the expression of inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, COX-2, and FcεRIα/γ) in DNP-IgE- and DNP-BSA-stimulated RBL-2H3 (rat basophilic leukemia) cells. In addition, saponarin (100 μM) significantly inhibited the expression of macrophage-derived chemokine, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and the phosphorylation of signaling molecules (ERK, p38 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 [STAT1]) in TNF-α- and interferon (IFN)-γ-stimulated HaCaT (human immortalized keratinocyte) cells. Saponarin (100 μM) also significantly induced the expression of hyaluronan synthase-3, aquaporin 3, and cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (LL-37) in HaCaT cells, which play an important role as skin barriers. Saponarin remarkably inhibited the essential factors involved in the inflammatory and allergic responses of RAW264.7, RBL-2H3, and HaCaT cells, and induced the expression of factors that function as physical and chemical skin barriers in HaCaT cells. Therefore, saponarin could potentially be used to prevent and relieve immune-related skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis.
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Xu X, Ma Q, Lin M, Liu M, Huang C, Ying J, Ye J. A loss of function mutation in the filaggrin gene associated with ichthyosis vulgaris and rheumatoid arthritis. EUR J INFLAMM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392211032805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mutations in the filaggrin ( FLG) gene are known to cause ichthyosis vulgaris. Methods We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology to investigate the genetic causes of rare and complex inherited diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, ichthyosis, and congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1 (CFEOM1) in a Chinese family. WGS was performed in four topics, and the identified candidate mutations were further verified through Sanger sequencing. Results We identified a mutation in FLG gene (g.152280098 C>A, p.E2422∗) that may be associated with ichthyosis and arthritis. Moreover, a mutation in KIF21A (g.39726207 G>A, p.R954 W) was also determined in affected members as the cause of CFEOM1. The gene interaction network demonstrated an interesting correlation between FLG and genes associated with arthritis and ichthyosis. Functional enrichment analysis of these interacting genes revealed several possible pathways that might be linked to arthritis and ichthyosis. Conclusion In general, we confirmed a loss of function mutation in the FLG gene associated with ichthyosis vulgaris and rheumatoid arthritis in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Qingqing Ma
- Central Laboratory, Guizhou Aerospace Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Mu Lin
- Central Laboratory, Guizhou Aerospace Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Mubo Liu
- Central Laboratory, Guizhou Aerospace Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Chaolin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianchao Ying
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, China
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Yüksel YT, Nørreslet LB, Thyssen JP. Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-021-00335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Ichimasu N, Chen Y, Kobayashi K, Suzuki S, Chikazawa S, Shimura S, Katagiri K. Possible involvement of type 2 cytokines in alloknesis in mouse models of menopause and dry skin. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1745-1753. [PMID: 34181782 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alloknesis, an abnormal itch sensation induced by innocuous stimuli, is a key phenomenon in the vicious itch-scratch cycle in patients with atopic dermatitis. Dry skin and pruritus, including alloknesis, are major health problems in peri- and post-menopausal women. We recently reported permeability barrier dysfunction in ovariectomized (OVX) mice-a model of menopause-and found that the dysfunction was related to dry skin. However, the mechanism of the itch remains unknown. Therefore, we examined touch- and pruritogen-evoked alloknesis and epidermal innervation in OVX mice and acetone, diethyl ether and water (AEW)-treated mice, for the experimental dry skin model. Both alloknesis and epidermal innervation were comparable in OVX and AEW mice. Neutralizing antibodies against IL-4 and IL-13 inhibited alloknesis in both OVX and AEW mice as early as 30 min after intradermal administration. Comparable values close to the measurement limit of IL-4 were found in the skin of HRT and Sham mice as well as AEW and the control mice, but the levels of IL-4 were within the measurement limit in OVX mice. We could not detect mRNAs of IL-4 or IL-13 in any groups of mice. On the other hand, the number of eosinophils and basophils was increased in OVX and AEW mice. These results suggest that impaired barrier function in cooperation with type 2 cytokines derived from eosinophils and basophils in the skin or with endogenous type 2 cytokine may trigger the development of alloknesis, and thus, these cytokines could be a therapeutic target for sensitive skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Ichimasu
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - So Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Sakiko Chikazawa
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Sakiko Shimura
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Katagiri
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
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73
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Fedota O, Sadovnychenko I, Chorna L, Roshcheniuk L, Vorontsov V, Ryzhko P, Haybonyuk I, Belyaev S, Belozorov I, Makukh H. The Effects of Polymorphisms in One-carbon Metabolism Genes on Manifestation of Ichthyosis Vulgaris. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ichthyosis vulgaris is the most common type of Mendelian disorders of cornification, caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding epidermal protein filaggrin (FLG), namely R501X and 2282del4. FLG 2282del4 mutation in heterozygotes is incompletely penetrant. Polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism genes could be associated with clinical manifestation of ichthyosis vulgaris.
AIM: The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effects of MTHFR, MTR and MTRR polymorphisms in patients with ichthyosis vulgaris.
METHODS: 31 patients with ichthyosis vulgaris, 7 their FLG heterozygous relatives without symptoms of disorder, and 150 healthy controls were enrolled in study. FLG null mutations —R501X (rs61816761) and 2282del4 (rs558269137) — and one-carbon metabolism gene polymorphisms — MTHFR C677T (rs1801133), MTHFR A1298C (rs1801131), MTR A2756G (rs1805087) and MTRR A66G (rs1801394) — were analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay.
