51
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Keratinocytes Share Gene Expression Fingerprint with Epidermal Langerhans Cells via mRNA Transfer. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2313-2323.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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52
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Wu Y, Kyle-Cezar F, Woolf RT, Naceur-Lombardelli C, Owen J, Biswas D, Lorenc A, Vantourout P, Gazinska P, Grigoriadis A, Tutt A, Hayday A. An innate-like Vδ1 + γδ T cell compartment in the human breast is associated with remission in triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaax9364. [PMID: 31597756 PMCID: PMC6877350 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax9364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innate-like tissue-resident γδ T cell compartments capable of protecting against carcinogenesis are well established in mice. Conversely, the degree to which they exist in humans, their potential properties, and their contributions to host benefit are mostly unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that healthy human breast harbors a distinct γδ T cell compartment, primarily expressing T cell receptor (TCR) Vδ1 chains, by comparison to Vδ2 chains that predominate in peripheral blood. Breast-resident Vδ1+ cells were functionally skewed toward cytolysis and IFN-γ production, but not IL-17, which has been linked with inflammatory pathologies. Breast-resident Vδ1+ cells could be activated innately via the NKG2D receptor, whereas neighboring CD8+ αβ T cells required TCR signaling. A comparable population of Vδ1+ cells was found in human breast tumors, and when paired tumor and nonmalignant samples from 11 patients with triple-negative breast cancer were analyzed, progression-free and overall survival correlated with Vδ1+ cell representation, but not with either total γδ T cells or Vδ2+ T cells. As expected, progression-free survival also correlated with αβ TCRs. However, whereas in most cases TCRαβ repertoires focused, typical of antigen-specific responses, this was not observed for Vδ1+ cells, consistent with their innate-like responsiveness. Thus, maximal patient benefit may accrue from the collaboration of innate-like responses mounted by tissue-resident Vδ1+ compartments and adaptive responses mounted by αβ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Fernanda Kyle-Cezar
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Richard T Woolf
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Cristina Naceur-Lombardelli
- KHP Cancer Biobank, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Julie Owen
- KHP Cancer Biobank, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dhruva Biswas
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Anna Lorenc
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Pierre Vantourout
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Patrycja Gazinska
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrew Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Adrian Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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53
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Husna N, Gascoigne NR, Tey HL, Ng LG, Tan Y. Multi-modal image cytometry approach – From dynamic to whole organ imaging. Cell Immunol 2019; 344:103946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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54
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Nguyen CT, Maverakis E, Eberl M, Adamopoulos IE. γδ T cells in rheumatic diseases: from fundamental mechanisms to autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:595-605. [PMID: 31506867 PMCID: PMC6815259 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive arms of the immune system tightly regulate immune responses in order to maintain homeostasis and host defense. The interaction between those two systems is critical in the activation and suppression of immune responses which if unchecked may lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. γδ T cells are non-conventional lymphocytes, which express T cell receptor (TCR) γδ chains on their surface and straddle between innate and adaptive immunity. Recent advances in of γδ T cell biology have allowed us to expand our understanding of γδ T cell in the dysregulation of immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on γδ T cells and their roles in skin and joint inflammation as commonly observed in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Thach Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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55
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The Dynamics of the Skin's Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081811. [PMID: 31013709 PMCID: PMC6515324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex organ that has devised numerous strategies, such as physical, chemical, and microbiological barriers, to protect the host from external insults. In addition, the skin contains an intricate network of immune cells resident to the tissue, crucial for host defense as well as tissue homeostasis. In the event of an insult, the skin-resident immune cells are crucial not only for prevention of infection but also for tissue reconstruction. Deregulation of immune responses often leads to impaired healing and poor tissue restoration and function. In this review, we will discuss the defensive components of the skin and focus on the function of skin-resident immune cells in homeostasis and their role in wound healing.
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56
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Willcox BE, Willcox CR. γδ TCR ligands: the quest to solve a 500-million-year-old mystery. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:121-128. [PMID: 30664765 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells have been retained as a lineage over the majority of vertebrate evolution, are able to respond to immune challenges in unique ways, and are of increasing therapeutic interest. However, one central mystery has endured: the identity of the ligands recognized by the γδ T cell antigen receptor. Here we discuss the inherent challenges in answering this question, the new opportunities provided by recent studies, and the criteria by which the field might judge success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Cancer Research UK Birmingham Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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57
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Rodrigues M, Kosaric N, Bonham CA, Gurtner GC. Wound Healing: A Cellular Perspective. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:665-706. [PMID: 30475656 PMCID: PMC6442927 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00067.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1219] [Impact Index Per Article: 243.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is one of the most complex processes in the human body. It involves the spatial and temporal synchronization of a variety of cell types with distinct roles in the phases of hemostasis, inflammation, growth, re-epithelialization, and remodeling. With the evolution of single cell technologies, it has been possible to uncover phenotypic and functional heterogeneity within several of these cell types. There have also been discoveries of rare, stem cell subsets within the skin, which are unipotent in the uninjured state, but become multipotent following skin injury. Unraveling the roles of each of these cell types and their interactions with each other is important in understanding the mechanisms of normal wound closure. Changes in the microenvironment including alterations in mechanical forces, oxygen levels, chemokines, extracellular matrix and growth factor synthesis directly impact cellular recruitment and activation, leading to impaired states of wound healing. Single cell technologies can be used to decipher these cellular alterations in diseased states such as in chronic wounds and hypertrophic scarring so that effective therapeutic solutions for healing wounds can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Nina Kosaric
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Clark A Bonham
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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58
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McCallion O, Hester J, Issa F. Deciphering the Contribution of γδ T Cells to Outcomes in Transplantation. Transplantation 2018; 102:1983-1993. [PMID: 29994977 PMCID: PMC6215479 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes expressing heterodimeric T-cell receptors composed of γ and δ chains. They are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous, innate yet also adaptive in behavior, and exhibit diverse activities spanning immunosurveillance, immunomodulation, and direct cytotoxicity. The specific responses of γδ T cells to allografts are yet to be fully elucidated with evidence of both detrimental and tolerogenic roles in different settings. Here we present an overview of γδ T-cell literature, consider ways in which their functional heterogeneity contributes to the outcomes after transplantation, and reflect on methods to harness their beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McCallion
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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59