RESULTS: Among patients with ichthyosis, heterozygous for FLG 2282del4 mutation, the distributions of genotypes for folate metabolism genes were: MTHFR C677T CC:CT:TT —29.4%:70.6%:0.0%; MTHFR A1298C AA:AC:CC — 52.9%:47.1%:0.0%; MTR A2756G AA:AG:GG — 70.3%:23.5%:5.9%; MTRR A66G AA:AG:GG — 23.4%:52.9%:23.5%. The frequencies of MTR 2756AA and MTRR 66GG genotypes were 1.4–1.6 times higher in affected individuals heterozygous for 2282del4 than in patients with other FLG genotypes. In affected 2282del4 heterozygotes, the frequency of MTR 2756AA genotype was 1.6 times greater than in healthy controls (p<0.01). The strongest association was found between MTHFR 677CT/MTHFR 1298AA/MTR 2756AA/MTRR 66AG genotype and ichthyosis — OR=11.23 (95% CI 2.51−50.21, p=0.002).
CONCLUSIONS: Various genotypes of one-carbon metabolism genes increase the risk of ichthyosis in heterozygotes for the FLG 2282del4 mutation (OR 2.799‑11.231). The most probable predisposing genotype is 677CT/1298AA/2756AA+AG/66AG.
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74
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Luger T, Paller AS, Irvine AD, Sidbury R, Eichenfield LF, Werfel T, Bieber T. Topical therapy of atopic dermatitis with a focus on pimecrolimus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1505-1518. [PMID: 33834524 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing, inflammatory skin disease characterized by impaired skin barrier function and immune system dysregulation that results in dryness, skin microbiome dysbiosis and intense pruritus. It is highly heterogeneous, and its management is demanding. Patients with AD are at greater risk of comorbidities such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as well as other atopic diseases. Early-onset AD cases typically improve or resolve in late childhood; however, it is proposed that the prevalence of persistent or adult-onset AD is higher than previously thought. Basic therapy consists of emollient application and trigger avoidance, and when insufficient, topical corticosteroids (TCS) are the first-line treatment. However, corticophobia/steroid aversion and TCS side-effects, particularly on sensitive skin areas, lead to low compliance and insufficient disease control. Several long- and short-term randomized controlled and daily practice studies have demonstrated that topical calcineurin inhibitors, such as pimecrolimus, have similar anti-inflammatory effects to low-to-medium strength TCS, reduce pruritus and improve the quality of life of patients. In addition, pimecrolimus does not cause skin atrophy, is steroid-sparing and has a good safety profile, with no evidence for an increased risk of malignancies or skin infections. In general, pimecrolimus cream is well-accepted and well-tolerated, encouraging patient adherence and leading to its use by many physicians as a preferred therapy for children and sensitive skin areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Luger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - A S Paller
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A D Irvine
- Pediatric Dermatology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Sidbury
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L F Eichenfield
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - T Werfel
- Department of Dermatology, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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75
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Muhandes L, Chapsa M, Pippel M, Behrendt R, Ge Y, Dahl A, Yi B, Dalpke A, Winkler S, Hiller M, Boutin S, Beissert S, Jessberger R, Fallon PG, Roers A. Low Threshold for Cutaneous Allergen Sensitization but No Spontaneous Dermatitis or Atopy in FLG-Deficient Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2611-2619.e2. [PMID: 33894197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loss of FLG causes ichthyosis vulgaris. Reduced FLG expression compromises epidermal barrier function and is associated with atopic dermatitis, allergy, and asthma. The flaky tail mouse harbors two mutations that affect the skin barrier, Flgft, resulting in hypomorphic FLG expression, and Tmem79ma, inactivating TMEM79. Mice defective only for TMEM79 featured dermatitis and systemic atopy, but also Flgft/ft BALB/c congenic mice developed eczema, high IgE, and spontaneous asthma, suggesting that FLG protects from atopy. In contrast, a targeted Flg-knockout mutation backcrossed to BALB/c did not result in dermatitis or atopy. To resolve this discrepancy, we generated FLG-deficient mice on pure BALB/c background by inactivating Flg in BALB/c embryos. These mice feature an ichthyosis phenotype, barrier defect, and facilitated percutaneous sensitization. However, they do not develop dermatitis or atopy. Whole-genome sequencing of the atopic Flgft BALB/c congenics revealed that they were homozygous for the atopy-causing Tmem79matted mutation. In summary, we show that FLG deficiency does not cause atopy in mice, in line with lack of atopic disease in a fraction of patients with ichthyosis vulgaris carrying two Flg null alleles. However, the absence of FLG likely promotes and modulates dermatitis caused by other genetic barrier defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Muhandes
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Chapsa
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, School of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Pippel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yan Ge
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Deep Sequencing Group, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Buqing Yi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Dalpke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylke Winkler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastien Boutin
- Departmant of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Beissert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, School of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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76
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Deng Z, Cangkrama M, Butt T, Jane SM, Carpinelli MR. Grainyhead-like transcription factors: guardians of the skin barrier. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:553-e152. [PMID: 33843098 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There has been selective pressure to maintain a skin barrier since terrestrial animals evolved 360 million years ago. These animals acquired an unique integumentary system with a keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium surface barrier. The barrier protects against dehydration and entry of microbes and toxins. The skin barrier centres on the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis and consists of cornified envelopes cemented by the intercorneocyte lipid matrix. Multiple components of the barrier undergo cross-linking by transglutaminase (TGM) enzymes, while keratins provide additional mechanical strength. Cellular tight junctions also are crucial for barrier integrity. The grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors regulate the formation and maintenance of the integument in diverse species. GRHL3 is essential for formation of the skin barrier during embryonic development, whereas GRHL1 maintains the skin barrier postnatally. This is achieved by transactivation of Tgm1 and Tgm5, respectively. In addition to its barrier function, GRHL3 plays key roles in wound repair and as an epidermal tumour suppressor. In its former role, GRHL3 activates the planar cell polarity signalling pathway to mediate wound healing by providing directional migration cues. In squamous epithelium, GRHL3 regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation, and its loss induces squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In the skin, this is mediated through increased expression of MIR21, which reduces the expression levels of GRHL3 and its direct target, PTEN, leading to activation of the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway. These data position the GRHL family as master regulators of epidermal homeostasis across a vast gulf of evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Deng
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Cangkrama
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marina R Carpinelli
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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77