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Khairallah C, Chu TH, Sheridan BS. Tissue Adaptations of Memory and Tissue-Resident Gamma Delta T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2636. [PMID: 30538697 PMCID: PMC6277633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial and mucosal barriers are critical interfaces physically separating the body from the outside environment and are the tissues most exposed to microorganisms and potential inflammatory agents. The integrity of these tissues requires fine tuning of the local immune system to enable the efficient elimination of invasive pathogens while simultaneously preserving a beneficial relationship with commensal organisms and preventing autoimmunity. Although they only represent a small fraction of circulating and lymphoid T cells, γδ T cells form a substantial population at barrier sites and even outnumber conventional αβ T cells in some tissues. After their egress from the thymus, several γδ T cell subsets naturally establish residency in predetermined mucosal and epithelial locations, as exemplified by the restricted location of murine Vγ5+ and Vγ3Vδ1+ T cell subsets to the intestinal epithelium and epidermis, respectively. Because of their preferential location in barrier sites, γδ T cells are often directly or indirectly influenced by the microbiota or the pathogens that invade these sites. More recently, a growing body of studies have shown that γδ T cells form long-lived memory populations upon local inflammation or bacterial infection, some of which permanently populate the affected tissues after pathogen clearance or resolution of inflammation. Natural and induced resident γδ T cells have been implicated in many beneficial processes such as tissue homeostasis and pathogen control, but their presence may also exacerbate local inflammation under certain circumstances. Further understanding of the biology and role of these unconventional resident T cells in homeostasis and disease may shed light on potentially novel vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Khairallah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Timothy H Chu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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60
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Gentek R, Ghigo C, Hoeffel G, Jorquera A, Msallam R, Wienert S, Klauschen F, Ginhoux F, Bajénoff M. Epidermal γδ T cells originate from yolk sac hematopoiesis and clonally self-renew in the adult. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2994-3005. [PMID: 30409784 PMCID: PMC6279412 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult turnover mechanisms and hematopoietic origin of dendritic epidermal γδ T cells (DETCs) are poorly characterized. Gentek et al. demonstrate that DETCs originate from yolk sac hematopoiesis and clonally self-renew in the adult, akin to epidermal Langerhans cells. The murine epidermis harbors two immune cell lineages, Langerhans cells (LCs) and γδ T cells known as dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs). LCs develop from both early yolk sac (YS) progenitors and fetal liver monocytes before locally self-renewing in the adult. For DETCs, the mechanisms of homeostatic maintenance and their hematopoietic origin are largely unknown. Here, we exploited multicolor fate mapping systems to reveal that DETCs slowly turn over at steady state. Like for LCs, homeostatic maintenance of DETCs is achieved by clonal expansion of tissue-resident cells assembled in proliferative units. The same mechanism, albeit accelerated, facilitates DETC replenishment upon injury. Hematopoietic lineage tracing uncovered that DETCs are established independently of definitive hematopoietic stem cells and instead originate from YS hematopoiesis, again reminiscent of LCs. DETCs thus resemble LCs concerning their maintenance, replenishment mechanisms, and hematopoietic development, suggesting that the epidermal microenvironment exerts a lineage-independent influence on the initial seeding and homeostatic maintenance of its resident immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gentek
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Clément Ghigo
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Hoeffel
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.,Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Audrey Jorquera
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Rasha Msallam
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Stephan Wienert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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61
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Mikolajewicz K, Chodaczek G. Going deeper: three-dimensional study of γδ T cells in mouse reproductive tract using tissue clearing methods. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 97:104-111. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mikolajewicz
- Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology; Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy; Polish Academy of Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory; PORT Polish Center for Technology Development; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory; PORT Polish Center for Technology Development; Wroclaw Poland
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62
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Blazquez JL, Benyamine A, Pasero C, Olive D. New Insights Into the Regulation of γδ T Cells by BTN3A and Other BTN/BTNL in Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1601. [PMID: 30050536 PMCID: PMC6050389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings in the immunology field have pointed out the emergent role of butyrophilins/butyrophilin-like molecules (BTN/BTNL in human, Btn/Btnl in mouse) in the modulation of γδ T cells. As long as the field develops exponentially, new relationships between certain γδ T cell subsets, on one hand, and their BTN/BTNL counterparts mainly present on epithelial and tumor cells, on the other, are described in the scientific literature. Btnl1/Btnl6 in mice and BTNL3/BTNL8 in humans regulate the homing and maturation of Vγ7+ and Vγ4+ T cells to the gut epithelium. Similarly, Skint-1 has shown to shape the dendritic epidermal T cells repertoire and their activation levels in mice. We and others have identified BTN3A proteins are the key mediators of phosphoantigen sensing by human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Here, we first synthesize the modulation of specific γδ T cell subsets by related BTN/BTNL molecules, in human and mice. Then, we focus on the role of BTN3A in the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and we highlight the recent advances in the understanding of the expression, regulation, and function of BTN3A in tumor immunity. Hence, recent studies demonstrated that several signals induced by cancer cells or their microenvironment can regulate the expression of BTN3A. Moreover, antibodies targeting BTN3A have shown in vitro and in vivo efficacy in human tumors such as acute myeloid leukemia or pancreatic cancer. We thus finally discuss how these findings could help develop novel γδ T cell-based immunotherapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Luis Blazquez
- INSERM, U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Immunity & Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Aix-Marseille Université UM105, CNRS UMR 7258, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Benyamine
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Médecine Interne Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | | | - Daniel Olive
- INSERM, U1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Immunity & Cancer, Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Aix-Marseille Université UM105, CNRS UMR 7258, Marseille, France.,Immunomonitoring platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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63
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Chodaczek G, Toporkiewicz M, Zal MA, Zal T. Epidermal T Cell Dendrites Serve as Conduits for Bidirectional Trafficking of Granular Cargo. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1430. [PMID: 29988392 PMCID: PMC6023976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) represent a prototypical lineage of intraepithelial γδ T cells that participate in the maintenance of body barrier homeostasis. Unlike classical T cells, DETCs do not recirculate and they remain persistently activated through their T cell receptors (TCR) at steady state, i.e., in absence of infection or tissue wounding. The steady state TCR signals sustain the formation of immunological synapse-like phosphotyrosine-rich aggregates located on projections (PALPs) which act to anchor and polarize DETC’s long cellular projections toward the apical epidermis while the cell bodies reside in the basal layers. The PALPs are known to contain pre-synaptic accumulations of TCR-containing and lysosomal granules, but how this cargo accumulates there remains unclear. Here, we combined anti-Vγ5 TCR, cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), and LysoTracker (LT)-based intravital labeling of intracellular granules, with high resolution dynamic microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to characterize the steady state composition and transport of DETC granules in steady state epidermis. Intradermal fluorescent Vγ5 antibody decorated DETCs without causing cellular depletion, dendrite mobilization or rounding up and became slowly internalized over 48 h into intracellular granules that, after 6 days, colocalized with LAMP-1 and less so with LT or early endosomal antigen-1. Intradermal CTB was likewise internalized predominantly by DETCs in epidermis, labeling a partly overlapping set of largely LAMP-1+ intracellular granules. These as well as LT-labeled granules readily moved into newly forming dendrites and accumulated at the apical endings. FRAP and spatiotemporal tracking showed that the inside tubular lengths of DETC cellular projections supported dynamic trafficking of lysosomal cargo toward and away from the PALPs, including internalized TCR and lipid raft component ganglioside GM1 (labeled with CTB). By contrast, the rate of GM1 granules transport through comparable dendrites of non-DETCs was twice slower. Our observations suggest that DETCs use chronic TCR activation to establish a polarized conduit system for long-range trans-epithelial transport aimed to accumulate mature lysosomes at the barrier-forming apical epidermis. The biological strategy behind the steady state lysosome polarization by DETCs remains to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Toporkiewicz
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Anna Zal
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tomasz Zal
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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64