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SoRelle JA, Chen Z, Wang J, Yue T, Choi JH, Wang K, Zhong X, Hildebrand S, Russell J, Scott L, Xu D, Zhan X, Bu CH, Wang T, Choi M, Tang M, Ludwig S, Zhan X, Li X, Moresco EMY, Beutler B. Dominant atopy risk mutations identified by mouse forward genetic analysis. Allergy 2021; 76:1095-1108. [PMID: 32810290 DOI: 10.1111/all.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopy, the overall tendency to become sensitized to an allergen, is heritable but seldom ascribed to mutations within specific genes. Atopic individuals develop abnormally elevated IgE responses to immunization with potential allergens. To gain insight into the genetic causes of atopy, we carried out a forward genetic screen for atopy in mice. METHODS We screened mice carrying homozygous and heterozygous N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced germline mutations for aberrant antigen-specific IgE and IgG1 production in response to immunization with the model allergen papain. Candidate genes were validated by independent gene mutation. RESULTS Of 31 candidate genes selected for investigation, the effects of mutations in 23 genes on papain-specific IgE or IgG1 were verified. Among the 20 verified genes influencing the IgE response, eight were necessary for the response, while 12 repressed IgE. Nine genes were not previously implicated in the IgE response. Fifteen genes encoded proteins contributing to IgE class switch recombination or B-cell receptor signaling. The precise roles of the five remaining genes (Flcn, Map1lc3b, Me2, Prkd2, and Scarb2) remain to be determined. Loss-of-function mutations in nine of the 12 genes limiting the IgE response were dominant or semi-dominant for the IgE phenotype but did not cause immunodeficiency in the heterozygous state. Using damaging allele frequencies for the corresponding human genes and in silico simulations (Monte Carlo) of undiscovered atopy mutations, we estimated the percentage of humans with heterozygous atopy risk mutations. CONCLUSIONS Up to 37% of individuals may be heterozygous carriers for at least one dominant atopy risk mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. SoRelle
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Zhe Chen
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Tao Yue
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Jin Huk Choi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Department of Immunology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Kuan‐wen Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Xue Zhong
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Sara Hildebrand
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Jamie Russell
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Lindsay Scott
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Darui Xu
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Chun Hui Bu
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Department of Population and Data Sciences Quantitative Biomedical Research Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Mihwa Choi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Miao Tang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Sara Ludwig
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Eva Marie Y. Moresco
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
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78
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Vander Horst MA, Raeman CH, Dalecki D, Hocking DC. Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects of Pulsed Ultrasound on Dermal Repair in Diabetic Mice. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:1054-1066. [PMID: 33454160 PMCID: PMC7897308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds, including diabetic, leg and pressure ulcers, impose a significant health care burden worldwide. Some evidence indicates that ultrasound can enhance soft tissue repair. However, therapeutic responses vary among individuals, thereby limiting clinical translation. Here, effects of pulsed ultrasound on dermal wound healing were assessed using a murine model of chronic, diabetic wounds. An ultrasound exposure system was developed to provide daily ultrasound exposures to full-thickness, excisional wounds in genetically diabetic mice. Wounds were exposed to 1 MHz ultrasound (2 ms pulse, 100 Hz pulse repetition frequency, 0-0.4 MPa) for 2 or 3 wk. Granulation tissue thickness and wound re-epithelialization increased as a function of increasing ultrasound pressure amplitude. At 2 wk after injury, significant increases in granulation tissue thickness and epithelial ingrowth were observed in response to 1 MHz pulsed ultrasound at 0.4 MPa. Wounds exposed to 0.4 MPa ultrasound for 3 wk were characterized by collagen-dense, revascularized granulation tissue with a fully restored, mature epithelium. Of note, only half of wounds exposed to 0.4 MPa ultrasound showed significant granulation tissue deposition after 2 wk of treatment. Thus, the db+/db+ mouse model may help to identify biological variables that influence individual responses to pulsed ultrasound and accelerate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol H Raeman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Diane Dalecki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Denise C Hocking
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
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79
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Stadler PC, Renner ED, Milner J, Wollenberg A. Inborn Error of Immunity or Atopic Dermatitis: When to be Concerned and How to Investigate. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:1501-1507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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80
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Abstract
Human filaggrin (FLG) plays a key role in epidermal barrier function, and loss-of-function mutations of its gene are primarily responsible for the development of human atopic dermatitis (AD). FLG expression is also reduced in the epidermis of atopic patients, due to the transcriptional effect of Th2 type cytokines. Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a prevalent skin disease that shares many clinical and pathogenic features with its human homologue. The aim of this review is discuss current knowledge on canine filaggrin (Flg) in both healthy and atopic dogs, as compared to the human protein. Although the molecular structures of the two proteins, as deduced from the sequences of their gene, are different, their sites of expression and their proteolytic processing in the normal epidermis are similar. Concerning the expression of Flg in CAD, conflicting results have been published at the mRNA level and little accurate information is available at the protein level. It derives from a large precursor, named profilaggrin (proFLG), formed by several FLG units and stored in keratohyalin granules of the stratum granulosum. Canine and human proFLG sequences display little amino acid similarity (33% as shown using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)) except at the level of the S100 homologous part of the N-terminus (75%). Genetic studies in the dog are at an early stage and are limited by the variety of breeds and the small number of cases included. Many questions remain unanswered about the involvement of Flg in CAD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Combarros
- UDEAR, Université de Toulouse, INSERM UPS, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Christine Cadiergues
- UDEAR, Université de Toulouse, INSERM UPS, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, Université de Toulouse, INSERM UPS, Toulouse, France
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81
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Schmidt S. Uptake of Chemicals through the Skin: An Important Role of Filaggrin Gene Variants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:34003. [PMID: 33788614 PMCID: PMC8011662 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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82
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Inborn errors of immunity with atopic phenotypes: A practical guide for allergists. World Allergy Organ J 2021; 14:100513. [PMID: 33717395 PMCID: PMC7907539 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a heterogeneous group of disorders, mainly resulting from mutations in genes associated with immunoregulation and immune host defense. These disorders are characterized by different combinations of recurrent infections, autoimmunity, inflammatory manifestations, lymphoproliferation, and malignancy. Interestingly, it has been increasingly observed that common allergic symptoms also can represent the expression of an underlying immunodeficiency and/or immune dysregulation. Very high IgE levels, peripheral or organ-specific hypereosinophilia, usually combined with a variety of atopic symptoms, may sometimes be the epiphenomenon of a monogenic disease. Therefore, allergists should be aware that severe and/or therapy-resistant atopic disorders might be the main clinical phenotype of some IEI. This could pave the way to target therapies, leading to better quality of life and improved survival in affected patients.
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83
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hiPSC-Derived Epidermal Keratinocytes from Ichthyosis Patients Show Altered Expression of Cornification Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041785. [PMID: 33670118 PMCID: PMC7916893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited ichthyoses represent a large heterogeneous group of skin disorders characterised by impaired epidermal barrier function and disturbed cornification. Current knowledge about disease mechanisms has been uncovered mainly through the use of mouse models or human skin organotypic models. However, most mouse lines suffer from severe epidermal barrier defects causing neonatal death and human keratinocytes have very limited proliferation ability in vitro. Therefore, the development of disease models based on patient derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is highly relevant. For this purpose, we have generated hiPSCs from patients with congenital ichthyosis, either non-syndromic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) or the ichthyosis syndrome trichothiodystrophy (TTD). hiPSCs were successfully differentiated into basal keratinocyte-like cells (hiPSC-bKs), with high expression of epidermal keratins. In the presence of higher calcium concentrations, terminal differentiation of hiPSC-bKs was induced and markers KRT1 and IVL expressed. TTD1 hiPSC-bKs showed reduced expression of FLG, SPRR2B and lipoxygenase genes. ARCI hiPSC-bKs showed more severe defects, with downregulation of several cornification genes. The application of hiPSC technology to TTD1 and ARCI demonstrates the successful generation of in vitro models mimicking the disease phenotypes, proving a valuable system both for further molecular investigations and drug development for ichthyosis patients.
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84
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Cutting Edge of the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis: Sphingomyelin Deacylase, the Enzyme Involved in Its Ceramide Deficiency, Plays a Pivotal Role. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041613. [PMID: 33562655 PMCID: PMC7916095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized clinically by severe dry skin and functionally by both a cutaneous barrier disruption and an impaired water-holding capacity in the stratum corneum (SC) even in the nonlesional skin. The combination of the disrupted barrier and water-holding functions in nonlesional skin is closely linked to the disease severity of AD, which suggests that the barrier abnormality as well as the water deficiency are elicited as a result of the induced dermatitis and subsequently trigger the recurrence of dermatitis. These functional abnormalities of the SC are mainly attributable to significantly decreased levels of total ceramides and the altered ceramide profile in the SC. Clinical studies using a synthetic pseudo-ceramide (pCer) that can function as a natural ceramide have indicated the superior clinical efficacy of pCer and, more importantly, have shown that the ceramide deficiency rather than changes in the ceramide profile in the SC of AD patients plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AD. Clinical studies of infants with AD have shown that the barrier disruption due to the ceramide deficiency is not inherent and is essentially dependent on postinflammatory events in those infants. Consistently, the recovery of trans-epidermal water loss after tape-stripping occurs at a significantly slower rate only at 1 day post-tape-stripping in AD skin compared with healthy control (HC) skin. This resembles the recovery pattern observed in Niemann-Pick disease, which is caused by an acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) deficiency. Further, comparison of ceramide levels in the SC between before and after tape-stripping revealed that whereas ceramide levels in HC skin are significantly upregulated at 4 days post-tape-stripping, their ceramide levels remain substantially unchanged at 4 days post-tape-stripping. Taken together, the sum of these findings strongly suggests that an impaired homeostasis of a ceramide-generating process may be associated with these abnormalities. We have discovered a novel enzyme, sphingomyelin (SM) deacylase, which cleaves the N-acyl linkage of SM and glucosylceramide (GCer). The activity of SM deacylase is significantly increased in AD lesional epidermis as well as in the involved and uninvolved SC of AD skin, but not in the skin of patients with contact dermatitis or chronic eczema, compared with HC skin. SM deacylase competes with aSMase and β-glucocerebrosidase (BGCase) to hydrolyze their common substrates, SM and GCer, to yield their lysoforms sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) and glucosylsphingosine (GSP), respectively, instead of ceramide. Consistently, those reaction products (SPC and GSP) accumulate to a greater extent in the involved and uninvolved SC of AD skin compared with chronic eczema or contact dermatitis skin as well as HC skin. Successive chromatographies were used to purify SM deacylase to homogeneity with a single band of ≈43 kDa and with an enrichment of >14,000-fold. Analysis of a protein spot with SM deacylase activity separated by 2D-SDS-PAGE using MALDI-TOF MS/MS allowed its amino acid sequence to be determined and to identify it as the β-subunit of acid ceramidase (aCDase), an enzyme consisting of α- and β-subunits linked by amino-bonds and a single S-S bond. Western blotting of samples treated with 2-mercaptoethanol revealed that whereas recombinant human aCDase was recognized by antibodies to the α-subunit at ≈56 and ≈13 kDa and the β-subunit at ≈43 kDa, the purified SM deacylase was detectable only by the antibody to the β-subunit at ≈43 kDa. Breaking the S-S bond of recombinant human aCDase with dithiothreitol elicited the activity of SM deacylase with an apparent size of ≈40 kDa upon gel chromatography in contrast to aCDase activity with an apparent size of ≈50 kDa in untreated recombinant human aCDase. These results provide new insights into the essential role of SM deacylase as the β-subunit aCDase that causes the ceramide deficiency in AD skin.