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Cruz MS, Diamond A, Russell A, Jameson JM. Human αβ and γδ T Cells in Skin Immunity and Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1304. [PMID: 29928283 PMCID: PMC5997830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T lymphocytes maintain skin homeostasis by balancing keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation with the destruction of infected or malignant cells. An imbalance in skin-resident T cell function can aggravate skin-related autoimmune diseases, impede tumor eradication, or disrupt proper wound healing. Much of the published work on human skin T cells attributes T cell function in the skin to αβ T cells, while γδ T cells are an often overlooked participant. This review details the roles played by both αβ and γδ T cells in healthy human skin and then focuses on their roles in skin diseases, such as psoriasis and alopecia areata. Understanding the contribution of skin-resident and skin-infiltrating T cell populations and cross-talk with other immune cells is leading to the development of novel therapeutics for patients. However, there is still much to be learned in order to effectively modulate T cell function and maintain healthy skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julie Marie Jameson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
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65
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Li Y, Wu J, Luo G, He W. Functions of Vγ4 T Cells and Dendritic Epidermal T Cells on Skin Wound Healing. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1099. [PMID: 29915573 PMCID: PMC5994537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process that progresses through the distinct phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Both inflammation and re-epithelialization, in which skin γδ T cells are heavily involved, are required for efficient skin wound healing. Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), which reside in murine epidermis, are activated to secrete epidermal cell growth factors, such as IGF-1 and KGF-1/2, to promote re-epithelialization after skin injury. Epidermal IL-15 is not only required for DETC homeostasis in the intact epidermis but it also facilitates the activation and IGF-1 production of DETC after skin injury. Further, the epidermal expression of IL-15 and IGF-1 constitutes a feedback regulatory loop to promote wound repair. Dermis-resident Vγ4 T cells infiltrate into the epidermis at the wound edges through the CCR6-CCL20 pathway after skin injury and provide a major source of IL-17A, which enhances the production of IL-1β and IL-23 in the epidermis to form a positive feedback loop for the initiation and amplification of local inflammation at the early stages of wound healing. IL-1β and IL-23 suppress the production of IGF-1 by DETCs and, therefore, impede wound healing. A functional loop may exist among Vγ4 T cells, epidermal cells, and DETCs to regulate wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China.,Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
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66
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Silva-Santos B, Strid J. Working in "NK Mode": Natural Killer Group 2 Member D and Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors in Stress-Surveillance by γδ T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:851. [PMID: 29740448 PMCID: PMC5928212 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell receptors (NKRs) are germline-encoded transmembrane proteins that regulate the activation and homeostasis of NK cells as well as other lymphocytes. For γδ T cells, NKRs play critical roles in discriminating stressed (transformed or infected) cells from their healthy counterparts, as proposed in the “lymphoid stress-surveillance” theory. Whereas the main physiologic role is seemingly fulfilled by natural killer group 2 member D, constitutively expressed by γδ T cells, enhancement of their therapeutic potential may rely on natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), like NKp30 or NKp44, that can be induced selectively on human Vδ1+ T cells. Here, we review the contributions of NCRs, NKG2D, and their multiple ligands, to γδ T cell biology in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jessica Strid
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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67
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McKenzie DR, Comerford I, Silva-Santos B, McColl SR. The Emerging Complexity of γδT17 Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:796. [PMID: 29731754 PMCID: PMC5919943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Preprogrammed IL-17-producing γδ T cells constitute a poorly understood class of lymphocytes that express rearranged antigen receptors but appear to make little use of them. γδT17 cells were first characterized as tissue-resident sentinels with innate effector function. However, ongoing research continues to reveal unexpected complexity to this unusual subset, including phenotypic plasticity, memory-like activity and unique migratory behavior. Despite these advances, at the core of γδT17 cell biology remain fundamental gaps in knowledge: Are γδT17 cells truly innate or has the importance of the T cell receptor been overlooked? How unique are they among IL-17-producing lymphocytes? How similar are these cells between mice and humans? We speculate that answering these unresolved questions is key to successful manipulation of γδ T cells in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan R McKenzie
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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68
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Witherden DA, Johnson MD, Havran WL. Coreceptors and Their Ligands in Epithelial γδ T Cell Biology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:731. [PMID: 29686687 PMCID: PMC5900413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues line the body providing a protective barrier from the external environment. Maintenance of these epithelial barrier tissues critically relies on the presence of a functional resident T cell population. In some tissues, the resident T cell population is exclusively comprised of γδ T cells, while in others γδ T cells are found together with αβ T cells and other lymphocyte populations. Epithelial-resident γδ T cells function not only in the maintenance of the epithelium, but are also central to the repair process following damage from environmental and pathogenic insults. Key to their function is the crosstalk between γδ T cells and neighboring epithelial cells. This crosstalk relies on multiple receptor–ligand interactions through both the T cell receptor and accessory molecules leading to temporal and spatial regulation of cytokine, chemokine, growth factor, and extracellular matrix protein production. As antigens that activate epithelial γδ T cells are largely unknown and many classical costimulatory molecules and coreceptors are not used by these cells, efforts have focused on identification of novel coreceptors and ligands that mediate pivotal interactions between γδ T cells and their neighbors. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of functions for these coreceptors and their ligands in epithelial maintenance and repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Margarete D Johnson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Wendy L Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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69
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Tikoo S, Jain R, Kurz AR, Weninger W. The lymphoid cell network in the skin. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:485-496. [PMID: 29457268 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous immunity represents a crucial component of the mammalian immune response. The presence of a large array of commensal microorganisms along with a myriad of environmental stresses necessitates constant immuno-surveillance of the tissue. To achieve a perfect balance between immune-tolerance and immune-activation, the skin harbors strategically localized immune cell populations that modulate these responses. To maintain homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune cells assimilate microenvironmental cues and coordinate cellular and molecular functions in a spatiotemporal manner. The role of lymphoid cells in cutaneous immunity is gaining much appreciation due to their important roles in regulating skin health and pathology. In this review, we aim to highlight the recent advances in the field of cutaneous lymphoid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tikoo
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Rohit Jain
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Wolfgang Weninger
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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70
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Vermijlen D, Gatti D, Kouzeli A, Rus T, Eberl M. γδ T cell responses: How many ligands will it take till we know? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 84:75-86. [PMID: 29402644 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells constitute a sizeable and non-redundant fraction of the total T cell pool in all jawed vertebrates, but in contrast to conventional αβ T cells they are not restricted by classical MHC molecules. Progress in our understanding of the role of γδ T cells in the immune system has been hampered, and is being hampered, by the considerable lack of knowledge regarding the antigens γδ T cells respond to. The past few years have seen a wealth of data regarding the TCR repertoires of distinct γδ T cell populations and a growing list of confirmed and proposed molecules that are recognised by γδ T cells in different species. Yet, the physiological contexts underlying the often restricted TCR usage and the chemical diversity of γδ T cell ligands remain largely unclear, and only few structural studies have confirmed direct ligand recognition by the TCR. We here review the latest progress in the identification and validation of putative γδ T cell ligands and discuss the implications of such findings for γδ T cell responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium.