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85
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Birolo G, Aneli S, Di Gaetano C, Cugliari G, Russo A, Allione A, Casalone E, Giorgio E, Paraboschi EM, Ardissino D, Duga S, Asselta R, Matullo G. Functional and clinical implications of genetic structure in 1686 Italian exomes. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:272-289. [PMID: 33326653 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To reconstruct the phenotypical and clinical implications of the Italian genetic structure, we thoroughly analyzed a whole-exome sequencing data set comprised of 1686 healthy Italian individuals. We found six previously unreported variants with remarkable frequency differences between Northern and Southern Italy in the HERC2, OR52R1, ADH1B, and THBS4 genes. We reported 36 clinically relevant variants (submitted as pathogenic, risk factors, or drug response in ClinVar) with significant frequency differences between Italy and Europe. We then explored putatively pathogenic variants in the Italian exome. On average, our Italian individuals carried 16.6 protein-truncating variants (PTVs), with 2.5% of the population having a PTV in one of the 59 American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) actionable genes. Lastly, we looked for PTVs that are likely to cause Mendelian diseases. We found four heterozygous PTVs in haploinsufficient genes (KAT6A, PTCH1, and STXBP1) and three homozygous PTVs in genes causing recessive diseases (DPYD, FLG, and PYGM). Comparing frequencies from our data set to other public databases, like gnomAD, we showed the importance of population-specific databases for a more accurate assessment of variant pathogenicity. For this reason, we made aggregated frequencies from our data set publicly available as a tool for both clinicians and researchers (http://nigdb.cineca.it; NIG-ExIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Birolo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Serena Aneli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessia Russo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elvezia M Paraboschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Ardissino
- Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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86
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Zhang S, Cai Y, Meng C, Ding X, Huang J, Luo X, Cao Y, Gao F, Zou M. The role of the microbiome in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 172:108645. [PMID: 33359751 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome is greatly significant for immune system development and homeostasis. Dysbiosis in gut microbial composition and function is linked to immune responses and the development of metabolic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM). However, skin microbiome changes in diabetic patients and their role in DM are poorly elucidated. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the association between the gut and skin microbiota and DM, highlighting their roles in the proinflammatory status of DM. Moreover, although there is evidence that the connection between the gut and skin causes the same activated innate immune response, additional studies are needed to explore the mechanism. These findings might inform future DM prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chuzhen Meng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Ding
- School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengchen Zou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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87
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Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction caused by endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to various disorders such as xerosis cutis, ichthyoses, and atopic dermatitis. Filaggrin is a pivotal structural protein of the stratum corneum (SC) and provides natural moisturizing factors that play a role in skin barrier functions. Filaggrin aggregates keratin filaments, resulting in the formation of a keratin network, which binds cornified envelopes and collapse keratinocytes to flattened corneocytes. This complex network contributes to the physical strength of the skin. Filaggrin is degraded by caspase-14, calpain 1, and bleomycin hydrolases into amino acids and amino acid metabolites such as trans-urocanic acid and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, which are pivotal natural moisturizing factors in the SC. Accordingly, filaggrin is important for the pathophysiology of skin barrier disorders, and its deficiency or dysfunction leads to a variety of skin disorders. Here, the roles and biology of filaggrin, related skin diseases, and a therapeutic strategy targeting filaggrin are reviewed. In addition, several drug candidates of different mode of actions targeting filaggrin, along with their clinical efficacy, are discussed.
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88
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Sastre B, García-García ML, Cañas JA, Calvo C, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Casas I, Mahíllo-Fernández I, Del Pozo V. Bronchiolitis and recurrent wheezing are distinguished by type 2 innate lymphoid cells and immune response. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:51-59. [PMID: 32628310 PMCID: PMC7818223 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent wheezing (RW) is frequently developed in infants that have suffered bronchiolitis (BCH) during first months of life, but the immune mechanism underlying is not clear. The goal was to analyze the innate immune response that characterizes BCH and RW. METHODS Ninety-eight and seventy hospitalized infants with BCH or RW diagnosis, respectively, were included. Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) was processed. Cellular pellet was employed to evaluate type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) by flow cytometry and mRNA expression assays by semi-quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In supernatant, twenty-seven pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory factors, as well as lipid mediators and nitrites, were evaluated by ELISA and Luminex. RESULTS Bronchiolitis patients showed higher ILC2 percentage compared with RW (P < .05). Also, ST2+ /ILC2 percentage was higher in the BCH group than in the RW group (P < .01). TLR3, IL33, IFNG, IL10, and FLG mRNA levels were significantly increased in BCH vs RW (P < .05). In supernatant, no significant differences were reached, observing similar levels of parameters linked to vascular damage, monocyte activation, and fibroblast growth. Prostaglandin E2 and cysteinyl leukotrienes C4 were evaluated; a significant difference was only found in their ratio. CONCLUSION Bronchiolitis is associated with elevated nasal percentage of ILC2. This cellular population could be the key element in the differential immune response between BCH and RW which share some mechanisms such us monocyte activation, vascular damage, and fibroblast repair. Lipid mediators could play a role in the evolution of the disease later in life through innate lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sastre
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luz García-García
- Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa Hospital, Leganés, Spain.,Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), Madrid, Spain.,Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Cañas
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Calvo
- Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), Madrid, Spain.,Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.,TEDDY Network (European Network of Excellence for Pediatric Clinical Research), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Casas
- Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), Madrid, Spain.,Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Microbiology Center (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Del Pozo
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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89
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Rietz Liljedahl E, Johanson G, Korres de Paula H, Faniband M, Assarsson E, Littorin M, Engfeldt M, Lidén C, Julander A, Wahlberg K, Lindh C, Broberg K. Filaggrin Polymorphisms and the Uptake of Chemicals through the Skin-A Human Experimental Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:17002. [PMID: 33439052 PMCID: PMC7805408 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filaggrin protein is important for skin barrier structure and function. Loss-of-function (null) mutations in the filaggrin gene FLG may increase dermal absorption of chemicals. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to clarify if dermal absorption of chemicals differs depending on FLG genotype. METHOD We performed a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based genetic screen for loss-of-function mutations (FLG null) in 432 volunteers from the general population in southern Sweden and identified 28 FLG null carriers. In a dermal exposure experiment, we exposed 23 FLG null and 31 wild-type (wt) carriers to three organic compounds common in the environment: the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pyrene, the pesticide pyrimethanil, and the ultraviolet-light absorber oxybenzone. We then used liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry to measure the concentrations of these chemicals or their metabolites in the subjects' urine over 48 h following exposure. Furthermore, we used long-range PCR to measure FLG repeat copy number variants (CNV), and we performed population toxicokinetic analysis. RESULTS Lag times for the uptake and dermal absorption rate of the chemicals differed significantly between FLG null and wt carriers with low (20-22 repeats) and high FLG CNV (23-24 repeats). We found a dose-dependent effect on chemical absorption with increasing lag times by increasing CNV for both pyrimethanil and pyrene, and decreasing area under the urinary excretion rate curve (AUC(0-40h)) with increasing CNV for pyrimethanil. FLG null carriers excreted 18% and 110% more metabolite (estimated by AUC(0-40h)) for pyrimethanil than wt carriers with low and high CNV, respectively. CONCLUSION We conclude that FLG genotype influences the dermal absorption of some common chemicals. Overall, FLG null carriers were the most susceptible, with the shortest lag time and highest rate constants for skin absorption, and higher fractions of the applied dose excreted. Furthermore, our results indicate that low FLG CNV resulted in increased dermal absorption of chemicals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7310.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Rietz Liljedahl
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Korres de Paula
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Moosa Faniband
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Assarsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Littorin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Engfeldt
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carola Lidén
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anneli Julander
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Wahlberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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90
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Vardar Acar N, Cavkaytar Ö, Arik Yilmaz E, Büyüktiryaki AB, Uysal Soyer Ö, Şahiner ÜM, Şekerel BE, Karaaslan IÇ, Saçkesen C. Rare occurrence of common filaggrin mutations in Turkish children with food allergy and atopic dermatitis. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:1865-1871. [PMID: 32536107 PMCID: PMC7775701 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1910-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Filaggrin is a protein complex involved in epidermal differentiation and skin barrier formation. Mutations of the filaggrin gene (FLG) are associated with allergen sensitization and allergic diseases like atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis, food allergy (FA), and asthma. The aim of the study is to reveal the frequency of change in the FLG gene and determine the association between FLG loss-of-function (LOF) mutations and FA and/or AD in Turkish children. Materials and methods Four
FLG
loss-of-function (LOF) mutations known to be common in European populations were analyzed in 128 healthy children, 405 food-allergic children with or without atopic dermatitis, and 61 children with atopic dermatitis. PCR-RFLP was performed for genotyping R501X, 2282del4, and R2447X mutations; S3247X was genotyped using a TaqMan-based allelic discrimination assay. Results were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis in 50 randomly chosen patients for all mutations.
Results A total of 466 patients [(67% male, 1 (0.7–2.8) years] and 128 healthy controls [59% male, 2.4 (1.4–3.5) years)] were included in this study. Two patients were heterozygous carriers of wild-type R501X, but none of the controls carried this mutation. Three patients and one healthy control were heterozygous carriers of wild-type 2282del4. Neither patients nor controls carried R2447X or S3247X
FLG
mutations. There were no combined mutations determined in heterozygous mutation carriers.
Conclusions Although R501X, 2282del4, R2447X, and S3247X mutations are very common in European populations, we found that FLG mutations were infrequent and there is no significant association with food allergy and/or atopic dermatitis in Turkish individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neşe Vardar Acar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Cavkaytar
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey,Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul Medeniyet University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Arik Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey,Department of Pediatric Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | | | - Özge Uysal Soyer
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ümit Murat Şahiner
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bülent Enis Şekerel
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Cansin Saçkesen
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Koç University, İstanbul, Turkey
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91
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Ferrara F, Pambianchi E, Woodby B, Messano N, Therrien JP, Pecorelli A, Canella R, Valacchi G. Evaluating the effect of ozone in UV induced skin damage. Toxicol Lett 2020; 338:40-50. [PMID: 33279629 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution represents one of the main risks for both environment and human health. The rapid urbanization has been leading to a continuous release of harmful manmade substances into the atmosphere which are associated to the exacerbation of several pathologies. The skin is the main barrier of our body against the external environment and it is the main target for the outdoor stressors. Among the pollutants, Ozone (O3) is one of the most toxic, able to initiate oxidative reactions and activate inflammatory response, leading to the onset of several skin conditions. Moreover, skin is daily subjected to the activity of Ultraviolet Radiation which are well known to induce harmful cutaneous effects including skin aging and sunburn. Even though both UV and O3 are able to affect the skin homeostasis, very few studies have investigated their possible additive effect. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the effect of the combined exposure of O3 and UV in inducing skin damage, by exposing human skin explants to UV alone or in combination with O3 for 4-days. Markers related to inflammation, redox homeostasis and tissue structure were analyzed. Our results demonstrated that O3 is able to amplify the UV induced skin oxinflammation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferrara
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Pambianchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States
| | - Brittany Woodby
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States
| | - Nicolo' Messano
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States
| | | | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States
| | - Rita Canella
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, United States; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Kyung Hee University, Department of Food and Nutrition, South Korea.
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92
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Kumar P, Sharma DK, Ashawat MS. Pathophysiology and Management of Atopic Dermatitis: A Laconic Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666190828152316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conclusion:
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is long-lasting degenerating skin disease with a characteristic
phenotype and stereotypically spread skin lesions. The AD results due to a complex interface
among genetic factors, host’s surroundings, pharmacological anomalies and immunological factors.