| | - Deborah Gatti
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Ariadni Kouzeli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Teja Rus
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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71
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Van Hede D, Polese B, Humblet C, Wilharm A, Renoux V, Dortu E, de Leval L, Delvenne P, Desmet CJ, Bureau F, Vermijlen D, Jacobs N. Human papillomavirus oncoproteins induce a reorganization of epithelial-associated γδ T cells promoting tumor formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9056-E9065. [PMID: 29073102 PMCID: PMC5664550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712883114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that γδ T cells protect against the formation of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in several models. However, the role of γδ T cells in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated uterine cervical SCC, the third-leading cause of death by cancer in women, is unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of γδ T cells in a transgenic mouse model of carcinogenesis induced by HPV16 oncoproteins. Surprisingly, γδ T cells promoted the development of HPV16 oncoprotein-induced lesions. HPV16 oncoproteins induced a decrease in epidermal Skint1 expression and the associated antitumor Vγ5+ γδ T cells, which were replaced by γδ T-cell subsets (mainly Vγ6+ γδlowCCR2+CCR6-) actively producing IL-17A. Consistent with a proangiogenic role, γδ T cells promoted the formation of blood vessels in the dermis underlying the HPV-induced lesions. In human cervical biopsies, IL-17A+ γδ T cells could only be observed at the cancer stage (SCC), where HPV oncoproteins are highly expressed, supporting the clinical relevance of our observations in mice. Overall, our results suggest that HPV16 oncoproteins induce a reorganization of the local epithelial-associated γδ T-cell subpopulations, thereby promoting angiogenesis and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Van Hede
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Barbara Polese
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Chantal Humblet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Virginie Renoux
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Estelle Dortu
- Experimental Pathology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Pathologie Clinique, Institut Universitaire de Pathologie, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Experimental Pathology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe J Desmet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bureau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium;
- Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Jacobs
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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Hoytema van Konijnenburg DP, Reis BS, Pedicord VA, Farache J, Victora GD, Mucida D. Intestinal Epithelial and Intraepithelial T Cell Crosstalk Mediates a Dynamic Response to Infection. Cell 2017; 171:783-794.e13. [PMID: 28942917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are located at the critical interface between the intestinal lumen, which is chronically exposed to food and microbes, and the core of the body. Using high-resolution microscopy techniques and intersectional genetic tools, we investigated the nature of IEL responses to luminal microbes. We observed that TCRγδ IELs exhibit unique microbiota-dependent location and movement patterns in the epithelial compartment. This behavioral pattern quickly changes upon exposure to different enteric pathogens, resulting in increased interepithelial cell (EC) scanning, expression of antimicrobial genes, and glycolysis. Both dynamic and metabolic changes to γδ IEL depend on pathogen sensing by ECs. Direct modulation of glycolysis is sufficient to change γδ IEL behavior and susceptibility to early pathogen invasion. Our results uncover a coordinated EC-IEL response to enteric infections that modulates lymphocyte energy utilization and dynamics and supports maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Hoytema van Konijnenburg
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Virginia A Pedicord
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julia Farache
- Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, Institute of Human Genetics and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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73
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γδ T cells in homeostasis and host defence of epithelial barrier tissues. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:733-745. [PMID: 28920588 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces line the body and provide a crucial interface between the body and the external environment. Tissue-resident epithelial γδ T cells represent a major T cell population in the epithelial tissues and are ideally positioned to carry out barrier surveillance and aid in tissue homeostasis and repair. In this Review, we focus on the intraepithelial γδ T cell compartment of the two largest epithelial tissues in the body - namely, the epidermis and the intestine - and provide a comprehensive overview of the crucial contributions of intraepithelial γδ T cells to tissue integrity and repair, host homeostasis and protection in the context of the symbiotic relationship with the microbiome and during pathogen clearance. Finally, we describe epithelium-specific butyrophilin-like molecules and briefly review their emerging role in selectively shaping and regulating epidermal and intestinal γδ T cell repertoires.
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74
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Zaid A, Hor JL, Christo SN, Groom JR, Heath WR, Mackay LK, Mueller SN. Chemokine Receptor–Dependent Control of Skin Tissue–Resident Memory T Cell Formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2451-2459. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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75
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Abstract
Myeloid cell recruitment to sites of infection and injury started out as a simple model that has been referred to as the universal concept of leukocyte recruitment. However, as we gain more insight into the different mechanisms, it is becoming clear that each organ and perhaps even each cell has its own unique mechanism of recruitment. Moreover, as the ability to visualize specific cell types in specific organs becomes more accessible, it is also becoming clear that there are resident populations of leukocytes, some within the tissues and others attached to the vasculature of tissues, the latter poised to affect the local environment. In this review, we will first highlight the imaging approaches that have allowed us to gain spectacular insight into locale and function of specific cell types, and then we will discuss what we have learned from this approach as far as myeloid cells are concerned. We will also highlight some of the gaps in our knowledge, which exist almost certainly because of the challenges of being able to visualize certain compartments of the body.
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76
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Saito T, Yano M, Ohki Y, Tomura M, Nakano N. Occludin Expression in Epidermal γδ T Cells in Response to Epidermal Stress Causes Them To Migrate into Draining Lymph Nodes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:62-71. [PMID: 28566372 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal γδ T cells that reside in the front line of the skin play a pivotal role in stress immune surveillance. However, it is not clear whether these cells are involved in further induction of immune responses after they are activated in dysregulated epidermis. In this study, we found that activated γδ T cells expressed occludin and migrated into draining lymph nodes in an occludin-dependent manner. Epidermal γδ T cells in occludin-deficient mice exhibited impairments in morphology changes and motility, although they expressed activation markers at levels comparable to those in wild-type cells. Occludin deficiency weakened the induction of allergen-induced contact hypersensitivity, primarily as the result of the impaired migration of epidermal γδ T cells. Thus, occludin expression by epidermal γδ T cells upon activation in response to epidermal stress allows them to move, which could be important for augmentation of immune responses via collaboration with other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Saito
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
| | - Michihiro Yano
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
| | - Yutaro Ohki
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
| | - Michio Tomura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka 584-8541, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakano
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
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77