In previous decades, researchers had shown marked interest due to increased prevalence in developed
countries. In this review, basics along with the advances in pathogenesis and management of
AD have been discussed. The immunological factors i.e. Innate Lymphoid Cells, IL-22 and Toll-like
receptors have an important role in the pathogenesis. The proactive topical therapy by skincare,
topical glucocorticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors have improved effect in the management of
AD. The human monoclonal antibody-based systemic drug (Duplimab) is a considerable advancement
in the management of AD. Other monoclonal antibody-based drugs (Lebrikizumab, Tralokinumab,
Apremilast and Nemolizumab) are in different phases of clinical trials. A better understanding of
genetics and immunoregulatory cascade will lead to the development of efficacious drugs and better
management therapy preventing the relapse of flares and improved life quality of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, VPO-Kathog, Kangra, H.P, 176031, India
| | | | - Mahendra Singh Ashawat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, VPO-Kathog, Kangra, H.P, 176031, India
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Yasuda-Sekiguchi F, Shiohama A, Fukushima A, Obata S, Mochimaru N, Honda A, Kawasaki H, Kubo A, Ebihara T, Amagai M, Sasaki T. Single nucleotide variations in genes associated with innate immunity are enriched in Japanese adult cases of face and neck type atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 101:93-100. [PMID: 33279384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is heterogenous in terms of phenotype as well as genetic and environmental factors, while its associated genetic factors and pathophysiology are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE We identify novel genetic factors enriched in a subgroup of AD patients with characteristic clinical features. METHODS We clinically subgrouped 18 AD patients who exhibited distinctive characteristic of persistent skin eruption areas on the face and neck from 92 Japanese adult AD patients and identified disease-associated genetic factors enriched within the subgroup. Targeted resequencing and subsequent genetic association analyses were used to identify novel enriched genetic variations in the subgroup compared with the other AD patients. RESULTS Targeted resequencing of 648 skin associated genes revealed an enrichment of 12 single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in patients with face and neck AD (n = 18) compared with the general Japanese population in the database. Subsequent allele frequency comparison between the face and neck AD and non - face and neck AD subgroups revealed enrichment of five SNVs. Multivariate analysis using genotype data revealed that three SNVs in theTLR1, TIRAP, and PSAPL1 genes, two of the three genes are involved in the Toll-like receptor pathway, were significantly enriched in patients with face and neck AD. CONCLUSION These findings revealed that the SNVs in genes associated with the innate immune pathway are enriched in a subgroup of AD. The combinational approach of clinical subgrouping and genotyping is valuable for detecting novel disease-associated genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aiko Shiohama
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; KOSÉ Endowed Program for Skin Care and Allergy Prevention, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayano Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Obata
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Mochimaru
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan; Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ebihara
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; KOSÉ Endowed Program for Skin Care and Allergy Prevention, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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94
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Mutations of filament-aggregating protein gene in Romanian children diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:212. [PMID: 33149776 PMCID: PMC7604754 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Association of atopic dermatitis (AD) and several mutations of various genes of the immune system, in particular filament-aggregating protein gene (FLG) has been investigated in many studies. The association between defective FLG and AD in the Romanian population has not been assessed or published. The present study focused on the genetic background of AD, aiming to assess the prevalence of FLG mutations in Romanian patients with AD. Genetic background of AD was tested for common FLG-mutations: R501X, 2282del4, S3247X and R2447X. The study involved 48 Romanian Caucasian children aged between two months and six years diagnosed with AD, and 48 healthy volunteers; DNA extraction involved 50% of the patients to give samples by using buccal swabs and 50% by collection of whole blood samples. Genetic predisposition was evaluated based on family history, atopy history and profilaggrin genotyping. DNA extracted from blood samples was adequate to study FLG mutations, although no mutation was identified. Genetic factors do not have a unique critical role in AD; therefore, environmental factors unquestionably play an important role in this disease, but the clear-cut part that these factors trigger toward increasing the risk of AD in childhood is still obscure.
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95
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Makino T, Mizawa M, Yoshihisa Y, Yamamoto S, Tabuchi Y, Miyai M, Hibino T, Sasahara M, Shimizu T. Trichohyalin-like 1 protein plays a crucial role in proliferation and anti-apoptosis of normal human keratinocytes and squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:109. [PMID: 33133644 PMCID: PMC7591909 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal differentiation is a complex process that requires the regulated and sequential expression of various genes. Most fused-type S100 proteins are expressed in the granular layer and it is hypothesized that these proteins may be associated with cornification and barrier formation. We previously identified a member of the fused-type S100 proteins, Trichohyalin-like 1 (TCHHL1) protein. TCHHL1 is distributed in the basal layer of the normal epidermis. Furthermore, the expression is markedly increased in cancerous/non-cancerous skin samples with the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. We herein examined the role of TCHHL1 in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The knockdown of TCHHL1 by transfection with TCHHL1 siRNA significantly inhibited proliferation and induced the early apoptosis of NHKs. In TCHHL1-knockdown NHKs, the level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation was markedly decreased. In addition, the slight inhibition of v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) phosphorylation and upregulation of forkhead box-containing protein O1(FOXO1), B-cell lymphoma2 (BCL2) and Bcl2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11) was observed. Skin-equivalent models built by TCHHL1-knockdown NHKs showed a markedly hypoplastic epidermis. These findings highlight that TCHHL1 plays an important role in homeostasis of the normal epidermis. TCHHL1 was expressed in the growing cells of cutaneous SCC; therefore, we next examined an association with the cell growth in HSC-1 cells (a human SCC line). In HSC-1 cells, the knockdown of TCHHL1 also suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. These cells showed an inhibition of phosphorylation of ERK1/2, AKT and signal transducers and activator of transcription 3, and the significant upregulation of FOXO1, BCL2, and BCL2L11. Accordingly, TCHHL1 is associated with survival of cutaneous SCC. In addition, we hypothesize that TCHHL1 may be a novel therapeutic target in cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Makino
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Megumi Mizawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshihisa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyai
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | | | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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96
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Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Skin Barrier Repair in Individuals with Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207607. [PMID: 33066696 PMCID: PMC7589391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that exhibits a complex interplay of skin barrier disruption and immune dysregulation. Patients with AD are susceptible to cutaneous infections that may progress to complications, including staphylococcal septicemia. Although most studies have focused on filaggrin mutations, the physical barrier and antimicrobial barrier also play critical roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Within the physical barrier, the stratum corneum and tight junctions play the most important roles. The tight junction barrier is involved in the pathogenesis of AD, as structural and functional defects in tight junctions not only disrupt the physical barrier but also contribute to immunological impairments. Furthermore, antimicrobial peptides, such as LL-37, human b-defensins, and S100A7, improve tight junction barrier function. Recent studies elucidating the pathogenesis of AD have led to the development of barrier repair therapy for skin barrier defects in patients with this disease. This review analyzes the association between skin barrier disruption in patients with AD and antimicrobial peptides to determine the effect of these peptides on skin barrier repair and to consider employing antimicrobial peptides in barrier repair strategies as an additional approach for AD management.
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97
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Al Kindi A, Williams H, Matsuda K, Alkahtani AM, Saville C, Bennett H, Alshammari Y, Tan SY, O'Neill C, Tanaka A, Matsuda H, Arkwright PD, Pennock JL. Staphylococcus aureus second immunoglobulin-binding protein drives atopic dermatitis via IL-33. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:1354-1368.e3. [PMID: 33011245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is the dominant infective trigger of atopic dermatitis (AD). How this bacterium drives type 2 allergic pathology in the absence of infection in patients with AD is unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify the S aureus-derived virulence factor(s) that initiates the cutaneous type 2-promoting immune response responsible for AD. METHODS In vitro human keratinocyte cell culture, ex vivo human skin organ explants, and the eczema-prone Nishiki-nezumi Cinnamon/Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology strain mouse were used as model systems to assess type 2-promoting immune responses to S aureus. Identification of the bioactive factor was accomplished using fast protein liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Bioactivity was confirmed by cloning and expression in an Escherichia coli vector system, and S aureus second immunoglobulin-binding protein (Sbi) mutant strains confirming loss of activity. RESULTS S aureus was unique among staphylococcal species in its ability to induce the rapid release of constitutive IL-33 from human keratinocytes independent of the Toll-like receptor pathway. Using the eczema-prone Nishiki-nezumi Cinnamon/Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology strain mouse model, we showed that IL-33 was essential for inducing the immune response to S aureus in vivo. By fractionation and candidate testing, we identified Sbi as the predominant staphylococcus-derived virulence factor that directly drives IL-33 release from human keratinocytes. Immunohistology of skin demonstrated that corneodesmosin, a component of corneodesmosomes that form key intercellular adhesive structures in the stratum corneum, was disrupted, resulting in reduction of skin barrier function. CONCLUSIONS S aureus-derived Sbi is a unique type 2-promoting virulence factor capable of initiating the type 2-promoting cytokine activity underlying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Al Kindi
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Williams
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kenshiro Matsuda
- Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Abdullah M Alkahtani
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Parasitology, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Charis Saville
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Bennett
- Genome Editing Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmine Alshammari
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Soo Y Tan
- National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Catherine O'Neill
- Division of Dermatological and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Joanne L Pennock
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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98
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Fourzali K, Yosipovitch G. Genodermatoses with itch as a prominent feature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 35:807-814. [PMID: 32977353 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of inherited conditions cause chronic itch as a part of the recognized phenotype. Advances in the understanding of the genetic factors that cause these diseases elucidate the molecular underpinning of itch as a symptom. Our knowledge of the causes of chronic itch has also advanced, providing an opportunity to integrate the genetic pathophysiology with the molecular landscape of chronic itch mediators. This article reviews select genodermatoses that have itch as a predominant feature with a focus on the pathophysiology of the disease, how it may lead to itch and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fourzali
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - G Yosipovitch
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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99
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Hinbest AJ, Kim SR, Eldirany SA, Lomakin IB, Watson J, Ho M, Bunick CG. Structural properties of target binding by profilaggrin A and B domains and other S100 fused-type calcium-binding proteins. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 100:39-49. [PMID: 32893105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Profilaggrin belongs to the S100 fused-type protein family expressed in keratinocytes and is important for skin barrier integrity. Its N-terminus contains an S100 ("A") domain and a unique "B" domain with a nuclear localization sequence. OBJECTIVE To determine whether profilaggrin B domain cooperates with the S100 domain to bind macromolecules. To characterize the biochemical and structural properties of the profilaggrin N-terminal "AB" domain and compare it to other S100 fused-type proteins. METHODS We used biochemical (protease protection, light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy, pull-down assays) and computational techniques (sequence analysis, molecular modeling with crystallographic structures) to examine human profilaggrin and S100 fused-type proteins. RESULTS Comparing profilaggrin S100 crystal structure with models of the other S100 fused-type proteins demonstrated each has a unique chemical composition of solvent accessible surface around the hydrophobic binding pocket. S100 fused-type proteins exhibit higher pocket hydrophobicity than soluble S100 proteins. The inter-EF-hand linker in S100 fused-type proteins contains conserved hydrophobic residues involved in binding substrates. Profilaggrin B domain cooperates with the S100 domain to bind annexin II and keratin intermediate filaments in a calcium-dependent manner using exposed cationic surface. Using molecular modeling we demonstrate profilaggrin B domain likely interacts with annexin II domains I and II. Steric clash analysis shows annexin II N-terminal peptide is favored to bind profilaggrin among S100 fused-type proteins. CONCLUSION The N-terminal S100 and B domains of profilaggrin cooperate to bind substrate molecules in granular layer keratinocytes to provide epidermal barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sa Rang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sherif A Eldirany
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ivan B Lomakin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joseph Watson
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Minh Ho
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher G Bunick
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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100
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Filaggrin Null-Mutation in Asthma in an Indian Cohort: One Link in a Polygenic Trait. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87:583-584. [PMID: 32651863 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-020-03443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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