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Yang LY, Li X, Li WT, Huang JC, Wang ZY, Huang ZZ, Chang LH, Zhang GH. Vγ1⁺ γδT Cells Are Correlated With Increasing Expression of Eosinophil Cationic Protein and Metalloproteinase-7 in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps Inducing the Formation of Edema. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:142-151. [PMID: 28102059 PMCID: PMC5266113 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have found that expression of γδT cells is increased in pathological mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) compared with normal nasal mucosa. This increase is correlated with the infiltration of eosinophils in CRSwNP. Here, we investigated the expression of γδT cells, inflammation and tissue remodeling factors as well as their probable relationships in different types of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in China. METHODS A total of 76 surgical tissue samples that included 43 CRSwNP samples (15 eosinophilic and 28 non-eosinophilic), 17 CRS samples without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and 16 controls were obtained. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of Vγ1⁺ γδT cells, Vγ4⁺ γδT cells, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), interleukin (IL)-8, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2, metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-4 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the protein level of ECP and MMP-7 in CRSwNP. The eosinophils were counted and the level of edema was analyzed with HE staining. RESULTS The mRNA expression levels of the Vγ1 subset, ECP and MMP-7 were significantly increased in CRSwNP with histological characteristics of eosinophilic infiltration and edema. The expression of the Vγ1 gene in CRSwNP correlated positively with the expression of both ECP and MMP-7. No significant decreases in the mRNA expression levels of TGF-β2, TIMP-4 or HIF-1α were observed in the CRSwNP samples. The expression levels of Vγ1 gene, ECP and MMP-7 were significantly increased in eosinophilic CRSwNP compared to non-eosinophilic CRSwNP. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the associations between Vγ1⁺ γδT cells, ECP and MMP-7 in CRSwNP, indicating that Vγ1⁺ γδT cells can induce the eosinophilic inflammation, which has a further effect on the formation of edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Ying Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Ting Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Cong Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Yuan Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi Zhen Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Hong Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ge Hua Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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78
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Suwanpradid J, Holcomb ZE, MacLeod AS. Emerging Skin T-Cell Functions in Response to Environmental Insults. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:288-294. [PMID: 27784595 PMCID: PMC5552043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the primary barrier between the body and the outside world, functioning not only as a physical barrier, but also as an immunologic first line of defense. A large number of T cells populate the skin. This review highlights the ability of these cutaneous T cells to regulate skin-specific environmental threats, including microbes, injuries, solar UV radiation, and allergens. Since much of this knowledge has been advanced from murine studies, we focus our review on how the mouse state has informed the human state, emphasizing the key parallels and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Suwanpradid
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary E Holcomb
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Pinnell Center for Investigative Dermatology and Skin Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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79
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Abstract
The interactions between dendritic cells and T cells during the initiation of an adaptive immune response underpins one of the most important checkpoints in ensuring that the correct immune response is induced, in order to direct the development of immune tolerance or to mount an immune response against pathogenic organisms. The advent of two-photon intravital imaging allows us to directly study the interactions between dendritic cells and T cells as they occur under physiological conditions, greatly improving our understanding of the dynamic relationship that occurs during T cell activation and expanding our knowledge of how the adaptive immune system is regulated during both priming and memory responses. Here, we describe a technique for the in vivo analysis of the interactions between either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells as they occur in the popliteal lymph nodes of live mice. The adoptive transfer of both dendritic cells and T cells is utilized here in order to allow investigators to control the time point of interaction being analyzed, the activation state and amount of antigen presented by the dendritic cell, and the maturation/differentiation state of the interacting T cell.
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80
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Keyes BE, Liu S, Asare A, Naik S, Levorse J, Polak L, Lu CP, Nikolova M, Pasolli HA, Fuchs E. Impaired Epidermal to Dendritic T Cell Signaling Slows Wound Repair in Aged Skin. Cell 2016; 167:1323-1338.e14. [PMID: 27863246 PMCID: PMC5364946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aged skin heals wounds poorly, increasing susceptibility to infections. Restoring homeostasis after wounding requires the coordinated actions of epidermal and immune cells. Here we find that both intrinsic defects and communication with immune cells are impaired in aged keratinocytes, diminishing their efficiency in restoring the skin barrier after wounding. At the wound-edge, aged keratinocytes display reduced proliferation and migration. They also exhibit a dampened ability to transcriptionally activate epithelial-immune crosstalk regulators, including a failure to properly activate/maintain dendritic epithelial T cells (DETCs), which promote re-epithelialization following injury. Probing mechanism, we find that aged keratinocytes near the wound edge don't efficiently upregulate Skints or activate STAT3. Notably, when epidermal Stat3, Skints, or DETCs are silenced in young skin, re-epithelialization following wounding is perturbed. These findings underscore epithelial-immune crosstalk perturbations in general, and Skints in particular, as critical mediators in the age-related decline in wound-repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siqi Liu
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amma Asare
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shruti Naik
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Levorse
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lisa Polak
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elaine Fuchs
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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81
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Bäsler K, Brandner JM. Tight junctions in skin inflammation. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:3-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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82
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Park K, Mikulski Z, Seo GY, Andreyev AY, Marcovecchio P, Blatchley A, Kronenberg M, Hedrick CC. The transcription factor NR4A3 controls CD103+ dendritic cell migration. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:4603-4615. [PMID: 27820700 DOI: 10.1172/jci87081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NR4A3 (also known as NOR-1) is a member of the Nr4a family of nuclear receptors and is expressed in myeloid and lymphoid cells. Here, we have shown that Nr4a3 is essential for the migration of CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) to lymph nodes (LNs). Nr4a3-deficient mice had very few CD103+ migratory DCs (mDCs) present in LNs, and mixed-chimera studies revealed that this migratory defect was cell intrinsic. We further found that CD103+ DCs from Nr4a3-deficient mice displayed a marked loss of surface expression of the chemokine CCR7. This defect in CCR7 expression was confined to CD103+ DCs, as CCR7 expression on T lymphocytes was unaffected. Moreover, CCR7 was not induced on CD103+ DCs from Nr4a3-deficient mice in response to either administration of the TLR7 agonist R848 or infection with Citrobacter rodentium in vivo. The transcription factor FOXO1 has been shown to regulate CCR7 expression. We found that FOXO1 protein was reduced in Nr4a3-deficient DCs through an AKT-dependent mechanism. Further, we found a requirement for NR4A3 in the maintenance of homeostatic mitochondrial function in CD103+ DCs, although this is likely independent of the NR4A3/FOXO1/CCR7 axis in the regulation of DC migration. Thus, NR4A3 plays an important role in the regulation of CD103+ mDCs by regulating CCR7-dependent cell migration.
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83
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Gavlovsky PJ, Tonnerre P, Guitton C, Charreau B. Expression of MHC class I-related molecules MICA, HLA-E and EPCR shape endothelial cells with unique functions in innate and adaptive immunity. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1084-1091. [PMID: 26916837 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) located at the interface of blood and tissues display regulatory activities toward coagulation, inflammation and vascular homeostasis. By expressing MHC class I and II antigens, ECs also contribute to immune responses. In transplantation, graft ECs are both trigger and target of alloimmune responses. ECs express a set of MHC class I-like or structural related molecules such as HLA-E, MHC class I related chain A (MICA) and the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) that provide multiple and unique functions to ECs. HLA-E is a low polymorphic ligand for the CD94/NKG2A/C receptors, and triggers HLA-E-restricted CD8+αβT cell responses against viral and bacterial peptides. MICA is a highly polymorphic ligand for NKG2D activating NK and costimulating CD8+T cells and a ligand for tissue-resident Vδ1 γδ T subsets. More intriguing is the role of EPCR, a key regulator of coagulation, as a ligand for a circulating subset of Vδ2- γδ T cells. Coexpression of this set of MHC class I-related molecules that allow ECs to activate a subtle array of immune responses upon stress and infection may also influence transplant outcome. Here, the respective structure, expression, and functions of HLA-E, MICA and EPCR as well as the impact of their polymorphism are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Jean Gavlovsky
- INSERM, UMR1064, LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France; IHU-CESTI, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Pierre Tonnerre
- INSERM, UMR1064, LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Christophe Guitton
- INSERM, UMR1064, LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Béatrice Charreau
- INSERM, UMR1064, LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France.
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84
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Kimura Y, Nagai N, Tsunekawa N, Sato-Matsushita M, Yoshimoto T, Cua DJ, Iwakura Y, Yagita H, Okada F, Tahara H, Saiki I, Irimura T, Hayakawa Y. IL-17A-producing CD30(+) Vδ1 T cells drive inflammation-induced cancer progression. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1206-14. [PMID: 27384869 PMCID: PMC5021032 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been suspected that inflammation is associated with increased tumor metastasis, the exact type of immune response required to initiate cancer progression and metastasis remains unknown. In this study, by using an in vivo tumor progression model in which low tumorigenic cancer cells acquire malignant metastatic phenotype after exposure to inflammation, we found that IL‐17A is a critical cue for escalating cancer cell malignancy. We further demonstrated that the length of exposure to an inflammatory microenvironment could be associated with acquiring greater tumorigenicity and that IL‐17A was critical for amplifying such local inflammation, as observed in the production of IL‐1β and neutrophil infiltration following the cross‐talk between cancer and host stromal cells. We further determined that γδT cells expressing Vδ1 semi‐invariant TCR initiate cancer‐promoting inflammation by producing IL‐17A in an MyD88/IL‐23‐dependent manner. Finally, we identified CD30 as a key molecule in the inflammatory function of Vδ1T cells and the blockade of this pathway targeted this cancer immune‐escalation process. Collectively, these results reveal the importance of IL‐17A‐producing CD30+ Vδ1T cells in triggering inflammation and orchestrating a microenvironment leading to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Nagai
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Tsunekawa
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marimo Sato-Matsushita
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel J Cua
- Pathway Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Futoshi Okada
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tahara
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Saiki
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Irimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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85
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Fu H, Ward EJ, Marelli-Berg FM. Mechanisms of T cell organotropism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3009-33. [PMID: 27038487 PMCID: PMC4951510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon T cell differentiation and subsequent migration to target tissues. Similarly, immune homeostasis requires the localization of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the sites where immunity takes place. While naïve T lymphocytes recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue, primed T cells and activated Tregs must traffic to the antigen rich non-lymphoid tissue to exert effector and regulatory responses, respectively. Following priming in draining lymph nodes, T cells acquire the 'homing receptors' to facilitate their access to specific tissues and organs. An additional level of topographic specificity is provided by T cells receptor recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. We here review the molecular mechanisms supporting trafficking of both effector and regulatory T cells to specific antigen-rich tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Jayne Ward
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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86
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Dalessandri T, Crawford G, Hayes M, Castro Seoane R, Strid J. IL-13 from intraepithelial lymphocytes regulates tissue homeostasis and protects against carcinogenesis in the skin. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12080. [PMID: 27357235 PMCID: PMC4931319 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is under constant renewal and exposure to environmental challenges. How homeostasis is maintained alongside protective mechanisms against damage is unclear. Among the basal epithelial cells (ECs) is a population of resident intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that provide host-protective immune surveillance. Here we show that IELs cross-communicate with ECs via the production of IL-13. Skin ECs are activated by IEL-derived IL-13, enabling a canonical EC stress response. In the absence of IL-13, or canonical IEL, the skin has decreased ability to repair its barrier and increased susceptibility to cutaneous carcinogenesis. IL-13 controls the rate of EC movement through the epidermis, which might explain the importance of IL-13 for epidermal integrity and its suppressive effect on skin carcinogenesis. These findings show that IL-13 acts as a molecular bridge between IELs and ECs, and reveal a critical host-defensive role for type-2 immunity in regulating EC tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Dalessandri
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Greg Crawford
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mark Hayes
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rocio Castro Seoane
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jessica Strid
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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87
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McArdle S, Mikulski Z, Ley K. Live cell imaging to understand monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell function in atherosclerosis. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1117-31. [PMID: 27270892 PMCID: PMC4925021 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ley et al. provide a review of the technology and accomplishments of dynamic imaging of myeloid cells in atherosclerosis. Intravital imaging is an invaluable tool for understanding the function of cells in healthy and diseased tissues. It provides a window into dynamic processes that cannot be studied by other techniques. This review will cover the benefits and limitations of various techniques for labeling and imaging myeloid cells, with a special focus on imaging cells in atherosclerotic arteries. Although intravital imaging is a powerful tool for understanding cell function, it alone does not provide a complete picture of the cell. Other techniques, such as flow cytometry and transcriptomics, must be combined with intravital imaging to fully understand a cell's phenotype, lineage, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McArdle
- Division of Inflammation Biology and Microscopy Core, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Division of Inflammation Biology and Microscopy Core, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology and Microscopy Core, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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88
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Salim M, Knowles TJ, Hart R, Mohammed F, Woodward MJ, Willcox CR, Overduin M, Hayday AC, Willcox BE. Characterization of a Putative Receptor Binding Surface on Skint-1, a Critical Determinant of Dendritic Epidermal T Cell Selection. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9310-21. [PMID: 26917727 PMCID: PMC4861494 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.722066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) form a skin-resident γδ T cell population that makes key contributions to cutaneous immune stress surveillance, including non-redundant contributions to protection from cutaneous carcinogens. How DETC become uniquely associated with the epidermis was in large part solved by the identification of Skint-1, the prototypic member of a novel B7-related multigene family. Expressed only by thymic epithelial cells and epidermal keratinocytes, Skint-1 drives specifically the development of DETC progenitors, making it the first clear candidate for a selecting ligand for non-MHC/CD1-restricted T cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning Skint-1 activity are unresolved. Here, we provide evidence that DETC selection requires Skint-1 expression on the surface of thymic epithelial cells, and depends upon specific residues on the CDR3-like loop within the membrane-distal variable domain of Skint-1 (Skint-1 DV). Nuclear magnetic resonance of Skint-1 DV revealed a core tertiary structure conserved across the Skint family, but a highly distinct surface charge distribution, possibly explaining its unique function. Crucially, the CDR3-like loop formed an electrostatically distinct surface, featuring key charged and hydrophobic solvent-exposed residues, at the membrane-distal tip of DV. These results provide the first structural insights into the Skint family, identifying a putative receptor binding surface that directly implicates Skint-1 in receptor-ligand interactions crucial for DETC selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboob Salim
- From the Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT
| | - Timothy J Knowles
- the School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT
| | - Rosie Hart
- the Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Research Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, the Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- From the Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT
| | - Martin J Woodward
- the Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Research Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, the Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- From the Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT
| | - Michael Overduin
- the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Henry Wellcome Building for Biomolecular NMR, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, and
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- the Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Research Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, the Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- From the Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT,
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89
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Wanke-Jellinek L, Keegan JW, Dolan JW, Guo F, Chen J, Lederer JA. Beneficial Effects of CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide Treatment on Trauma and Secondary Lung Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:767-77. [PMID: 26673136 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although Streptococcus pneumoniae is usually found as a commensal in healthy individuals, it can act as a pathogen in trauma patients, causing such complications as early-onset pneumonia and sepsis. We discovered that treating mice with an A-class CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) at 2 h after traumatic injury significantly improved mouse survival following early-onset secondary lung infection with S. pneumoniae. This study used mass cytometry (cytometry by time-of-flight) and Luminex technologies to characterize the cellular immune response to secondary S. pneumoniae lung infection at 1 and 3 d postinfection. We found increased expression of CD14, CD64, and PD-L1 on F4-80(+) and F4-80(+)CD11c(+) macrophages, CD11c(+) dendritic cells, and CD14(+)CD172a(+) cells after burn-injury and infection, supporting previous reports of innate immune cell activation in sepsis. CpG-ODN treatment at 2 h after burn-injury reversed these effects; improved pathogen clearance; and led to an increased expression of CD25, CD27, MHCII, and IL-17 on or in TCRγδ cells at 1 d postinfection. At 3 d postinfection, CpG-ODN treatment increased the expression of PD-L1 on innate cell subsets. Furthermore, we analyzed cytokine levels in lung-washout samples of TCRγδ cell-depleted (TCRγδ(-)) mice to demonstrate that the effects of CpG-ODN on cytokine expression after burn-injury and S. pneumoniae infection rely on functional TCRγδ cells. In summary, we demonstrate that cytometry by time-of-flight provides an effective strategy to systematically identify specific cellular phenotypic responses to trauma and bacterial pneumonia and to discover changes in immune system phenotypes associated with beneficial immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Wanke-Jellinek
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Trauma Surgery, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua W Keegan
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - James W Dolan
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Cardiology, Xinquiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - James A Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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90
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Arsenio J, Metz PJ, Chang JT. Asymmetric Cell Division in T Lymphocyte Fate Diversification. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:670-683. [PMID: 26474675 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunological protection against microbial pathogens is dependent on robust generation of functionally diverse T lymphocyte subsets. Upon microbial infection, naïve CD4(+) or CD8(+) T lymphocytes can give rise to effector- and memory-fated progeny that together mediate a potent immune response. Recent advances in single-cell immunological and genomic profiling technologies have helped elucidate early and late diversification mechanisms that enable the generation of heterogeneity from single T lymphocytes. We discuss these findings here and argue that one such mechanism, asymmetric cell division, creates an early divergence in T lymphocyte fates by giving rise to daughter cells with a propensity towards the terminally differentiated effector or self-renewing memory lineages, with cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic cues from the microenvironment driving the final maturation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janilyn Arsenio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Patrick J Metz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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91
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Wanke-Jellinek L, Keegan JW, Dolan JW, Lederer JA. Characterization of lung infection-induced TCRγδ T cell phenotypes by CyTOF mass cytometry. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:483-93. [PMID: 26428679 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0315-115rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor γδ cells are known to be the primary effector T cells involved in the response to bacterial infections, yet their phenotypic characteristics are not as well established as other T cell subsets. In this study, we used cytometry by time-of-flight mass cytometry to better characterize the phenotypic response of T cell receptor γδ cells to Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection. Mice were infected, and cells from lung washouts, spleen, and lymph nodes were stained to detect cell-surface, intracellular, and signaling markers. We observed that infection caused a significant increase in T cell receptor γδ cells, which expressed high interferon-γ and interleukin-17A levels. Profiling T cell receptor γδ cells by cytometry by time-of-flight revealed that activated γδ T cells uniquely coexpressed cell-surface Gr-1, cluster of differentiation 14, and cluster of differentiation 274 (programmed death-ligand 1). Further classification of Gr-1 expression patterns on T cell receptor γδ cells demonstrated that Gr-1(+) T cell receptor γδ cells were the primary source of interferon-γ, whereas Gr-1(-) cells mostly expressed interleukin-17A. Gr-1(+) T cell receptor γδ cells also showed higher ζ-chain-associated protein kinase 70, p38, and 4eBP1 signaling in response to infection as compared with Gr-1(-) T cell receptor γδ cells. Taken together, Gr-1 expression patterns on γδ T cells in the lung provide a robust marker to differentiate interferon-γ- and interleukin-17A-producing subsets involved in the early immune response to bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Wanke-Jellinek
- *Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua W Keegan
- *Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - James W Dolan
- *Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - James A Lederer
- *Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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92
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Zhang B, Wu J, Jiao Y, Bock C, Dai M, Chen B, Chao N, Zhang W, Zhuang Y. Differential Requirements of TCR Signaling in Homeostatic Maintenance and Function of Dendritic Epidermal T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4282-91. [PMID: 26408667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) are generated exclusively in the fetal thymus and maintained in the skin epithelium throughout postnatal life of the mouse. DETCs have restricted antigenic specificity as a result of their exclusive usage of a canonical TCR. Although the importance of the TCR in DETC development has been well established, the exact role of TCR signaling in DETC homeostasis and function remains incompletely defined. In this study, we investigated TCR signaling in fully matured DETCs by lineage-restricted deletion of the Lat gene, an essential signaling molecule downstream of the TCR. We found that Lat deletion impaired TCR-dependent cytokine gene activation and the ability of DETCs to undergo proliferative expansion. However, linker for activation of T cells-deficient DETCs were able to maintain long-term population homeostasis, although with a reduced proliferation rate. Mice with Lat deletion in DETCs exhibited delayed wound healing accompanied by impaired clonal expansion within the wound area. Our study revealed differential requirements for TCR signaling in homeostatic maintenance of DETCs and in their effector function during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jianxuan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yiqun Jiao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Cheryl Bock
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Meifang Dai
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Benny Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Nelson Chao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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93
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Abstract
The skin is a valuable target for vaccine delivery because it contains many immune cell populations, notably antigen presenting cells. Skin immune cells have been extensively described in mice and humans but not in non-human primates, which are pertinent models for immunological research in vaccination. The aim of this work was to describe immune cell populations in the epidermis, dermis and skin draining lymph nodes in cynomolgus macaques by a single 12-parameter flow cytometry protocol. Given that skin cells share several markers, we defined a gating strategy to identify accurately immune cells and to limit contamination of one immune cell population by another. The epidermis contained CD1a(+)CD1c(-) Langerhans cells (LCs), CD3(+) T cells and putative NK cells. The dermis contained CD1a(+)CD1c(-) cells, which were similar to LCs, CD1a(+)CD1c(+) dermal dendritic cells (DDCs), CD163(high)CD11b(+) resident macrophages, CD3(+) T cells and putative NK cells. The skin also contained CD66(+) polymorphonuclear cells in some animals. Thus, immune cell populations in the macaque are similar to those in humans despite some differences in phenotype. In skin draining lymph nodes, we identified migratory LCs, CD1a(+)CD1c(+) DDCs and macrophages. The simultaneous identification of these different immune cells with one panel of markers avoids the use of large amounts of precious sample and may improve the understanding of immune mechanisms in the skin after treatment or vaccination.
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94
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Sulcova J, Maddaluno L, Meyer M, Werner S. Accumulation and activation of epidermal γδ T cells in a mouse model of chronic dermatitis is not required for the inflammatory phenotype. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2517-28. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Sulcova
- Department of Biology; Institute of Molecular Health Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Luigi Maddaluno
- Department of Biology; Institute of Molecular Health Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michael Meyer
- Department of Biology; Institute of Molecular Health Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology; Institute of Molecular Health Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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95
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Ramirez K, Witherden DA, Havran WL. All hands on DE(T)C: Epithelial-resident γδ T cells respond to tissue injury. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:57-61. [PMID: 25958272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunology has traditionally focused on the lymphocytes circulating among primary lymphoid organs while the large reservoir of tissue-resident T cells have received relatively less attention. In epithelia, these populations are comprised of significant, and sometimes exclusive, subsets of γδ T cells that are highly specialized in promoting tissue homeostasis. As the epithelial layers of the skin and gut are permanently exposed to the environment, they are continually subject to injury and therefore require highly efficient repair processes to maintain barrier functions. Here, we review the role of γδ T cells in promoting wound healing, a critical and complex process occurring in the skin and other barrier sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ramirez
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deborah A Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wendy L Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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96
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The role of chemokines in cutaneous immunosurveillance. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:337-46. [PMID: 25776847 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The skin serves as a critical barrier against pathogen entry. This protection is afforded by an array of skin-resident immune cells, which act as first-line responders against barrier breach and infection. The recruitment and positioning of these cells is controlled at multiple levels by endothelial cells, pericytes, perivascular macrophages and mast cells, and by the fibroblasts in the dermis and keratinocytes in the epidermis. Chemokine signalling through chemokine receptors expressed by the various leukocyte subsets is critical for their trafficking into and within the skin. The role of chemokines in the skin is complex, and remains incompletely understood despite three decades of investigation. Here, we review the roles that different chemokine pathways play in the skin, and highlight the recent developments in the field.
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97
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Schmolka N, Wencker M, Hayday AC, Silva-Santos B. Epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of γδ T cell differentiation: Programming cells for responses in time and space. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:19-25. [PMID: 25726512 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are major providers of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFNγ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in protective or pathogenic immune responses. Notably, murine γδ T cells commit to either IFNγ or IL-17 production during development in the thymus, before any subsequent activation in the periphery. Here we discuss the molecular networks that underlie thymic γδ T cell differentiation, as well as the mechanisms that sustain or modify their functional properties in the periphery. We concentrate on recent findings on lymphoid and tissue-resident γδ T cell subpopulations, with an emphasis on genome-wide studies and their added value to elucidate the regulation of γδ T cell differentiation at the transcriptional and epigenetic (chromatin) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schmolka
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK; Immunity and Cytotoxic Lymphocytes, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, Lyon, France
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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98
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O'Brien RL, Born WK. Dermal γδ T cells--What have we learned? Cell Immunol 2015; 296:62-9. [PMID: 25649119 PMCID: PMC4466165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last several years, a number of papers have called attention to a distinct population of γδ T cells preferentially found in the dermis of the skin of normal mice. These cells appear to play an important role in promoting the development of psoriasis, but also are critical for host resistance to particular pathogens. They are characterized by the expression of a limited subset of γδ T cell receptors and a strong propensity to secrete IL-17. Perhaps most importantly, humans appear to carry an equivalent dermal γδ T cell population, likewise biased to secrete IL-17 and also implicated as playing a pathogenic role in psoriasis. This review will attempt to summarize and reconcile recent findings concerning the dermal γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L O'Brien
- Dept. of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206, United States; Dept. of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Willi K Born
- Dept. of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206, United States; Dept. of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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99
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Couzi L, Pitard V, Moreau JF, Merville P, Déchanet-Merville J. Direct and Indirect Effects of Cytomegalovirus-Induced γδ T Cells after Kidney Transplantation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:3. [PMID: 25653652 PMCID: PMC4301015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective anti-viral therapies, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is still associated with direct (CMV disease) and indirect effects (rejection and poor graft survival) in kidney transplant recipients. Recently, an unconventional T cell population (collectively designated as Vδ2neg γδ T cells) has been characterized during the anti-CMV immune response in all solid-organ and bone-marrow transplant recipients, neonates, and healthy people. These CMV-induced Vδ2neg γδ T cells undergo a dramatic and stable expansion after CMV infection, in a conventional “adaptive” manner. Similarly, as CMV-specific CD8+ αβ T cells, they exhibit an effector/memory TEMRA phenotype and cytotoxic effector functions. Activation of Vδ2neg γδ T cells by CMV-infected cells involves the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) and still ill-defined co-stimulatory molecules such as LFA-1. A multiple of Vδ2neg γδ TCR ligands are apparently recognized on CMV-infected cells, the first one identified being the major histocompatibility complex-related molecule endothelial protein C receptor. A singularity of CMV-induced Vδ2neg γδ T cells is to acquire CD16 expression and to exert an antibody-dependent cell-mediated inhibition on CMV replication, which is controlled by a specific cytokine microenvironment. Beyond the well-demonstrated direct anti-CMV effect of Vδ2neg γδ T cells, unexpected indirect effects of these cells have been also observed in the context of kidney transplantation. CMV-induced Vδ2neg γδ T cells have been involved in surveillance of malignancy subsequent to long-term immunosuppression. Moreover, CMV-induced CD16+ γδ T cells are cell effectors of antibody-mediated rejection of kidney transplants, and represent a new physiopathological contribution to the well-known association between CMV infection and poor graft survival. All these basic and clinical studies paved the road to the development of a future γδ T cell-based immunotherapy. In the meantime, γδ T cell monitoring should prove a valuable immunological biomarker in the management of CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Couzi
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
| | - Vincent Pitard
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France
| | - Jean-François Moreau
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire d'immunologie , Bordeaux , France
| | - Pierre Merville
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
| | - Julie Déchanet-Merville
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France
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100
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Force-dependent transition in the T-cell receptor β-subunit allosterically regulates peptide discrimination and pMHC bond lifetime. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1517-22. [PMID: 25605925 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424829112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) on each T lymphocyte mediates exquisite specificity for a particular foreign peptide bound to a major histocompatibility complex molecule (pMHC) displayed on the surface of altered cells. This recognition stimulates protection in the mammalian host against intracellular pathogens, including viruses, and involves piconewton forces that accompany pMHC ligation. Physical forces are generated by T-lymphocyte movement during immune surveillance as well as by cytoskeletal rearrangements at the immunological synapse following cessation of cell migration. The mechanistic explanation for how TCRs distinguish between foreign and self-peptides bound to a given MHC molecule is unclear: peptide residues themselves comprise few of the TCR contacts on the pMHC, and pathogen-derived peptides are scant among myriad self-peptides bound to the same MHC class arrayed on infected cells. Using optical tweezers and DNA tether spacer technology that permit piconewton force application and nanometer scale precision, we have determined how bioforces relate to self versus nonself discrimination. Single-molecule analyses involving isolated αβ-heterodimers as well as complete TCR complexes on T lymphocytes reveal that the FG loop in the β-subunit constant domain allosterically controls both the variable domain module's catch bond lifetime and peptide discrimination via force-driven conformational transition. In contrast to integrins, the TCR interrogates its ligand via a strong force-loaded state with release through a weakened, extended state. Our work defines a key element of TCR mechanotransduction, explaining why the FG loop structure evolved for adaptive immunity in αβ but not γδTCRs or immunoglobulins.
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